9 Animal Phyla + Plant Slides

InvertebrateInvertebratess

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Invertebrate Phyla• Porifera• Cnidarians• Platyhelminthes• Nematodes• Mollusks• Annelids• Echinoderms• Arthropods

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Sponges (Porifera)• Most primitive• Cells relatively

independent• Mostly marine• No Symmetry

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Cnidarians• Mostly marine• Radial Symmetry

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Cnidarians• Jellyfish• Hydra• Coral

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•Sea anemone

•Portuguese Man-O-War

Platyhelminthes• Flatworms• Bilateral

symmetry• Cephalization

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Planarian – freshwater flatworm

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Nematodes• Tube-like

digestive tract• Roundworms!• Mouth and anus• No segmentation

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Mollusks• Clams, snails,

squids• Varied habitats

– Marine– Freshwater– Terrestrial

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Annelids• Segmented

worms• Common

earthworm• Leech

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Arthropods• Joint-legged

animals• External skeleton• Huge variation –

mostly insects

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EchinodermsEchinoderms

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DiversityDiversity

Echinodermata means “spiny skin” Echinoderms usually inhabit shallow

coastal waters and ocean trenches organisms in this class include:

• Sea stars• Brittle stars• Sand dollars• Sea cucumbers

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CharacteristicsCharacteristics

change from a free-swimming bilaterally symmetrical larva to a bottom-dwelling adult with radial symmetry.

Most have five radii or multiples which is known as pentaradial symmetry

they have an endoskeleton that is made up of calcium plates, may include protruding spines

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Have small feet called tube feet that aid in movement, feeding, respiration, & excretion.

Do not have circulatory, respiratory of excretory systems.

Have a nervous system but no head or brain.

There are two sexes and they can produce sexually and asexually.

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Water-Vascular SystemWater-Vascular System

hydrostatic pressure permits movement

Path of water in the Water-Vascular System

enters sieve plate passes through stone canal traces a path from the ring canal

encircling mouth to 5 radial canals that extend to each arm

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ampulla: bulblike sac that each foot connects to

feet contract, water enters and are able to suction onto surface of slippery rocks

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Feeding & DigestionFeeding & Digestion

uses feet eat mollusks, worms, and slow-moving

animals enzymes help digest food

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Other Body PartsOther Body Parts

fluid in coelom bathes organs & distributes nutrients & oxygen

skin gills: protect coelom lining; gases are exchanged

nerve ring: surrounds mouth & branches off into nerve cords in each arm.

Eyespots: on each arm that responds to light

tentacles: responds to touch

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ReproductionReproduction

each arm produces sperm & egg occurs externally bipinnaria: free-swimming larva that a

fertilized egg develops into settles in the bottom and develops into an

adult through metamorphosis reproduce asexually by regenerating lost

parts

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Echinoderms• Always marine• Starfishes, sea

urchins, sea lilies• Spiny skin

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Brittle Star – An Echinoderm

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Chapter 34

Vertebrates

• Overview: Half a Billion Years of Backbones

• By the end of the Cambrian period, some 540 million years ago– An astonishing variety of animals inhabited

Earth’s oceans

• One of these types of animals– Gave rise to vertebrates, one of the most

successful groups of animals

• The animals called vertebrates– Get their name from vertebrae, the series of

bones that make up the backbone

Figure 34.1

• There are approximately 52,000 species of vertebrates– Which include the largest organisms ever to

live on the Earth

• What is a deuterostome?

• What is a protostome?

Tomorrow

• Exit quiz on 9 phla

• Concept 34.1: Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

• Vertebrates are a subphylum of the phylum Chordata

• Chordates are bilaterian animals– That belong to the clade of animals known as

Deuterostomia

• Two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes, the urochordates and cephalochordates– Are more closely related to vertebrates than to

invertebrates

Derived Characters of Chordates

• All chordates share a set of derived characters– Although some species possess some of

these traits only during embryonic development

Musclesegments

Brain

Mouth

Anus

Dorsal,hollownerve cord

Notochord

Muscular,post-anal tail

Pharyngealslits or clefts

Figure 34.3

Notochord• The notochord

– Is a longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord

– Provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate

• In most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops– And the adult retains only remnants of the

embryonic notochord

Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord

• The nerve cord of a chordate embryo– Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls

into a tube dorsal to the notochord– Develops into the central nervous system: the

brain and the spinal cord

Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts• In most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called pharyngeal clefts– Develop into slits that open to the outside of the

body

• These pharyngeal slits– Function as suspension-feeding structures in

many invertebrate chordates– Are modified for gas exchange in aquatic

vertebrates– Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in

terrestrial vertebrates

Muscular, Post-Anal Tail• Chordates have a tail extending posterior to

the anus– Although in many species it is lost during

embryonic development

• The chordate tail contains skeletal elements and muscles– And it provides much of the propelling force in

many aquatic species

• Concept 34.2: Craniates are chordates that have a head

• The origin of a head– Opened up a completely new way of feeding for

chordates: active predation

• Craniates share some common characteristics– A skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs

• A phylogeny of amniotes

Figure 34.23

Synapsids

Ancestralamniote

Reptiles

Diapsids

Archosaurs

Saurischians

Lepidosaurs

Dinosaurs

Par

arep

tiles

Turt

les

Cro

codi

lians

Pte

rosa

urs

Orn

ithis

chia

ndi

nosa

urs

Sau

risch

ian

dino

saur

s ot

her

than

bird

s

Bir

ds

Ple

sios

aurs

Icht

hyos

aurs

Tuat

ara

Squ

amat

es

Mam

mal

s

Derived Characters of Amniotes

• Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg– Which contains specialized membranes that

protect the embryo

• The extraembryonic membranes– Have various functions

Figure 34.24Shell

Albumen

Yolk (nutrients)

Amniotic cavitywith amniotic fluid

Embryo

Yolk sac. The yolk sac contains the yolk, a stockpile of nutrients. Blood vessels in the yolk sac membrane transport nutrients from the yolk into the embryo. Other nutrients are stored in the albumen (“egg white”).

Allantois. The allantois is a disposalsac for certain metabolic wastes pro-duced by the embryo. The membraneof the allantois also functions withthe chorion as a respiratory organ.

Amnion. The amnion protectsthe embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions againstmechanical shock.

Chorion. The chorion and the membrane of the allantois exchange gases between the embryo and the air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse freely across the shell.

Extraembryonic membranes

• Amniotes also have other terrestrial adaptations– Such as relatively impermeable skin and the

ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs

Early Amniotes

• Early amniotes– Appeared in the Carboniferous period– Included large herbivores and predators

Reptiles

• The reptile clade includes– The tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles,

crocodilians, birds, and the extinct dinosaurs

• Reptiles– Have scales that create a waterproof barrier– Lay shelled eggs on land

Figure 34.25

• Most reptiles are ectothermic– Absorbing external heat as the main source of

body heat

• Birds are endothermic– Capable of keeping the body warm through

metabolism

The Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of Reptiles

• The oldest reptilian fossils– Date to about 300 million years ago

• The first major group of reptiles to emerge– Were the parareptiles, which were mostly

large, stocky herbivores

Lepidosaurs

• One surviving lineage of lepidosaurs– Is represented by two species of lizard-like

reptiles called tuatara

Figure 34.27a (a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)

Birds

• Birds are archosaurs– But almost every feature of their reptilian

anatomy has undergone modification in their adaptation to flight

Derived Characters of Birds

• Many of the characters of birds– Are adaptations that facilitate flight

• A bird’s most obvious adaptations for flight– Are its wings and feathers

Figure 34.28a–c

(a) wing

(b) Bone structure

Finger 1

(c) Feather structure

ShaftBarbBarbuleHook

Vane

Shaft

ForearmWrist

Palm

Finger 3

Finger 2

• By 150 million years ago– Feathered theropods had evolved into birds

• Archaeopteryx– Remains the oldest bird knownFigure 34.29

Toothed beak

Airfoil wing with contour feathers

Long tail with many vertebrae

Wing claw

Living Birds

• The ratites, order Struthioniformes– Are all flightless

Figure 34.30a

(a) Emu. This ratite lives in Australia.

• Concept 34.7: Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk

• Mammals, class Mammalia– Are represented by more than 5,000 species

Derived Characters of Mammals

• Mammary glands, which produce milk– Are a distinctively mammalian character

• Hair is another mammalian characteristic

• Mammals generally have a larger brain– Than other vertebrates of equivalent size

• The jaw was remodeled during the evolution of mammals from nonmammalian synapsids– And two of the bones that formerly made of

the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear

Sound Sound

Jaw joint Jaw joint Key

DentaryAngularSquamosal

ArticularQuadrate

Dimetrodon Morganucodon

Dimetrodon Morganucodon

Eardrum

Eardrum Middle ear Middle earStapes Inner ear

Inner ear

Stapes

Incus (evolvedfrom quadrate)

Malleus (evolvedfrom articular)

(b) During the evolutionary remodeling of the mammalian skull, the quadrate and articular bones became incorporated into the middle ear as two of the three bones that transmit sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The steps in this evolutionary remodeling are evident in a succession of fossils.

(a) The lower jaw of Dimetrodon is composed of several fused bones; two small bones, the quadrate and articular, form part of the jaw joint. In Morganucodon, the lower jaw is reduced to a single bone, the dentary, and the location of the jaw joint has shifted.

Figure 34.32a, b

Monotremes

• Monotremes– Are a small group of egg-laying mammals

consisting of echidnas and the platypus

Figure 34.33

Marsupials

• Marsupials– Include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

• A marsupial is born very early in its development– And completes its embryonic development

while nursing within a maternal pouch called a marsupium

Figure 34.34a

(a) A young brushtail possum. The young of marsupials are born very early in their development. They finish their growth while nursing from a nipple (in their mother’s pouch in most species).

• In some species of marsupials, such as the bandicoot– The marsupium opens to the rear of the

mother’s body as opposed to the front, as in other marsupials

Figure 34.34b

(b) Long-nosed bandicoot. Most bandicoots are diggers and burrowers that eat mainly insects but also some small vertebrates andplant material. Their rear-opening pouch helps protect the young from dirt as the mother digs. Other marsupials, such as kangaroos, have a pouch that opens to the front.

• In Australia, convergent evolution– Has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that

resemble eutherians in other parts of the world

Figure 34.35

Marsupial mammals Eutherian mammals

Plantigale

Marsupial mole

Sugar glider

Wombat

Tasmanian devil

Kangaroo

Deer mouse

Mole

Woodchuck

Flying squirrel

Wolverine

Patagonian cavy

Eutherians (Placental Mammals)

• Compared to marsupials– Eutherians have a longer period of pregnancy

• Young eutherians– Complete their embryonic development within

a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

• Phylogenetic relationships of mammals

Figure 34.36

Ancestral mammal

Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians

Monotremata Marsupialia Xenarthra

Proboscidea SireniaTubulidentata Hyracoidea Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs)Macroscelidea (elephant shrews)

RodentiaLagomorphaPrimatesDermoptera (flying lemurs)Scandentia (tree shrews)

CarnivoraCetartiodactylaPerissodactylaChiropteraEulipotyphlaPholidota (pangolins)

Possible phylogenetic tree of mammals. All 20 extant orders of mammals are listed at the top of the tree. Boldfaced orders are explored on the facing page.

This diverse clade includes terrestrial and marine mammals as well as bats,the only flying mammals. A growingbody of evidence, including Eocene fossils of whales with feet,supports putting whales inthe same order (Cetartiodactyla) as pigs, cows, and hippos.

This is the largest eutherian clade. It includes the rodents, which make up the largest mammalian order by far, with about 1,770 species. Humansbelong to the order Primates.

All members of this clade, which underwent an adaptive radiation in South America, belong to the order Xenarthra. One species, the nine-banded armadillo, is found in the southern United States.

This clade of eutherians evolved in Africa when the continent was isolated from other landmasses. It includesEarth’s largest living land animal (the African elephant), as well as species that weighless than 10 g.

• The major eutherian orders

Figure 34.36

ORDERSAND EXAMPLES

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

Monotremata Platypuses, echidnas

Proboscidea Elephants

SireniaManatees,dugongs

CetartiodactylaArtiodactylsSheep, pigs cattle, deer,giraffes

Lagomorpha Rabbits, hares, picas

Carnivora Dogs, wolves,bears, cats, weasels, otters,seals, walruses

Xenarthra Sloths, anteaters,armadillos

CetaceansWhales,dolphins,porpoises

Echidna

African elephant

Manatee

Tamandua

Jackrabbit

Coyote

Bighorn sheep

Pacific white-sided porpoise

Lay eggs; nonipples; young suck milk fromfur of mother

Long, musculartrunk; thick, loose skin; upper incisors elongated as tusks

Aquatic; finlikeforelimbs and no hind limbs; herbivorous

Reduced teeth orno teeth; herbivorous(sloths) or carnivorous (anteaters, armadillos)

Chisel-like incisors; hind legs longer than forelegs and adapted for running and jumping

Sharp, pointed canineteeth and molars for shearing; carnivorous

Hooves with an even number of toes on each foot; herbivorous

Aquatic; streamlinedbody; paddle-like forelimbs and no hind limbs; thicklayer of insulating blubber; carnivorous

Diet consists mainly of insects and other small invertebrates

Adapted for flight; broad skinfold that extends from elongated fingers to body and legs; carnivorous or herbivorous

Hooves with an odd number of toeson each foot; herbivorous

Opposable thumbs; forward-facing eyes; well-developed cerebral cortex; omnivorous

Chisel-like, continuously growing incisors worn down by gnawing;herbivorous

Short legs; stumpy tail; herbivorous; complex, multichamberedstomach

Teeth consisting of many thin tubes cemented together; eats ants and termites

Embryo completes development in pouch on mother

ORDERSAND EXAMPLES

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

MarsupialiaKangaroos,opossums,koalas

TubulidentataAardvark

HyracoideaHyraxes

ChiropteraBats

PrimatesLemurs,monkeys,apes,humans

PerissodactylaHorses,zebras, tapirs,rhinoceroses

RodentiaSquirrels,beavers, rats, porcupines,mice  

Eulipotyphla“Core insecti-vores”: some moles, some shrews Star-nosed

mole

Frog-eating bat

Indian rhinoceros

Golden lion tamarin

Red squirrel

Rock hyrax

Aardvark

Koala

Primates

• The mammalian order Primates include– Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

• Humans are members of the ape group

Derived Characters of Primates• Most primates

– Have hands and feet adapted for grasping

• Primates also have – A large brain and short jaws– Forward-looking eyes close together on the

face, providing depth perception– Well-developed parental care and complex

social behavior– A fully opposable thumb