A cobrança

8/8/2019 A cobrança

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K MNBRKIÆK

Sasgr) Mnjn á lacêmah+ Ik{wghk jkidí Jkr|k }gi|aw {wki|n a}}n grk sgrlklg) Inæínla}}n |gsg lg}lg mrakiæk( jk}( ik{wghg lak( g}}k pgrmgpæín hdg mkaw lwrkjgi|g( mnjngj igidwj nw|rn gj }wk salk)

Iwimk n la}}g k iaifwáj) ]g n la}}g}}g iín k nwsarakj) Gi|rg ghg} }gjprg dnwsg wj pkm|n lg }ahåiman) \nln ckhkr grk wjk lgiõimak) Lgiõimak} }ín |gjalk}) ]ín jkw} n}{wg lgiwimakj)

Grk a}}n n {wg Jkr|k kilksk pgi}kiln( ik{wghk jkidí( gj {wg }g g}cnræksk pkrk hgr

—Wj Mkjpn Sk}|n‑) Iín n mni}gfwak) Mnjn iín mni}gfwak }g{wgr n mni|rnhg ln} prýpran} pgi}kjgi|n})

Snh|ksk }gjprg kn lnjaifn) Igj }g hgjbrksk lg {wg grk }gfwilk cgark) N lakki|granr( mwjprailn wjk nbrafkæín lg {wg iín pnlak cwfar( Jkr|k sa}a|nw k mk}k lkjíg) Hë g}|kskj _glrn g Dafêiak) ]gj pkhksrk}( mnjn mnisaidk( g mnjn {wk}g}gjprg dksak }aln)

K jíg iín g}|ksk lg pá( n {wg iín grk inrjkh) Dafêiak g}|ksk in g}mra|ýran)_rgpkrksk*}g pkrk k rgwiaín mnj nw|rn} larg|nrg} lk gjprg}k) Ig}}k} rgwia÷g}

mnjpkrgmak jwialk lg iõjgrn} g kin|kæ÷g}) Ckhksk n aimni|g}|ësgh) Grk nwsalk)Lg|aidk n _nlgr) Wj pråjan pkrk wjk salk lg |rkbkhdn( rgiõimak)

Lwrki|g khfwj |gjpn Jkr|k g _glrn camkrkj }nuaidn} ik }khk( prgnmwpkln} mnj n{wg g}|krak kmni|gmgiln in {wkr|n g ik mkbgæk lk jíg) Ajkfaikskj {wg kha |wln

pnlgrak kmni|gmgr( k|á wj }wamêlan( g a}}n lgsgrak }gr gsa|kln)

Lgmalarkj5 wj lghg} lgsgrak gi|rkr in {wkr|n) Sgr k jíg) G}mnhdaln cna _glrn( narjín lg {wgj( }g k jíg iín fn}|ksk( pghn jgin} |aidk jka} paglklg5 ghg( n õiamn ln}

cahdn} pkrk mnj {wgj Lgnhailk iín mni}gfwaw cwfar lk nbrafkæín lg }gr jíg) Lg_glrn( pghn jgin} gj wj mgr|n |gjpn( ghk dksak mwalkln)

Lgnhailk( n rn}|n jka} gisghdgmaln ln {wg lgsakj jn}|rkr n} }gw} na|gi|k kin}( |nlkghk gtprg}}ín lg lnr g rgsnh|k( la}}g k _glrn( k Jkr|k g k Dafêiak( {wg |kjbáj }gkprntajkrkj5 ‘Iín snw jg hgski|kr( n {wg lg}gen á k jnr|g) Nlgan |nln} snmå}(nlgan n pka lg snmå}( jnr|n dk sai|g kin}( nlgan k jaj jg}jk( pnr{wg cwa jwhdgr



lghg g jíg lg snmå})‚)

K jíg ckhnw lg |wln n {wg ghk mni}algrksk lg}kjnr) Lk cahdk jka} insk( {wg kgtpwh}nw lg mk}k) Lg Jkr|k( }nh|gark( {wg prgcgraw jnrkr }nuaidk) Ln jkraln( {wg |ínla}mrg|kjgi|g k |rkaw) Lg Dafêiak( k bnk cahdk( jk} jwa|n lwrk g gtafgi|g( pnr sgug}lg}wjkik) G ckhnw( kailk( lg |wln n jka} {wg k salk k dksak cga|n sasgr)

Mwhpksk k |nln}( rgmrajaiksk*}g k }a jg}jk( pghn {wg cgu g pghn {wg lgatnw lg ckugr(kailk jg}jn in} mk}n} gj {wg wjk nw k nw|rk mna}k hdg dksakj mw}|kln g}cnræn} nw}kmracêman})

_glrn nwsaw }wrprg}n( Dafêiak lg}nhklk g Jkr|k |rki{øahk) N jálamn cna mdkjkln( prg}mrgsgw n {wg hdg pkrgmgw mnisgiagi|g( g( mnjn kjafn lk ckjêhak( nwsaw |wln n{wg Lgnhailk hdg la}}g( gtk|kjgi|g n {wg ghk dksak la|n kn} cahdn}( {wg kha g}|kskj)

_glrn }kaw ki|g} {wg k pku dnwsg}}g snh|kln) Ik{wghg lak( ghg grk n g}mkhkln pkrksün} lnjá}|amn}( ik} prýtajk} sai|g g {wk|rn dnrk}( wj |rkbkhdn |gi}n g pgrafn}n)

Lgpna} lg |gr camkln hnifn |gjpn ai}a}|ailn mnj k jíg pkrk {wg |njk}}g n rgjálanailamkln pghn jálamn( Dafêiak lasalaw k ina|g gi|rg n} hasrn} g k gicgrjk) K jíg(klwh|k( }g igfkiln k ckuå*hn( nbrafkiln k cahdk k ckugr*hdg} prnjg}}k} |nhk} pkrk {wgghk }g jglamk}}g( caug}}g n {wg k iaifwáj grk jka} õ|ah lg {wg k ghk jg}jk( k lngi|g)

Jkr|k snh|nw k }wk mk}k( lgmalaw {wg n} nw|rn} arjín} lgsgrakj }gr ksa}kln} ln prnbhgjk) Rg}nhsgw mnjwiamkr k |nln}) \ghgcninw kn jka} sghdn g k Argig) Lg Argigiín g}pgrksk {wkh{wgr kewlk( jg}jn {wg g}}k cn}}g wjk bnk arjí( |khsgu k jghdnr lg|nlk})

G Jkr|k }g pgr|wrbnw pnr }g }gi|ar |rki{øahk( {wkiln |wln( ik{wghg lak( dksak k|aifalnkn lrkjë|amn ik mk}k gj {wg ghk dksak jnrkln pnr |ki|n |gjpn( g mnj pg}}nk} {wggrkj n {wg }g lauakj5 k }wk ckjêhak)

_nr |wln a}}n }g hgjbrnw lg {wg k jíg ckrak na|gi|k kin} in jå} }gfwai|g) \nln} hdglg}gekrakj cghamalklg( ckrakj cg}|k} g larakj( mnjn laugj n} cahdn} gj npnr|wialklg}

}gjghdki|g}5 ghk á k jghdnr jíg ln jwiln)

K jíg ckhkrak ln {wki|n }g }gi|ak cghau pghn} cahdn} {wg dksak |aln( |nln} |ín mnrrg|n} g bgj }wmglaln}) Igj n} cahdn}( igj k jíg( larakj {wg gi|rg ghg} khfwáj grk cghau(|khsgu a}}n iín ajpnr|k}}g nw |nln} }nwbg}}gj5 grk kb}nhw|kjgi|g ckh}n)

G Jkr|k }g hgjbrnw lg insn lg {wg k{wghk jíg dksak sasaln na|gi|k kin}( na|gi|kkin} lg jgjýrak} g lg mgr|guk lg {wg iklk ln {wg dksak kmni|gmaln lwrki|g k{wghk

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salk pnlgrak }gr rgcga|n) Na|gi|k kin} sasaln}( wj sgrbn in pk}}kln( igidwjk pkhksrklg cw|wrn)

K hgjbrkiæk lk jíg |njksk*hdg n} pgi}kjgi|n} g( pnr iín gi|gilgr kajpn}}abahalklg lg }g g}{wgmgr ln} kmni|gmajgi|n} lk sá}pgrk( Jkr|k pk}}nw gjrgsa}|k n {wg }kbak lk da}|ýrak lg }wk jíg( |gi|kiln gimni|rkr n {wg pwlg}}g ew}|acamkr k mgik ln lnjaifn) G n cgu ai|rafklk pnr {wg( kcaikh lg mni|k}( jg}jn mnj bnksni|klg( k cahdk }grak mkpku lg laugr k rg}pga|n lk prýprak jíg5 ‘K salk hdg lgw jwa|njka} lg {wg ghk jgrgmgw+‚)

K jíg grk }kwlësgh( ckuak pk}}gan} }nuaidk) ]wk} jín} g }gi}abahalklg pai|kskj bghn}{wklrn}( ckuakj bnrlkln} hailn}( |nmkskj pakin( ckuakj bgj cga|n} |nln} n} |rkbkhdn}{wg k} jwhdgrg} lg }gw |gjpn kprgilgrkj k ckugr)

Kjafn} g sauaidn} k mnidgmakj pghk khgfrak ensakh( pghn} cahdn} bgj glwmkln}(mnrrg|n}( prnca}}anika} mnidgmaln}) Larakj |nln}5 ‘Jwhdgr cghau‚)

Jkr|k }gi|aw pgik lk{wghk jwhdgr( {wg mnidgmak lg pgr|n g {wg |ki|k} sgug}mni}algrnw crêsnhk( }g iín ralêmwhk5 g}|k jwhdgr grk }wk jíg g crk{wgeksk laki|g lkcnræk lg grrn} {wg ghk jg}jk }kbak |gr mnjg|aln( mnbrkiln ln} cahdn} wj kjnr {wgghk g}|ksk mni}magi|g lg iín jgrgmgr)

\rki{øahk jk} k|gi|k( Jkr|k }g kmrgla|ksk gj pku {wkiln ewhfksk {wg lgsgrak g}|kr kcha|k) K pku }wpn}|k hdg lksk wjk frkilg mwhpk)

In lak }gfwai|g( Jkr|k |gi|nw rgmni}|a|war n |gjpn lg mklk wj5 lk{wghg} {wg kha }ggimni|rkskj g lg nw|rn}( kw}gi|g} ik{wghk ina|g jk} {wg( }giln arjín}( ghkajkfaiksk lgsakj |gr khfwjk kailk {wg rgjn|k pkr|amapkæín in {wg }g pk}}ksk mnj kjíg( {wg iín grk kpgik} lghk( jk} lg |nln})

Jkr|k( k |grmgark ln} cahdn} lg Lgnhailk( }g hgjbrnw lg {wg( kailk mrakiæk( ajpglalklg braimkr mnj n} arjín} jkanrg}( g jg}jn mnj nw|rk} jgiaik}( grk nbrafklk k camkr k}}gi|klk ewi|n lk jíg {wg( pnr iín |gr kjafk lg }wk alklg( ckuak lk cahdk }wk

mnicalgi|g)

K jíg hdg ckhksk ln pka( n ksü lg Jkr|k( g n ckuak mnj |ki|n mkraidn {wg k|á k cahdk }gkpkatninw pghn dnjgj rwlg g khgfrg( k{wghg ksü {wg ghk igj }g{wgr mdgfnw kmnidgmgr)

G( }g grk mgr|n {wg jwa|k} sgug} k jíg hdg mni|ksk da}|ýrak} khgfrg} ln |gjpn gj {wgghk dksak }aln wjk klnhg}mgi|g( g cghau( iín rkrn k jíg hdg ckhksk ln jkraln( n dnjgj

=



{wg( gj |rnmk lg pnwmn} prkugrg}( hdg |aidk |arkln k|á n larga|n lg pgi}kr)

Jk}( n jkraln jkw lg Lgnhailk grk n pka lg Jkr|k) N pka( {wg {wkiln saidk ln|rkbkhdn |rkuak brai{wgln} nw bnjbni} pkrk n} cahdn} g pkrk Jkr|k( |ín crkmk {wg jkh

pnlak kilkr( ghg ncgrgmak n} brkæn} g hdg lauak pkhksrk} lg mkraidn)

G Jkr|k hnfn }g g}{wgmak lg {wg n dnjgj mdkjkln }gidnr N|ësan( grk n jkraln rwajlg }wk jíg( g }g hgjbrksk {wg ghg grk n pka kcg|wn}n( |nlk} k} |krlg} kbrkækiln k ghk gkn} arjín}( mnjn }g n} {wa}g}}g prn|gfgr lg |wln( {wgj }kbg k|á lk prýprak jíg)

[wkiln klnhg}mgi|g( Jkr|k sa}a|nw k ksý g k |ak jka} insk) \kjbáj ghk} hdg lauakj5‘Jkr|k( sgidk camkr mnjafn( iín brai{wg ik mdwsk( snmå }grë }gjprg k jka} crkmkgi|rg }gw} arjín}( }wk }kõlg prgma}k lg jka} mwalkln})‚)

[wkiln wjk |krlg n} arjín} }kêrkj g }ý Jkr|k g}|ksk gj mk}k( k |ak hdg ckhnw5 ‘Snmå|grak }aln k jka} }kwlësgh lg }gw} arjín}( snmå rg}a}|aw k |nlk} k} |gi|k|ask} lg kbnr|nlg }wk jíg( snmå á k jka} crkmk ln} {wg ik}mgrkj( jk} jwa|n} lg }gw} arjín}( igj}g{wgr mdkfkrkj k |grjn) ]wk jíg n} jk|nw ki|g} {wg ik}mg}}gj)‚)

Jkr|k pkrnw n k}}wi|n( mnjn {wgj pkrk wj kw|njýsgh ï crgi|g ln pgrafn( gsa|kiln{wg k |ak hdg ckhk}}g ln pk}}kln( {wg ghk prg}}gi|ak( g {wg( pnr lgcg}k( iín |aidk knjgin} k ai|giæín lg nwsar)

Lg}lg g}}g |gjpn( Jkr|k pgrmgbgw {wg k} pg}}nk} }ín pkrmaka} gj }wk} aicnrjkæ÷g}5‘bni} }ín k{wghg} k {wgj kjkjn}( jkw} }ín n} nw|rn}‚) Ajpaifajn} in}}k}ajprg}}÷g} ï{wghg} {wg in} nwsgj) G pkrk kck}|kr k} jkiapwhkæ÷g} khdgak}( Jkr|kkailk mrakiæk( kl{waraw n dëba|n lg ewi|kr pkhksrk} {wg n} nw|rn} lauakj g(

pkmagi|gjgi|g( mnicgra*hk} mnj ck|n} gsalgi|g}) Lg}mnbrar sgrlklg} {wg iín hdg grkjla|k} mhkrkjgi|g) Wjk sgrlklg mnj k {wkh ghk g}|asg}}g lg kmnrln( lgi|rn lg wjkhýfamk {wg ghk ewhfk}}g pn}}êsgh)

K|n} g pkhksrk} lk jíg lgatkskj mhkrn {wg( ln} cahdn}( n õiamn lg {wgj ghk fn}|ksk( pghn }ajphg} ck|n lg }gr }gw cahdn( grk Fahbgr|n( n jka} sghdn lg |nln})

Ln} nw|rn}( n} cahdn} iín kjkln}( wj lghg}( _glrn( mni}gfwaw }g kprntajkr lk jíg{wkiln( eë klwh|n( }ncrgw wj kmalgi|g( iín lg ksaín( mnjn grk lg }g g}pgrkr( jk} lgkw|njýsgh( g marmwi}|âimak} g}pgmaka} caugrkj mnj {wg( lghg( g iín lg igidwj nw|rn(k jíg cn}}g nbrafklk k mwalkr mnjn }g g}pgrk mwalgj k} jíg}) _glrn( n jn|nra}|k lk{wghk ina|g( cna n õiamn k }g jkmdwmkr( g k pgrêmak cga|k in hnmkh gin kw|njýsgh( jn}|rnw {wg( lgi|rn lk hýfamk kpkrgi|g ln} ck|n}( {wgj lgsgrak |gr }g

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cgraln }grak k jíg g iín n cahdn)G( }g a}}n iín kmni|gmgw( cna pnr{wg k lg}|rguk lg _glrn g }gw aimni}magi|g kjnr pghkjíg( caugrkj mnj {wg ghg( bnj jn|nra}|k( jwlk}}g n g}pgrkln( cgrailn*}g ghg( g iínghk)

Kpg}kr la}}n( {wkiln _glrn lgatnw n dn}pa|kh g snh|nw pkrk mk}k( k jíg cna( lg aiêman(wj |ki|n la}phamgi|g in} mwalkln} {wg lgsgrak |gr mnj k{wghg cahdn {wg dksak }ggtpn}|n k wj frkilg ra}mn pkrk gsa|kr {wg ghk }ncrg}}g)G cna ig}|g |gjpn {wg Dafêiak( }gjprg jwa|n crkimk g kw|nra|ërak( g eë g}|wlki|g lgJglamaik( la}}g ï jíg5

‘Iín pn}}n pk}}kr n lak k{wa safakiln g}|k mk}k( pghk {wkh k }gidnrk lgsg rg}pnilgr(jk}( }g {wkiln gw snh|kr( jgw arjín iín dnwsgr |njkln n} rgjálan} {wg hdg cnrkj

prg}mra|n}( mnjwiamkrga |wln k jgw pka) K }gidnrk }kbg {wg _glrn igmg}}a|k lg kewlk(

ghg iín pnlg kn jgin} }g jnsajgi|kr)‚

K jíg( jka} ln {wg ln jkraln( |aidk jgln lg Dafêiak g( k|á iín grkj }ý ghg}( jk}(ik{wghk mk}k( |nln} |aidkj jgln lk{wghk jnæk( lg pnwmk} g ew}|k} pkhksrk}( g lg{wgj |nln} n} k|n} grkj wj g}cnræn pkrk k|aifar k pgrcgaæín)

Lg}lg g}}g lak( {wkiln Dafêiak snh|ksk lk ckmwhlklg nw ln dn}pa|kh( k jíg dksak lkln|nln} n} rgjálan} k _glrn( ckugiln a}}n mnj |ki|n mkraidn( {wg( sgiln*k(

pgi}krêkjn} {wg ghk n ckuak pnr }a jg}jn( g iín pnr jgln lk cahdk g ln jkraln)

Lg |gr mwalkln ln cahdn( rg}|krkj pkrk }gjprg lwk} mni}g{øåimak}5 ghk pnlgr ckhkr mnj kjafn} lg }wk lglamkæín k g}}g cahdn( g( |giln }gi|aln k bnilklg g pkmaåimak mnj{wg ghg dksak }wpnr|kln k lnr |gjpnrërak( }gi|aw wjk |griwrk pgrjkigi|g pnr g}}gcahdn bnj( wj cahdn {wg( mnjn n} nw|rn}( la}phamgi|gjgi|g( ghk dksak |aln)

Lk} cahdk}( k jíg }gjprg jki|gsg la}|âimak) Iín }g }kbg gtk|kjgi|g pnr{wg( jk}Jkr|k pgi}ksk ik{wghk }gfwilk cgark5 ‘\khsgu g}}g lg}kjnr dnwsg}}g ik}maln pnr{wgdksgiln gj mklk wjk k prnegæín lg jíg( kailk {wg gj cw|wrn( k jíg aisgek}}g ik}cahdk} k pn}}abahalklg lg khgfrak} {wg ghk iín dksak |aln g k alklg hdg lauak {wg iín arak

|gr)‚)G gi|rg k} lõsalk} lg Jkr|k( dksak pghn jgin} k mgr|guk lg {wg( gi|rg k} cahdk}( k lg{wgj k jíg jgin} fn}|ksk( grk ghk5 eë lg pg{wgik( jkfrk( lngi|g g cgak( ghk gj iklkkmrg}mak ï aifåiwk skalklg lk jíg g( kailk jka}( g}|k cahdk( ln pka rgmgbak }gjprg

pagln}k} k|giæ÷g})K jíg |kjbáj iín fn}|ksk lg Dafêiak g( in gi|ki|n g}}k grk wjk cahdk ai|ghafgi|g g}kwlësgh) K} rku÷g} ig}}g mk}n grkj nw|rk}) K prajgark cahdk grk bnia|k g( lghk( n pka}gi|ak wj nrfwhdn aimni|aln( }gj k{wghg }aikh lg paglklg {wg }g pnlak gimni|rkr in

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kcg|n {wg n pka lglamksk k Jkr|k)

Jka} |krlg( {wkiln Argig }g |nrinw wjk jgiaik frkilg g }g cgu lacgrgi|g lg |nlk} k}nw|rk}( k jíg( g |kjbáj Dafêiak( k mnhnmkrkj gj }gfwiln phkin( mnjn }g lk ckjêhakiín cn}}g) Jkr|k pgrmgbgw {wg Argig grk jgin} {wgralk pnr{wg( jka} bnia|k( jka}khgfrg( grk }gjprg {wgj( pnr bni} jn|asn}( k|rkêk ha}niegarn} mnjgi|ëran} lg kjafn} gsauaidn})

Bk}|nw a}}n pkrk {wg k jíg( lg}lg gi|ín( gimni|rk}}g gj mklk cahdk jwa|n} lgcga|n}(khfwi} lghg} in|kln} |kjbáj pghn} arjín}) Dafêiak grk crkimk kháj ln} haja|g}mnisgimanika} g( jwa|k} sgug}( gtafak( }gj {wkh{wgr larga|n( {wg n} arjín}( g k|á n}

pka}( pgi}k}}gj g kfa}}gj lk cnrjk {wg ghk ewhfksk mnrrg|n) Jkr|k grk {wag|k g( kcnrk}wk {wkhalklg lg nwsai|g( |wln ighk grk ai|garkjgi|g crkmn nw kpkfkln) Argig grk *lauakj * lngi|akjgi|g skaln}k)

Jk}( Argig( {wg gj ensgj iín }g prgnmwpksk mnj n {wg pgi}k}}gj n} nw|rn}( gjgin} kailk n} lk ckjêhak( mni|aiwnw n }gw mkjaidn( }gjprg afwkh kn {wg ghk jg}jk|rkæksk)

Wj mkjaidn {wg iín grk n lg Jkr|k( cgak g }gj ai|ghafåimak( igj n lg Dafêiak( {wg }gmnjpnr|ksk }gjprg lg jnln {wg n} nw|rn} k ewhfk}}gj jka} ai|ghafgi|g ln {wggcg|askjgi|g grk)

A}kbgh {wgrak n }gw jwiln g}mnhdaln g lghaja|kln pnr ghk jg}jk( in} haja|g} ln {wg kcaug}}g cghau( pkrk ghk( n} nw|rn}( {wka}{wgr {wg cn}}gj( camkskj jwa|n la}|ki|g}( iínajpnr|ksk nilg)

Ln} cahdn}( pgi}ksk Jkr|k( k jíg( lg aiêman( fn}|ksk jwa|n lg Fahbgr|n( g}}g cahdnik}maln in mnjgæn ln mk}kjgi|n( {wkiln Lgnhailk kailk klja|ak {wg khfwáj

pwlg}}g sasgr na|gi|k kin} }gj {wka}{wgr prnbhgjk}( jka} kailk( arrg}pni}ksghjgi|g)

G Lgnhailk |grak kjkln g}}g cahdn mnj n jka} pwrn g lglamkln kcg|n( iín dnwsg}}gghg( kailk jwa|n ensgj( mnjg|aln khfwi} grrn}( frksg} iín pghk} mni}g{øåimak} {wg

lghg} klsagrkj( jk} frksg} pkrk n} pklr÷g} ckjahakrg} {wg igj ghk( k jíg( pülg pgrlnkr)

G k prýprak jíg la}}g jwa|k} sgug}5 ‘Gisgrfnidk*jg }kbgr {wg wj lg jgw} cahdn}|gj gi|rg }gw} jghdnrg} kjafn} pg}}nk} iín kmga|k} pghn jwiln }nmakh( {wg |ki|n}g}cnræn} |asgjn} lg ckugr pkrk {wg in} rgmgbg}}g)‚)

Á {wg Fahbgr|n( }gjprg wialn kn} kjafn} lg }wk prajgark aicâimak( hgsksk pkrk mk}k

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n} kjafn}( mnidgmaln} ln bkarrn pnbrg( nilg Lgnhailk g Ëhskrn |asgrkj n }gw mnjgænlg salk) N} cahdn} {wg dksakj ik}maln ik{wghg |gjpn dksakj }g g}{wgmaln lg}}g

pk}}kln {wg Fahbgr|n ckuak {wg}|ín lg rgsasgr( jn}|rkiln ik} cg}|k} lk ckjêhak }gw}ki|afn} kjafn}( kfnrk rghgfkln} pnr |nln} lk mk}k) A}|n Lgnhailk iín pnlak pgrlnkr(mnjn |kjbáj iín pgrlnksk n} jnln} rwlg} ln cahdn( {wg }g igfnw k }g |rki}cnrjkr in jnæn ghgfki|g {wg k jíg gtafak {wg ghg cn}}g) Jg}jn k}}aj( lwrki|g jwa|n |gjpn( Fahbgr|n cna wj cahdn kjkln( jka} ln {wg _glrng jwa|n jka} ln {wg Kra) Lg}|g( ghk( in jëtajn( }gi|aw pgik g( pnr mkw}k lghg( |gsgk|á rgjnr}n}( pna} hdg cna lg |nln ajpn}}êsgh kjkr g}}g cahdn( ca}amkjgi|g |ín pkrgmalnmnj n} arjín}( g lg g}pêra|n |ín afwkh kn pka( wj dnjgj pnr {wgj }gw} }gi|ajgi|n}grkj mni|rkla|ýran})

Jk}( cna ew}|kjgi|g Kra {wg( pnr }gr }ahgiman}n g }kwlësgh( iín prgma}nw |ki|n lk

prg}giæk lk jíg) Ghg g ghk jkh }g in|kskj) _nr mkw}k lghg ghk iín }g mwhpnw lg mna}kkhfwjk( g ghg iín }g }gi|aw |ín nbrafkln k fn}|kr lghk) Wj g nw|rn sasgrkj jwa|n|gjpn ik{wghk mk}k( }gfwailn mklk wj n }gw mkjaidn( ailacgrgi|g} n} lna}( mnjn }giín cn}}gj jíg g cahdn)

K aicâimak lg Kra iín lgatnw hgjbrkiæk} g}pgmaka} pkrk Jkr|k( ghk n lgcaiarak mnjnwj jgiain mnjwj( jg}jn iín }kbgiln kn mgr|n n {wg }grak wjk mrakiæk mnjwj) Á{wg Kra braimksk ik dnrk lg braimkr( g}|wlksk jwa|n {wkiln lgsak g}|wlkr g iínckhksk( jg}jn {wkiln }g g}pgrksk lgsg}}g ckhkr)

K}}aj( k{wghk mk}k kilnw bgj pnr jwa|n |gjpn( |nln} }gfwailn n} }gw} %%%mkjaidn}g igj jg}jn n} grrn} lg Fahbgr|n nw k} lngiæk} lg Jkr|k |rnwtgrkj |rki}|nrin}kpkrgi|g}) G( pnr a}}n iaifwáj }g pgrfwi|ksk }g khfwjk mna}k g}|rkidk pnlak jaikr g}}k mkhjk( |ín mnisgiagi|g k wjk mk}k lg ckjêhak)

K} pg{wgik} nw frkilg} prgcgråimak} ln pka nw lk jíg kilkskj }gjprg g{wahabrklk}g {wk}g iwimk jwa|n pgrmgp|êsga})

Jk} Jkr|k( {wg gj mrakiæk iín braimksk( eë }kbak lg}lg g}}g |gjpn {wg k jíg iín

dksak |aln n mk}kjgi|n cghau {wg grk jn}|rkln kn} kjafn} ik} frkilg} cg}|k} mnj {wg}g mnjgjnrkskj n} kiasgr}ëran} nw( k|á jg}jn( ik khgfrak lk} ina|g} gj {wg kjafn}grkj rgmgbaln} gj mk}k( k prnpý}a|n lg iklk)

[wg n mk}kjgi|n lg }wk jíg mnjgænw rwaj( Jkr|k n }nwbg( kailk ik klnhg}måimak)Mgr|k sgu( gj sa}a|k %k mk}k lk ksý( k |ak jka} insk ln {wg k jíg( ik alklg gj {wg kjwhdgr klja|g {wg n |gjpn lg }g mk}kr hdg g}mkpnw( la}}g*hdg5‘]gw pka grk wj dnjgj pnbrg( mnj gtmg}}asn kjnr kn laidgarn( g {wg( gjbnrk

6



dnwsg}}g lg}lg n aiêman prnabaln %k }wk jíg( n gtgrmêman lg {wkh{wgr |rkbkhdnhwmrk|asn( rgmhkjksk k|á lg }gw} fk}|n} jka} ai}afiacamki|g}( mnjn n brai{wgln nw krnwpk mnjprkln pkrk k{wghg prajgarn cahdn( ik}maln {wkiln kailk gta}|akj ahw}÷g})‚

G mnjn k} mnbrkiæk} ln jkraln( lauak k |ak( mdgfkrkj k wj iêsgh {wg Lgnhailk iín%pnlg }wpnr|kr( ghk lgmalaw( mni|rk n {wg pgi}ksk n jkraln( sasgr mnjn dksak sasalngj mk}k ln} pka}5 |rkbkhdkiln g jki|giln*}g k }a prýprak)

Ig}}g |gjpn( Lgnhailk grk jíg lg Fahbgr|n g Dafêiak( g( pgi}ksk ghk( cahdn} iín pk}}kskj lg wjk rg}|raæín ï habgrlklg) Lg}lg gi|ín cgu g}cnræn} pkrk {wg nw|rn}cahdn} iín hdg sag}}gj) Cna pnr a}}n {wg Jkrk }ý sgan kn jwiln maimn kin} lgpna} lg}wk arjí( pnr wj grrn lg kskhakæín k rg}pga|n ln skhnr lg mgr|k} phki|k} {wg }wk jígkmrgla|ksk cn}}gj kbnr|ask})

G}}k aicnrjkæín( prg}|klk pghk |ak( sgan rgcnrækr k ailacgrgiæk lg Jkr|k( iín kpgik} pkrk mnj k jíg( jk} pkrk mnj k jk|grialklg( pkrk mnj k ai}|a|waæín ckjahakr( g k|ájg}jn pnr {wka}{wgr frwpn} {wg }g nrfkiaukj gj rkuín lg {wka}{wgr kcg|n}) Jkr|k}gi|ak a}}n g }g rgprnsksk)

Jg}jn lgpna} {wg Lgnhailk( }gj n mni}gi|ajgi|n ln jkraln( pk}}nw k |rkbkhdkr gjmk}k( mnjn mni|klnrk lg khfwjk} carjk}( nw|rn} cahdn} hdg sagrkj( igj wj lghg} pghn{wgrgr lk jíg( g |nln} mnj kb}nhw|k ailacgrgiæk ln pka( {wg fn}|ksk lg braimkr mnjmrakiæk} g( lg cahdn}( kailk iín |aidk k gtk|k mni}maåimak lg {wg( pkrk mraë*hn} }g

prgma}k lg laidgarn) Jk}( jg}jn {wkiln n }nwbg( iín |gsg frkilg} prnbhgjk}( pna}(kn |gjpn( }gw} igfýman} akj jwa|n bgj)

G k}}aj cnrkj mrakln} k{wghg} cahdn}( lg wj pka kjësgh g }gsgrn( {wg( {wkiln snh|kskln |rkbkhdn( |rkuak*hdg} prg}gi|g} g braimksk mnj ghg}( lwrki|g |nlk k aicâimak gj {wgn} jgiain} iklk caugrkj {wg iín cn}}g gtk|kjgi|g ï sni|klg lk{wghg pka)

K jíg iín grk kjësgh) Grk ï} sgug} }gsgrk( ï} sgug} ailacgrgi|g) Iín grk kjësgh( pnr{wg gi|rg n} cahdn}( jwa|n} dksakj ik}maln {wkiln n mk}kjgi|n eë dksak }g|nrikln wj lg}fn}|n) G grk }gsgrk pkrk {wg n} cahdn} iín lgatk}}gj lg }gr n {wg n pka

{wgrak {wg ghg} cn}}gj g ghk iín |asg}}g( pnr mkw}k lghg}( nw|rk} kjnhkæ÷g} khájlk{wghk}( eë mni}algrklk} jwa|k})

Jkr|k }g hgjbrksk( dksak }aln k}}aj k }wk aicâimak( iín jwa|n lacgrgi|g lk{wghk {wgdksakj |aln n} }gw arjín} g( }gfwiln ghk }wpwidk( lk jkanrak lk} mrakiæk} ln }gwjwiln)

Jk}( n {wg ghk jka} {wgrak }kbgr kfnrk( grk n {wg k jíg mnbrksk lg }a jg}jk( kfnrk

4



kn} na|gi|k kin}( {wkiln |wln a}}n grk pk}}kln g igidwj ln} cahdn} prnmhkjksk {wg ksalk hdg} dnwsg}}g }aln |rëfamk nw jg}jn lacgrgi|g lg |ki|k} salk} {wg }wpwidkj ghg}mnidgmgrgj)

Nilg g}|krak k mwhpk {wg k jíg |aidk }nbrg }a( nilg k mwhpk {wg ghk k|rabwêk kn}nw|rn}> Nilg g}|krakj k} rku÷g} lk mwhpk lg Jkr|k( pnr iín }ncrgr mnj k{wghk jíg{wg }gjprg hdg cnrk ailacgrgi|g( }giín dn}|ah>

G Jkr|k |gi|nw bw}mkr ik jgjýrak nw|rk} mna}k} lg}|g pk}}kln |ín la}|ki|g {wg pwlg}}gj ew}|acamkr n {wg dksak lg }njbran g lg kjkhlaænkln ik{wghk mk}k( nilg|nln} sasakj |ín }ý} g( iwimk ckhkskj kn} nw|rn} ln {wg hdg} dksak jkrmkln k salk)Jkr|k }g hgjbrksk lg {wg k jíg ckhksk ln ksü g lk ksý( {wg grkj pnbrg}( ghg }gjprgkhgfrg( g ghk }gjprg |ra}|g)

K rg}pga|n ln pka( }kbak Jkr|k( ghg saidk lg wjk ckjêhak {wg wj lak |asgrk wj injgrg}pga|ësgh g k|á khfwj laidgarn( injg g laidgarn pgrlaln ewi|n}( {wkiln k Rgpõbhamkin} |arnw k mnr|g g }gw} nwrasg}( g k{wghg} {wg camkrkj iín |aidkj jka} nwrn( g( }g n|asg}}gj( iín |grakj n {wg ckugr mnj ghg) N} mnhnin} lk{wghg hwfkr iín |aidkj |ki|nkpgfn ï} eýak})

Gj }nh|gark( k salk lg Lgnhailk dksak |aln n} gimki|n} pn}}êsga} lk ewsgi|wlg iwjkckjêhak nilg n |rkbkhdn grk jwa|n g n laidgarn pnwmn) A}}n iín ajpglaw {wg n pkalgatk}}g lg hgskr k cahdk k jwa|k} cg}|k}( g n jg}jn caugrkj |nln} n} arjín}( k ckjêhakai|gark }nidkiln mnj k cghamalklg lg Lgnhailk( õiamk jwhdgr in jgan lg arkjn}dnjgi}( |nln} gimki|kln} mnj ghk( pnr{wg iklk gjbghguk jka} ln {wg n} nhdn} lnkcg|n)

K jíg( jwa|k} sgug}( la}mnrlksk lg}}g jnln mnj {wg n pka g n} arjín} sakj k jnæk)G cna }ý pnr a}}n {wg Lgnhailk( iín |giln mdgfkln k }gr lg frkilg brahdn ik g}mnhk(

pghn jgin} mni}gfwaw wj laphnjk( }wcamagi|g pkrk }wk gtpgm|k|ask( {wg grk kpgik} klg gi|gilgr |wln {wg cn}}g bghn g kfrklësgh ik salk)

Lk ckjêhak ln pka( Jkr|k }kbak jwa|n pnwmn( pnr{wg k ksý( saõsk lg}lg mgln(

kljaia}|rnw }nuaidk n {wg n jkraln( jnr|n kailk ensgj( hdg dksak lgatkln)

Cna gi|ín {wg k jíg lg Ëhskrn( ki|g} cgjaiaik g frkman}k( sg}|aw |nlk k cnræk ln}dnjgi} g cgu mnj {wg n} igfýman} prnfrgla}}gj g kailk |gsg |gjpn pkrk mrakr(}gfwiln |nln} n} bni} praimêpan} lk cá g lk jnrkh( n} |rå} cahdn} {wg dksak |aln)

Cnræklk k }gr jwhdgr lg igfýman}( k jíg lg Ëhskrn( {wg iwimk jka} pgi}nw gj }gmk}kr nw|rk sgu( jk|nw |nln n kcg|n {wg wj lak dksak }aln mkpku lg }gi|ar) G }g cgu

1



|ín ew}|k g dnig}|k {wg k malklg( g jka} kailk }gw} pkrmgarn} mnjgrmaka}( |asgrkj pnr ghk |ki|n rg}pga|n( {wg k|á n} grrn} lg |nln} }g |nrikskj pg{wgin} }g ghk iín n}mgi}wrk}}g)

G}}g rg}pga|n cna pkrk n} cahdn} wj nrfwhdn g wjk mkrfk lwrki|g |nlk k salk5 }g prk|amkskj wj k|n mgi}wrësgh k} pg}}nk} lauakj5 ‘Wj cahdn lg Hkwrk iín pnlg ckugr wjk mna}k lg}}k}‚)

Jk}( }g pnr nw|rn hkln( ghg} prgma}kskj ln kskh lg wj injg( ghg} pnlgrakj laugr nrfwhdn}n}5 ‘]nw cahdn lg Hkwrk‚)

Jkr|k iín mnidgmgw lg pgr|n k |ak( arjí ln pka g {wg }g mdkjksk Ki|üiak( pnr{wg kjíg iwimk pgrja|aw {wg }gw} cahdn} cn}}gj ï mk}k lg }wk mwidklk) Jk}( {wkilnJkr|k( lg}kega|klk( lgatksk mkar wj nbeg|n nw ghk jg}jk mkêk in mdín( ï jíg

ra}palkjgi|g k mdkjksk lg Ki|üiak) Jkr|k ajkfaiksk g}}k |ak lg}mnidgmalk mnjnwjk pg}}nk {wg cn}}g k |wln wj g}|nrsn)

[wkiln mrg}mgrkj n} cahdn} ln |an Ekmý( arjín lg Ëhskrn( g |nln} ghg} fn}|kskj |ki|nlk |ak Ki|üiak( Jkr|k pülg sgr {wg k jíg( in jêiajn k dksak praskln lg wjk pg}}nklg {wgj ghk pnlgrak |gr fn}|kln mnj |griwrk)

K jíg |kjbáj iín fn}|ksk ln |an( jk} g}}g( pghn jgin}( Jkr|k mnidgmgw lg pgr|n pnr{wg {wkiln grkj mrakiæk}( n |an saidk }gjprg mni|kr*hdg} jwa|k} da}|ýrak} {wgiwimk cnrkj g}mra|k} gj hasrn}( g {wg( klwh|k( Jkr|k lg}mnbraw grkj aisgi|klk}kpgik} pkrk khgfrak lk{wghg} }nbraidn} |ín {wgraln})

_nr |nlk} g}}k} aicnrjkæ÷g}( Jkr|k iín pnlak ckugr jgi|khjgi|g k ajkfgj lg }wkjíg mnjn afwkh k jwa|k} nw|rk} jíg}( }gjprg jkrksahdn}k}( lg}mra|k} in} hasrn}aicki|a}( k|á gi|ín k} õiamk} nw|rk} jíg} {wg Jkr|k mnidgmak)

G cna lg}lg g}}g |gjpn {wg Jkr|k pk}}nw k |gr nhdn} jwa|n mrê|amn} pkrk k{wghk jíggtwbgrki|gjgi|g sg}|alk( {wg w}ksk }gjprg mnhkrg} g braimn}( iín }wpnr|ksk n}arjín} lg }gw jkraln g lgatksk {wg k} gjprgfklk} mwalk}}gj lg }gw} cahdn}( ghk

}gjprg nmwpklk mnj hasrn} lg mni|kbahalklg)

G Jkr|k g}|ksk mgr|k lg {wg ghk g k jíg grkj pg}}nk} |ín lacgrgi|g} {wg iaifwáj(jg}jn mnj g}cnræn g ksa}n( pnlgrak ajkfaikr grkj jíg g cahdk)Kailk jka}( pnr{wg( jwa|k} sgug}( pnr rku÷g} {wg k cahdk( jgiaik kailk( iín pnlakgi|gilgr( k jíg |aidk mra}g} lg mdnrn( }g arra|ksk mnj n} cahdn} g n mnj k}gjprgfklk}( g lgpna} lg |wln a}}n( camksk kck}|klk lg |wln) \nln} lk mk}k lauakj kgsgi|wka} sa}a|k} {wg k jíg g}|ksk gj sakfgj lg |wra}jn)

;?



Jkr|k nlaksk |wln a}}n( }gjprg nlanw jgi|ark}( g gi|ín nlaksk k jíg {wg k ckuak(mnjn k |nln} lk mk}k( jgi|ar k pg}}nk} kjafk} {wg mnj crg{øåimak sa}a|kskj kckjêhak)

\ki|n {wki|n a}}n( Jkr|k nlaksk n |rkbkhdn prnca}}anikh lk jíg( {wkiln sak _glrn nwArgig( n} arjín} jginrg}( {wg }g jkmdwmkskj ik} braimklgark}( nw klngmakj mnjnklngmgj mrakiæk} pg{wgik}( g k jíg lgatksk {wg( n} mwalkln} mnj ghg} camk}}gj kmkrfn lk} gjprgfklk}) G( mnjn {wg jwa|n kprg}}klk( lauak5 ‘Iín |gidn |gjpn pkrkmwalkr lg mrakiæk}( prgma}n fkidkr n jgw pín lg mklk lak‚)

Gi|ín camksk in kr wjk pgrfwi|k( mwek rg}pn}|k( }ý jwa|n |krlg Jkr|k sgan k }kbgr) ]gn pka grk wj dnjgj bgj }wmglaln gj igfýman}( pnr{wg k jíg prgma}ksk( mnjn lauak(‘fkidkr n pín lg mklk lak‚>

[wkiln Jkr|k g Dafêiak }g |nrikrkj wj pnwmn jkanrg}( cnrkj ghk} g iín k jíg {wg}wb}|a|wêrkj k} gjprgfklk} in mwalkln mnj n} arjín}( kailk mrakiæk}( k jíg(%nb}glklk pghn }gw |rkbkhdn lg mni|klnrk( fkidkiln( mnjn mni|aiwksk k laugr( k{wghgaickjg pín lg mklk lak>

G |ki|n Jkr|k g Dafêiak( {wg dë g}}g |gjpn kailk }g ckhkskj mnj ai|ajalklg(la}mw|akj n} pg{wgin} ja}|áran} iín bgj gi|gilaln} ik{wghk mk}k) Camkskj kjbk} lgkmnrln gj {wg n laidgarn fkidn pghk jíg grk |nln fk}|n gj mna}k} aiõ|ga}( mnjnrnwpk} bnia|k} g lg}igmg}}ërak}( mnj {wg k jíg fn}|ksk lg }g sg}|ar( k ghk g kn} cahdn})Jghdnr }grak( pgi}kskj k} lwk} arjí}( {wg |wln gj mk}k cn}}g jka} }ajphg} ggmniüjamn g k jíg }g lg}}g mni|k lg {wg ki|g} lg }gr prnca}}anikh( cn}}g ghk lnik lgmk}k)

Jk} k} cahdk} iín nw}krkj mgi}wrkr k{wghk jíg g( igj grk prgma}n {wg n caug}}gj) N pka g}|ksk kha pkrk ckuå*hn( laugiln ï jwhdgr5 ‘\wln {wg snmå mnjprk mnj }gw|rkbkhdn á aiõ|ah g lg}igmg}}ëran) G}}g |rkbkhdn iín pk}}k lg wjk cwfk lg }wk}nbrafkæ÷g} lg jíg g g}pn}k)‚)

Grk }ý a}}n {wg( ghg pnlgrak ckhkr) Lg nw|rk} mra|amk} dksak }g hasrkln k jíg( pna} ghk pglak ï} gjprg}k} {wg |nln} n} |rkbkhdn} hdg cn}}gj gisakln} gj mk}k k|rksá} lg wjk}gmrg|ërak) G pkrk k} cahdk}( kailk mrakiæk}( ghk gtphamksk5 ‘]gmrg|ërak} }ín {wk}g}gjprg jwhdgrg} g( k}}aj( }gw pka iwimk pnlgrë laugr {wg( gj rkuín ln jgw |rkbkhdn(dnjgi} aisklgj k in}}k mk}k) G( jgin} kailk( k jaidk salk)‚)

Jkr|k g Dafêiak iín gi|gilgrkj k} rku÷g} lk jíg gtphamkr k{wahn g( lg rg}|n( mnj a}}niín }g prgnmwpkrkj) K jíg( pkrgmak hdg}( sasak }gjprg }g lgcgilgiln ln} nw|rn})

;;



Lgcgilak*}g ki|g} jg}jn ln k|k{wg) K} cahdk} pgi}kskj k}}aj( ig}|g pni|n g dë g}}g|gjpn g}|asgrkj wialk})

Jk} {wkiln k} mrakiæk} mnjgækrkj k lgatkr lg }gr mrakiæk} g Dafêiak( iín }g }kbg pnr {wg ai}|ai|n( gimni|rksk*}g mnj n ikjnrkln ik mk}k lk arjí lg }wk jíg( |ak Acafåiak(n pka( kn }kbgr lg}}g gimni|rn |ín ainmgi|g( iín mni|gsg n }gw ýlan)

‘Mnjn pnlgrak Dafêiak( kailk wjk jgiaik( |gr wj ikjnrkln>‚ pgrfwi|ksk n pka gjsnu kh|k pghk mk}k( ï dnrk ln eki|kr( g ghg jg}jn rg}pnilak {wg ‘k{wahn ik|wrkhjgi|ggrk wj krrkien lg}ksgrfnidkln lk ckjêhak lk jíg( nilg k} jwhdgrg} grkj |ín hasrg}(mnjn }g ik{wghk ckjêhak iín gta}|a}}gj dnjgi})‚)

Dafêiak }g hgski|nw lk jg}k g Jkr|k nwsaw |wln mnj nhdn} |ín frkilg} {wg pnlg sgr

in rn}|n bnia|n lg }wk jíg( k} hkfrajk} {wg ghk iín dksak pnlaln g}mnilgr)

Dafêiak( mnjn |nln}( k|á k jíg( kmrgla|kskj {wg Jkr|k |grak }aln( k pg}}nk {wg ckhkrkkn pka( }nbrg k gta}|åimak ln ikjnrkln lk arjí)

G Jkr|k( {wg iín }kbak lg iklk( iín |gsg mnjn }g lgcgilgr( lk} kmw}kæ÷g} lk jíg glk arjí( jgin} kailk ln ýlan ln pka( g}|g pnr{wg ajkfaiksk {wg ghk |grak khmnsa|kln karjí)

Jkr|k camnw }ý g ghk iwimk dksak |aln jka} ln {wg k ckjêhak)

Cgak g lg}kega|klk( ghk }g |nrinw kailk jka} }ahgiman}k( nwsailn g sgiln( {wk}g iwimkckhkiln) G}|wlksk jwa|n( hak |ki|n} hasrn} {wg Kra mdgfnw k laugr mnj jkhêmak5 ‘]gJkr|k lgatkr lg hgr n jgrmkln gla|nrakh camkrë gj bkatk)‚ Jkr|k iín rg}pnilak)Mni|aiwksk k hgr)

Jk} a}}n iín ajpglaw {wg( wjk sgu( gj nbglaåimak ï nrlgj lk jíg( ghk cn}}g ï mk}klk |ak( Acafåiak( eë {wg( pnr nrlgj ln pka( n hwfkr dksak }g |nrikln prnabaln ï Dafêiak)

Jkr|k( k jgiaik*jnæk( k {wgj n pka mnjgæksk k pgrja|ar }kêlk}( pnr{wg grk aifåiwkg bnk( ak ï mk}k ln} ksý} jk|grin} g ckuak k} pgrfwi|k} {wg( iín pnlak ckugr gj mk}k5

_nr{wg k jíg |rkbkhdk |ki|n>

G k |ak }nh|gark( }gj jwa|k} nbrafkæ÷g} g mnj khfwjk alklg( iín fn}|ksk ln mwidkln{wg hdg |arnw k arjí( igj lk arjí( {wg ghk ewhfksk cghau }ajphg}jgi|g pnr{wg mk}klk(lauak mnj prkugr ï }nbraidk5

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‘]wk jíg pk}}nw k |rkbkhdkr( pnr{wg n }gw pka( hnfn kn ik}majgi|n lg Fahbgr|n( |gsgmnrkfgj lg lgsnhsgr ï hnek |wln n {wg lg jghdnr ghk dksak mnjprkln pkrk n gitnskhln jgiain) ]ý lgpna} lg mk}klk }wk jíg lg}mnbraw {wg }gw pka kjk n laidgarn jka}ln {wg {wkh{wgr pg}}nk nw mna}k( jka} ln {wg k ghk g kn} cahdn}) G}}k iwimk cna wjkmkrkm|grê}|amk lg in}}k ckjêhak g( in} nrfwhdkjn} la}}n‚)

G Jkr|k hgjbrnw*}g lg {wg k} rnwpk} bnia|k} g bnrlklk} mnj {wg }g sg}|akj ghk g}wk} arjí} grkj }gjprg mnjprklk} pghk jíg( jk} iín pnlak g}{wgmgr lg {wg n pka|kjbáj hdg} lksk prg}gi|g}) G {wkiln lg }wk} sakfgi} }gjprg hdg} |rkuak( pkrk ghk gn} arjín}( brai{wgln} |ín hailn}( {wg afwka} ghk iwimk jka} mdgfnw k sgr) In êi|ajnghk la}mnrlksk lk |ak( pghn jgin} ln {wg ghk dksak ckhkln }nbrg }gw pka) Ighg k jgiaikgimni|rksk khfwj kcg|n( g }giín pnr ghk( pghn jgin} pnr Argig( Kra g _glrn)

Gi|ín Jkr|k pgi}nw {wg khfwjk rkuín lgsak gta}|ar pkrk {wg |nlk k ckjêhak lg }wkjíg iín fn}|k}}g lk{wghg pka {wg( pkrk ghk( kailk mni|aiwksk }giln wj dnjgj bnj)

Jk}( }nbrg a}}n k jgiaik eë kmn}|wjklk k }kbgr {wg pkrk pgrfwi|k} gta}|gj dnrk}mgr|k}( snh|nw pkrk k mk}k pgi}kiln in lg ja}|áran {wg gta}|ak ik{wghk} da}|ýrak}|ra}|g} {wg pgrjgkskj k salk lk{wghk jwhdgr {wg( pnr kmk}n( grk }wk jíg)

Lgpna}( {wkiln jnmaidk( n arjín lg }wk jíg( n |an Khbgr|n( n jka} ramn ln} arjín}(ik}maln lk{wghk ckjêhak }gjprg pnbrg( dksak g}|kln ik mk}k lk jíg( g Jkr|k g}mw|nw5‘Iín( Lgnhailk( |nln} |gjn} lg }wpnr|kr n {wg k salk in} jkilk) ]g snmå g}|asg}}ggj in}}k mk}k( á mgr|n g}|krak gi|rg iý}( pg}}nk} {wg k kjkjn}( jk} mnj |ki|n}cahdn}( iín |grêkjn} mnjn kewlë*hk g snmå iín mni}gfwarak n }wcamagi|g pkrk jki|å*hn})‚)

G Jkr|k nwsaw k jíg }g hkjgi|kr5 ‘]g snmå} dnwsg}}gj lgatkln {wg gw jg }gpkrk}}glghg( {wkiln kpgik} Fahbgr|n |aidk ik}maln( |wln |grak }aln jka} cëmah( kfnrk gwjg}jk sgen {wg a}}n iín á jka} pn}}êsgh) Ik{wghg |gjpn snmå} iín jg {wa}grkjkewlkr‚)

K jíg dksak k}}aj rgmrajaikln |kjbáj n arjín( mnjn }g cn}}g ghg n mwhpkln ln }gwmk}kjgi|n( nw cn}}g nbrafkln k kewlë*hk k }kar lg wjk }a|wkæín gj {wg ghk( pnr rku÷g} prýprak}( dksak }g mnhnmkln)

G pnr {wg Lgnhailk mdnrk}}g( n |an pglaw {wg Jkr|k n} lgatk}}g k }ý} ghk n cgu) Jk}(hnfn lgpna} n pka mdgfnw ln |rkbkhdn) K}}w}|nw*}g mnj k prg}giæk ln mwidkln( jk}(lgpna}( mnicaki|g( mnisalnw*n pkrk camkr mnj ghg} khfwj |gjpn nw( pghn jgin}kmga|k}}g eki|kr mnj ghg})

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K jíg( n |an( n pka g |nln} n} }nbraidn} eki|krkj ewi|n}) G( pkrgmakj |ín cghaug} {wg{wkiln Jkr|k gi|nrinw }nbrg k jg}k k ekrrk lg ëfwk( iaifwáj k mdkjnw lglg}kega|klk)

K jíg pkrgmak cghau) Jkr|k iín gi|gilgw) Mnjn }grakj ghg} mkpkug} lg aisgi|kr pkrkn pka k{wghk khgfrak g kjauklg} aigta}|gi|g}( }g pnwmn ki|g} |wln n {wg dksakj ckhklngrk |ín lacgrgi|g>

N |gjpn cna pk}}kiln( n} cahdn} mrg}mgrkj g Fahbgr|n( {wg eë iín grk jwa|n insn g |ínkh|n {wki|n n pka( {wg la}|n }g nrfwhdksk( mni}gfwaw k mkr|gark lg jn|nra}|k( jwa|njka} lg}geklk ln {wg laphnjk} lg {wka}{wgr g}mnhk})

K jíg iín {wgrak n cahdn larafailn kw|njýsgh5 ghk ajkfaiksk {wg ghg g}|krak ik} rwk}

mnrrgiln ra}mn}( k mni{wa}|kr jnmaidk}( kbrgsakiln g|kpk} gj }wk salk( {wkiln( pnr }gr insn( ghk g}|ksk mgr|k( k salk hdg lkrak |gjpn pkrk |nlk} k} ksgi|wrk} g prkugrg}(ailgpgilgi|gjgi|g lg {wka}{wgr mnrralk})

Jk} n pka gi|gilak lg nw|rn jnln) N} dnjgi} |åj lg }gr hasrg}( pnr{wg }g mnidgmgjk habgrlklg( lghk arín fn}|kr( g a}}n hdg} lkrë jka} cnræk pkrk k hw|k) N} dnjgi} lgsgj}gr fwgrrgarn}( k}}aj pgi}ksk n pka)

G {wkiln k jíg ai|grsgan in k}}wi|n( n pka( }gjprg jwa|n }ëban( la}}g g( kn laugr grk}ýbran mnjn n }ín n} jg}|rg}5 ‘\nlk jíg {wgr n cahdn g|grikjgi|g mrakiæk( pkrk {wgn} nw|rn} k sgekj mnjn ensgj))) A}}n( mnjn }g n |gjpn iín in} gisghdgmg}}g k |nln})Mnj nw }gj n cahdn larafailn kw|njýsgh snmå gisghdgmgw Lgnhailk( iín dë jka}rgmwr}n)‚)

A}}n la}}g n pka( mnjn }g lgrrn|k}}g wj aiajafn) Cna k prajgark sgu {wg Jkr|k pgrmgbgw in pka k }w|ahguk lk jkhlklg)

G k jíg la}}n iín jka} ckhnw( igj jg}jn {wkiln lk} }kêlk} in|wrik} lg Fahbgr|nrg}wh|krkj jwa|n} mdg{wg} }gj cwiln} g kmalgi|g} jginrg}( g n pka }g gigrsnw mnj n

cahdn pnr mkw}kr lkin} kn mkrrn( n {wg mw}|k laidgarn)

Jg}jn k}}aj n pka kailk gimni|rnw nw|rk rkuín pkrk lgatkr }gj rkuín k jíg5

‘[wkiln k jwhdgr iín w}k k aicâimak lg }gw} cahdn} pkrk hdg pk}}kr n} skhnrg} {wglgsgrakj }gr }gw}( g}}g cahdn hdg |rkrë prnbhgjk}) Gj jgw} cahdn} lg}mwhpkrga |wln

pnr{wg ghg} iín |asgrkj jíg)‚

;<



Grk a}}n n {wg n pka lauak {wkiln Fahbgr|n hdg} |ghgcniksk lk rwk pkrk ckhkr ln mkrrn bk|aln nw n pka( pnr {wka}{wgr nw|rn} jgan}( lg}mnbrak n} grrn} ln cahdn)

K jíg( jg}jn in} |gjpn} gj {wg pkrgmak jka} la}|ki|g ln pka g ln} cahdn}( }gjprgcna jwa|n }nhama|k( {wkiln k g}mra|k ln} igfýman} ln pka prgma}ksk lg khfwjk kewlk}wk) ]g ighk} khfwj grrn gta}|ak( g ghk iín n mni}gfwak mnrrafar( snh|ksk pkrk mk}k(arra|klk mnj |wln g( ig}}k} mra}g} lg arra|kæín( rgprggilak n} cahdn} pnr grrn} igj}gjprg mnjg|aln} g( mnj pkhksrk} dwjahdki|g}( jk}}kmrksk k} gjprgfklk})

]g( gj rkuín la}}n( khfwjk }grsaækh lgatksk k mk}k( n |rkbkhdn lgsgrak }gr cga|n pnr Jkr|k nw Dafêiak( kailk {wg k} cahdk} |asg}}gj ajpnr|ki|g} |rkbkhdn} ik g}mnhk)

Mnj a}}n }g arra|ksk n pka) ]wk} cahdk} * lauak ghg * iín cnrkj glwmklk} pkrk g}}g |apnlg }grsaæn( {wg iwimk lgw hwmrn k iaifwáj)

K jíg krfwjgi|ksk( khgfkiln {wg n cw|wrn grk aimgr|n( g( jwhdgrg} ghk} }gjprg}grakj( g jghdnr }grak {wg ghk} mnjgæk}}gj k gi|gilgr lg}}g }grsaæn( }g iín pkrkckuå*hn( pghn jgin} pkrk {wg k nw|rk} jwhdgrg} pwlg}}gj jkilkr {wg n caug}}gj)

N pka }gjprg pgi}nw lacgrgi|g) \rkbkhdn á n {wg rgilg laidgarn( g |giln laidgarn pnlg*}g pkfkr }gjprg ï{wghg} lg prnca}}ín jkh rgjwigrklk) La}|n ik}mak nw|rk rkuínlg k|ra|n gi|rg n pka g k jíg( g grk k|á bnj {wg k}}aj n cn}}g( pnr{wg g}|k}lasgrfåimak}( pnlgiln }gr ckhklk} gj põbhamn( }grsakj mnjn ew}|acamk|ask}( {wkiln(

pnr nw|rk} rku÷g}( n mk}kh lgatksk pgrmgbgr kn} kjafn} }gw} lg}gi|gilajgi|n}aimnicg}}ësga})

G pkrk }wrprg}k lg Jkr|k( ik ina|g {wg sgan lgpna} lg wj lg}}g} lak}( k jíg iíng}|ksk gj mk}k ï |krlg( g jkilnw kn pka( pnr Dafêiak( wj rgmkln lg {wg pnlgrak }gk|rk}kr pkrk n eki|kr) N rgmkln pnlgrak }gr inrjkh( jk} }nnw mnjn g}|rkidn)

‘K jíg jkilnw laugr {wg cna ckugr wjk sa}a|k g iín }kbg k {wg dnrk} lgsgrë snh|kr)‚

K jíg iín |aidk dëba|n} k}}aj) ]gjprg {wg }kak( n jkraln grk aicnrjkln ln hwfkr

gtk|n nilg pnlgrak gimni|rë*hk g n dnrëran lg }wk mdgfklk grk nb}grskln mnjn }glg|grjaikln pghn }ain lg wjk g}mnhk) K jíg iwimk dksak }g k|rk}kln pkrk k}rgcgaæ÷g})

N eki|kr cna gj }ahåiman( n lna} jginr( Kra g Argig( rgmnhdaln} pghk gjprgfklk g n}jka} sghdn} rgmnhdaln} pnr }a jg}jn}) K jíg( iaifwáj }kbak nilg nw mnjn g}|ksk)

[wkiln k jíg snh|nw k mk}k( kmkbkskj n} nw|rn} lg eki|kr( iín dnwsg pkhksrk}( ghk

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kpgik} cna }g lg}mkhækiln( lg}kbn|nkiln k rnwpk( g larafaw*}g kn {wkr|n( nilg n pkahnfn }g rgmnhdgw) G in }ahåiman ln} nw|rn}( k ckhk kh|k ln pka }g ckuak nwsar)

Ln {wg ckhkrkj iaifwáj mnjgi|nw g( pkrk Jkr|k( iín dnwsg }wrprg}k}5 wj dnjgj|gi|kiln jki|gr n }gw jkiln( wjk jwhdgr bw}mkiln k habgrlklg)

K} mrakiæk} pwlgrkj braimkr mnj k} arjí} jka} sghdk})

Fahbgr|n }ncrak kfnrk n mk}|afn pghn kbw}n lk habgrlklg {wg n pka hdg lgrk( pnr |nln}n} }gw} grrn}( |wln |ín lgi|rn lk inrjkhalklg)

Dafêiak( pwialk pghn ikjnrn( {wg iín dksak mnjgækln lg |nln)

Grkj cahdn} pgrlaln} pkrk k jíg g pkrk n pka)

_glrn( eë klnhg}mgi|g( iín }g hafksk jka} gj }gw} brai{wgln}) Argig kilksk pghk mk}k(lg}gidkiln bamdaidn} nw braimkiln mnj k} bnigmk}) Kra grk jka} ln {wg wjkmrakiæk( jk} iín mdgfksk k }gr wj klwh|n( pghn jgin} grk n {wg pgi}kskj n} pka})

K jíg( prg}k kn} }gw} hasrn} lg mni|kbahalklg( iín n} saidk sgr)

G n pka( {wkiln mdgfksk ln |rkbkhdn( Argig( eë jwa|n mrg}malk pkrk a}}n( }g k}}gi|kskin} enghdn} lghg( lgrrkjksk }wk khgfrak }nbrg |nln} g( k|á pkrgmak {wg k kw}åimak lkjíg n} ckuak jka} cghaug}) Lghk( iaifwáj }g hgjbrksk)

G}}k kw}åimak g}|ksk }g |nrikiln inrjkh g pghk jíg iaifwáj jka} pgrfwi|ksk( mnjn}g ik{wghk mk}k iín cn}}g ghk jka} ln {wg sa}a|k rkrkjgi|g mnisalklk)

Jkr|k pgi}nw lwrki|g jwa|n |gjpn {wg k jwlkiæk lg mnjpnr|kjgi|n lk jíg dksak}g lkln kpgik} gj rkuín ln} grrn} lg Fahbgr|n)

Jk} kfnrk( {wg k jíg iín pnlak mni|kr mnj Dafêiak( {wg iín k nwsak( inskjgi|gJkr|k snh|krk k }gr k nwsai|g lk jíg( |rki}cnrjklk( lgpna} lg sai|g kin} lg

mk}kjgi|n( gj khfwáj }gj kjafk}( mnj cahdn} {wg lghk }g kck}|kskj( mnj wjjkraln {wg }g |rki}cnrjksk pnwmn k pnwmn gj wj g}|rkidn)

G cna gi|ín {wg Jkr|k sgan k }kbgr lg jwa|k} nw|rk} da}|ýrak}( {wg dksakj cga|n kda}|ýrak lg }wk jíg)

G in mnrrgr ln |gjpn( k jíg cna mni|kiln ï cahdk( pnwmn k pnwmn( k} rku÷g} {wg ghk }glksk pkrk iwimk jka} ailkfkr n {wg grk nw iín ln kfrkln ln }gidnr }gw jkraln( n

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dnjgj {wg k}}aj ghk mdkjksk mnj arniak)

G Jkr|k iín pgrlnksk k jíg( {wg hdg ckhksk lg}}g pk}}kln( ln {wkh( pnr iín }gr pkr|glghg( iín }g }gi|ak in larga|n lg ai|grsar) K cahdk }gjprg }g hgjbrksk lg {wg k{wghgdnjgj grk n }gw pka( g {wg ghk( k cahdk( iklk |aidk k sgr mnj k} da}|ýrak} sasalk} pghkjíg( ki|g} jg}jn {wg ghk( Jkr|k( dnwsg}}g ik}maln)

G k jíg( mgr|k sgu la}}g5

‘[wkiln snmå ik}mgw( cahdn} eë iín ckuakj pkr|g ln} jgw} lg}gen}5 Cahdn} }ín( pkrkjaj( jnrlkæk} g frahd÷g} {wg( wj lak( jg ajpglarkj lg fkidkr k habgrlklg) Lghk gww}krak mnj mkw|ghk( k jwhdgr iwimk á hasrg) N jwiln }gjprg in} la|k n {wg pnlgjn}ckugr( jk}( n} jgw} haja|g} iín }grakj k{wghg} k {wg jg nbrafkj ig}|k mk}k) G wjkmk}k |gj }gjprg wj }gidnr) G jgw haja|g( gw }gjprg {wa} {wg cn}}g ln |kjkidn ln

jwiln( jg}jn {wg g}}g jwiln cn}}g kpgik} wj jwiln lg jwhdgr) Gj jaidkckjêhak k} jwhdgrg} }gjprg cnrkj jwa|n hasrg}( }gjprg caugjn} n {wg lg}geëskjn})‚

G Jkr|k( lg}lg gi|ín }g }gi|aw mwhpklk lg }gr cahdk( lg |gr rnwbkln k habgrlklg lg}}kjíg) Ki|g} eë }g mwhpksk lg }gr lg}kega|klk g cgak( kfnrk k jíg hdg lksk nw|rk rkuín

pkrk mwhpk}) Jkr|k nlaksk g}}k jíg( g }gj }kbgr pnr {wg( g}|ksk }gjprg prg}gi|g( prnmwrkiln nwsa*hk( mdgak lg k|giæ÷g})

Cna jwa|n |gjpn lgpna} {wg Jkr|k camnw }kbgiln)

]gw ksü jk|grin dksak jnrraln g lg jk|grakh dksak lgatkln jwa|n pnwmn) Iínmdgfksk k }gr n }wcamagi|g pkrk {wg k saõsk sasg}}g |rki{øahk) N fgirn( n pka lg Jkr|k(

pnr jka} gi|gilaln lg igfýman} ln {wg n} arjín} lg Lgnhailk( }g pü} k mwalkr lg |wlng( {wkiln ai}|kln k lgsnhsgr( iín n {wa} ckugr( pnr{wg lauak ghg {wg jghdnr lg {wg n}

prýpran} cahdn} nw k saõsk( ghg ckrak mnj {wg n pnwmn }g jwh|aphamk}}g g }g|rki}cnrjk}}g gj jwa|n)

Jk} n arjín lg Lgnhailk gi|gilgw {wg a}}n iín grk mgr|n( n fgirn grk kailk ikckjêhak wj rgmáj mdgfkln( pnr{wg }gr ghg k mwalkr ln} igfýman}( }g |nln} n} cahdn}(

kailk {wg jka} pnbrg} g jgin} gi|gilaln}( grkj }gfwrkjgi|g jka} dnig}|n}>

G cna n }gfwrkjgi|g jka} dnig}|n( {wg á lacgrgi|g lg |ín dnig}|n {wki|n( n {wg lgwnrafgj ï la}mýrlak g {wk}g pkr|aw n mk}kjgi|n lg Lgnhailk) G }g n ik}majgi|n lgJkr|k kailk cna pn}}êsgh( cna pnr{wg phki|k} kbnr|ask} jwa|k} sgug} ckhdkj g( lg}}ksgu( dksakj ckhdkln)

A}}n Jkr|k camnw }kbgiln jwa|n gj }gfrgln( k arjí lg }wk jíg eë hdg dksak mni|kln)

;6



N {wg iín }g ckhnw cnrkj lk} rku÷g} pnr{wg n mk}kjgi|n lg Lgnhailk }g rgmnjpü}( eë{wg lgpna} lg |wln a}}n ik}mgrkj Jkr|k( _glrn( Argig g( kailk( Kra)

Jk} jg}jn rgcga|n n mk}kjgi|n( k{wghk mk}k iwimk jka} cna afwkh( kn {wg laugj}grgj k} nw|rk}) N {wg laugj iín }g k}}gjghdk kn {wg á5 gj ckjêhak }njn} |nln}

pkr|g}( }njn} mõjphamg}) Á jkw) Á cgan) Jkr|k iwimk ckrak a}}n) Eë hdg bk}|ksk }gr jkfrk( cgak g lg}kega|klk)

N {wg Jkr|k sak grk wj mk}kh {wg }g wiak pghn |rkbkhdn g pnr pg{wgik} g hgsg}mnr|g}ak}( |khsgu jg}jn }g lg}}gj jwa|n bgj g k|á }g kjk}}gj) N} {wg }g kjkj(kmdkj inrjkh n kjnr( kailk {wg ghg ajpnr|g gj jwa|k} jëfnk}( jwa|n} }gfrgln} grg|amåimak})

G( pgi}kiln bgj( nw Jkr|k iín gi|gilak n mk}kh( nw iín gi|gilak n kjnr) Ik mk}k lg

Lgnhailk( kcnrk k} prnabaæ÷g} ln jkraln( k} pkhksrk} grkj inrjka}( k} mnjwi} lg|nlk} k} mk}k}( jk} k ghk} iín }g afwkhkskj n k|n}) Ig}|g}( k} jka} lk} sgug}( jkralng jwhdgr pkrgmakj }g nlakr( wj ýlan jwln( }gj jkanrg} pgrafn})

G pnr{wg mni|aiwkskj ewi|n}> _grfwi|ksk*}g k cahdk( {wg a}}n iwimk pgrfwi|krak kn}nw|rn} wj kb}wrln lg}|g}) Dksgrakj lg laugr {wg n} pka}( ghk n} prgcgrarak }gpkrkln})G Jkr|k }g mwhpnw pnr{wg lg}mnbraw {wg rgkhjgi|g k g}|k hdg pkrgmak k jghdnr }nhwæín)[wkiln k} cahdk} }g |nrikrkj jnmaidk}( Jkr|k }g hgjbrnw( n pka iín k} rgprggilakiwimk( grk }gjprg fgi|ah g mkraidn}n g k jíg }g cgu dë g}}g |gjpn( k{wghk {wg prnêbg)Grk k jíg {wg }gjprg rgprggilak k} cahdk}( iín pgrja|ak {wg }kê}}gj mnj g}|rkidn}(ckhk}}gj mnj rkpkug} nw crg{øgi|k}}gj cg}|k}) ]g }kê}}gj lg mk}k( lgsgrakj |gr kmnjpkidak lg arjín} nw ln} pka})

N pka( kn mni|rkran( grk kjësgh) Jwa|k} sgug} pgrja|ak n {wg k jíg eë dksak prnabaln(g( lg }wk} sakfgi} |rkuak prg}gi|g} hailn}) K jíg }gjprg }g nmwpksk ln |rasakh5 lksk*hdg} sg}|aln} mnjwi} g |nlk} k} rnwpk} êi|ajk}( {wkiln jwa|n wjk eýak( jwa|n

brahdki|g g ckh}k)

Eë mnj n} cahdn}( jg}jn eë klwh|n}( iín grk k jíg {wgj gtgrmak cwiæ÷g} lg jkiln)G}}k} k} |aidk n pka( g n ckuak mnj kw|nralklg |kh {wg jwa|k} sgug} Jkr|k |gsg lõsalk}g }gw} arjín} grkj cahdn} nw g}mrksn})

Jkr|k }ncrak mnj a}}n( }gjprg saw gj }gw} arjín} wjk pkr|g lg }a jg}jk g( kn} pnwmn}( |ki|n kn pka {wki|n ï jíg( iín cna mkpku lg sgr }giín mnjn n} lnin} lk mk}k(ln} bgi} g ln} cahdn}) Jkr|k g}|ksk mni}magi|g lg {wg iín n} kjksk( g g}|k mwhpk hdggrk gt|rgjkjgi|g pg}klk) G Jkr|k pgi}nw {wg n pka iwimk dksak }aln |ín bnj {wki|n

;4



gj }wk aicâimak ghk n ajkfaiksk)

K jíg( k jkanr pkr|g ln lak nw k|á lk ina|g( jg}jn lgpna} {wg n pka mdgfksk ln|rkbkhdn( pgrjkigmak in g}mra|ýran g ckuak }gjprg k mni|kbahalklg( mnjn }g igj}nwbg}}g {wg grkj lghk k{wghg jkraln g k{wghg} cahdn})))

N pka braimksk mnj k} cahdk}( ckhksk lg }gw} igfýman}( n {wg lg praimêpan ghk} iklkgi|gilakj( lgpna} sagrkj k gi|gilgr( g cna k|á pnr a}}n {wg Dafêiak }g rgmnimahanw mnjghg( pk}}kln} eë n} lg}gi|gilajgi|n} lg {wkiln ghg k prnabak lg crg{øgi|kr k mk}k lk|ak( nilg wj praimapan lg ikjnrn aifåiwn dksak mnjgækln)

Jk} cna |kjbáj pnr g}}g |gjpn {wg( pkrk Jkr|k( n pka mnjgæksk k }gr kpgik} wj prnca}}anikh {wg( mnjn prncg}}nr( k gi}aiksk mna}k} {wg ghk iín {wgrak g igj lkskmni|k lg kprgilgr5

A}}n |wln kmni|gmgw pnr{wg n pka mnj }wk} lnw|raik}( lauak {wg Jkr|k grk aifåiwk giklk kprgilgrak ln {wg hdg gi}aik}}g k salk( Dafêiak }aj( grk jwa|n jka} g}pgr|k) N

pka kljarksk Dafêiak( |ín afwkh k ghg( g ghk }g kiwhksk pkrk {wg ghg k kljark}}g mklksgu jka})

Igidwj ln} lna} kljarksk Jkr|k( g ghk }g }gi|aw hasrg pkrk iín }g afwkhkr k igidwjlghg} g k|á jg}jn pkrk hdg} }gr ailacgrgi|g( iwimk dn}|ah) Ghk iín }grak mkpku la}}n)

Fahbgr|n pnhkraunw n kjnr jk|grin( kprntajnw*}g lg Dafêiak g igj k}}aj mni}gfwawn kjnr ln pka) Kra cna }gjprg wj cahdn la}|ki|g lk ckjêhak( n jka} khgfrg {wkiln ikg}mnhk nw ik rwk g( gj mk}k( }ý jwa|n |krlg lg}mnbrarkj k} {wkhalklg} {wg n caugrkj

brahdki|g in jwiln ln} igfýman})

_glrn( n jka} |êjaln lg |nln}( lg pkhksrk} pgi}klk}( iín grk g}pgmakhjgi|g kjkln gjmk}k( jk} grk lghg {wg iaifwáj }g {wgatksk)

G a}}n grk ew}|n( ghg }g jki|aidk gtk|kjgi|g in} haja|g} kcg|wn}n} lg wj g}|rkidn)G}|wlan}n nbglagi|g g( }nbrg|wln( dwjahlg g fgi|ah) Kailk ensgj( }gj {wg iaifwáj }g

ai|grg}}k}}g }kbgr n pnr{wå( _glrn dksak np|kln pnr wjk g}mnhk jaha|kr( nilg hdg grk pkfn wj }khëran {wg( }g iín grk frkilg( pghn jgin} n ckuak ailgpgilgi|g ln pka( k{wgj( Jkr|k pgi}ksk( n cahdn iín kljarksk gj iklk)

G cna gtk|kjgi|g n kmalgi|g lg kw|njýsgh {wg n cgu aisëhaln pkrk n |rkbkhdn jaha|kr(lgatkiln*n mnj wj }nhln arra}ýran( mnjphgjgi|kln pnr |rkbkhdn} g}pnrëlamn}( {wg njki|aidkj kfnrk( k ghg( ï jwhdgr g kn} cahdn})

;1



Argig( kailk bgj mrakiæk( grk k {wgj n pka |rkuak gj }gw} enghdn}( ai|grrnjpgiln{wka}{wgr mnisgr}k}( pkrk jn}|rkr*hdg ik pkrglg n} bamdaidn} cga|n} mnj k }njbrk lg}wk jín)

Lk} arjí} lg Jkr|k cna Argig( {wkiln mrg}mgw( k {wg( prajgarn afinrnw k }gsgralklgln pka g k ailacgrgiæk lk jíg) \aidk mnj ghg} k g}pni|kigalklg {wg }g g}pgrk lg wjkcahdk( iín n} |gjak k igidwj ln} lna}( igj kn} arjín}) Argig( g}pgrksk*}g( lg |nln}k{wghg} cahdn}( }grak k jka} cghau)

Lg Kra( Jkr|k }g hgjbrksk }gjprg mnjn wj jgiain mwek pgrcgaæín k k}}w}|ksk) Lg|nln}( ghg g Fahbgr|n( dksakj }aln n} õiamn} k |grgj kjafn} cnrk lg mk}k) Jk}(gi{wki|n Fahbgr|n iwimk cna( gj mrakiæk( g}|wlan}n g( gj klwh|n( lkln kn |rkbkhdn( Krackuak |wln ai|gi}kjgi|g) G jka} lg {wg a}}n( |wln mnj nbeg|asn} jwa|n lgcaialn}(jglak rg}wh|kln} g g}|g} }gjprg hdg sagrkj)

Lwrki|g k ewsgi|wlg lghg}( dksak gj mk}k wjk lg}nrlgj pkmêcamk) N pka g k jíg(mklk wj mwalkiln lg }gw} ai|grg}}g}0 n} cahdn}( mklk wj k }gw jnln mwjprailn }gw}lgsgrg} lg g}|wlki|g}( khfwj pnr ai|grg}}g prýpran( nw|rn}( pghn jgln }ahgiman}n}gi|aln gj rghkæín kn pka( jg}jn {wkiln g}|g g}|asg}}g gj }ahgiman nw k|á mni|gi|g( n{wg grk rkrn)

K alklg sgan mdgfkiln lg jki}aidn pkrk |nln}( |nrikiln gj rkpkug} g jnæk}( n}cahdn} lg Lgnhailk) \nln} n pgrmgbgrkj( jgin} ghk( }gjprg prg}k( kfnrk( iín }ý kn|rkbkhdn( jk} k khfwjk} lasgr}÷g}( ik jkanrak lk} sgug}( }gj k prg}giæk nw k nbegæínln jkraln)

N dnjgj lk mk}k á {wg k} jka} lk} sgug} mnisgr}ksk mnj n} cahdn}( lg}mrgsgiln*}gmnjn pg}}nk lg |nln} n} bni} kleg|asn}( }gj g}mnilgr k mkpkmalklg lg |nrië*hn} |ín

pgrcga|n} {wki|n ghg jg}jn( n pka( kailk {wg pkrk a}}n lgsg}}g w}kr jín lg cgrrn)

Ln} cahdn} dnjgi}( Fahbgr|n cna n prajgarn k prnmwrkr k rwk( sgr k} jnmaidk} lg }wkalklg) Iaifwáj |aidk mgr|guk }g grk pkrk sgr pg}}nk} nw }g( }ajphg}jgi|g( pkrk cwfar lk prg}giæk ln pka {wg( kn så*hn( |aidk pkhksrk} mdgak} lg rkimnr pkrk mnj k{wghg

cahdn( {wg }gj frkilg} lgcga|n}( iín grk gtk|kjgi|g k{wghg {wg k skalklg pk|grikg}pgrksk {wg cn}}g)

Cna lg}lg g}}g |gjpn( n pka }g kprntajkiln lg Dafêiak( Fahbgr|n pk}}nw k sgr ig}}karjí( k prn|gfalk( n nb}|ëmwhn {wg n la}|kimaksk kailk jka} lk{wghg pka {wg }gjprg nk|nrjgi|nw)

K lacgrgiæk cna }g ckugiln |ín frkilg {wg ghg} wj ln nw|rn }g kck}|krkj

2?



lgcaia|askjgi|g( g n rkpku cna( kn} pnwmn}( }g |rki}cnrjkiln iwj g}|rkidn lgi|rn lkmk}k lg }gw} pka}) Ik sgrlklg( Jkr|k }g hgjbrksk( g}}g kck}|kjgi|n lg Fahbgr|nkwjgi|nw {wkiln( lg }gw mk}kjgi|n( }g lg}mnbraw {wg k jwhdgr g}mnhdalk pkrgmakjwa|n lacgrgi|g lg |nlk} k} lk ckjêhak g( pnr g}}k lacgrgiæk( k jki|asgrkj ï la}|kimak(|nln} wj |ki|n kjglrni|kln})

Dafêiak }gfwaw n mkjaidn {wg }g |aidk mnjn mgr|n) Cna brahdki|g ik g}mnhk g cnahkjgi|ësgh {wg n }gw mk}kjgi|n iín cn}}g |ín lwrklnwrn {wki|n n {wgrakj |nln})

Gj pnwmn |gjpn Dafêiak }g |nrinw saõsk lg wj dnjgj {wg ghk larak }gjprg ‘n jka}ai|ghafgi|g lg}|g pkê}‚) G Jkr|k mdgfksk k pgi}kr {wg( }g k jnr|g ln jkraln lk arjídksak mkw}kln |ki|n }ncrajgi|n( pnr nw|rn hkln }g mnjpgi}nw5 iín dnwsg |gjpn pkrk{wg ghg |rnwtg}}g ï }wk ensgj g}pn}k {wkh{wgr lgmgpæín) _nr nw|rn hkln( lg}lg k }wkjnr|g( Dafêiak iwimk jka} pgi}nw gj nw|rn dnjgj g gj |nln n |gjpn lg }wk salk

iín cgu jka} ln {wg |rkbkhdkr g nhdkr n rg|rk|n ln dnjgj {wg dksak jnrraln)

K jnr|g ln jkraln cgu mnj {wg Dafêiak }g kck}|k}}g lg |wln {wg iín cn}}g hasrn} gmhagi|g}) G pnr a}}n cna frkilg k }wrprg}k {wkiln g}|k cahdk( }ahgiman}k g ailacgrgi|g({wa} snh|kr k sasgr ik mk}k lk jíg( mklk sgu jka} kck}|klk {wg g}|k grk lg |nln}( g|nln} lghk }g kck}|kiln)

G}|k jíg la}|ki|g( lgpna} lg mk}kln} khfwi} cahdn}( pk}}nw k }gr }nhêma|k) \khsgu pnr{wg eë iín hdg ai|grg}}k}}g |ki|n k mni|kbahalklg( nw pnr{wg pgrmgbg}}g {wg njkraln( }g iín grk gtk|kjgi|g wj sghdn( mnjgæksk k camkr lngi|g)

G cna pnr a}}n( pgi}krkj |nln}( {wkiln igj Lgnhailk igj Ëhskrn mnjpkrgmgrkj kn}gpwh|kjgi|n lk jíg lg}|k( iaifwáj pgi}nw cn}}g a}}n gj rkuín lg khfwj prnbhgjkgi|rg ghg}) _gi}ksk*}g {wg n jkraln g}|ksk lngi|g( g k jwhdgr( pnr lglamkæín( iín nlgatkrak pkrk sgr k jíg jnr|k)

Iwimk }g |gsg mgr|guk }g a}}n iín cna wj prnpý}a|n lghk( {wg }gjprg lg}mnbrak wjkrkuín pkrk laugr( praimapkhjgi|g ï} cahdk}( {wg n jkraln grk n jka} nlan}n lg |nln} n}dnjgi} g }gj rkuín khfwjk dksak prnabaln ï jwhdgr lg sakekr pkrk k}}a}|ar n

}gpwh|kjgi|n lk prýprak jíg)

G}}k lõsalk lwrnw |ki|n} kin}( {wg lwrki|g n }gpwh|kjgi|n lg Ëhskrn( Lgnhailk njgimaninw( mnjn }g cn}}g ghk k jwhdgr {wg klnrksk n jkraln jnr|n)‘K} pg}}nk} iwimk ajkfaikrkj {wki|n ghg }ncrgw( {wkiln lk jnr|g lk jkjíg(g}|kiln n Kra jwa|n frapkln( ghg g gw ewhfkjn} ajprwlgi|g {wg gw jg kck}|k}}g lgjgw cahdn lngi|g( }ý pkrk sgr k jaidk jíg( {wg eë g}|ksk jnr|k)‚

2;



]nbrg g}|g gpa}ýlan k sgrlklg iwimk cna la|k) K salk ckjahakr }gfwak n }gw mkjaidn) N|gjpn ï crgi|g)

Fahbgr|n ak ï ckmwhlklg( ik }wk salk iklk ckhksk( rgmw}ksk n mkrrn ln pka( pk}}ksk nlak( g jwa|k} sgug} k ina|g( ik g}mnhk) Gj mk}k( k hwu kmg}k lg }gw {wkr|n lgiwimaksk {wg ghg kailk g}|wlksk) ]g gj }wksalk( khfwjk jgiaik nw jnæk kpkrgmgw( gj mk}k iaifwáj( igj jg}jn Jkr|k( iwimkcamnw }kbgiln( k iín }gr {wkiln ghg cnrjkhjgi|g kiwimanw }gw mk}kjgi|n mnj kg}|rkidk)Dafêiak( }gjprg jka} prýtajk ln pka( |ín prýtajk cna camkiln {wg( mnj n g}|êjwhnlg}}g õiamn kcg|n( ghk cgu lghg wj lgw}( g lghg }g |nrinw k ajkfgj g }gjghdkiæk)

N {wg lghg( ighk iín cna gtk|kjgi|g afwkh( cna {wg ghg grk wj dnjgj( g ghk jwhdgr(

jk} n} kleg|asn} k wj g nw|rn mkbêsga}( cnrkj }gjprg n} jg}jn}) K}}aj pgi}kskj|nln}( jg}jn Lgnhailk( {wg kn} lg}kfrkln} lg Dafêiak( }gjprg lauak5 ‘Á afwkh kn pka)‚)

Lg _glrn( k} ksgi|wrk} mnj mkrrn}( k}k} Lgh|k g k}}gjghdkln}( mdgfkskj mnjnin|êmak kn} nw|rn} arjín} g( pkrk mklk wj lghg} |wln a}}n grk }gfrgln) Gj mk}k(iaifwáj mni|krak k {wgj {wgr {wg cn}}g {wg _glrn( n arjín jka} fgi|ah g jka}kjkln( kilksk k ckugr lg }wk salk n {wg iín cn}}g n lg}gen lk{wghg} pka g jíg |ín|gjaln})

Jkr|k( k jgiaik mnjwj( }g |nriksk jnæk g mni|aiwksk {wk}g afwkh kn {wg }gjprgdksak }aln( mnjn wjk }njbrk }gj {wkh{wgr lg}|k{wg( }gj cnr|g} gjnæ÷g}( igw|rkmnjn lgsgj }gr k} |g}|gjwidk}( n} nhdn} g n} nwsaln} k|gi|n}( }gjprg prni|n}( |wlngj }ahåiman)

Argig( hnifg lg |wln( cna |rki{øahk gj }wk aicâimak( iklk sgiln( iklk nwsailn( n }gwjwiln iín g}|ksk gj mk}k( n }gw jwiln grk ghk jg}jk( n rn}|n bnia|n rgchg|aln ing}pghdn( k iín }gr {wkiln khfwjk nbrafkæín ajpgran}k k prnabak lg }g sgr)

K salk lg Argig( lk} arjí} lg Jkr|k( cna k {wg k |nln} pkrgmgw jghdnr( jg}jn {wg(gj ckjêhak( ï} sgug} }g mnjgi|k}}g cn}}gj ghk g n jkraln lna} arrg}pni}ësga}) A}}n pnr{wg wj g nw|rn iín }g prgnmwpk}}gj mnj n cw|wrn( g |nln} n} lak} g}|asg}}gjla}pn}|n} ï cghamalklg( }gj iwimk pgi}kr n {wg hdg} kmni|gmgrak in kjkidí) Lgrkj}nr|g( pgi}ksk Jkr|k( n kjkidí iwimk hdg} |rnwtg {wkh{wgr prnbhgjk( k|á jg}jn }gw}cahdn} pkrgmakj }gjprg jwa|n cghaug} g }kwlësga})

\kjbáj n} arjín} grkj kfnrk mk}kln}( g kailk {wg k Jkr|k( khfwjk lg }wk}

22



mwidklk} iín hdg cn}}g }ajpë|amk( igj ghk pnlgrak lgatkr lg rgmnidgmgr {wg( pkrkmnj Lgnhailk( k jíg lg }gw} jkraln}( |nlk} grkj fgi|a}( k|giman}k}( k|á jg}jnlglamklk})

Jkr|k( }nh|gark( dksak }kêln lg mk}k( jk} Dafêiak snh|nw) G a}}n( {wka}{wgr {wg cn}}gjk} rku÷g} lg}}k snh|k( iín lgatksk lg }gr wjk frkilg dnjgikfgj ï jíg( pna} Dafêiak|aidk pgrcga|k} mnilaæ÷g} lg jnrkr }ý g bgj) Kailk jka}( k snh|k lg Dafêiak }g lgw

pnwmn lgpna} lk }kêlk lg Jkr|k g jwa|n lgpna} lk jnr|g ln pka) Iín }g pnlak afinrkr {wg Dafêiak snh|nw pkrk mk}k gtmhw}askjgi|g pkrk ckugr mnjpkidak ï jíg)

Rgsa}|k k da}|nrak( Jkr|k g}|ksk mgr|k lg {wg Lgnhailk }g lgprajak pnr gtafar jwa|n lksalk) Ik sgrlklg( snh|ksk k mnimhwar Jkr|k( n} prnbhgjk} {wg k jíg sasgw grkj lg

pnwmk ajpnr|âimak) K jíg dksak g}pgrkln lk salk jka} ln {wg jgrgmak) _nr |gr pgi}kln a}}n( Jkr|k }g mwhpksk lg }wk ajpaglklg)

Mni|aiwkiln }gw rkmanmêian( k cahdk pgi}ksk5 k jíg g n pka sasgrkj jwa|n} kin} lgmk}kjgi|n( g k sawsgu pnlgrak }gr wj prnbhgjk( jk} iín dksgrak lg }gr |ín frkilg( eë{wg n mk}kjgi|n iín dksak }aln bnj)

_ghn jgin} k}}aj pgi}ksk k cahdk( {wg( gi{wki|n sasgw ik{wghk mk}k( lk jíg iínnwsaw jka} ln {wg hkjgi|kæ÷g}( pnsnklk} lg kjkrfwrk( pnr|ki|n k jnr|g ln pka iín}grak pkrk jíg wjk |rkfálak)Lwrki|g k lngiæk ln pka( k jíg dksak }aln jwa|n lglamklk( g n} cahdn} iín jgin})]grak k|á pn}}êsgh laugr {wg n pka dksak jnrraln mnjn n rga {wg }gjprg cnrk)

Mnj k jnr|g ln jkraln( Lgnhailk lgatnw lg sgu n }gw |rkbkhdn) G k sawsgu lgDafêiak( mwen mk}kjgi|n iín |rnwtg cahdn}( cgu mnj {wg g}|k cahdk rg|nrik}}g ï mk}k lkjíg( ck|n iín bgj mnjprggilaln pghn} nw|rn} cahdn}( jk} {wg iín lgatnw lg }gr wjmnicnr|n pkrk k{wghk jíg( kailk ensgj g |ín la}pn}|k k sakfgi} g nw|rn} prkugrg}mnjwi} lk salk)

Jk}( iín }ý pghk} sakfgi}( k snh|k lg Dafêiak pkrk k mk}k jk|grik lgsak( }wpwidkJkr|k( |gr rgprg}gi|kln wj fg}|n lg kcg|n pkrk k jíg) Dafêiak grk wjk prnca}}anikh

mnjpg|gi|g( pnr }a jg}jk lgsak |gr fkidkln jwa|n laidgarn lwrki|g n mk}kjgi|n( a}|ng jka} kailk n {wg hdg sgan mnjn müiewfg g jggark) _nr|ki|n( }wk snh|k kn hkr jk|grindksak }aln wj k|n lg habgrlklg) \wln ailamksk( snh|nw pkrk k mk}k lk jíg kpgik} pnr kcg|n g }nhalkraglklg)

Mni{wki|n Jkr|k iín dnwsg}}g la|n k iaifwáj k} rku÷g} pnr{wg rg}nhsgw lgatkr kmk}k lk jíg( kn |gjpn ckhnw }aimgrkjgi|g lg wj ln} }gw} jn|asn}) Jkr|k( {wkiln}kaw lg mk}k( |aidk k alklg {wg k kw|nrauksk pgi}kr {wg ekjka} }g mk}krak g ghk jg}jk

2=



dksak la|n5 ‘Iín sgen rku÷g} pkrk {wg n ck|n lg gw iín |gr wj jkraln( jg nbrafwg|kjbáj k iín |gr wjk mk}k)‚)

K jíg dksak la|n ik{wghg lnjaifn {wg dksak }aln gtpwh}k lk mk}k lk cahdk jka} insk)A}}n Jkr|k }kbak( ckuak pkr|g ln jwiln lngi|an gj {wg k jíg }g gimni|rksk gi|ín) N {wg }g pk}}nw cna n }gfwai|g5 Lgnhailk g}|ksk gj sa}a|k ï mk}k lg Argig( g}|kjnrkiln gj malklg {wg k jíg pnwmn mnidgmak)

Argig pgrmgbgw {wg k jíg iín ak bgj lg }kõlg g Lgnhailk }g rgmw}nw k mni}wh|kr {wka}{wgr jálamn} iín mnidgmaln} lghk) Argig gi|gilgw( gi|ín( {wg k jíg lgsak snh|kr

pkrk k prýprak mk}k g mni}wh|kr }gw jálamn) Lgpna}( }g n {wa}g}}g( k sa}a|k}}g gj nw|rn|gjpn( {wkiln }wk }kõlg g}|asg}}g jghdnr)

Ik rgkhalklg( k cahdk iín k gtpwh}nw lg mk}k) Lgnhailk la}}g a}}n pnr{wg iínmnjprggilgw n fg}|n lk cahdk( {wg lg}geksk cn}}g k jíg mwalklk pnr }gw} gtmghgi|g} gmnidgmaln} jálamn})

Jkr|k iín gimni|rnw rku÷g} pkrk k lgprg}}ín lk jíg( pghn mni|rëran( k cahdk pgi}kskig}|g jnjgi|n5 ‘K jíg dksak k|á |aln jka} lg {wg gcg|askjgi|g jgrgmak)‚)

K ailacgrgiæk mnj {wg }gjprg dksak |rk|kln k |nln} iín hdg lgsgrak |gr fgrklngtpgm|k|ask lg jka} kcg|n nw mnicnr|n( ln {wg hdg lkskj |nln} n} cahdn} g( iín }ý ghg}(|kjbáj k} inrk} g fgirn}( g}|g} |khsgu pnr {wg mdgfkrkj gj jgan kn mkjaidn lkda}|ýrak)

Lg |nlk cnrjk( Lgnhailk grk k jíg lg Jkr|k( g {wkiln Fahbgr|n |ghgcninw ï arjí(laugiln {wg kháj ln} mwalkln} jálamn} {wg }grakj prnpnrmanikln} k jíg( ghg g n}nw|rn} arjín}( mnj {wgj dksak ckhkln( dksakj }g hgjbrkln lg {wg k jíg }g }gi|arakjwa|n cghau }g( in }gw kiasgr}ëran( n} cahdn} hdg ncgrgmg}}gj wjk frkilg cg}|k)

G Jkr|k }g pü} lg kmnrln mnj n arjín) Kfrklnw*hdg jwa|n }kbgr {wg iín }ý n}arjín}( mnjn inrk} g fgirn}( camkrkj cghaug} mnj k aláak lg dnjgikfgkr k{wghk jíg(

}gjprg |ín la}|ki|g lg |nln})

N {wg }g saw( ik rgkhalklg( cna wj g}|rniln}n jw|arín ckjahakr ik nrfkiaukæín lk{wghkcg}|k) G Jkr|k k|á pgi}nw {wg |kjkidn jnsajgi|n |grak jka} ew}|acamk|ask} ln {wgk{wghg kiasgr}ëran( {wkiln k jíg( kn {wg }g }kbak( igj dksak }aln |ín jíg k}}aj)

Hnfn k} jwhdgrg} lk ckjêhak( }gjprg prgnmwpklk} mnj jaiõmak}( }g lgcrni|krkj mnj prnbhgjk}) N prajgarn lghg} g}|ksk gj }g lg}mnbrar }g n |an Ekmý g k |ak Alkhaik( {wg

2<



}gjprg |asgrkj( {wki|n ï jíg( rg}|raæ÷g} jwa|n }árak}( lgsgrakj g}|kr gi|rg n} kjafn}g ckjahakrg} {wg }grakj mnisalkln})

N nw|rn prnbhgjk afwkhjgi|g }áran pkrk k} jwhdgrg}( }grak n mkrë|gr lg }wrprg}k {wg}g {wgrak cn}}g k{wghk cg}|k pkrk k kiasgr}kraki|g) A}|n }g rg}nhsgw lg jnln iín jwa|nmnisgiagi|g( gi|gilgrkj |nlk}( jwhdgr khfwjk fn}|krak lg }gr }wrprggilalk pnr wjkcg}|k( kailk {wg iín gj dnjgikfgj k ghk) \nlk} g}pgrkj n larga|n lg g}mnhdgr( mnjki|gmglåimak( k rnwpk {wg lgsgj sg}|ar( k pg}}nk {wg hdg pgi|gkrë n mkbghn g k|á k mnr ln g}jkh|g {wg arë w}kr ik npnr|wialklg)

A}|n lgjkilk jwa|n |gjpn( praimapkhjgi|g pkrk k jíg( }gjprg jwa|n ughn}k lg }wkkpkråimak( jg}jn {wg cahdn} hdg caug}}gj wjk frkilg cg}|k( iín }grak mkpku lg

pgrlnkr*hdg} }g iín hdg lg}}gj |gjpn lg( gj khfwj hwfkr k {wg ghk cn}}g nbrafklk kmnjpkrgmgr( }gr k jka} ghgfki|g lk} jwhdgrg} {wg hë g}|asg}}gj)

Igj |wln pnlgrak( pna}( }gr }wrprg}k g |gjpn cna lkln k Lgnhailk)

N mnisa|g kn} |an} Ekmý g Alkhaik cna wj k}}wi|n {wg Dafêiak lgmalaw5

‘N mnisa|g }grë cga|n( }gj {wg jkjíg n }kabk g( |gidn mgr|guk( }g k jëfnk gi|rg ghg} gghk cnr k}}aj |ín frkilg( aisgi|krín( ik|wrkhjgi|g( wjk lg}mwhpk }ëbak( g iínmnjpkrgmgrín ï cg}|k0 }g cnr khfwjk rkuín jginr( |grgjn} k prg}giæk lghg} g k jíg }g}gi|arë cghau)‚

K wjk khgfrak( |khsgu }gj jwa|k rkuín( |njnw mni|k lg |nln} n} cahdn}( inrk} gfgirn}( lg}mnbrailn*}g kjafn} |ín ki|afn} {wg k}}a}|arkj n} mkjaidn} {wg k salkdksak hgskln ï jíg( }wrprg}k} aimni|ësga} |asgrkj ghg} k mklk gimni|rn mnj pg}}nk}{wg k|á lg}mnidgmakj( kjafn} lk jíg( lg kfnrk g ln |gjpn gj {wg ghk( dneg ksý( jkhdksak pgi}kln gj }gr jíg)

G cahdn}( eë lg salk} prni|k}( hnmkrkj ik malklg wj mhwbg jka} ghgfki|g g( jg}jn {wgigidwj lghg} g igj jg}jn k jíg cn}}gj lkln} k crg{øgi|kr k afrgek( wj mwh|n cna

prnsalgimakln)

K}}aj lgsak }gr cga|n( iaifwáj pnlgrak ajkfaikr {wg }g mnjgjnrk}}gj na|gi|k kin}}gj {wg in} cg}|gen} wj Lgw} cn}}g hgjbrkln)

Wj mn}|wrgarn cna mni|rk|kln( |wln |ín g}pgmakh( cahdn} mni|gi|g} mnj k{wghk jígcghau( mnjn iín }g ajkfaiksk igj jg}jn khfwáj {wg g}|asg}}g mnjphg|kiln {waiugkin})

27



Ik{wghg lak( |nln n pk}}kln kmkbnw g n cw|wrn( }g lghg khfwáj dnwsg}}g }g hgjbrkln(mgr|kjgi|g }grak jkrksahdn}n)

Ik g}mnhdk ln {wg Lgnhailk sg}|arak in lak ln kiasgr}ëran( k jwhdgr lg Fahbgr|ngi|gilgw lgsgr kmnjpkidkr k }nfrk g |nln} mnj a}}n mnimnrlkrkj( eë {wg }gjprg }gmni}algrnw {wg k jíg grk rgmnidgmalkjgi|g lg jkw fn}|n in sg}|ar)

G Jkr|k }g hgjbrnw lg {wg k jíg mgr|k sgu hdg dksak la|n( mnj |ra}|guk( {wg in} prajgarn} |gjpn} lg }gw mk}kjgi|n( {wkiln kailk grk n jkraln {wgj hdg lkskrnwpk}( ghg iwimk pgrja|aw {wg ghk k} mnjprk}}g k }ý})

Ki|üiak( k arjí lg }gw jkraln( lgsgrak g}|kr prg}gi|g( mnj n {wg( prg|gilak n pka( kjíg iín }g sg}|a}}g |ín jkh {wki|n gj }nh|gark) G Lgnhailk mnjgi|nw mnj k cahdk5‘]gw pka }gjprg |gsg pg{wgik} ckh|k} lg |k|n( {wkiln jg {wgrak ghgfki|g( jkilksk

mdkjkr }wk |ak pkrk mnjprkr k} rnwpk} {wg gw lgsak sg}|ar) G}|ksk ghg jg laugiln {wggw grk lg jkw fn}|n( nw panr kailk( jn}|rkiln*jg {wg( gj sgrlklg( gw mni|aiwkskmnj jnln} lg pg}}nk lg mhk}}g }nmakh aicgranr ï lghg)‚)

La}}n Jkr|k }g hgjbrnw( jk} igj k}}aj |gi|nw ajpglar {wg( lg insn( jn}|rk}}gj ïjíg }wk ckh|k lg fn}|n lg jwhdgr jgin} kcga|k ï} inrjk} g}|kbghgmalk} pghk ghgfâimak)Lwrki|g |nlk k salk Lgnhailk }g mnbraw lg gtkfgrn}( gj mnrg} g brahdn} sg}|aln} mnjn}g cn}}g lg }wk} cahdk}( k jka} insk( ralêmwhn {wg |nln} prnmwrkskj gsa|kr( pghn jgin}ik{wghk cg}|k lg kiasgr}ëran)

Jkr|k iín pgi}nw gj nw|rk }nhwæín( n prnbhgjk grk |kjbáj lghk g lg }wk} arjí}(|nlk} lg}gen}k} lg {wg jíg }g kprg}gi|k}}g in jghdnr ln} g}|ahn} }nmakhjgi|g kmga|n}(kailk {wg g}|g iín cn}}g n {wg jka} hdg kfrklk}}g) Kfnrk {wg iín |aidkj n pka( kdnjgikfgj ï jíg jn}|rkrak n }wmg}}n ln} cahdn})

G k jíg mnjpkrgmgw k |nlk} k} cg}|k} prnfrkjklk} mnj k} rnwpk} ghgfki|g} {wg kjwhdgr lg Fahbgr|n dksak g}mnhdaln) G g}}k jíg( k}}aj sg}|alk( }g jn}|rnw cghau mnjnklnhg}mgi|g( lkiænw mnj n} cahdn}( lg}kega|klkjgi|g mnjn hdg grk pn}}êsgh lkiækr( gcna fgi|ah mnj n} mnisalkln}( ckhnw mnj |nln} ghg}( pnwmn |gjpn }nbrkiln pkrk

k{wghg} {wg hdg grkj jka} êi|ajn})

G gi|ín cnrkj g}|g}( n} jka} êi|ajn}( mnisalkln} pkrk wj khjnæn gj ckjêhak in lak}gfwai|g)

Kn ckugr mnisa|g( A}kbgh gi|gilgw {wg k |ak Alkhaik g n |an Ekmý( n} lna} |ín kjësga}lwrki|g k cg}|k( in lak ki|granr( }g aimhwêkj gi|rg k{wghg} {wg lgsgrakj }gr rgmgbaln}gj mk}k)

23



Jkr|k gi|gilak {wg( n} |an} iín lgsgrakj jgrgmgr g}|g }gfwiln mnisa|g( pna}( iksgrlklg( jg}jn {wkiln lk lngiæk ln pka( pnwmn sagrkj så*hn g k jíg }gjprg }grgcgraw ï |ak Alkhaik mnjn k wjk cafwrk nlan}k)

Jk}( k cahdk |kjbáj iín ckhnw( g k |krlg cna lg khgfrak( |nln} n} arjín} ewi|n} }ghgjbrkrkj lk aicâimak( {wg ghg} jg}jn} pgi}kskj eë dksak }g pgrlaln in |gjpn)Lgnhailk g}|ksk ewi|n lghg} mnjn lgsgrak |gr g}|kln dë jwa|n |gjpn( {wkiln k{wghk}aicâimak} iín grkj hgjbrkiæk}( grkj prg}gi|g)

G iín lgjnrnw jwa|n( |nln}( mnjn mnisaidk( bgaekrkj n rn}|n lk jíg( lg}gekiln*hdgcghau kiasgr}ëran g snh|krkj ï} }wk} mk}k}) In lak }gfwai|g |grakj |nln}( gj mk}k lkjíg( wj khjnæn pkrk n} êi|ajn})

]grakj rgkhjgi|g êi|ajn}> _gi}nw Jkr|k) Ghk }kbak k rg}pn}|k)

In lak }gfwai|g( lg |nln} n} cahdn}( cna Jkr|k {wgj prajgarn mdgfnw ï mk}k lk jíg)]gi|ak*}g |kjbáj kica|raí( mnj khfwjk} nbrafkæ÷g} pkrk mnj Dafêiak g pkrk mnj kjíg) Ik{wghg} lak} iín ckh|krakj }grsaæka} ik mk}k( eë {wg k cg}|k dksak }aln

pk|rnmaiklk pnr |nln} n} arjín}( jg}jn k{wghg} {wg jgin} pnlgrakj pgi}kr gjcg}|k} mnj |ki|k pnjpk)

_nwmn k pnwmn( n} mdkjkln} êi|ajn} cnrkj mdgfkiln ï mk}k) G Jkr|k saw {wg ghg}iín pk}}kskj lg }gw} arjín}( }wk} jwhdgrg} nw jkraln}) ]nbraidn} iín sagrkj( g

pkrk a}}n k} lg}mwhpk} cnrkj skraklk}( jk} gj |nlk} ghk} }g pnlak sgr k rkuín pnr {wgigidwj lghg} g}|ksk kha) Grkj khfwi} {wk}g rkpkug} g jnæk}( pnwmn} kailk mrakiæk}( gwjk cg}|k pkrk mnjgjnrkr na|gi|k kin} dksak hdg} bk}|kln( nw|rk iín }grakj mkpkug}lg }wpnr|kr) Lg}kfrklksk*hdg} k prg}giæk lg |ki|n} dnjgi} g jwhdgrg}( |ín sghdn}{wg k ghg} pkrgmak {wg |nln} dksakj kpgik} rg}}w}ma|kln)

\ak Ki|üiak g \an Ekmý |kjbáj sagrkj) K jwhdgr ln |an Ekmý }g igfnw k mnjpkrgmgr)K |nln} n |an la}}g( mnjn }g n caug}}g rg}grsklkjgi|g5 ‘Ghk iín |gj rnwpk} klg{wklk}

pkrk wjk cg}|k k}}aj)‚ \nln} |aidkj mgr|guk lg {wg a}}n iín grk sgrlklg g ew}|kjgi|g pnr a}}n prnmglgrkj mnj }g kmrgla|k}}gj) \nln} }kbakj {wg k jwhdgr ln |an iwimk }glgw bgj ik mk}k ln mwidkln( ewhfksk k ckjêhak ai|gark mnj krg} lg insn} ramn})

K }wrprg}k sgan lk} pkhksrk} lk |ak Ki|üiak( kn kbrkækr Lgnhailk5 ‘]gjprg |asgsni|klg lg sar ï }wk mk}k( jk}( gi{wki|n jgw arjín cna sasn( ewhfwga {wg iín lgsak(

pkrk jaj a}|n cna wjk {wg}|ín lg dnirk( la}|n jg krrgpgiln kfnrk( pgrla jgw arjínki|g} lk dnrk) Lgsak |å*hn kprnsga|kln jka})‚

26



Lgnhailk mni|gjpnraunw5 ‘Gj ckjêhak g}}k} mna}k} mn}|wjkj kmni|gmgr)‚)

Ki|üiak pkrgmak {wgrgr {wg n} }nbraidn} }nwbg}}gj n {wg kailk iín dksakj }kbaln gla}}g5 ‘Cna wjk |nhamg lg jaidk pkr|g( ik{wghg |gjpn ajkfaiga {wg prgma}krak lnlaidgarn {wg pgrla( pghn prgewêun {wg ghg jg lgw)‚)

Lgnhailk camnw mni}|rkifalk g n} cahdn} iklk gi|gilgrkj ln {wg }g ckhksk( jk} iínlgatkrkj lg pgrmgbgr {wg n k}}wi|n iín pnlak mni|aiwkr)

Gi|ín Dafêiak( }gjprg la}|ki|g( jk} k|gi|k( prnmwrnw }g hgjbrkr lg |nln} n} }w}|n}{wg _glrn pk}}nw lwrki|g k aicâimak( |gi|kiln g}mnilgr ln} pka} k} lakbrwrk} {wg ghgckuak g {wg }g lg}mnbgr|k} lkrakj mk}|afn k ghg g k |nln} n} cahdn} {wg la}}ndnwsg}}gj }kbaln g iín ckhkln)

_grmgbgrkj |nln}( jgin} Argig( {wg iklk pgrmgbak( k frksalklg ln k}}wi|n ai}aiwkln pghk |ak Ki|üiak)

G( cna pnr a}}n {wg( {wkiln Fahbgr|n ckhnw {wg k jíg |aidk |nlk} k} rku÷g} pkrk }g}gi|ar cghau( kcaikh iín grk |ín mnjwj wjk ckjêhak lg |ki|n} cahdn}( |nln} ghg} injg}dnirkln}( Jkr|k {wgrgiln cgrar k jíg( jka} ln {wg k|aifar kn pka( k|khdnw5

‘]njn} wjk ckjêhak afwkh k {wkh{wgr nw|rk( snmå iín nwsaw k ckhk lk |ak Ki|üiak>_ghn sa}|n( n pka iín grk wj dnjgj lg bgj g( jg}jn snmå( {wkiln ensgj( iín grk|ín mnrrg|n( {wg ew}|acamk}}g }wk nb}grskæín)‚

Fahbgr|n }g arra|nw g ik lgcg}k lg }a jg}jn g ln pka( lg {wgj( {wkiln sasn( igj |ki|n pkrgmak fn}|kr( mni|aiwnw pkrk lg}jgi|ar k arjí5

‘_nr cksnr( |ak Ki|üiak( kpni|g*jg {wkh{wgr prgewêun {wg jgw pka hdg |gidk lkln( ggw( gw jg}jn( }gj kewlk lg {wkh{wgr ln} arjín}( g}|nw la}pn}|n k rg}}krma*hk( }gek ln{wg cnr lg}lg {wg n k}}wi|n jnrrk kfnrk g iwimk jka} }gek ckhkln)‚

K |ak }g }gi|aw mnjn }g Fahbgr|n iín dnwsg}}g kmrgla|kln ighk g wj |ki|n lg}kpni|klkla}}g {wg |nln} n} jýsga} {wg gira{wgmakj k mk}k( lgsgrakj |gr }aln lasalaln gi|rg}gw pka( Ekmý g ghk( g in gi|ki|n ghg camkrk mnj |nln})

Camkrkj |nln} n} nw|rn} gj }ahåiman g Fahbgr|n la}}g gj |nj lg lg}prgun5

‘Igj |nln} |ak Ki|üiak( {wk}g |wln k{wa cna mnjprkln iwj |gjpn lg {wg gw pn}}njg hgjbrkr( pnr|ki|n iín in} sgan lg {wkh{wgr ki|gpk}}kln g iwimk hdg pgr|gimgw( }g

24



khfwjk jafkhdk {wg g}|gek ig}|k mk}k pwlgr }gr }wk( ghk iín }grë }wcamagi|g pkrk {wgiín k mni}algrgjn} jg}{waidk pnr |gr ckhkln ig}|g k}}wi|n)‚

[wkiln a}}n kmni|gmgw( |an Ekmý( mnj k fgi|ahguk {wg hdg grk prýprak( mni}gfwaw( lgwj jnln glwmkln( mnisalkr k arjí pkrk {wg lgatk}}gj }nuaidk Lgnhailk g n} }gw})Fahbgr|n( n cahdn lg {wgj }gjprg pgi}krkj |nln} {wg n pka jgin} fn}|ksk( pglaw mnjdwjahlklg ï jíg5

‘Ckhg*in} lg in}}n pka( ckhg*in} lg snmå( bnj nw rwaj( á bnj {wg }kabkjn}( }njn}}gw} cahdn})‚

G k jíg ckhnw5

‘Ki|üiak jgi|g( mnjn jgi|arkj |nln} {wg khfwjk sgu |gidkj ckhkln ln mkrë|gr g

lafialklg lg }gw pka) Lghg jg {wgatga jwa|k} sgug}( Jkr|k á |g}|gjwidk la}}n( jk} n{wg lg rwaj gimni|rga gj }gw pka iín wh|rkpk}}nw n} pg{wgin} haja|g} lg jaidk}gi}abahalklg cgjaiaik) Lghg jg {wgatga pghk} ina|g} {wg ca{wga }ý( ghg in} bkrg} mnjkjafn}) \kjbáj jg cgrarkj }wk ai}gfwrkiæk gj rghkæín kn laidgarn( {wgfkidëskjn} n} lna}( g( }nbrg k }wk w|ahaukæín( {wg ghg }gjprg }g lgw n larga|n lglgmalar( g nw|rk} pg{wgik} ckhdk}( iín }ga }g jaidk} nw lghg( {wg caugrkj |nln n cran{wg k|rksg}}nw ai|gark in}}k salk lg mk}kln})‚

K jíg camnw gj }ahåiman( mnjn }g ik aimgr|guk }nbrg }g lgsgrak nw iín mni|aiwkr n}gw la}mwr}n( jk} iín gimni|rkiln gj {wkh{wgr ln} cahdn}( nhdkr lg mgi}wrk nwkljarkæín( mni|aiwnw( g gi{wki|n ckhksk |nln} nwsakj( igidwj lghg} jwa|nai|grg}}kln)

K salk lk{wghk jíg iín |aidk {wkh{wgr ai|grg}}g( |khsgu( igj pkrk ghg}( jk} iaifwájarak laugr( ‘Iín á snmå {wgj k iý} ajpnr|k( {wgrgjn} }njgi|g }kbgr ln pka( ghg }aj(grk }gsgrn( ï} sgug} lg}wjkin( jk} nw|rk} sgug} in} lksk wj jwiln lg mkraidn gkcg|n) Iaifwáj á afwkh k }a jg}jn( n |gjpn |nln)‚)

Gi|ín k jíg mni|aiwnw5 ‘N {wg jg lg}kfrklnw in mk}kjgi|n( iín cna n pka lg snmå}(

cna n {wg }g g}pgrk }gek k salk lg jwhdgr mk}klk( rg}pni}ësgh pghn {wg ckugj g pgi}kj n} cahdn}( k|á jg}jn lgpna} {wg ghg} }ín klwh|n}( lg}kfrklkskj*jg |nlk} k}nbrafkæ÷g} {wg }g k|rabwgj }gjprg ï jwhdgr( mnjn }g n fn}|kr nw iín lg mwjpra*hk}cn}}g wjk mkrkm|grê}|amk %iín g}}gimakh kn cgjaiain( g}}g cgjaiain aisgi|kln pnr wjkmwh|wrk( {wg k rg}pga|n lghg iklk pgrfwi|nw ï} jwhdgrg}( cna |wln |ín jkrmkln pghn}dnjgi})‚)

Gj }ahgiman( n} cahdn} |asgrkj nhdn} lg kba}jklk ai|grrnfkæín g k jíg mni|aiwnw5

21



‘Iín á n mk}n( jg }ai|n jwhdgr( jk} }g iín n }gi|a}}g( iín jg }gi|arak mwhpklk pnr a}}n( n {wg |gjn} lg lgsgr iín ska kháj ln rg}pga|n kn g}pkæn ln nw|rn( ia}}n( mrgan(iín ckhdga( iín mnjg|a lg}rg}pga|n} k }gw pka( kpgik} cwa ailacgrgi|g jwa|k} sgug} ksnmå}( cahdn} {wg |asg( jwa|k} sgug}( }gj n {wgrgr)‚

G Jkr|k( }wcnmklk lg ýlan( pgrfwi|nw5 ‘G pnr{wg n} |gsg( }g mnidgmak ik }wkaimkpkmalklg lg kjë*hn}( pnr{wg n} |gsg>‚

‘Dë jka} |gjpn( {wkiln snmå} ik}mgrkj( pkrk gsa|ë*hn}( iín dksak n} rgmwr}n} lg {wgla}p÷gj k} jwhdgrg} lg dneg( g jgw mnrpn lg jwhdgr }gjprg {wa} wj dnjgj ewi|nlg jaj( jk} k|á laugr a}}n g}mkilkhauk( |wln {wg k jwhdgr lg}gek( lgsg mkbgr ikjglalk mgr|k ln {wg n} dnjgi} lg|grjaikrkj)‚

Fahbgr|n( n cahdn }gjprg kjkln( kn jg}jn |gjpn pkrk ncgilgr k{wghk jwhdgr g}|rkidk {wg }gjprg hdg dksak lkln kcg|n pgrfwi|nw5

‘]ín }gjprg n} dnjgi} nprg}}nrg} g n jwiln á }gjprg lghg}> Snmå pgi}k a}}n>‚

‘Iín( pghn mni|rëran( |nlk g}}k nprg}}ín {wg g}|kbghgmg n {wg lgsg }gr wj dnjgj g n{wg lgsg }gr wjk jwhdgr( }g aisgi|klk pghn} dnjgi}( á }gjprg |rki}ja|alk kn} cahdn}

pghk jwhdgr( lín*hdg n lgsgr lg |rki}ja|ar |ki|k} inrjk}) Kê jg ew}|acamn( ï} jaidk}cahdk} iín gi}aiga iklk la}}n g k{wghk} {wg k}}aj kprgilgrkj( iín cna jka} ln {wg

pghk cnræk lk mwh|wrk g lk banhnfak)‚

G sarkj |nln}( jwa|n k}}w}|kln}( {wkiln Jkr|k }g hgski|nw( |giln in} nhdn} n brahdnlk hnwmwrk g mnjgænw k laugr pkhksrk} iín pgi}klk}( gj igidwjk lghk} dksgiln{wkh{wgr g{wahêbran5

‘Snmå á wj jni}|rn( }gjprg |asg ýlan lg snmå( }ý dneg pwlg in|kr n {wki|n k jíg|gj lg kjkr }gw} cahdn}( ughkr pnr ghg} g pghn jkraln( g iklk |gj n larga|n lg ckugr gj

prgewêun la}}n( snmå iín cgu ik salk nw|rk mna}k( kháj lg mwalkr lg }wk prnca}}ín( {wghdg lksk khfwj laidgarn( iín |ki|n {wg pwlg}}g }grsar pkrk mnjprkr n {wg grk õ|ah)‚

G {wkiln Jkr|k mnjgænw k mdnrkr( }nhwæn} g pkhksrk}( |ín ja}|wrkln} {wg iaifwájgi|gilgw cna Dafêiak {wgj ckhnw5 ‘Jkr|k g}|ë lngi|g( lgsg }gr mki}kæn)‚)

G gi{wki|n n} arjín} hgskrkj Jkr|k pkrk n {wkr|n g k lga|krkj ik mkjk {wg ki|g}dksak }aln lghk( k jíg hdg |rnwtg ï g lgpna} hdg la}}g5

‘\gi|g lnrjar wj pnwmn) Lnrjar cku bgj)‚

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K pnr|k ln {wkr|n cna mgrrklk g snh|krkj |nln} ï }khk) \nln} gj }ahåiman)

Jwa|n lgpna}( Argig( {wg iwimk pgi}nw ik cnrjk mnjn n} ck|n} kmni|gmgj( nhdnw ik pkrglg n sghdn rghýfan {wg jkrmnw |nlk} k} dnrk} lk ckjêhak g la}}g5 ‘G}|ë pkrkln)‚)

K jíg |rki{øahkjgi|g rg}pnilgw5

‘Kjkidí _glrn pnlgrë kmgr|ë*hn) Dneg g}|kjn} jwa|n mki}kln})‚

Jnakd @ksai}`q * ;113

=;

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