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A. A. Shokeir
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
”الذي علم بالقلم ، علم االنسان ما لم يعلم“
صدق الله العظيم
A. A. Shokeir
HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
BY
Ahmed Shokeir, MD, PhD, FEBU
Professor of Urology,
Mansoura Urology & Nephrology
Center, Mansoura, Egypt.
A. A. Shokeir
The Problem“I have collected a
mass of facts, ideas,
experience, but I
cannot arrange them
into any system or
order them into a
definite pattern”.
A. A. Shokeir
The Problem
“I have spent a lot of
time and a lot of
effort in writing
papers, but once
submitted always
rejected”.
A. A. Shokeir
The Problem
Doctors spend a deal
of time with pen in
hand. What they need,
however, is someone
to help them express
themselves clearly.
A. A. Shokeir
The Problem
A person who is
intelligent enough to be a
doctor is also intelligent
enough to learn how to
write down what he
wants to say in simple
accurate terms.
A. A. Shokeir
Wrong Belief
“Big international journals
do not accept papers from
Arab countries and
developing countries !!!”
A. A. Shokeir
Types of Articles
Original article.
Review article.
Case report.
Letter to the editor.
Point of technique.
Editorial Comment.
Etc….
A. A. Shokeir
Original Article
A. A. Shokeir
Original ArticleThree Essential Requirements
“ Basic Triad “
Stru
ctur
e M. W
riting
Subject
A. A. Shokeir
I- Subject worthwhile to report.
Subject
Original ArticleThree Essential Requirements
“ Basic Triad “
A. A. Shokeir
• Read the relevant literature carefully.
• Make sure that you are not repeating what had
been done successfully before.
Original ArticleThree Essential Requirements
I- Subject
• There should be an addition to the already
existing literature.
A. A. Shokeir
It is better to spend 2 weeks reading in the
library than 2 years working in the lab.
Do not waste your time in writing a paper
which will never see day-light.
Original ArticleThree Essential Requirements
I- Subject
A. A. Shokeir
II- Basic structure of manuscript.
Original Article
Three Essential Requirements
“ Basic Triad “
Subject
Stru
ctur
e
A. A. Shokeir
Title page.Abstract.Introduction.Patients & Methods.Results.Discussion.Summary.References.Tables.Legends to Figures.Figures.
Contents of The Original Article
A. A. Shokeir
Title Page
Title.
Authors.
Institutions.
Running title.
Key words.
Word count.
Corresponding author.
Second title page.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Title PageThe Title
Informative, specific, comprehensive, and accurate stating exactly what you mean.
Convey the maximum information with the minimum of words.
Express (at least):
- The main issue of the study.
- The type of the study.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
State the subject, never the
conclusion.
Should be considered again, again
and again when the paper is finished.
The final title is the last sentence to
be written in the paper.
Title PageThe Title
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
An author must have contributed something worthwhile:Creative thinking.Performing diagnostic or therapeutic
techniques very essential in the study.Collecting data.Writing.
Title PageThe Authors
Who should be an Author?
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
For multiple authors with various contributions:• Who has done the most work.
Title PageThe Authors
Who should be the first Author?
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
For multiple authors with equal contribution:• Give the advantage to the junior.• The junior the first, the senior the last.
For 2 authors:• First publication: give the advantage to the junior.
• Second publication: redress the balance.
A. A. Shokeir
Papers from Thesis
A thesis is essentially a personal project.
The name of the candidate should be the first.
The most senior person is the last.
Title PageThe Authors
Who should be the first Author?
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Be very careful to use only one name with
the same spelling and the same initials for
all your publications.
Example of different initials
Ghoneim MA
Ghoneim M
Title PageThe Authors
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Example of different spelling:
Shokeir
Shokier
Shokair
shokeer
Title PageThe Authors
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
The compound names should be
written as one word
Abd El Rahman
Abdulrahman
Title PageThe Authors
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
To be written in the title page only.
Do not write institutions inside the article.
Do not write information inside the article that can identify the names of the authors.
Title PageInstitutions
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Short running title.
Key words : Medline search.
Word count : 2000-3000 words.
Corresponding author: Full address.
Title PageTitle page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Title PageSecond title page
Should include only the title.
No authors names, no institutions.
This page will be used in the review
process.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
ABSTRACT
The first part that appears.
The last part to be written.
Will be discussed at the end.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Introduction
Definition:
It introduces the subject but does not develop it.
Objectives:
1- To hold the reader’s attention.
2- To give sufficient information to whet the appetite.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
It sets the tone and quality of the entire
paper.
How a writer begins will determine
whether his reader bothers to go on and
how he ends will determine whether the
reader is satisfied or unconvinced.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures Legends to
Figures
IntroductionImportance
A. A. Shokeir
INTRODUCTION Fundamental Parts
SHORT REVIEW
PROBLEMS &
LIMITATIONS
AIM OF THE STUDY
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures Legends to
Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Should touch the core of the subject.Should be concise and interesting, not boring.Long historical reviews are dull.Should be provided by some updated references.
It varies in length from one sentence to several paragraphs.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures Legends to
Figures
IntroductionFundamental Parts
1- Short Review
A. A. Shokeir
Convince the reader of the
importance of your study.
Give reasons for investigating this
particular subject.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
IntroductionFundamental Parts
2- Limitations of existing literature
A. A. Shokeir
The study should answer a timely and
important question.
The rationale of the study must be
strong and very clear.
There should be an addition to the
existing literature.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures Legends to
Figures
IntroductionFundamental Parts3- Aim of the study
A. A. Shokeir
Set out the scope of the study.
Provide a quick overview of the
organization which follows.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
IntroductionFundamental Parts
4- Scope of the Study
A. A. Shokeir
Introduction must be short and to the point.
“ The reader can gain the main body of the paper”.
It should be easy to read.
Do not use too many references (more suitable for discussion).
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Introduction
General Advice
A. A. Shokeir
Evaluation of the
IntroductionThe reviewer asks the following questions :Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
1- Are the objectives clear ?2- Is the importance of the study adequately emphasized ?3- Is the subject matter of the study new ?4-Is previous work on the subject adequately cited ?
A. A. Shokeir
MATERIAL & METHODS
MATERIALS
METHODS DESIGN
STATISTICS
0
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures Legends to
Figures
Fundamental Parts
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. A. Shokeir
1- Full description of the materials.Example: If patients:
- Demographic characteristics. - All relevant information.
Materials And Methods
Fundamental Parts
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
2- Full description of the methods.Example: - Surgical technique.
- Radiological technique. - If drug (preparation, dose,
timing…etc).
A. A. Shokeir
3- Full description of the type of the study:
- If controlled: Type of the control.
- If randomized: Method of randomization.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Materials And Methods
Fundamental Parts
4- Statistical methods:
- Common: Enumeration.
- Uncommon: Simple idea + reference.
A. A. Shokeir
•Fully Informed consent
•Permission of ethical committee
•Conflict of interest
•Funding
•Declaration of Helsinki
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Materials And Methods
Fundamental Parts
5- Ethical Considerations
A. A. Shokeir
Only new methods are described in details.
Previously published methods:
- Common: Enumeration + reference.
- Uncommon: Short summary + reference.
Do not lose your objective. All methods used
should be devoted to satisfying the objectives.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Materials And Methods
General Advice
A. A. Shokeir
Evaluation of the Materials
and MethodsThe reviewer asks the following questions :
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
1- Is the study population detailed adequately ?2- Are the methods described well enough to reproduce the experiment?3- Is the study design clear ?4- Are statistical methods included ?
A. A. Shokeir
Presentation of the results.Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures Legends to
Figures
Results
Correlation of the data.
Fundamental Parts
A. A. Shokeir
Results of all methods used must
be provided in a respective
systematic manner.
Present the results as text, tables or
graphs, but do not repeat the same
data in more than one.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Results
Fundamental Parts1- Presentation of the results
A. A. Shokeir
The reader is entitled to have the data
presented in a logical order, which may
not have been the order in which the
work was done.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Results
Fundamental Parts
1- Presentation of the results
A. A. Shokeir
Correlate your data with each others to obtain an objective proof of your hypothesis.
In science the object is a precise measurement “Measure what is measurable and make measurable what is not” [Galileo].
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Results
Fundamental Parts
2- Correlation of data
A. A. Shokeir
In biological sciences, all
measurements are inexact. The only
way to describe this variability is to
use statistics intelligently.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Results
Fundamental Parts
2- Correlation of data
A. A. Shokeir
Statistical significance is different from clinical importance.
Small differences between large groups can be statistically significant but clinically not important.
Large differences between small groups can be clinically important but not statistically significant.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
ResultsFundamental Parts
2- Correlation of data
A. A. Shokeir
Do not write any result for a method not
mentioned in the section of materials and
methods.
Results must be written in a very clear
non- equivocal non-confusing manner.
Avoid redundancy (each information must
be mentioned only once).
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Results
General Advice
A. A. Shokeir
Only relevant results (related to the
aim of the study) should be
mentioned.
Do not distract the attention of the
reader by irrelevant results.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Results
General Advice
A. A. Shokeir
In comparative studies, each comparison should be provided by its own statistical evaluation.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Results
General Advice
Each information must be objective. Avoid using bizarre words e.g., most, some, probably…..etc.
Do not lose your objective. Each result should be useful to support the aim of the study.
A. A. Shokeir
Evaluation of the ResultsThe reviewer asks the following questions :
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
1- Can the reader assess the results based on the data provided ?2- Is the information straight-forward and not confusing ?3- Are there adequate controls ?4- Are statistical methods appropriate ?
A. A. Shokeir
DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
DISCUSSION OF THE
RESULTS
NEW ADDITIONS IN YOUR STUDY
Limitations of your study
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Fundamental Parts
A. A. Shokeir
It is preferable to start discussion by
a small paragraph emphasizing the
importance of the subject of the
study.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
DISCUSSIONFundamental Parts
1- Introduction to the discussion
A. A. Shokeir
Each result obtained must be adequately discussed in comparison with similar previous studies.
If results of your study is different from previous ones, an explanation must be given.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
DISCUSSIONFundamental Parts
2- Discussion of the results
A. A. Shokeir
A separate paragraph must be
written describing the advantages
and the new additions provided by
your study.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
DISCUSSIONFundamental Parts
3- New additions
A. A. Shokeir
Another paragraph must contain the
disadvantages, limitations and
short-comings of your study and
how these could be avoided in
future studies.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
DISCUSSIONFundamental Parts
4- Limitations
A. A. Shokeir
Results must be discussed in a
respective, logical clear manner.
Each issue must be discussed in
only one place, avoid repetition of
ideas.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
DISCUSSIONGeneral Advice
A. A. Shokeir
Do not return to discuss a previously
discussed issue.
Avoid opinion bias. All important
previous studies must be highlighted
regardless their results (whether with or
against your results).
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
DISCUSSIONGeneral Advice
A. A. Shokeir
Evaluation of the Discussion
The reviewer asks the following questions :Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
1- Do the authors comment adequately on all their results ?2- Have the authors explained why and how their study differs from others already published ?3- Do the authors discuss the potential problems and limitations with their study ?4- Are the authors conclusions supported by the results ?
A. A. Shokeir
SUMMARY
Could be written as a separate
section or as the last paragraph of
the discussion.
It should stress on the most
relevant findings of the study.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
It is the take-home message of the
study.
It is a digest of the whole study.
It is not a repetition of the abstract.
It justifies and explains the
conclusion of the study.
SUMMARYTitle page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
REFERENCES
1- Alphabetical: For thesis.
2- Vancouver: For Journals.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Styles
A. A. Shokeir
In the text:In the text:
-- Author Author’’s name, year (Ghoneim, 2000).s name, year (Ghoneim, 2000).
In the reference section:In the reference section:
-- Should be arranged alphabetically Should be arranged alphabetically
without numbers.without numbers.
REFERENCES1- Alphabetical Style
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
References are arranged in the
reference section according to
their first appearance in the text
and expressed in the text as
numbers.
REFERENCES2- Vancouver Style
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Each journal has its own style of
references (house-style) explained in
“instructions to authors”. Read the
instructions AND examine a recent copy
of the Journal.
All references should be written in the
same style with the same arrangement.
REFERENCESTitle page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
General Advice
A. A. Shokeir
Recent references are better
than old ones.
A book reference is of the least
significance.
REFERENCESGeneral Advice
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
The integrity of the references is the
responsibility of the authors only
(neither the referee nor the journal).
Some journals have a maximum
number of references that should not
be exceeded.
REFERENCESGeneral Advice
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
REFERENCESEvaluation of References
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
If you are lax with the references you may have been lax with the entire paper.
A. A. Shokeir
1- Pick-up the content without
reading the text.
2- Reveal the results at a glance.
TABLESTitle page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Objectives
A. A. Shokeir
1- Completely intelligible to others.
2- Single unit of communication (completely informative).
3- Supply the maximum of information with the minimum of words.
TABLESCharacters of a good table
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
1- Data should be arranged in the correct order.
2- Omit unimportant values.
3- Eliminate unnecessary words.
TABLESHow to achieve a good table?
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
General trend Figure.
Exact values Table.
TABLESTable or figure?
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
What is more important to the reader?
A. A. Shokeir
TABLESGeneral Advice
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Tables should provide additional
information not present in the text to avoid
redundancy.
Tables should be carefully designed to avoid
repetition of the headings and to be simple,
clear, not confusing and easy to follow.
A. A. Shokeir
Tables must be condensed, avoid splitting of data, all possible relevant information should be presented together in one table.
Tables comparing groups should contain their own statistical analysis.
TABLESGeneral Advice
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
If abbreviations are used, they
should be explained at the
bottom of the table, even if they
were mentioned in the text.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
TABLESGeneral Advice
A. A. Shokeir
Tables are usually written after the references, each table in a separate page, having its own number and title.
Be sure that the correct number of the table appears in the correct place in the text.
TABLESGeneral Advice
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
1- Not only to grasp the message
easily but also to hold it longer”.
“One picture is worth 1000 words”.
Illustrations And FiguresTitle page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures Legends to
Figures
Objectives
A. A. Shokeir
2- Not to beautify the paper but to
convey information:
- introduce.
- explain.
- summarize.
Illustrations And FiguresObjectives
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
1- Simplicity is the keynote of all arts.
2- Avoid sophistication and secondary details.
3- No repetition, no contradiction.
4- Consider good reproduction on photocopy.
Illustrations And FiguresHow to achieve a good illustration?
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
• Each figure should be identified by:- Its number.
- Its top.
• Be sure that the correct number of the figure appears in the correct place in the text.
Illustrations And FiguresGeneral Advice
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Legends of all figures are written in a separate page usually after the tables.
Do not write the legend above or below the figure.
Legends to FiguresTitle page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
General Advice
A. A. Shokeir
Legends should be complementary to
the text, not repetitive.
Do not distract the reader too long
away from the text by writing too long
legend.
Legends to FiguresGeneral Advice
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
ABSTRACTThe first to appear.
The last to be written.Must contain 4 paragraphs carrying the following titles:
1-Objective: aim of the study.
2-Materials and methods: the most important data.
3-Results: the most important data.
4-Conclusions.
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
Word count: 200-300.
A. A. Shokeir
All conclusions should be supported by
the results of the study.
A common mistake is to write a
conclusion based on previous studies
and not supported by your own results.
Your conclusions should perfectly
satisfy the objectives of the study.
ABSTRACTConclusions
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Tables
Figures
Legends to Figures
A. A. Shokeir
Difference between conclusion,summary and abstract
Conclusion: Very few sentences expressing the message of the study.
Summary : It is an extended conclusion. It justifies and explains the conclusion.
Abstract : It contains the most important ideas. It is structured as objectives, methods, results and conclusion.
A. A. Shokeir
Verb Tenses
Introduction Present
Methods Past
Results Past
Discussion Present
Conclusion Present
A. A. Shokeir
Stru
ctur
eM
. Writing
Subject
Original ArticleThree Essential Requirements
“ Basic Triad ”
III- Mechanics of
Writing.
A. A. Shokeir
Who will Write?
When there are multiple authors, one
only must write the paper.
Too many writers produce a
patchwork of different styles.
A. A. Shokeir
Who will Write?
Authorship, like so many acquired
skills, must start early in life.
Junior should write.
Senior should revise.
A. A. Shokeir
Much research is
written up too
quickely.
It is wrong to believe
that research which
has taken 2 years to
complete can be
written satisfactorily
in 2 weeks.
A. A. Shokeir
Simplicity
ClarityRead Good Literature
Avoid The Cardinal Sins
Of Writing
Keys To Successful Writing
Avoid The Cardinal Sins Of Authors
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Repetition
Cardinal Sins
Of Writing
Lack of Clarity
Wordiness
Pretentious writing
Use of Jargon
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Dual Publication
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Forgery
Cardinal Sins Of Authors
Plagiarism
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Sequence of WritingPreparing To Write
1- Choose something worthwhile to report.
2- Search the literature and read journals.
3- Collect data.
4- Write a provisional title.
5- Look at the proposed journal.
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Sequence of WritingFirst version
Write the paper in the following sequence:
1- Materials and methods.
2- Results (provisional tables, illustrations and figures).
3- Discussion.
4- Introduction.Write the maximum information you have.
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Sequence of WritingSecond version
Arrange the ideas in their correct sequence.
Carefully revise the tables, illustrations and figures.
Examine the whole paper and ask yourself 3 questions:
1- Is the item necessary?
2- Is it in the correct section?
3- Are all necessary items included?
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Sequence of WritingThird version
Discriminate between what is of primary and what is of secondary importance.
Ask yourself the following questions:
1- What can be shortened?
2- What can be simplified?
3- What can be collected all together?
4- What can be omitted?
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Sequence of WritingFourth version
1- Finalize the references.
2- Write the abstract and summary.
3- Choose a final title.
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Sequence of WritingFinal version
1- Revise and test the style.
- Every statement must be tested (expressive, simple, concise).
- Be sure of the meaning of every word.
2- Revise spelling, grammar and syntax.
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Sequence of WritingFinal version
3- Ask co-authors to check.
4- Ask a consultant with reviewer experience to read it independently.
“You read what you think you said not what you did say”.
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Size and quality do not go hand in hand.
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Common Reasons For Rejection
1- The article is not relevant to the journal.
2- The paper is not styled for the journal.
3- Poorly designed trial.
4- Badly written manuscript.
5- The conclusions are unjustified.
6- Reviewer/editor bias.
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Golden Advice
1- Start Now- Writing, like every other
art, cannot be learned
wholly from books or
lectures.
- But the art, the craft, can
be learned only “on the
job”.
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Golden Advice
1- Start Now- The best teacher is to
start, to go and to keep going.
- The act of writing, like surgical technique, has to be learned the hard way-by practice.
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Golden Advice
2- Do Not Stop
“Once you start you have to finish”.
“Anyone can stop writing but only a writer can finish”.
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Golden Advice
3- Keep Going
In spite of all your hard work, the paper may
still be rejected.
Do not be discouraged.
Use the reviewer’s comments to write a
better manuscript.
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Aim
Design
Materials & methods
Results
References, tables & figures
Abstract
CONCLUSION
HARVEST
The original article is like a human body
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THANK YOU