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8/16/2019 994D - Seleccion de Llantas
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TIRETIRESELECTION GUIDE
TIRE USE AND SELECTION CRITERIA
994D
TIRETIRESELECTION GUIDE
TIRE USE AND SELECTION CRITERIA
994D
DETERMINING PROPER INFLATION PRESSURES
CALCULATING TON-MILE PER HOUR (TMPH)
TIRETIRESELECTION GUIDE
TIRE USE AND SELECTION CRITERIA
994D
DETERMINING PROPER INFLATION PRESSURES
CALCULATING TON-MILE PER HOUR (TMPH)
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SIZE - These factors should
be considered when
choosing the correct tire size
for the 994D:
• whether overall width from
outside to outside of tires isless than the bucket width
(tire protection)
• the 994D’s operating loads
• whether taller tires are
needed for extended dump
clearance, 195/240 ton (177/218
metric ton) size trucks
• existing loader tire inventory
STRENGTH - strength indexindicates the tire’s ability, or
inability, to carry a given load
at a given speed. The
earthmover tire industry uses
three different strength index
systems: ply ratings for bias
tires, star ratings for radial
tires, or ISO load index and
speed symbols.
SPEED CAPABILITY - tire
type, tread pattern and tread
depth have direct influence
on the tire’s speed capability.
Not fully understanding and
respecting speed limitations
will cause heat-related
separations, and ultimately,
premature tire failures.
TIRE TYPE - the 994D tire
typically features a cut
resistant/ultra abrasion/roc
service tread type. These
compounds are generally
suited for work machine
applications and slowermoving transport machines
where there is a risk of
cutting, hacking and
penetrations. For transport
machines, compounds are
changed to increase speed
capabilities, but tread
abrasion and cut resistanc
is reduced.
TREAD PATTERN - the more
open tread design permits
greater average speed
capability. The larger tread
lug volume on wheel loade
tires holds more heat. The
greater amount of tread lug
volume reduces speed
capabilities, but improves
tread life.
TREAD DEPTH - wheel
loader tires typically are
rated as L4 (Rock Deep
Tread) or L5 (Rock Extra
Deep Tread). The deeper
tread reinforces and protec
the tire, but reduces the
speed capability.
GENERAL TIRE
CHARACTERISTICS
994D TIRE SELECTION
This guide is designed to help you evaluate
your choices and decide which tires will best
meet your production needs. Used in conjunction
with the advice and know-how of your Caterpillar
dealer and your local tire supplier, it can be a
powerful management tool in getting the most
from your wheel loader operations.
TIRE FACTORS
Three major factors need to be considered
when making tire selections: tire characteristics,
the machine, and the jobsite.
When selecting tires for the 994D, factors
other than tire characteristics must be considered.
The machine and job site characteristics are also
important because the wrong situations can lead
to excessive wear and decreased productivity. By
following the standards and guidelines set forth in
this manual, you will be better equipped to make
the appropriate tire selection for your application
and job site.
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USING INFLATION TABLES
The following information (shown in Table 1) demonstrates use of the tire manufacturers’ inflation tables. Pressures
for each application may need to be varied from those shown and should always be obtained from the tire suppliers.
Tire Load Capacities (Per Tire) Cold Inflation Pressures
Manufacturer/Model Load Kg 450 480 510 550 580 620 650
MPH KPH Load Lb 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Bridgestone/Firestone Static * 257,500/117,000 268,500/121,750 279,500/126,500 291,000/132,000 304,500/138,000 315,500/143,000 326,000/148,00050/80-57 SRG DT LD 5 8 * 161,000/73,000 167,800/78,000 174,600/79,000 182,500/82,500 190,250/86,250 197,000/89,400 204,000/92,500
Bridgestone/Firestone Static * 295,000/134,000 308,000/140,000 321,000/146,000 333,000/151,500 345,000/157,000 357,000/162,000 368,500/167,500
49.5/85-57 SDT LD 5 8 * 187,000/85,000 195,000/88,500 203,000/92,500 211,000/96,000 218,500/99,500 226,000/103,000 233,500/108,000
Bridgestone/Firestone Static * 305,500/134,500 319,000/145,000 332,000/151,000 345,000/157,000 357,500/162,500 369,500/168,000 381,500/173,500
53.5/85-57 SDT LD 5 8 * 193,500/88,000 202,000/92,000 210,500/95,500 218,500/99,000 226,500/103,000 234,000/108,000 241,500/109,500
Goodyear Static * 267,000/121,000 277,500/125,500 288,500/130,500 300,000/138,000 314,000/142,500 326,500/148,000 333,000/151,000
52/80-57 HRL D/L-4G 5 8 * 171,000/77,500 182,000/82,500 185,500/84,000 193,000/87,500 201,250/91,250 204,000/92,500 210,500/95,500
Michelin Static(front) * 264,600/120,000 274,680/124,595 284,760/129,167 299,880/136,026 312,500/141,750 325,000/147,420 337,680/153,150
55/80R57 XMINED2 10 16(rear) 146,630/66,500 152,300/69,083 157,973/71,657 186,478/75,514 173,600/78,745 180,600/81,920 187,600/85,100
5 8 * 176,400/80,000 182,700/82,873 189,000/85,730 198,450/90,017 207,000/93,895 215,285/97,653 308,000/139,700
LB/KG
Table 1 For further explanation, see “Importance Of Proper Inflation Pressure”.
Bridgestone/Firestone50/80-57L4
Bridgestone/Firestone49.5/85-57 SDT LD L5
Bridgestone/Firestone53.5/85-57 SDT LDL5
Goodyear52/80-57 HRL D/L-4
Michelin55/80R57 XMINED2
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The 994D comes with standard 36 or 44 inch (92 or 113 centimeter) center-
mounted rims. The center-mounted base design reduces deflection and stress levelsin critical areas such as the flange and base back sections. The Caterpillar rim is
more durable and weighs less than competitive rims. Finite element analysis shows
stress levels are 15 to 20
percent less in critical
areas than in other rim
designs. Cat rims are
machined and shot-
peened in critical flange
and seat areas to further
reduce stress.
THE MACHINE
The 994D comes with standard 36 or 44 inch (92 or 113 centimeter) center-
mounted rims. The center-mounted base design reduces deflection and stress levelsin critical areas such as the flange and base back sections. The Caterpillar rim is
more durable and weighs less than competitive rims. Finite element analysis shows
stress levels are 15 to 20
percent less in critical
areas than in other rim
designs. Cat rims are
machined and shot-
peened in critical flange
and seat areas to further
reduce stress.
THE MACHINE
Flange
Rim Base
Lock Ring
Bead Seat Band
Mounting Ring
CAT CENTER-MOUNTED DESIGN RIM
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GROUND PRESSUREThe following shows a ground pressure comparison of the various
tires available for the 994D wheel loader. The 994D has lower ground
pressure than competitive wheel loaders using the same tires. The lower
pressures of the 994D equal longer tire life and better flotation in soft,
underfoot conditions.
THE MACHINE WEIGHTThe importance of accurate vehicle weight cannot be
overemphasized. Without it, precise tire loads cannot be known and
without precise tire loads, overload or underload conditions can occur,
possibly causing problems. The Front Axle Weight table shows typical
empty machine weight and distribution. Actual machine weights may
vary depending on optional equipment, including tires and chains.
Contact Contact PressureArea (empty) (loaded)
in.2 /cm2 psi /kg/cm2
Goodyear 52/80-57 1,958/12,625 59/4.1 95/6.7
Bridgestone/Firestone 49.5/85-57 2,480/16,000 47/3.3 75/5.3
Bridgestone/Firestone 53.5/85-57 2,862/18,460 41/2.9 65/4.6
Michelin 55/80R57 3,162/20,400 37/2.6 59/4.1
Bridgestone/Firestone 50/80-57 1,869/12,060 62/4.4 100/7.0
Front Axle
TIRE PROTECTIONAnother important aspect is protecting tires with the proper size
bucket and/or wings. The Tire Protection table below shows the amount
of tire protection available depending on tire and bucket sizes.
Also available are low- and high-profile bucket wings that add 24 in. to overall bucket width.
Tire 49.5/85-57 53.5/85-57
Bucket Width (in./mm) 222/5650 245/6220 222/5650 245/6220
Width Over Tire (in./mm) 207/5265 207/5265 215/5449 215/5449
Bucket Protection Per Side (in./mm) 7.5/192 19/478 3.5/101 15/386
EMPTY STD. MACHINEMACHINE W/RATED PAYLOAD
Operating Weight (lbs./kg) 421,600/191,200 497,600/225,700
Axle Split (% F/R) 55/45 75/25
Front Axle Weight (lbs./kg) 231,880/105,160 373,200/169,275
994D RIMPULL
CONTROLThe 994D features a
rimpull control and left pedal
operation that allows
operators to match rimpull to
working conditions, which
greatly improves tire life. Four
different settings allow your
operators to match rimpull
levels to job conditions with a
simple turn of the dial.
Std. Lift, 23 yd. 222 in. Bucket, 53.5/85-57 tires
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COST PER HOUR EXAMPLE:Suppose the current tire life average on a 994D in a coal mine application is 6,000 hours. The price of Brand X is $35,000
per tire or $140,000 total. This equates to an hourly tire cost of $23.00.
Now suppose a local Brand Y dealer contacts the customer about replacement tires for the 994D. The price of these
tires, though, is about 40 percent higher than Brand X’s, but they come with a guarantee of 10,000 hours. Is this a good
investment for the customer?
The total price for Brand Y’s tires is $200,000 (40 percent higher), but expected tire life is 10,000 hours. The hourly tire
cost is $20.00: a savings of $3.00 per hour. So it is a better investment. In fact, in this example, a Brand Y tire life in excess of
at least 8,700 hours would result in savings when compared to the Brand X tire.
This example provides an economic analysis
standard 994D with tires only, versus the addition
chains. If current tire life without chains is 2,500
hours and considering the listed assumptions, fro
axle cost would equal $20/hour. To achieve the
equivalent breakdown point by adding chains, tir
must equal 3,751 hours. Front axle tire cost woul
decrease with tire life in excess of 3,751 hours.
TYPICAL TIRE LIFETire cost for the 994D varies widely because of tire life ranges. Typical Tire Life table summarizes
ranges currently achieved with the 994 wheel loader. These hours are derived from numerous customer
surveys and represent typical tire life estimates in different applications. Tire life varies from site to site
based on tire selection, vehicle and jobsite management.
Application Location Tire Life
Coal Mining North America, Australia, South Africa 5,000-10,000 hours
Metal Mining North America, Brazil, Australia 3,500-8,000 hours
Diamonds Botswana 6,000 hours
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Equivalent Front Axle = Fr
= 3,751 hours Tire Life w/Chains ( $20- $6.67)
The loading area’s surface and condition are important factors on tire life. Imbedded or loose rocks
increase cutting or impact breaks. Poor drainage leads to mud and chuck holes. These result in tire
spinning, fast wear, cuts and increased fuel usage. Environmental problems such as heavy rain, heavysnow and a wide range in ambient temperatures can also affect tire life.
THE JOBSITE
BIAS PLY TIRES• Manufactured with multiple nylon plies• 1-4 bead bundles are used on each side
• Plies run at an acute angle to the centerline• Fabric or steel breakers are added under the tread for
reinforcement and bruise resistanceRADIAL TIRES• Single ply of high-strength steel cords run at a 90-degree angle
to the tread centerline• High ply turn-up around the bead strengthens the sidewall and
improves response to steering commands• 2-6 steel belts are placed under the tread• Radials deflect more than bias models, providing better traction,
flotation and mobility
TIRE CONSTRUCTION: BIAS PLY VS. RADIAL
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99 D TIRE CHAIN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
ASSUMPTIONS: STEPS:Tire Cost = $25,000 each or $50,000/axle 1. Tire life without chains is 2,500 hours
Chain Cost = $30,000 each or $60,000/axle 2. Tire cost is $50,000/2,500 = $20/hour
Fixed Chain Life = 9,000 hours 3. Tire life break-even point:
Front axle chain cost = $60,000/9,000 = $6.67/hr tires versus tires with chains
CHAINS–COSTThe use of chains is
difficult to justify except
under a few conditions.
When tire life is
extremely poor for
various reasons, chains
can reduce total tire
and front axle costs.
Care should be taken to
assure rolling diameters
still conform to SAE
standards. The
additional weight of
chains may:
• increase fuel
consumption
• slow the machine,
reducing productivity
• increase wear on
power train
components, raising
operating costs.
In high operating
cost applications, the
savings with using
chains may offset the
cost and effects of their
additional weight. For
some tires and chain
selections vehicle
modifications are
required.
re should be
taken not to exceed the
Gross Vehicle weight
rating of the machine
when adding chains and
other attachments.
$40.50
$39.00
$37.50
$36.00
$34.50
$33.00
$31.50
$30.00
$28.50
$27.00
$25.50
$24.00
$22.50
$21.00
$19.50
$18.00
$16.50
$15.00
$13.50
$12.00
$10.50
$9.00
$7.50
$6.00
$4.50
$3.00
$1.50
$0.00
1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4250 4500 4750 5000 5250 5500 5750 6000 6250 6500 6750 7000 7250 7500 7750 8000 8250 8500 8750 9000 10000
2 3
1 4
Tires with Chains
Tires w/o Chains
Front Tires Only
C o s t P e r H o u r
Tire Cost
Chain Cost
Fixed Chain Life
$25,000 ea.
$30,000 ea.
9,000 hr.
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The 994D tire suppliers provide specific maximum
speed limit recommendations for empty tramming
applications (i.e. face to face, face to shop, shop to
face). As with TMPH, these speed limits help prevent
tire overheating while the 994D is in motion. The
following summarize these recommendations.
GOODYEAR - 52/80-57 HRL D/L 4-G
For a maximum tram distance of 7.5 miles
(12.1 kilometers), limit the empty loader speed
to 4.25 mph (6.85 kph) (1st gear) if the loader has
been operating. If the loader has been down for
two or more shifts it can be driven at 8 mph
(12.9 kph) (2nd gear) for up to one hour.
OTHER TIRE SPEED INFORMATION
Allowable Working Speeds
for Empty Machine Tramming Only
Construction Standard Conditions: Ambient Temp = 100˚ F (38̊ C)
3 miles
(< 1.61 km) (1.61-4.83 km) (>4.83 km)
Nylon/Steel 15+(24+) 8(13) 5(8)
Nylon/Nylon 15+(24+) 10(16) 5(8)
Case 1: Ambient Temp = 80˚ F (27˚ C)
Nylon/Steel 15+(24+) 10(16) 5.5(9)
Nylon/Nylon 15+(24+) 15(24) 6(10)
Case 2: Ambient Temp = 40˚ F (4˚ C)
Nylon/Steel 15+(24+) 15+(24+) 7(11)
Nylon/Nylon 15+(24+) 15+(24+) 7.5(12)
Note: These speeds are with OTD = 153/32nds. Maximum working speeds
change for different ambient temperatures and tread depths.
Firestone - 49.5/85-57 and 53.5/85-57 SDT
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MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATIONRETREAD
Tires for possible retreading must have more tread
left than on completely worn tires to protect the casing.
Tires damaged by heat and bursting, as well as damaged
on the bead, can neither be repaired nor retreaded. Only
cutting and cracking of tires are repairable. Retreading
should not be considered for high speed, overloaded or
under inflated tires. The best recapping candidates are
tires which had fast tread wear. Reports state retread
prices are 60 percent of new and carry the same warranties
Life of retread tires is about 90 percent of new.
TIRE MATCH - (PER SAE J2204)
Tires on the same axle must have a circumference/diameter
within three percent of each other. Circumference/diameter
between front and rear axle tires must be within six
percent of each other.
Michelin - 55/80 R 57 XMINED2Unrestricted Allowable Average Speed >5.0 mph (8km/h)
For each hour time period, the 994D/XMINED2 may trave
a total distance of five miles, with no maximum speed limit.
All average speed limits are based on one hour of travel.
Note: On reaching the allowed time, the 994D must be parked for the rest of the hour.
Maximum Time Allowed Total Distance CoveredSpeed At Maximum Speed In One Hour
(mph/kph) (minutes) (miles/kilometers)
5/8 indefinite 5/8
6/10 50 5/8
7/11 43 5/8
8/13 37 5/8
9/14 33 5/8
10/16 30 5/8
11/18 27 5/8
12/19 25 5/8
13/21 23 5/8
14/23 21 5/8
15/24 20 5/8
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IMPORT N E OF PROPER INFLATION PRESSURE
WHY SUCH LOW INFLATION PRESSURESIN THE REAR TIRES?
Low inflation pressures make the front tires not work ashard; the rear tires’ greater traction and enlarged footprintwill contribute to the total work done by the loader. Inaddition, spinning will be reduced, decreasing treadwearand the tire’s susceptibility to related cuts and damages.These factors will extend front tire life.
The rear tires will operate with reduced casing tension.If a tire is overinflated (or underloaded), its casingexperiences higher levels of tension, making it moresusceptible to related damages such as shock or impactruptures A “softer” tire can more readily envelop the
objects, such as rocks, that might otherwise damage orweaken the tire’s casing.
IN SUMMARY, LOWER INFLATIONPRESSURES OFFERMANY ADVANTAGES:
• increased traction through a smaller rolling radius andlarger footprint
• prolonged life of all tires through increased tread wearand reduced cut and impact damages
• improved repairability and treadability • reduced rim and wheel breakage • reduced machine and repair cost • reduced loading area maintenance
LOADER FRONT AXLE LOADSThe first step to assure proper tire inflation is to calculate
the maximum weight the loader’s front axle can experience. I
inflated for this condition, the front tires will not be overloademaximizing the life. The maximum front axle load occurs whe the loader tips and the rear axle loses contact with the grounThe front axle bears all the loader’s weight and the load whiccaused the tip. This tip occurs in the static condition. Load iexpressed as:
Maximum Front Axle Load =Static Tipping Load + Loader Operating Weight.
Referring to the inflation pressure tables, under staticconditions (or static front for Firestone), find the load and thecorresponding cold inflation pressure at which the front tiresshould operate.
EXAMPLEOne 994D equipped with 53.5/85-57
(L-5) tires and a 23 yd3 (21 m3) bucket Operating weight = 421,600 lbs.
(191,200 kg)
Straight static tipping load = 275,100 lbs. (124,760 kg)
Maximum Front Axle Load = 275,100 lbs. + 421,600 lbs.= 696,700 lbs. = 348,350 lbs./tire
124,760 kg + 191,200 kg =315,960 kg = 157,980 kg/tire
LOADER REAR AXLE LOADSCalculate the maximum rear axle load the loader will
normally experience. Anytime material is in the bucket, weigwill be transferred forward; the maximum rear axle load occuwhen the bucket is empty. For the 994D, the empty axle weigdistribution is approximately 55 (front) and 45 (rear).
Refer to the inflation tables to determine rear tire inflationpressures. The maximum rear axle loads will occur when the
loader is moving, 5 mph (8 kph) or slower is typical for the 994Most tables do not include the lower loads experienced on th994D’s rear axle. Therefore, consult with tire manufacturers.
EXAMPLE (CONTINUINGPREVIOUS EXAMPLE)Operating weight = 421,600 lbs. (191,200 kg)
Maximum Rear Axle Load = 45 percent of 421,600 lbs.189,720 lbs. = 94,860 lbs./tire
45 percent of 191,200 kg =86,040 kg = 43,020 kg/tire
UNDERINFLATION.An underinflated tire will deflect too much. A tire that is too underinflated can cause:
• excessive sidewall flexing • spotty or uneven tread wear • sidewall radial cracks • ply separation • loose or broken cords inside tire • fabric carcass fatigue
OVERLOADING
Overloading tires will lead to premature tire failure. Ifinflation psi is not adjusted for heavier loads, failures willoccur: tread and ply separation, disintegration of thecarcass and inner liner, radial sidewall cracking andexcessive chafing.
Adjusting tire pressures to compensate for overloadswill exceed the carcass strength, causing impact breaks,cuts, rapid wear and fabric fatigue.
When encountering excess loads, cold inflationpressures must be increased to compensate for higherloads. For each one percent increase in load, the inflationpressure must be increased by two percent. Tiremanufacturers should be consulted for proper tire inflation pressures.
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TON-MILE PER HOUR (TMPH)*
A tire generates internal heat as it rolls and flexes. Over time, the tire can develop enough heat to exceed the rubber vulcanizing temperature (as low as 93˚ C or 200˚ F) and reverse the vulcanizingprocess. The tire can then lose strength and fail. The heat generated
within a tire at the rated pressure depends on:
• ambient temperature• weight the tire carries• tire construction• speed the tire travels
The Ton-Mile per Hour (TMPH) formula predicts the tire temperaturebuildup. The TMPH system rates tires according to the amount of workpossible from a temperature standpoint. It utilizes the product of load xspeed to derive a temperature buildup index.
Available tires for the 994D have a Tire TMPH rating from 125 to 280,depending on the tire construction and type. The Tire TMPH can bematched to the Site TMPH using these relationships:
Site TMPH = Average Tire Load x Average Shift Speed
Average Tire Load = Empty Tire Load + Loaded Tire Load2
Average Shift Speed = Round Trip Distance (miles/kilometers)x Number of Trips per ShiftTotal Hours per Shift
If the Site TMPH exceeds the Tire TMPH, tire failure can occur.
LOAD AND CARRY TMPH EXAMPLE
Standard lift rated bucket payload = 38 tons (34.5 metric tons)Operating weight = 211 tons (191 metric tons)
Empty weight distribution (front/rear) = 55/45%Loaded weight distribution (front/rear) = 75/25%
Empty (211 tons/191 metric tons)
Front (55%) = 116 tons/axle (105 metric tons/axle) = 58 tons/tire (52.5 metric tons/tire)
Rear (45%) = 95 tons/axle (86 metric tons/axle) = 47.5 tons/tire (43 metric tons/tire)
Loaded (249 tons/225.5 metric tons)
Front (75%) = 187 tons/axle (169 metric tons/axle) = 93.4 tons/tire (84.5 metric tons/tire)
Rear (25%) = 62 tons/axle (56 metric tons) = 31.2 tons/tire(28.2 metric tons/tire)
Average Tire LoadFront (58 + 93.4/52.5 + 84.5) = 75.7 tons/tire (68.5 metric tons/tire)Rear (47.5 + 31.2/43 + 28.2) = 39.4 tons/tire (35.6 metric tons/tire)
*Tire manufacturers may use different terminology for TMPH
For wheel loaders, the front tires are always more heavily loaded than the rear tires. For TMPH calculations, use the heaviest load conditions. this case, it is 75.7 tons (68.5 metric tons).
As an example, assume a 994D is being considered in a hopper loadinapplication. Distance between the stockpile and the hopper is 150 feet.Potential cycle time for the 994D is one minute. The total shift time is eighhours and assume a job efficiency of 83 percent (the 994D works 50 minutper hour).
Number of trips per shift = 8 hrs x 50 min per hr/1 min per trip = 398 trip
Round Trip Distance = 150 ft. x 2 = 0.057 miles5,280 ft./mile
45.7 m x 2 = .0914 km1000 m/km
Avg. Shift Speed = Round Trip Distance (miles) x Num. of Trips per shifTotal Hours per Shift
Avg. Shift Speed = .057 miles x 398 trips = 2.84 mph8 hours
.0914 km x 398 trips = 4.55 kilometers8 hours
Site TMPH = Avg. Tire Load x Avg. Shift Speed = 75.7 tons (68.5 metric tons) x 2.84 mph (4.55 kph) = 215 TMPH for the Site (311.7 TKPH)
Tire TMPH for the 994D ranges from 125 to 280. A tire should be selectedwith a Tire TMPH rating greater than 215.
TRUCK LOADING TMPH EXAMPLEAs in the previous example, the average front tire load is 74.1 tons.
Distance between the muckpile and the truck is 2.2 tire revolutions or 8feet (26.8 meters). Potential cycle time for the 994D is 0.67 minutes (40seconds). The total shift time is eight hours and assume a job efficiencof 83 percent (the 994D works 50 minutes per hour). Assume there arealways plenty of trucks available to load.
Number of trips per shift = 8 hrs x 50 min per hr/0.67 min per trip = 597 tri
Round Trip Distance = 88 ft. x 2
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www.CAT.comPrinted in U.S.A
© 1998 Caterpilla
PRODUCTIVITY YOU CAN FEEL. Choosing the correct tires is vital to achieving top productivity for
your jobsite conditions. This guide is an important resource in getting the most from your wheel loader tire investment. You
and your operators will feel the productivity as you get more done, faster throughout every shift. And you’ll feel it on your
bottom line, with lower replacement costs and less downtime. See your Caterpillar dealer today to put this productivity to
work in your operation.
AEDK0267
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