8R MIDTERM REVIEW 

I. ASTRONOMY 1.Most stars are made mostly of  •Helium and hydrogen2. The dark, cooler areas on the sun’s surface are  •sunspots3. When hydrogen nuclei fuse they form  •Helium & energy4. Einstein’s equation is•E = mc2

5. The part of the sun in which fusion occurs is known as the•core6. During fusion, _________________ atoms combine to produce ________________ and energy.•Hydrogen, helium

a. Is the surface temperature of white dwarf stars higher or lower than the Sun?

7. Use the diagram below to answer the questions.

b. What type of star is the sun?

e. What type of star is Arcturus?

c. For main sequence stars, as temperature decreases, brightness

d. What type of star has a low temperature but a low luminosity?

higher

Main sequence star

decreases

Red dwarfsRed giant

8. A body made up of rock, dust, gases, and ice that orbits the sun is a•Comet9. A meteoroid that makes contact with the Earth’s surface is known as a •Meteorite10. The force of attraction that causes planets to orbit the sun is called•gravity

a. Largest • Jupiterb. smallest• Mercuryc. contains water• Earthd. Possesses the

greatest # of rings • Saturn

e. Earth’s twin•Venusf. closest to the sun•Mercuryg. farthest from the sun•Neptuneh. Has the Great Red Spot•Jupiter

11. Identify the planet being described:

12. The point in a Earth’s orbit when it is closest to the sun is ______during the month of ________•Perihelion, January13. Day and night are caused by the earth's________. One full day is _______ hours long.•Rotation, 2414. The earth's axis is tilted at an angle of •23.5°15. The sun rises in the ____ and sets in the ____.• east, west16. When the Northern Hemisphere is having winter, the Southern Hemisphere is having • summer

17. As you move east from one time zone to the next, you move your watch •ahead 1 hour18. The amount of time it takes the moon to make one complete rotation and revolution is •27.3 days19. When more than half of the moon is visible from the earth, the moon is in its •Gibbous phase20. When the moon passes between the sun and the earth, a _________ eclipse occurs.•solar21. Tides are caused by ____ from the ______.•Gravity, moon

22. Label the phases in the diagram below.

1.  3.  

5.  

7.

a. About how much time does it take for the moon to travel from position 1 back to position 1?

New moon

First Quarter

Full moon

Last quarter

1 month

23. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions

 i. Label the seasons on the diagram above and the date each season begins in the Northern Hemisphere.

winter

Dec 21

March 21spring

summer

June 21

Autumn Sept 21

23. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions

a. What movement of the earth is shown by the arrow labeled A?

 d. How long will it take the earth to move through one cycle from point D to point D?

b. What is the line labeled B called?  

 c. What is the movement of the earth in its orbit called?  

rotation

axis

revolution1 year/365.25 days

23. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions e. In what month will the earth reach point F?

 

g. Which letter represents the earth at  

f. In what month is the United States in when the earth is at point D?

  h. When the earth is at point

F, does the Northern Hemisphere receive direct or slanted rays from the sun?  

a. perihelion?

b. aphelion? 

June

December

direct

D

F

24. The diagrams below represents a portion of the Earth’s latitude and longitude system.What is the appropriate latitude & longitude for:

b. Point A 

a. Point A

15°S, 30°E 15°N, 20°W

II. METEROROLOGY1.The layers of gases that surround the Earth make up the • atmosphere

2. Which diagram best represents the volume of gases in the troposphere?

3. Which list shows the atmospheric layers in the correct order upward from Earth’s surface?a. thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphereb. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermospherec. stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, thermosphered. thermosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, stratosphere 4. Energy from the sun reaches the Earth mainly by a. radiation b. convection c. conduction

5. Which process causes clouds to form? •condensation

6. The arrows in the diagram below show the circulation of air on a sunny day.

 a. Explain how this air circulates.

 

 b. This process in which air is heated is known as  

Warm air rises (less dense) and cool air sinks (more dense)

Convection

7. Identify 1 greenhouse gas and explain how it causes global warming.• carbon dioxide – absorbs and traps heat from the sun, slowly increasing the temp of the Earth8. Describe the causes of acid rain. •Pollutants rise into the atmosphere and react with the water in the air to produce rain that is acidic9. Describe 1 way acid rain can negatively affect the Earth. • damage plants and animal that live in the water, damage plants, damage/wear away buildings over time

10. What causes ozone depletion? •CFC’s react with the ozone layer creating holes11. Why does ozone depletion increase the risk of skin cancer? •UV radiation cannot be filtered by the ozone layer, increasing the risk of skin cancer12. Describe 2 environmental changes caused by global warming that negatively affect the Earth.

•Coastal flooding, extreme changes in climate, more severe storms, melting ice caps and glaciers rising sea levels

13. As the temperature of air decreases, the amount of water it can hold (humidity)• decreases14. The day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere is called• weather15. The climate of a place with a low latitude usually is •Hot and humid16. All of the following affect climate, except a. altitude b. longitude c. latitude d. ocean currents

17. As altitude increases, temperature• decreases18. The atmospheric conditions that prevail from season to season and year to year at a certain location is called•climate

19. Identify each labeled air mass on the figure as continental tropical, continental polar, maritime polar, or maritime tropical. For each air mass, describe its humidity and temperature.

A. mP

B. cP

C. mT

D. cT

20. The map below shows an air mass that formed over Mexico and moved from location A to location B.

How did the air mass affect the weather conditions at location B?

(1)warmer temperature and drier air

(2) warmer temperature and more humid air

(3) colder temperature and drier air

(4) colder temperature and more humid air

21. The map shows the size and path of a certain weather event.

a. The path of what weather event is shown on the map?

 b. Describe two characteristics of this weather event.

hurricane

Strong winds, heavy rain, flooding

22. Use the station model below to fill in the following information.a. Sky condition =

b. wind direction =

c. Dew point =

d. precipitation in the past 3 hours =

e. Air temperature =

f. Air pressure (in millibars) =

g. What has happened to air pressure in the past 3 hours?

Mostly cloudy

North east

45°F

0.15 inches

46°F

1009.6 mb

decreased

23. Use the chart below to calculate relative humidity a. Dry bulb = 24°C Wet bulb = 14°C Relative humidity =

 

b. Dry bulb = 30°C Wet bulb = 25°C Relative humidity =

 

24-14 = 10

32%

30-25= 5

67%

24. Label the types of breezes shown below.

Sea breeze Land breeze

25. The weather map below shows the locations of a warm and a cold front over part of North America.

a. The numbered lines on the weather map connect locations with the same  

b. These lines are called  

c. What type of front is location A about to experience? 

d. What type of weather is location A about to receive?

pressure

isobars

Cold frontBrief, heavy rain & cooler temps

e. What type of front is location B about to experience?

f. What type of weather is location B about to receive?

g. Which location is experiencing stronger winds, A or B? How do you know?

h. The location labeled L is experiencing a low pressure system. Describe the weather in this area. 

warm

Light rain & warmer temp

Cloudy with precipitation

B – isobars closer together

III. GEOLOGY1. To get sample material from the mantle, drilling will be done through the oceanic crust rather than through the continental crust because oceanic crust is

a. more dense than continental crust

b. softer than continental crust

c. thinner than continental crust

d. younger than continental crust

Use the choices below to answer questions 2-5. a. crust b. mantle c. core

 2. The inner most layer •c. core3. The outer most layer•a. crust4. Made of iron•c. core5. Contains a liquid like layer on which continents float•b. mantle

Use the choices below to answer the questions 6-9 on ocean currents.

a. surface currents c. cold currents b. warm currents d. density currents 6. Rise & sink due to changes in salinity& temperature•d. density currents7. Warm the air over nearby land areas•b. warm currents8.Come from the poles •c. cold currents9. Caused by winds •a. surface currents

Fill in the appropriate answers for questions 10-15. 10. Flat parts of the ocean floor• plains11. Deep canyons in the ocean • trenches12. Part of a continent that slopes away from the shore • continental shelf13. Mountains that run down the middle of oceans • mid-ocean ridge14. This event occurs when plates slide together. • earthquake15. The location where an earthquake begins. •focus

16. What ocean floor feature formed along the bold line on the map?   17. What force is responsible for the separation of the continents?  

18. Give two forms of evidence supporting the idea that the continents were once connected.  

Base your answers to questions 16-18 on the map below and your knowledge of science. The map shows the position of the continents 240 million years ago.

mid-ocean ridge

Convection currents

Continents fit together like puzzle pieces, age and types of rocks match on difft cont.

a. What happens to the age of the crust as it moves away from the mid-ocean ridge? 

 

b. What causes crust to move apart? Where does this occur?  

19. The diagram at the right represents sea floor spreading.

c. What geologic feature forms above the subduction zone? 

decreases

Convection currents, at mid-ocean ridge

volcano

20. Which type of wave provides information about Earth’s internal structure?

(1) ocean waves (2) earthquake waves (3) light waves (4) sound waves 

Base your answers to questions 21-23 on the topographic map below.

21. Which location most likely has an elevation of 45m?a. A b. B c. C d. D 22. Between which two points is the steepest hill located? a. A & B b. B & C c. C & D d. A & C 

23. What is the contour interval for this map?

2

24. The streak color of a mineral is determined by scratching a mineral on the unglazed side of a ceramic tile. The streak color is (1) the same as the color of a mineral (2) a chemical property of a mineral (3) a physical property of a mineral(4) related to a mineral’s luster  25. Fossils are most commonly found in(1)igneous rocks (2)sedimentary rocks (3) metamorphic rocks (4) volcanic rocks

a. Identify two processes that can cause a sedimentary rock to become a metamorphic rock.  

b. What type of rock forms from particles that are deposited, compacted, and cemented?

26. The diagram shows the rock cycle.

c. What term describes molten rock?

d. What 2 processes form igneous rock?

Heat & pressure

sedimentary

meltingMelting & solidification

27. What is weathering?  •Breaking down of rocks28. What are the 4 types of mechanical weathering?  •Ice wedging, temp, root action, erosion29. How does temperature cause weathering? •When temp increases, rocks expand. When temp decreases, rocks contract break30. In what type of weather does chemical weathering occur the fastest?  •Warm & humid31 What is erosion?  •Weather rock carried away32. What are the 5 agents of erosion?  •Gravity, wind, moving water, waves, glaciers33. What happens to rocks to which erosion has occurred?• deposition