A Brief Summary of the Development of Entomology in Ireland during the Years 1790-1870

A Brief Summary of the Development of Entomology in Ireland during the Years 1790-1870Author(s): Robert NashSource: The Irish Naturalists' Journal, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Oct., 1983), pp. 145-150Published by: Irish Naturalists' Journal Ltd.Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25538755 .

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THE IRISH NATURALIST'S JOURNAL

Vol. 21 OCTOBER, 1983 No. 4

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY IN IRELAND DURING THE YEARS 1790-1870

Robert Nash

Department of Botany and Zoology, Ulster Museum, Belfast

The first record of an insect collection in Ireland is that of the Leske collection. Nathaniel Gottfried Leske (1752-1786), who described himself as a natural historian and

economist, was a Leipzig scholar of Russian parentage and his natural history museum was

purchased by the Dublin Society in 1792. Typical of its time the Leske cabinet included

shells, minerals, insects and curiosities. The entomological part comprised some 2,500

species of insects, at least this was the number cited by Anon (1813), (probably the shadowy Bernard O'Reilly) in 'Catalogue of the subjects of natural history in the museum of the

Dublin Society, systematically arranged, also of the antiquities, etc., lucidus ordo'

published in Dublin. Parts of the Leske collection survive intermingled in the general collections of exotic

insects in the National Museum, Dublin. That these remains are fragmentary is to be

explained by neglect and a catastrophe ? 'the few remains of the Leskean Museum injured

not only by time but the fall of the museum roof (Haliday 1857). In the 21 years between the

purchase of the collection and the compilation of the 1813 catalogue the Dublin Society's insect collection cannot have received many additions since that list bears a close similarity to the sale catalogue Museum Leskeanum. Pars entomologica ad systerna entomologiae CI.

Fabricii ordinata etc. (Zschach 1788). On 20 July 1826, Sir Charles Giesecke, who had been appointed Professor of

Mineralogy to the RDS and curator of the Dublin Society Museum in 1816, was directed to undertake a tour of Donegal to collect for the Society's museum. He was further instructed on 20 June 4to direct his attention to the subject of native entomology and ornithology, and

collect, if opportunity occurs, any specimens in these departments he may conceive likely to be useful in completing these classes in the museum' (White 1911).

At this time other Dublin institutions had the beginnings of insect collections and there were some private collections in the city. Thompson (1843) writes Tn Dublin there are of

public collections, the Ordnance Museum, Phoenix Park, good in various departments of Vertebrata and Invertebrata; the Royal College of Surgeons Museum in which Mr J. V.

Thompson's collection of Crustacea is preserved; Trinity College containing the late Mr

Tardy's fine collection of insects added to by Dr Coulter; Natural History Society [founded 1843] Zoophytes, etc.; Royal Dublin Society, Vertebrata and Invertebrata; Miss M. Ball's Insects chiefly and Shells; Mr Warren's, very fine in Shells and Birds; Dr Farran's, also

very fine in Shells and good in Birds; Dr Bellingham's in Entozoa; Mr Egan's in Insects; Dr

George Allman's in Freshwater Zoophytes and Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mr O'Kelly's in Shells'.

How Mr Tardy's 'fine collection' came to Trinity College and its extent would have remained a mystery were it not for a letter discovered by Dr C. Nelson when he researched

Dr Coulter's botanical activities. It refers to an entomological collection acquired from the

English entomologist John Curtis which is, so far, untraced. The letter, dated January 11, 1843, is from Thomas Coulter to the Rev Dr McDonnell, Bursar of Trinity College, and

refers to the purchase of 'Cummings collection of 487 Phillipine shells at ?100; Curtis' cabinet of British Insects of 7,656 specimens with their cabinet, ?162.2.0; Tardy's cabinets of Irish insects of about 10,000 specimens, ?160.14.6'. Of these collections Coulter says 'These three collections are unequalled in Ireland and it would be a matter of great



146 Ir. Nat. J. Vol. 21 No. 4 1983

satisfaction to me if the Provost and Board would visit them and the Herbarium. The insects are in a finished state and on the authority of the two best entomologists in Britain ? Mr

Curtis and Mr Haliday ? and amount to 18,000 specimens Thomas Coulter's main interests

were botanical but entomological leanings are evidenced by a list of Irish Diptera made out

by Alexander Haliday for his use (now in the entomological library of the National

Museum), in references to him in letters to Haliday from London entomologists and by his

small collection in Trinity College.

Mr Tardy, Miss Ball and Mr Egan were prominent Dublin entomologists of the early part of the century. I have traced nothing of Egan, and Tardy remains an obscure figure. However, there are occasional glimpses. As we have seen in Thompson's account Mr Tardy

had a 'fine collection'. Dr J. O'Connor has recently identified insects in the museum at

Trinity College as belonging to the collections of Tardy and Miss Ball but as yet the collections have not been fully studied. Davis (1832) described Tardy as 'the most active of the few entomologists in Dublin' and the anonymous author of Notes of an Irish insect hunter (Anon 1857) refers to 'James Tardy, Esq., of Mount Pleasant, near Dublin, the esteemed entomologist'. He is also mentioned occasionally in John Curtis' British

Entomology (Curtis 1824-1840), for instance in the text of Folio 18, April 1, 1821 [Empis borealis]

? 'This curious insect, which has never been ascertained to be a native of Great

Britain, has been found in Ireland by James Tardy, Esq., of Dublin, and for specimens and the following extract from Mr T's letter upon the subject I am indebted to N. A. Vigors,

Esq.' Vigors (1785-1840) was a wealthy Irishman living in England and a keen amateur

zoologist with extensive collections of birds and insects. In 1826 he became the first

secretary of the Zoological Society of London and was very active in the early days of the

Entomological Society of London which was founded in 1833. Vigors and Tardy must have been close since they were frequent correspondents and collected together. This may be

gathered from Curtis* account of a beetle named after Tardy (Folio 59, British Entomology, March 1, 1825 [Cossonus tardii])

? 'I have great pleasure in adopting the specific name

proposed by Mr Vigors in honour of his friend James Tardy, Esq., of Dublin, to whom I have to acknowledge my obligation for specimens of this fine Cossonus taken by himself and Mr Vigors in July, 1822, near Powerscourt waterfall, Co of Wicklow, Ireland, under the bark of decayed hollies, it appears like all other wood-feeding insects to be extremely local, for Mr Tardy in a letter says "I have in vain sought for it in places abounding as much in holly and in similar situations in the same country."' Powerscourt must have been a

favourite locality. Tardy saw there the spectacular carabid beetle Calosoma sycophanta ?

'and Mr Tardy has seen them flying amongst oak trees at Powerscourt in Ireland' (Folio 330, British Entomology, Nov. 1, 1830). There is frequent mention of Tardy in Alexander

Henry Haliday's MS list of Irish insects but I am not sure if Haliday knew Tardy since the references are mostly to his collection.

Miss Mary Ball (1812-1898), sister of Robert Ball, the curator of the Zoological Collections at Trinity College from 1844, is recognised as an entomologist of some standing in the paper on Odonata of 1846 by the Belgian entomologist de Selys Longchamps (1846).

De Selys Longchamps visited Ireland in 1845 and in his acknowledgements in the 1846

paper especially thanks Mr R. Ball 'who procured for me admittance to the Irish collections at Dublin and especially that of Miss Ball, his sister'. The paper credits Mary Ball with

having in her collection 13 of the 22 listed Irish species. The only other sources of information on the group at this time were apparently the Dublin Museum and the collections of the northern entomologists, Alexander Henry Haliday and George Crawford

Hyndman. Mary Ball is also acknowledged as collecting specimens of the migratory locust in John Curtis' British Entomology

? Folio 608 [Locusta christii] dated August 1, 1836 ?

'In the cabinets of Miss Ball and the author'. 'Another specimen, captured last September at Ardmore in the county of Waterford by Miss M. Ball has been kindly transmitted to me for

my inspection by Mr Robert Ball of Dublin. It is of the same sex as the one figured but the

elytra are much more spotted'. Mary Ball is discussed in some depth by Hutchinson

(Hutchinson 1982). Her name appears frequently in Haliday's MS List.



Ir. Nat. J. Vol. 21 No. 4 1983 147

Three other entomologists mentioned in this source are Mr Hely, William Clear and Alfred Furlong. I have traced nothing of Mr Hely except that he was elected a Fellow of the

Entomological Society of London on April 6, 1835, and according to Graham (pers. comm.) had a good entomological library. William Clear of Cork, a subscriber to British

Entomology, made out the list of insects for the British Association's conference in the city in 1843 ? 'the preparation of the list of insects devolved on Mr Clear, as the only person known to have paid any attention to the entomology of that district. The list is so extremely imperfect that the author desires it to be regarded only as a commencement. In it two orders,

the Diptera and Hemiptera have been entirely omitted and several families, particularly those of minutes size have been scarcely noticed . . . .' (Thompson 1843). William Clear's

list consisted principally of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. All that I have traced of Alfred

Furlong is that he resided at 87 Lucan Street, Dublin, and in 1857 showed 'many interesting entomological preparations' to the Dublin University Zoological Association meeting and wrote First supplement to the Catalogue of Coleoptera found in the neighbourhood of Dublin (Furlong 1856).

In the growing industrial town of Belfast, John Templeton (1766-1825) of Cranmore, had wide interests in natural history and insects must have been noticed by him en passant.

However, the first Belfast naturalist who might properly be called an entomologist was

George Crawford Hyndman (1796-1867) who is better known as a marine biologist. Hyndman's insect collection, consisting entirely of British Isles insects (the majority of them Irish) is now in the Ulster Museum. It is laid out according to the Fabrician system.

The insects are numbered and entered in an entomological diary which details them in

chronological order. This delightful document has been transcribed and copies may be obtained from the Museum.

Societies were now also becoming involved in the development of Irish entomology. About 1790 the Belfast Reading Society was acquiring collections 'consisting of

Philosophical Apparatus and Arts and Natural History specimens'. The Belfast Natural

History Society was founded in 1821 and its collections were formed into a museum

formally opened on 1 November, 1831. The Belfast Museum Report for the session of the Belfast Natural History Society ending 5 June, 1833, reads 'In entomology the collection now consists of eleven cases of foreign insects including those from Rio de Janeiro,

presented by Dr Miller, of H.M.S. Dublin; a number from North America, the West Indies, China, etc. The native collection principally made by a few of the members and, for the most part, in our own immediate neighbourhood, already fills thirteen cases'. The growth of

the collection is also indicated by occasional notices in the Proceedings of the

Entomological Society of London ? 'The Secretary exhibited specimens of the male and female Cetonia guttata received from Sierra Leone and belonging to the Natural History Society of Belfast , ... He also exhibited a bee from the same collection partaking of the

characters of'Anthophora and Xylocopa and forming the type of a new genus' and in letters ?

'At length I have forwarded to you the specimens of British Coleoptera, etc., for you

(boxes 1 and 2) and for the Belfast Museum (boxes 3 and 4)' (Walker 1836);' I hope soon to have the pleasure of sending a set of the insects I collected [from Scandinavia and Lapland] to you and another to the Belfast Museum' (Walker 1837); and in the Donation Book of the

Belfast Museum (Anon 1835) 'J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., London?208 specimens of

British and exotic insects in exchange for some duplicates presented by the Belfast Natural

History Society'. In addition to Hyndman other founder members of the Belfast Natural History Society

with entomological interests were Robert Templeton (1802-1892) and Robert Patterson

(1802-1872). Robert Templeton, son of the founding father of Irish natural history, John, is treated at some length by Nash and Ross (1980) and a summary of his work is given in a

previous number of this Journal (Nash et al. 1980). He devoted much of his youth in Ireland to the pursuits of entomology and arachnology but later was to make a most significant

contribution to the entomology of Ceylon. Robert Patterson was a less serious entomologist as may be judged from his Insects mentioned in Shakespeare's plays (Patterson 1838).

Nevertheless, he seems to have collected widely and made a fairly significant contribution to early knowledge of the Irish insect fauna.



148 Ir. Nat. J. Vol. 21 No. 4 1983

The diligent work of the Belfast naturalists in assembling collections and books, not to

mention providing the requisite intellectual setting, was to encourage one of the greatest

19th century entomologists ?Alexander Henry Haliday, born at Holywood, Co Down on

21 November, 1806. In 1827 the young Haliday received the first impetus to his

entomological career when he met John Curtis. Curtis, 15 years his senior, was one of the

foremost entomologists of the day, his reputation already well established by the folios of

British Entomology begun three years before on New Year's Day, 1824.

In addition to these formative influences Haliday had decided gifts as an entomologist. His rare capacity for observation, his descriptive powers and extraordinary ability to

recognize relationships combined to foster his precocious talent. Furthermore his attention

was largely directed to the obscure in the insect world ? the minute Hymenoptera, the

Diptera and the Thysanoptera. His contribution to the taxonomy of these orders far exceeded that of any of the 'British' entomologists of the day. Haliday published some 75

papers on insects and contributed very substantially to John Curtis' Guide to the

Arrangement of British Insects (Curtis 1837) and British Entomology and Francis Walker's Insecta Brittanica Diptera (Walker 1851-1856). His diligence is attested by the large number of species and generic group names which are attributed to him (and the order group name Thysanoptera). His influence on the work of the English entomologists Curtis, J.C. Dale and Walker and even on Westwood and James Stephens (in spite of the latter's rift with John Curtis which bitter quarrel was played out most of the century) was considerable, as it

was on some continental entomologists especially the Halle dipterist Hermann Loew and

the Italian Camillo Rondani. Haliday, an accomplished linguist, was a co-founder with

Rondani and Targioni-Tazzetti of the Italian Entomological Society. He had family connections in Italy and died there on 12 July 1870 following an exhausting entomological tour of Sicily with Edward Percival Wright. His collection, MS list of Irish insects and some other manuscripts are preserved in the National Museum, Dublin; what remains of his

correspondence is in the libraries of the Royal Entomological Society, the Hope Department of Entomology, University of Oxford and the British Museum (Natural History); the

surviving part of his library is in the archives of the Royal Irish Academy and there is a

previously unreported MS list of insects in the Ulster Museum.

In 1835 John Curtis had made an entomological tour of Ireland with Haliday. Curtis

got off to a poor start, missing his boat and taking another (the Killarney) which had serious

engine trouble and had to return to port after almost foundering. Finally he got to Cork on the Victory. Haliday and Curtis met in Cork and visited Killarney, Glengariff, Limerick, the

Shannon, Connemara and Roundstone in Galway. For part, at least, of the trip they were

accompanied by Dr Farran vide 'As I cannot consider this [Banchus far rani] a variety I have named it after my esteemed friend Dr Farran of Dublin who was of our party in Connemara the end of last July, when I found a specimen flying about the plant figured, on the sandhills near Roundstone' (British Entomology. Folio 588, March 1, 1836). The trip was not a

particularly successful one as Curtis relates in a letter to Haliday of 6 October, 1835, after his return (Curtis 1835). 'As I am very anxious to hear from you after our trip I hope you will be so kind as to write to me in ten days as I shall remain here a fortnight and if you will direct

your letter under cover to the Duke of Malmesbury ? Heron Court at Ring wood, Hants., it

will reach me free. I should have given myself the pleasure of writing to you earlier but I

have been unwell. It was not until I had recourse to medicine that I got clear of the Galway Mulligrubs and until lately I have been absolutely confined to my chambers .... I trust that

you have not suffered in any way from our excursion and that altogether you do not regret the time you spent in rambling nor that you repent having attended the meeting of the

[British] Association. I do, however, regret that you were not the Secretary to our Section

for which you were so well qualified and it was a compliment which no doubt would have been paid to you had you been in the first instance on the general committee .... I have not

had time to look over my Essex and Irish boxes at present but I don't doubt I shall find many small insects to put into my cabinet although our little success in Ireland is really astonishing

when one considers the extent of country we passed over and I cannot help thinking that we



Ir. Nat. J. Vol. 21 No. 4 1983 149

should have done more if we had been earlier and had been on the coast next the open sea for Roundstone I found decidedly the best place but it was then rather late and having been rendered "hors de combat" I have little to show for my assertion. By Mr Harris's account

Achill and the other parts of Mayo are much more uncivilised than the districts we ranged over and they are very likely to afford some good plants'. John Curtis and Haliday remained staunch friends till the former's death on 6 October 1862. Curtis's second child was named

Henry Alexander and Haliday was his godfather. Through Haliday, Curtis received almost ail his information on the Irish insect fauna, the two continued to exchange specimens and

Haliday made considerable contributions to John Curtis' Farm Insects (Curtis 1860), a text on economic entomology.

In the 1850's the Dublin Natural History Society and the Dublin University Zoological Association became centres for entomological studies and the Dublin based Natural History Review was a vehicle for the dispersal of entomological knowledge. Haliday was associated with both and with two Trinity clerics: Arthur Rikey Hogan, who compiled a catalogue of the Coleoptera of the Dublin district (Hogan 1854, 1856) and a catalogue of Irish

Microlepidoptera (Hogan 1855), and Joseph Greene who published "A list of the

Lepidoptera taken in Ireland as far as the end of the Geometrae" (Greene 1854). Haliday's closest persona] associate at this time (with the possible exceptions of the English entomologists Curtis and Walker) was Edward Percival Wright, F.E.S,, Professor of

Zoology at Trinity College, whose entomological interests ranged widely. It was Wright who accompanied Haliday on the tour of southern Italy and Sicily which was to prove fatal to the latter. Wright was a prime mover in D.N.H.S., D.U.Z.A., and an editor of the

Natural History Review. It was probably through his influence that a start was made on

studies of economic entomology, as in the contributions of Kinahan (1855) and Haughton (1854) on the insects of granaries. I am currently writing a further account of Haliday and so

will leave him here with Westwood's obituary summation ?

'Nothing has ever exceeded

the clearness and precision of his general views, as well as his minute and elaborate details .... He was our foremost entomologist' (Westwood 1870).

In the first threequarters of the 19th century there were many people in all parts of Ireland who made minor contributions to entomology or whose interest supported its

progress. Dr George Dickie, Edmund Getty, James Grimshaw, the Rev. William Hamilton, the Rev. Henry Pouleg-Shuldham, William Patterson and H. Pearce all spoke on

entomological topics to the Belfast Natural History Society between 1821 and 1860. In

Dublin, W. Andrews, W. Frazer, A. White and R. P. Williams discoursed to the Natural

History Society in that city. Frequently these talks were on the universal ? homologies of

insects, the bee, the ant, the silkworm. There are occasional indications of in-depth study.

Examples are William Patterson on Neuroptera and White on Lepidoptera which may indicate either geographic or systematic specialisation. Curtis mentions Mr Bulwer (British

Entomology. Folio 398) and Mr Bevington (British Entomology. Folio 526). George Roe of

Nutley Marion near Dublin, J.C. Allman (a marine biologist), the Dublin Society and Cork

Royal Institution, are all listed as subscribers to British Entomology, an expensive work

indicating that Roe and Allman must have been rich, generous, dedicated, or all three. Studies of the Irish insect fauna were absorbed into faunas of the British Isles ? a

continuing tradition. Consequently most early-to-mid 19th century works with British or

British Isles in the title contain references to Ireland or Irish entomologists. Examples of this are James Stephens' British Entomology (the plagiarism of Curtis' title was a partial cause

of the schism mentioned earlier) and the works of Joseph Obadiah Westwood, Francis

Walker, Edward Newman, Robert McLachlan, George Robert Crotch, T. Vernon

Wollaston, H. T. Stainton, W. F. Kirby and other leading English entomologists. Most of these occasionally visited Ireland and collected here.

This brief resume has taken us more or less to 1870. A number of entomologists were

beginning work in the decade or so prior to this date and many of their names figure in the

entomological literature of the following 50 years. However, the foundations of Irish

entomological studies were firmly laid by 1870 and so I will end at the year of the death in

Lucca, Italy, of Ireland's premier entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday.



150 Ir. Nat. J. Vol. 21 No. 4 1983

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to the following friends and institutions for their willing generosity and assistance:?Brenda Leonard, Librarian, Royal Entomological Society of London; Audrey Smith, Librarian, Hope Department of Entomology, University of Oxford; Helena Ross, Ulster Museum; Jim O'Conncr, National Museum of Ireland; Martin C. D. Speight, Forest and Wildlife Service, Bray; Kenneth G. V. Smith, British Museum (Nat. Hist.); Marcus W. R. de V. Graham, University of Oxford; Prof. G. E. Hutchinson, Yale University; the

Royal Irish Academy; Charles Nelson, National Botanic Gardens, Dublin; Philip Doughty, Ulster Museum; the Public Records Office, Belfast; Elizabeth Platts, Belfast.

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Documents

A Brief Summary of the Development of Entomology in Ireland during the Years 1790-1870