A Comparison of Possible Lexical Borrowings between Amele ... fileAmele&GedagedComp 2010.doc 1 A Comparison of Possible Lexical Borrowings between Amele and Gedaged John R. Roberts

Amele&GedagedComp 2010.doc 1

A Comparison of Possible Lexical Borrowings between Amele and Gedaged

John R. Roberts

SIL International

(1992)

This paper lists the results of comparing the vocabulary of the Papuan language, Amele with that of

the neighbouring Austronesian language, Gedaged using Mager (1952). Both languages are located in

Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

Borrowed lexical forms between the Amele and Gedaged languages of Madang Province, PNG based

on a comparison with Mager (1952).

Mager, J. F. (1952). Gedaged-English Dictionary. Columbus, Ohio: Board of Foreign Missions of the

American Lutheran Church.

** = borrowings not listed in Mager‟s Gedaged dictionary

++ = occurs in Z‟graggen

The comments in [ ] brackets are from Mager (1952).

The comments in { } brackets are from Malcolm Ross.

In the Amele orthography c is [Ɂ] and q is [g ].

Amele abbreviations: Gedaged abbreviations:

adj. „adjective‟

adv. „adver ‟

interj. „interjection‟

n. „noun‟

np. „inaliena ly possessed noun‟

pn. „pronoun‟

sf. „suffix‟

vi. „intransitive ver ‟

v.imp „impersonal ver ‟

vt. „transitive ver ‟

conj. „conjunction‟

interj. „interjection‟

n. „noun‟

ql. „qualifier‟

vi. „intransitive ver ‟

vt. „transitive ver ‟


Abbreviations for other languages:

Ba. Barim (Aus) {PBEL Proto Bel}

B. Bilibil (Aus) PMP. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Bo. Bongu (Pap) {PNNG Proto North New Guinea}

Bg. Bogadjim / Anjam

(Pap)

{POC Proto Oceanic}

Fi. Fijian (Aus) {PWO Proto Western Oceanic}

Fu. Futuna (Aus) Sa. Sa‟a

G. Ganglau (Pap) Sm. Samoa

H. Ham / Dami (Aus) S. Siar (Aus)

Hv. Hova Sn. Singor

IN. Indonesian St. Swit

J. Jabêm Tg. Tagalog

Jb. Jabob T. Takia (Aus)

Jv. Javanese TB. Toba-Batak

K. Kâte (Pap) TM. Tinin Mangau

Ml. Malay U. Ulawa

Mt. Mota W. Waskia (Pap)

Ng D. Ngaju-Dayak Z. Zivo

N. Nobonob (Pap)

Amele Gedaged


aben n. „place, location,

position‟

aben n. „land, settlement‟

(syn) cudun n. „place‟ [PMP. banu[v]a, Z. B. T. aben, St. abaŋ,

„place‟]

{POC panua „settlement‟, but this is not the

source of PBEL aben.}

**

Anut, anut

n.

„God, god‟

Anut

n.

„name of a tibud

spirit‟

(syn) Dogon n. „Creator God‟ [PMP. anitu „departed soul‟, Tg. anito

„ancestral spirit - idol‟, TB. anut „ancestral

spirit‟, G. anitmai, St. anutimai „spirit to be

feared‟]

{POC qanitu „spirit of dead person‟}

**

aria

interj.

„alright, OK‟

aria

interj.

„Forwards!

Hurrah!‟

It is often used at

the beginning of a

new paragraph in

discourse.

[PMP. aju „forwards!‟, K. ajo G. Sn. St. Z. H.

B. T. aria „forward!‟]

{Takia aria is used in exactly the same way as

Amele. PBEL aria}

++

gel, gal, cal2

n.

„fence, fencing,

barrier, wall‟

az

n.

„fencing‟

[PMP. page[r] „fencing‟, Bo. gar, H. kao, T.

ar, Z. az, B. ari, N. at, W. kar „fence‟]

{PWO kaRi „fence‟, PBEL ghari. The Amele

and Bonggu forms seems to be directly from

the PBEL form, i.e. were borrowed before

more recent changes occurred.}

**

ao

interj.

„yes‟

au2

ql.

„yes, certainly‟

[N. au and auje, Sn. St. Z. H. B. T. au „yes‟]

{PBEL ao (Takia is ao, not au).}

++

caub

n..

„white colour, white

thing (man or pig)‟

aub

ql.

„white pig‟

dana caub

ho caub

„white man‟

„white pig‟

[N. bo aub „black pig with white spots‟, Z. B.

aub „white pig‟]

badom n. „man‟s shoulder

bag‟

badam n. „man‟s net bag‟

[Z. T. B. H. badam, N. batam „net bag‟]

Amele Gedaged


bahim n. „platform on posts,

floor of house,

bench‟

badim n. „platform on posts‟

[PMP. baruŋ „hut‟ W. barim]

{How often does the h-d correspondence occur? See also

Am. him, guhudoc below. PBEL d Am. h/__i,u ??}

{PMP baruŋ is odd, as -r- is a doubtful PMP phoneme.

The corresponding POC form ought to be POC barun or

badun, but I have no evidence to support this

reconstruction.}

**

bagu

n.

„ko. anana‟

bagul

n.

„ko. anana‟

[Z.T.B. bagul, Sn. mangul „ko. anana‟]

babagum n. „gecko‟ bagumagum n. „gecko‟

[S. bagubag, Sn. baŋ, Z. bak]

++

big

bini

bin

big

np.

1. ‟intestines, guts,

elly, a domen‟

„my guts‟

‟your guts‟

‟his/her guts‟

2. „anus, behind,

ackside‟

3. „excrement,

faeces‟

baik

n.

„excrement‟

bujec vi. „to defecate‟ [PMP. ekas „what is left ehind‟, T. e, St.

iuveu, „defecate‟, N. i(g), Z. di ek, Sn.

simbi, Bo. bi, W. i-vi and ni-vi „excrement‟]

{POC ekas „excrement‟, ut this is not the

source of G baik -- correspondences are

wrong. I find it hard to make much sense of

this set, and question its cognacy}

** ++

buic, biw

adj.

„ripe, mature‟

baju

ql.

1. „glossy lack‟

2. „ripe, mature,

ready to harvest‟

[H. majo, St. ijui, G. aj, T. aju „ripe‟]

bala n. „ornaments,

decoration,

adornment,

embellishment,

cosmetics;

embroidery;

jewelry; finery;

paint; goods‟

bala n. „ornaments,

decoration,

adornment,

embellishment,

cosmetics;

embroidery;

jewellry; finery;

paint‟

[N. ala „flower‟, Z.B.T.W. ala „ornament‟]

Amele Gedaged


++

beilah, beliah

np.

„tongue‟

balen

n.

„tongue‟

beilami

beilem≈beilaim

beilah

„my tongue‟

„your tongue‟

„his tongue‟

[Z.B.T. alen, St. alei, H. ale „tongue‟]

{PBEL bale- „tongue‟ + -n „third sg

posssessor. With a form like this, where the

Amele and Bel forms are similar but do not

correspond, I wonder whether the PBEL form

is a borrowing from a Papuan lg.}

**

bamus

n.

„a scess, oil,

car uncle, sore‟

bamus

n.

„a scess, oil,

car uncle, sore‟

[PMP. aReh, T. aras, Z.B. amus „a scess‟,

N. adah „decayed‟

{POC aRiq „sore‟, ut this is not the origin

of bamus.}

bal1 n. „raintree (Poinciana

delnis)‟

baz1 n. „ko. tree (Erythrina

variegata)‟

[Z. bar, B.T.H. bar, Bo. baram, St. kimbar

„erythrina variegata‟]

{PBEL barV, where V = unidentified vowel}

bal2 n. „magic, sorcery,

ritual chant‟

baz2 n. „incantation, spell,

magic, charm‟

bal mec vi. „to do magic to

make a garden grow

(lit. magic put)‟

[PMP. ta(m) aR „antidote, medicine‟, Z. az,

B. ari, T.Sn.St. ar, N. at, W. da ur „magic,

sorcery‟]

{PBEL bari. The resemblance to the PMP

form seems to be chance.}

balac n. „cane, reed‟ bazai n. „cane, like sugar

cane ut thinner‟

[B. berei, Z. barai, St.Sn. barai, T. ku-bur

„cane‟]

{PBEL barai}

babalec

na babalec

vi.

adj.

n.

„to cross‟

„crossed‟

„wooden cross‟

bebazeŋ n. „something that

transverses,

thwarts, crosses,

obstructs, opposes;

lateral slat on roof;

purlin‟

[T. bebarem, Sn. bebaris, Z. bebazeŋ St.

babareŋ, B. bebareŋ, „a transverse‟]

{PBEL bebareŋ}

moat n. „ko. yam‟ bebmot n. „ko. yam‟

[St. moat „ko. yam‟]

{Looks like PBEL mwat, but evidence

insufficient}

Amele Gedaged


bega, begabeg np. „orphan, adopted

child, landless

person; alien‟

begabeg n. „orphan, homeless

children‟

begawi

begawin

bega

„my child‟

„your child‟

„his/her child‟

[PMP. ekas „what is left ehind,

inheritance‟, K. eka, Z.T.N.B. ega eg

„orphan‟, Bo. ek „poor‟, Sn. eg eg, St.

ega eg „alien‟]

{The PMP etymology seems fanciful! PBEL

bega- ega „orphan ?‟}

†Note: Mager gives *bega as an unattested

form in any language.

**

bem1

n.

„red earth used as a

ody paint‟

bem1

n.

„red earth, red

ochre‟

[B.Z. em „red ochre‟, N. em „red‟]

{This and the one below are etymologically

one.}

**

bem2

n.

„ko. shru whose

fruit can be used to

make a red body

paint‟

bem2

n.

„a shru (Bixa

orellana) whose

fruit can be used to

make a red body

paint‟

[Z.T.B. em „Bixa orellana‟]

**

binig, bic, bida

np.

„father‟s sister,

aunt‟

bi

n.

„reciprocal kinship

term, (aunt)‟

bini

binin

binig

np. „my aunt‟

„your aunt‟

„his/her aunt‟

[Ml. i i „aunt‟, G.Z. i, B. i and nim iŋg,

T. bi, H. bib and nevi „father‟s sister,

rother‟s son‟]

{Bel kin terms need more research, but,

despite the tempting Ml bibi, there is no real

evidence that PBEL bi, nibi are AN. More

likely local borrowings from Papuan when the

AN kinship system was restructured on

Papuan lines.}

**

binan

np.

„fame, honour,

reputation, name,

praise‟

biŋan

n.

„honour, name,

reputation, report,

respect, esteem,

homage, praise;

power, might,

influence, glory‟

binani

binain

binan

np. „my fame‟

‟your fame‟

„his/her fame‟

[PMP. ag n, T. jaŋan and biŋan, H jana-do

„name, honour‟]

{jaŋan and biŋan are etymologically different.

PNNG biŋan „name, reputation‟}

Amele Gedaged


**

bodoec

vi.

„to soften, to

tenderise‟

bodo

ql.

„soft, fla y,

pliable, weak,

tender, mellow;

ripe, done‟

sab jecnu

bodoena

waug bodoec

je bodoecna

madaga

adj.

adv.

„soft, easygoing,

tender, mild‟

„softly‟

„he is softening the

food to eat‟

„tender-hearted,

mild mannered (lit.

soft stomach)‟

„speak softly (lit.

with soft talk)‟

[PMP. uDu „to e stupid‟; Z.B. bodo Bo.

odo odo „soft‟, N. odoe-te „get soft, a ate‟,

W. arare „soft, young, dum ‟]

{Insufficient semantic justification for linking

PMP with these forms.}

** ++

boei

n.

„morning and

evening star, planet

Venus‟

boi3

n.

„morning star‟

[PMP. i[t]uhen „star‟, Ba. oi, Bo. wain,

„star‟, Z. oi „morning and evening star‟ G.

ai gwip, B.N.T. oi tinan, H. oi „morning

star‟]

{POC pituqun „star‟, ut this is not the origin

of PBEL wai „morning/evening star‟.}

bohon n. „ko. fish,

mudskipper‟

bohoboho n. „ko. fish,

mudskipper‟

** ++

ho

n.

‟pig‟

boz

n.

„pig, hog‟

[Note: In the Hanseman family, e.g. Nobonob,

„pig‟ is almost entirely bo but in the Gum

family it changes to fo for all except Sihan

and Amele were it becomes ho.]

[PMP. ba uj „pig‟, Z. oz, B.T.St. or G.N.

o, Sn. m oi, Bo. ul „pig‟]

**

bou

n.

„ko. tree with red

sap and white

wood, stem used for

rafters in

house uilding‟

bou

n.

„ko. tree with red

sap and white

wood, stem used for

rafters in

house uilding‟

[Z. bouli „ko. tree‟]

**

buduec

vi.

„to thud, as when an

object hits the

ground‟

budu

n.

„a thud‟

[Z.B. budu, Sn. fudu, T. duŋ, W. utuk „a

thud‟]

Amele Gedaged


** ++

hut

n.

„fog, mist‟

bug

n.

„fog‟

[PMP. ka ut „fog‟, Z.B.T. ug, N. ud, uduŋ

„fog‟, W. uk „wind from the mountains‟]

{The vowel is the only justification for

deriving the Amele form from the Gedaged!

The Bel forms aren‟t from the PMP form

either!}

**

buga

n.

„messanger spirit

sent by can bring

good or evil‟

buga

n.

„spirits, shadow-

soul, souls of dead

ancestors‟

tibud „spirit‟ [Z.S.B.Bo.H.N. buga, T. bugai, Bg. buka, K.

uwa „evil spirits‟]

{I suspect that the Bel forms have a Papuan

origin, ut can‟t e sure.}

**

but

n.

„knoll of tree‟

bun2

n.

„knot, kno ,

knuckle‟

butbatca adj. „kno ly‟ [PMP. uku „hillock, knot‟, Sn. akuŋ, T.

gu un, W. agun, B. okun „kno ‟]

tac n. „sago scrapings‟ da1 n. „residue, refuse,

remains, when sago

is washed out‟

[Z.B.H. da, N. dapi „residue‟]

**

dabog

n.

„ko. fish‟

dabog1

n.

„a whitish marine

fish about one and a

half inches long‟

[Z. da ok „a fish‟]

dain n. „heat, pain‟ da3 ql. „dry, stiff, torpid,

stupified, stunned,

paralyzed, ready to

die, tired, stunted,

sluggish‟

dain doc v.imp „to have pain‟ [Z.B. da „dry‟]

debin n. „ uttress root‟ dabin n. „root of plants‟

[Z.T. da in, B. du in „root‟]

Amele Gedaged


-dodoc sf. „-self‟, reflexive or

emphatic suffix

which can only

occur following a

personal pronoun

dadon ql. „each one, all,

everybody, -self‟

ija-dodoc pn. „myself‟ [B.T. dadon, Z. dedaŋan „each, all‟]

{This does look like a borrowing, and a

surprising one. Apparently Bel to Amele, as

the Bel form is apparently dado- + -n „3S‟.}

++

dama

n.

„a possom‟

damoi

n.

„a phalanger, a

possom‟

[Z.N. damai, B. demei]

{Looks like earlier damwa(i), but very likely

borrowed from Papuan into Bel.}

domon n. 1. headband worn

y headman‟

2. „forehead‟

3. „prow of a canoe‟

damon1 n. 1. „a point on a

coast, cape‟

2. „forehead‟

3. „top part of the

shin‟

[Sŋ. tuma, Z. damon, B. domon, St. damoi

„cape, forehead‟, T. damon „cape‟]

{POC damwa- „forehead‟, PBEL damwa-}

**

-dadan

sf.

„expresses a

reciprocal action

where one of the

reciprocants

initiates the action‟

-daŋan

enclitic

„with, in company

with‟

[PMP. [dD]eŋan „companion‟ Ml. deŋan

NgD. deŋan „with, in company with‟ Sn. -djo,

Z. -daid, T.-anda „with‟]

{Am. -dadan looks to me to have more to do

with Am. -dodoc/Bel dado- + -n than with

Ged. -daŋan. Further, Ged. -daŋan seems

itself to be a sequence of clitics -da + -ŋan,

as other Bel lgs have -da. Resemblance to

PMP. [dD]eŋan is fortuitous.}

daho n. „hi iscus tree‟ dao n. „hi iscus tree‟

[PMP. aRu „hi iscus‟, G.St. par, N. davoi,

W. dao, Z. daui, B. dahui, T. doi, H.Sn.

dauve, Bo. daue]

{PMP baRu (POC paqaRu) has nothing to do

with Ged. dao !}

Amele Gedaged


daul n. „an o long wooden

owl‟

dauz n. „an o long wooden

owl‟

[PMP. ta(m)bi[r], Z. dauz, B.T.H.St. daur, N.

daut, G.Sn. daur „an o long wooden owl‟]

{PMP. ta(m)bi[r] (POC tabiR) has nothing to

do with PBEL daur.}

dauli n. „ko. anana‟ dauzi n. „ko. anana‟

[Z. dauzi, Sn. ndjauri, G. zauru, B. deuri „ko.

anana‟]

{PBEL dauri}

**

deb

n.

„ko. fish, trevally‟

deb1

n.

„tuna‟

[G.Z.B.St.T.H.W. de „tuna‟, Sn. ndem

„tuna‟]

{PBEL debV}

dodo n. „story, myth,

legend, fairy tale‟

dedado n. „myth, fairy tale,

legend‟

[Z. dudo, B. dondo „myth‟]

doob n. „jew‟s harp, jaw‟s

harp‟

dibidob n. „jew‟s harp‟

[Z. dibidob, N. dobitob, T. dubdub]

diec vi. „to swell up, to

bloat like a dead

ody‟

didi vt.

vi.

„to swell, to ecome

thick, to expand,

dilate‟

[B. didi, Sn. iat, „to swell‟, B. didi- „to fill

up‟]

**

damun

[no longer in

Amele

dictionary]

n.

„ko. ird, eagle‟

dibug

n.

„an owl, white and

grey‟

[Z. di ug, B. do ug, H. dimug, Sn. damu „an

owl‟]

{Sn. damu „an owl‟ is cognate with Am.

damun, but the others aren‟t.}

him n. „ko. tree with red

sap‟

dim n. „ko. tree, the ark is

pounded and then

used to fill cracks in

a canoe‟

[N.Z.B.T.H.St. dim, Sn. gim, G. ndim „ko.

tree, ark used as putty‟]

{Aha, the h-d correspondence again. POC

jimiR, PBEL dim(i) „caulking su stance‟.}

Amele Gedaged


dod n. „reflection, mirror‟ dodaliŋ n. „water in old slit

gong used as a

mirror; mirror;

looking glass‟

[H. dodo „mirror‟]

doc n. „ one dagger made

from pig bone‟

dog2 n. „ one, skeleton‟

[Z. dog „ one‟, N. dog „ one dagger‟]

dombib n. „ko. tree‟ doŋbibil

(doŋ + bibil)

n. „ko. tree‟

do n. „ ird of paradise‟ dou n. „yellow ird-of-

paradise‟

do aio

do gihin

n.

n.

„lesser ird of

paradise‟

„greater ird of

paradise‟

[T.B.S. dou, H. doŋ „yellow ird-of-paradise‟]

{PBEL dou}

duc n. „Malay apple tree

and its fruit

(Yambosa gomata)‟

du1 n. „ko. Syzygium tree‟

[B.T. du, N. dui, H. udu „ko. Syzygium‟]

{PBEL du}

duec

[no longer in

Amele

dictionary]

adj. 1. „to ecome

strong‟(?)

2. „to e cold‟

du3 ql. „esta lished in

mind, memorized,

firmly fixed in

mind‟

[PMP. DukDuk „sit‟, B.Z.T.G. du „plump‟]

{PMP origin is semantically implausible.}

ducdoc vt. „to support

something, to prop

something‟

dud n. „a prop, a support; a

helper; a ackrest‟

[Z.N.T. dud, B. dudi, H. duriŋ „a support‟]

**

udududoc

vt.

„to rum le like

thunder, or roar like

a hurricane‟

dududu

ql.

„rum ling, droning,

reverberating,

rolling of thunder‟

[PMP. guruh „rum le‟, St. gurur, Sn. gurgur,

gududuŋ, T. turunauan, B.Z. dududu

„rum ling‟] NB. also gududu

{Potentially onomatopoeic items are always a

pro lem. POC guRuq „thunder‟ is the origin

of St. gurur, Sn. gurgur, gududuŋ, but I

wouldn‟t like to jump from there to the Ged.

and Am. terms.}

Amele Gedaged


++

due

n.

„song, dance, hymn‟

dug

n.

„dance, dance

music, song, hymn‟

[PMP. Dug „thump!, tap!‟, B. dug, Z.

degadug, T. dugadug „hand drum‟]

{Again, potentially onomatopoeic items are

always a problem.}

dud, dut,

dudun

n. „thorn, nail‟ duz n. „thorn, prick,

needle, spike, barb,

spine‟

[PMP. [dD]uRi „thorn‟, Z. duz, B.W. dur, H.

duri, T. dudurun „thorn‟]

{POC ruRi, PBLEL duri}

**

dado mec

vi.

„to guide; to lead; to

perform a miracle‟

duzi

vt.

„to guide, lead,

conduct, show the

way, steer, pilot,

manage, direct,

govern, accompany‟

dado mudec vt. „to guide someone;

to lead someone‟

[PMP. tudiŋ „to direct‟, B. dori „to lead‟]

{PBEL duri probably < POC duriŋ, but the

Bel forms are not a convincing

source for Am. dado.}

tolo n. „a drop (of fluid)‟ dut n. „a drop (of fluid)‟

[PMP. tuDuh „a drop‟, B.T.Z. dut „a drop‟]

{POC turuq „drip, a drop‟ is pro a ly not the

source of PBEL dut, but it is a plausible

source of Am. tolo, via a putative PBEL

turu.}

ene pn. „here‟ ben1 ql. „here‟

[Z. enim, B. hende „here‟]

{This similarity may be due to the common

phonaesthetic feature that „here‟ has a front

vowel and „there‟ a ack vowel (Takia en

„near speaker‟, an „near hearer‟, on „not near

speaker or hearer‟.}

**

ese

interj.

„expresses

affirmation, yes‟

es, ese

interj.

„expresses

affirmation, yes‟

[Z.B.T.St. es and ese, H.Sn. ese „yes‟]

{Is this an English loan? Never heard it in

Takia.}

**

faifa

n.

„papaya‟

fafai

n.

„papaya‟

[H. fafai, B. hohoi, T. pei „a tree‟]

{The plant itself is not native, and I take it the

words are Malay ??}

Amele Gedaged


** ++

hatu

n.

„land, country‟

fatu

n.

„land, country,

region, area,

place, landscape,

kingdom, realm,

district, domain,

territory, world,

terrain, ground‟

(syn) maha n. „land, country‟ [PMP. anu[v]a „land, settlement‟ Z. fotu, B.

hotu „country, weather‟, H. fatu „weather‟, N.

atu „region‟]

{Again, POC panua is reconstructible, but it

is not the source of PBEL fatu.}

** ++

haun

adj.

„new, young, fresh;

again, more‟

faun

ql.

„new, young, fresh;

again, once more,

anew, afresh, over

again‟

[PMP. eRu „new‟, N. au, Z.T. faun, B.

haon, St. fau „new‟, Amele ag „stranger‟]

{POC paqoRu „new‟, PNNG pau, PBEL fau-

+ -n „3S‟. The morphology shows that this is

clearly a borrowing from Bel. Am. bag has

nothing to do with it.}

†Note: Mager has Amele bag „stranger‟ for

this item.

**

hilian

np.

„wealth, riches‟

filian

ql.

„rich, wealthy,

well-to-do, have

property‟

hiliani

hiliain

hilian

np. „my wealth‟

„your wealth‟

„his wealth‟

[PMP. rihah „to e plentiful, rich‟, Z. filian,

B. hilian, St. fili, T. fidian „rich‟]

*PIE

{PBEL firian. Don‟t think PMP. rihah is

cognate.}

** ++

hul

n.

„ etelnut pepper,

piper etel‟

fu2

n.

„ etelnut pepper,

piper etel‟

[PMP. buluŋ „leaves‟, H. uro, Z.T.S. ful, St.

fugul, B. hu „piper etel‟]

{PBEL fughul, apparently from PNNG

*puqul(o).}

Amele Gedaged


**

hudoc

vt.

„to open something,

to uncover some-

thing, to open the

pages of a book; to

light a fire‟

fue

vt.

„to open, to

uncover, to lay

open, to turn leaves

in a ook‟

[PMP. uka „to open‟, Sn. foi, Z. fue, B. hue,

T. waffue „open‟]

{PBEL fue may be from POC puka- + -i

„trans suffix‟, ut this is not the source of Am.

hudoc.}

++

fuludoc, fuldoc,

fudoc

vt.

„to low something,

to blow on

something, to fan

something; to flap

wings‟

fu4

ql.

„ lowing, storming,

roaring, blustering,

tempestuous‟

[PMP. puput „ low‟, Z.Sn.H. fu, B. hu

„ low‟]

{POC puput, PBEL fu, but this is not the

origin of the Am. forms, unless Am. -doc is

historically a separate morpheme. See

previous also.}

++

folofolo

n.

„lungs‟

++

fufu

n.

„wind‟

fufufuk

n.

„the term in the

secret language for

|btim|r „wind‟

{fufufuk is just the nominalisation of fu

„ low‟ < POC puput. Seems a likely source

of Am. fufu.}

fufuec vi. „for the wind to

low‟

[B. huhu „wind‟]

{Again POC puput.}

** ++

mun

n.

„ anana‟ (generic

term)

fud

n.

„ anana‟ (generic

term)

[PMP. punti „ anana‟, B. hundi, H. udi, Z.T.

fud „ anana‟]

{POC pudi. I accept your argument that this

may have an Austronesian source, but I

wonder if it is not from a more ancient

stratum than PBEL, since sound changes have

occurred here in Am. which have not

occurred in borrowings from

PBEL.}

Amele Gedaged


**

gun

n.

1. „ta oo,

forbidden, set apart,

holy‟

2. „home, origin‟

fun

n.

1. „origin‟

2. „originator‟

3. „home‟

4. „kind, species‟

5. „reason,

meaning‟

6. „fact, actuality‟

gug n. „ asis, reason,

meaning; tree

stump‟

[PMP. puna „ eginning, origin‟, Z.T. fun, B.

hun, St. fu, Kƒte. fuŋ, V. dun „ eginning‟]

{POC puqun „ ase, origin‟, PBEL fun, ut

PBEL f- --> Am. g- is odd.}

**

huqaneh,

huqan

np.

„heir; su stitute‟

fuzan1

n.

„inheritance,

patrimony‟

huqani

huqanin

huqaneh

„my heir‟

„your heir‟

„his heir‟

[Z. fuzan, B. huran, T. furan „inheritance‟]

{PBEL furan}

**

ca

p.

„and, with, have;

towards‟

-ga2

enclitic

‟and‟

-cV sf. „DS-sequential‟ ←{Little asis to esta lish cognacy.}

** ++

gah

n.

„a fly, a low fly‟

gab1

n.

„a fly, a low fly‟

[Z. gab, St. guab, B. gobu, Sn. gualbu, H.

gaw, „a fly‟]

{PBEL gwab ??}

**

gab, gabin

n.

„half a coconut

shell used as a cup,

a cup‟

gab2

n.

„half a coconut

shell used as a cup,

a cup, a chalice‟

wa gab doc v.imp „to e thirsty‟ [T.H. ga , Bo. gam a „coconut shell, cup‟]

{PBEL gaba}

gagan n. „warts‟ gaganin n. „warts, sores in the

corner of the

mouth and on lips,

suckers on

octopus‟

[Z. gaganin, H. gagani „warts‟]

**

gagas

n.

„nose plug made of

tortoise-shell‟

gagas

n.

„a nose plug, an

ornament made of

mother-of-pearl‟

[B. gagas, Z. gaga, N. gagah „nose plug‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

gadaic, gain,

gaig, cataic

np.

„pelvis, hips; human

or animals but the

inalienbaly

possessed form

only applies to

humans‟

gagin

n.

„pelvis (man or

animals)‟

gadani

gadain

gadaic

„my pelvis‟

„your pelvis‟

„his pelvis‟

[B.Z. gagin „pelvis‟]

**

gainag, gaic

np.

„mother‟s rother‟s

child, cousin‟

gai

n.


term; (cousin)‟

gaini

gain

gainag

np. „my cousin‟

„your cousin‟

„his cousin‟

[Z.H. gai, B. gei „certain cousins‟, N. gai

„sister‟s son, Bo. gai „mother‟s rother‟, T.

gai „my mother‟s rother, my sister‟s son‟]

{PBEL gai. But see my comments on binig

above.}

++

gaid

adj.

„always, again,

ha itually‟

gaid

gaidgaid

ql.

„always, contin-

uously, again and

again, forever,

eternally‟

gaidgaid

gaidec

adj.

vi.

„always, again and

again, forever‟

„to stay contin-

uously in one place‟

[B.H. gaid, Sn. gaidjoŋ „always‟]

** ++

ganim

n.

„ko. possum, small,

black and lives on

the ground‟

ganim

n.

„ko. possum, small

with brown and

yellow fur‟

[B.Z. ganim „ko. possum‟]

**

ganue

n.

„ko. sea snail, small

round snail which

lives in rivers or the

sea‟

ganu2

n.

„an eel, 5 feet long,

dark rown‟

{Semantically stretching it!}

** ++

qa

n.

‟dog‟

gaun

n.

‟dog‟

[Sangir kapuna „dog‟, Z.B.T.St.Sn. gaun

[from kapuna: k + p ¯ g&b& gauŋ, W. kausik

„dog‟] from gaun: g + u ¯ g& & ]

{Recent research in Auckland suggests there

was no POC word for „dog‟, and that

onomatopoeic items abound. Hard to prove

this one.}

Amele Gedaged


**

gatic

n.

„a dome shaped

object, a hillock, a

skull‟

gaten

n.

„head (of man,

animals)‟

maha gatic

ilo gatic

n.

n.

„a hill‟

„a skull‟

[B.Z. gaten, Bo. gate „head‟]

kasoc adj. „dry‟ gazoi ql. „mature (man),

dried out,

developed, full-

grown (moon)‟

[PMP. kaRaŋ „dry‟, B. gariu, H. gerereŋ-ja

„mature‟]

**

geh

adj.

„much, severely‟

gauz

ql.

„much, severely‟

[Z. gauz, St. guoi „much, severely‟]

**

tob

n.

„the lack tarry

liquid from

decomposing

odies‟

geb

n.

„the liquid from

decomposing

odies‟

[B. ge „liquid of decomposing odies‟]

[Note: the phonological connection is not

obvious for this pair]

{I agree with the note.}

gad

dana gad

gad nuuga

adj.

adv.

1. „foolish, stupid,

crazy; diso edient‟

„stupid man‟

2. „to express

permission, to say it

is alright to do

something, may,

can‟

„you can go‟

gedagad ql. „crazy, insane,

feeble-minded,

idiotic, stupid, half-

witted; obtuse,

undiscerning,

foolish, silly,

unreasona le‟

[Z.B.St. gadagad, N. gad, W. garagar „crazy‟]

{PBEL gada-gada}

**

gagadic

n

‟strength, force,

hardness,

toughness, power‟

gegaun

n.

„force, violence‟

gagadicca

gagadoc

adj.

vt.

adj.

„to e strong, to

have strength‟

„to tighten

something‟

„to e tight‟

[PMP. gagah „use force‟, B. gagaun „strong‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

gelelan

np.

‟strength, health,

vigour, vitality,

good-looking‟

**

gel

n.

„fence, wall‟

giligel

n.

„wall constructed of

woven palm leaves,

any kind of wall‟

[S. gizgiz, H. garaiŋ, B. geru, Z. giligel, St.

ger, N. gilil „wall‟]

{The Bel forms don‟t correspond with each

other properly (S. z, B. r vs.

Ged. Z. l. The latter seem to reflect earlier

geli-geli, which seems to be

related somehow to Am. gel.}

**

gib1

n.

„rhinoceros eetle‟

**

gip1

n.

„rhinoceros eetle‟

[B.Z. gip, St. ri , T. gu „ko. eetle‟]

**

gib2

n.

„ko. caterpillar, that

bores into taro

tu ers‟

**

gip2

n.

„ko. caterpillar, that

bores into taro

tu ers‟

[Z. gip „ko. caterpillar;]

**

guju qoc, jugu

qoc

vi.

„to e dark, dreary,

overcast weather; to

be sad, gloomy,

miserable

disposition‟

giziguz

ql.

„dark, dreary,

cloudy, overcast,

sad (face), weeping

(face)‟

[Z. giziguz, B. girigur, T. gurgur „dark‟]

{PBEL giri-guri}

**

golocdoc,

gosocdoc

vt.

„to peel the skin or

ark off something‟

goali

vt.

„to tear, peel, strip

off‟

[PMP. guris „scratch‟, Z. goali, B. ugal, T.

wab-guris, N. golai „peel off‟]

**

gogon

n.

‟fissure, rift‟

gogoŋ

n.

„a fissure, cave, rift,

hole‟

[Z. gogoŋ, B. gogon, H. gogori „cave‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

guhudoc

vi.

„to rum le, to

thunder‟

gududu

ql.

„rum ling (of

thunder, tree

falling,

earthquake)‟

[PMP. guruh „rum le‟, St.Z.B. gududu, H.

gududuŋ, T. guduŋ, Sn. gur- „rum ling‟]

{Again, it seems that Am. -doc is historically

distinct. h-d correspondence again. PBEL

gudu + redup. + -ŋ „nominaliser‟. POC guRuq

„thunder‟ is a possi le source, ut the middle

consonant is wrong: PBEL **guru is

expected.}

**

du

np.

„nape of neck‟

gudun

n.

1. „neck, narrow

part (of arm, leg)‟

duni

dun

du

„my neck‟

„your neck‟

„his neck‟

[Z. gudun, H. guju, B. udun, St. mudu „neck‟]

{PNNG guju-, PBEL gudu- „nape‟ + -n „3S‟. I

don‟t find this a very plausi le source of Am.

du, because (a) it entails syllable loss, (b)

body parts are not usually borrowed.}

gun adj. „ta oo, for idden,

set apart, holy‟

gun ql. „ta oo, set apart,

for idden‟

[N.W.B.Z.Sn.St.H. gun „ta oo‟]

**

gunal1

n.

‟sickle‟

gunai

n.

sickle

**

gunal2

n.

„ko. ird, horn ill‟

gunaigunai

n.

„a grey parrot‟

[B. gunale, H. guno „ko. parrot‟]

**

gul

adj.

‟unripe‟

guz

ql.

‟unripe‟

[B.H. gur, N. gut „unripe‟]

++

ja

n.

1. „fire, firewood‟

2. „feast‟

ja3

ja4

n.

n.

‟fire‟

„feast‟

[PMP. apuj „fire‟, N. a atu, Z.B. ja, St. jaw,

N. nja, Sn. paj, S. aj, T. jaj „fire‟]

{POC api --> PBEL ya}

3. „guilt‟ ja5 n. „guilt‟

[B.Z.S. ja, St. jaw, Sn. paj, T. aj „guilt‟]

Amele Gedaged


jab n. 1. „hinterland, ush

country‟

2. „someone from

the bush country

(often used in a

derogatory sense)‟

jab n. „highland, upland,

inland,

ackwoodsman‟

** ++

jacas

n.

„to acco‟

jakas

n.

(ja + kas) „smoke‟

[Z.T. jakas, N. abka, B. jaijas, St. jawos, H.

jaŋkau, Sn. paj- oko „smoke‟]

{POC api „fire‟ --> PBEL ya. POC qasu

„smoke‟ --> PBEL kas(u)}

**

jaen

n.

‟?‟ [does not have

an independent

meaning]

jaeŋ

n.

„ reath; vital force‟

jaen mudoc

jaen qoc

vi.

vi.

„to have a rest, to

take a reather‟

„to e worried,

anxious‟

jaeŋ nau

jaeŋ sufunati

jaeŋjaeŋ

ql.

„to make a pause,

rest‟

„he is anxious,

worried‟

„ reathlessly,

anxiously‟

[PMP. haseŋ „to reathe loudly‟, B.W. jaeŋ,

St. jaŋ, T.Z. jais „ reath‟]

{POC ase „ reath‟, ut it has no direct

relationship to the Bel forms.}

**

jalin

n.

1. „o sidian,

volcanic glass, used

as a spear head or

knife‟

2. „a ottle; pieces

of which can be

used as a razor‟

jaliŋ

n.

1. „o sidian,

volcanic glass (a

trade article

originating on Rook

Island). A splinter

of obsidian serves

as a razor.‟

2. „a ottle; pieces

of which now serve

as razors‟

[B.St.Z.Sn jaliŋ „o sidian‟]

**

jam

n.

„ lack decoration

used in mourning

rites‟

jam

n.

„ lack decoration

used in mourning‟

[T. jam, Bo. jamu „mourning rites‟]

Amele Gedaged


** ++

jamel

n.

„pounded tree ark

used as a cloth;

loincloth, apron,

blanket, sheet‟

jamel

n.

„pounded tree ark

used as a blanket;

any piece of cloth

or clothing‟

[Z.H. jamel, B. jamil, St. jamer, N. namel

„tapa cloth‟]

{PBEL yamel}

**

jajanoc, jausec

vi.

„to disappear,

vanish‟

jamumla

vi.

„to disappear‟

[B. jamumle, Z. imumala, H. imimkale-ja

„disappear‟]

** ++

jan

n.

„yellow, yellow

dye‟

jaŋ4

ql.

‟yellow‟

[Z.jaŋ, St. kajaŋjaŋ, N. lan „yellow‟]

{POC yaŋo „yellow‟, PBEL yaŋ(o)}

**

jauec

adj.

„to e smooth and

slippery, highly

polished, shiney‟

jau3

ql.

„smooth, slippery,

slick, sleek‟

**

jawan

n.

„SW wind‟

jauan

n.

„SW wind‟

{PBEL yawan. This seems to be an

Austronesian form, although the exact form

of the POC etymon is unclear.}

**

jawalti

n.

„NW wind‟

jauazti

n.

„NW wind‟

[B.Sn.T.Bo. jauarti, Z. joazti, N. jaoati, St.

jawar „NW wind‟]

{POC qapaRat, PBEL yawarti}

++

ceb

n.

„areca palm,

etelnut‟

jeb

n.

„areca palm,

etelnut‟

[T. je , B. jem , H. e „areca palm‟]

{PBEL yeb. Almost certainly borrowed from

Papuan. POC *buaq.}

**

jedoc, jeec

adj.

‟light-coloured‟

jed

ql.

‟ lue‟

[Z. jedjed, B. jend, T. jed, N. e:d, St. jirijiri

„ lue‟]

{PBEL yed}

Amele Gedaged


**

jomon, jomog

np.

‟namesake‟

jomo

n.

‟namesake‟

jomoni

jomonin

jomon

„my namesake‟

„your namesake‟

„his namesake‟

[Z.B. jomo, St. jamou „namesake‟]

{This looks like a case of Papuan --> Bel

borrowing, as T. has the AN-derived term

yak}

**

kanam

n.

„song, tune, hymn‟

kanam

n.

„song, hymn,

melody‟

[T. kanam „a song‟, B.Z.T.N.W. kanam „name

of a dance‟]

{PBEL kanam. This term seems to have been

generalised in early mission days as „hymn‟,

ut I don‟t know if it started out as Am. or

Ged.}

cabal n. „platform, ed,

ta le‟

kapal n. „platform, stretcher,

rack, scaffold,

ench, ta le, chair‟

[Ml. kapal „ship‟, B.Z.T.W. kapal „platform‟,

N. kapal „raft, platform on a canoe‟]

{See below}

**

gafat, gapat

n.

„platform, raft‟

kapat

n.

„a raft, several logs

thrown over a

stream‟

[B.St. gabat, Z. kitipat, Sn. kopat, N. kapal, T.

kapit „raft‟]

{There is a t --> l change in Bel languages

(see Lincoln in Oceanic Linguistics 1973 or

thereabouts). PBEL was kapat, giving Ged.

kapat and kapal. Probably from POC pataR

„platform on a canoe‟; ka- possible from POC

kaiu „tree‟. The orrowings into Am. were

apparently at different times or perhaps one

came via another Papuan language.}

** ++

casuc

n.

„smoke‟

kas

n.

„to acco‟

[PMP. a[s]u „smoke‟, B. kasi, Z.Bo.T. kas, N.

kah, St. os „to acco‟]

{POC qasu. PBEL kas ?? There is something

odd here -- the PBEL form ought to be

**(gh)as, not kas, and I think the Bel forms

are later borrowings. On the other hand Am.

casuc seems a perfectly good borrowing of an

unattested reflex of POC qasu -- again I

wonder about an older stratum of

borrowings.}

Amele Gedaged


**

gaugauec,

kaukauec

vi.

‟a dog‟s ark‟

kawk

n.

‟ arking of a dog‟

[B.H. kau, Z. kao, St. awaw, Sn. kawk

„ arking of a dog‟]

{Onomatopoeic, therefore problematic}

**

kilikilidoc,

giligildoc

vt.

‟to tickle someone‟

kilikili

n.

„tickling, itching‟

[PMP. geli „stimulus to laugh‟, Z. kidede, B.

kelele, St. gigiri, Sn. gileggileg, N. giligili, T.

kilekkilek „tickling‟]

{Could be borrowed, but I think German

parents say „kilikili‟ as they tickle their

children: possible borrowing from German

????}

**

kilolo

n.

„small white seeds,

like pearls that can

be strung on a

necklace‟

kililoi

n.

„small white hard

seeds of the

guzumuzum jo ‟s-

tears grass‟

[Z. kililoi, B. kololoi, T. kululoi, Sn. kaŋgaloi,

N. kelele „seed of jo ‟s-tears‟]

**

cos

n.

„unmarried man‟

kos

n.

„unmarried person‟

[Z. kos, B. kosi, Bo. godsi, Sn. kukos, St. wos,

H. osi „unmarried man‟]

{PBEL kos or ghos: the correspondence is

irregular, suggesting borrowing from Papuan

sources.}

**

kobol1

n.

„custom, ha it,

fashion, skill‟

kubel2

n.

„art, knack, skill,

wisdom, piece of

art, glory; event,

happening; doings,

thing‟

[Z. kubel, B. kobul, St.Bo. kubol, N. kobol

„art‟]

**

kobol2

n.

„sensational,

marvellous,

miraculous,

glorious event or

happening‟

kubel3

ql.

„ eautiful, artistic,

ornamental,

marvelous,

sensational,

glorious‟

[Z. ku el, B. ko ul, T.St. ku ol „ eautiful‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

laben, labeh

np.

„scrotum, testicles‟

laben

n.

„lo e-shaped object,

scrotum, calf (of

leg)‟

labeni

labenin

laben

„my scrotum‟

„your scrotum‟

„his scrotum‟

[Z.B.T.St.Sn. la en „scrotum‟]

{PNNG labe-, PBEL labe- + -n „3S‟}

**

laleg, lalec,

lalag

adj.

‟lame‟

laleg

ql.

‟lame‟

[Z.B. laleg „lame‟]

** ++

lan1

n.

„shore, each,

coast‟

laŋ

n.

„ each, shore,

coast‟

[Z.B.St. laŋ, T. loŋ, N. dan and lan, W. laŋi

„ each‟]

{PNNG laŋ}

**

lan2

n.

„ladder, steps into

the house,

something that

supports from

underneath, feet‟

laŋalaŋ

n.

1. „two logs for

supporting cooking

pots‟

cf. cail, calol,

cailol, calolo

„two logs for

supporting cooking

pots‟

[PMP. galaŋ „st. laid under another thing to

support it‟, Z.B. laŋalaŋ, St. luŋ, Sn. laŋlaŋ, T.

laŋ „a support for pots‟]

**

las

n.

„something that is

withered, tired,

worn out,

exhausted‟

lasen1

ql.

„empty (vessel,

person), void,

without content‟

lasca

lasdoc

adj.

vt.

„to e withered,

tired, worn out,

exhausted‟

„to e withered,

tired, worn out,

exhausted‟

[Z. lasen „empty‟]

**

lo

n.

„friendliness,

hospitality,

generosity; a guest,

visitor‟

lo

n.

„friendliness,

kindness, love,

generosity, gift,

visitor‟

[PMP. Dalem „inside, depth‟, B.Z.T.H. lo, St.

lou „visitor, kindness‟]

{T. should e lou. I don‟t think this has

anything to do with PMP. Dalem, POC lalo-

„inside‟. It seems semantically unlikely.}

Amele Gedaged


**

lau, launo

n.

„middle (of the

sea)‟

lau2

n.

„high seas, an open

unenclosed portion

of the sea‟

[PMP. lahud „high seas‟, Z. lau, B. lou, W. la,

Bo. raura „high seas‟]

{POC laur „ocean‟, PBEL lau}

mimin n. „flowering tip of

anana‟

lumin n. „inflorescence of a

anana plant‟

[B. lumin, T. mumin, H. mimi „flowering tip

of ananas‟]

**

lugulug

n.

‟joist, crosspieces

on a canoe‟

luŋaluŋ

n.

„crosspieces on the

canoe‟

[B. luŋaluŋ, T. luŋ „crosspieces on the canoe‟]

** ++

man fululec

n.

„ ird, creature that

flaps‟

ma2

n.

‟ ird‟

man sononec n. „snake, creature that

glides‟

[PMP. manuk, „fowl, ird‟, Z. ma, St. man

„ ird‟]

{POC manuk „ ird‟, PBEL man}

**

maica

n.

„loose ground,

ground deposited

by a flood‟

maia

vi.

„to drift, float

along, coast, move

aimlessly along the

line of least

resistance‟

[Z. mia, B. maia „float along‟]

** ++

meeg, meceg

adj.

„dry, mature‟

makaz

ql.

„dry, arid, ripe,

desiccated,

dehydrated‟

[PMP. mag „to e dry‟, T. magar, W.

marakam „dry‟]

{PWO makaRa ?? (exact form uncertain),

PBEL makar. But does Am. meeg really come

from here?}

** ++

mala

n.

„chicken‟

malau

n.

‟megapode‟

cf. qacio n. „megapode‟ [Z.T. malau, B. volou, St. milau, Sn. maula,

N. mala, W. maloŋ „megapode‟]

**

mele

adj.

n.

‟true‟

„truth‟

malik

ql.

„true, right, sure,

genuine‟

meleec vi. „to elieve‟ [Z. molik „true‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

malol

n.

„peace, calm‟

malol

ql.

„peaceful, still,

calm‟

[B.T.H. malol, Z. mazoz, N. matot „peaceful‟]

{PBEL maror. Takia is properly maror. This

is an Austronesian term, ut I can‟t find my

reference to it at the moment.}

++

memeg

mei≈memi

memen

memeg

np.

‟father‟

„my father‟

„your father‟

„his father‟

mam1

n.


term; male

speaking: father‟s

rother, mother‟s

sister‟s hus and,

etc. female

speaking: my father

and his brothers,

my son, etc.

memetigul np. „all the men on the

father‟s side of the

family‟

[PMP. ama „father‟, Z.B. mam, St. ma:m, Bo.

mem, N. mama „father‟]

{Although one could make a case for deriving

the Bel terms from PMP, I don‟t think this is

their source. PMP distinguished between

address and reference terms for kin. ama was

the address term, tama the reference term. But

almost all the evidence suggests that POC

only inherited the reference terms (giving

POC tama- „father‟). I think that like the

terms listed earlier, this is borrowed from

Papuan.}

majag np. „shame‟ mamai n. „shame, guilt,

em arressment‟

majani

majain

majag

„my shame‟

„your shame‟

„his shame‟

[IN mala „ e ashamed‟, B. mimimai, T.

miai, St. maiamai, Sn. mai, H. mama, J. maia

„shame‟]

{PBEL maya-maya. I have never seen this

reconstructed as an Austronesian term. J.

maia leaves me wondering, but partly because

this does not look like a Yabem form.}

**

maman

n.

„caterpillar‟

mamanig

n.

„caterpillar‟

cf. mamanig n. „any insects that

crawl on the

ground‟

[Z.B. mamanik, H. momoni „caterpillar‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

manan

n.

„tame, domestic

animal‟

manan

ql.

„tame,

domesticated‟

[Z.B.St.H.N. manan, T. matan „tame‟]

{This looks AN -- ma- is an adjective-

deriving prefix. But I can‟t even reconstruct

the PBEL term because T. is contradictory --

let alone POC.}

**

manin

adj.

„still, quiet,

peaceful‟

manin

ql.

„still, quiet (man or

nature)‟

[Z.H.Sn. manin, Bo. mainin, St. manil, T.

malin and maiu, B. manin and maeu „quiet,

still‟]

{POC ma-lino, PBEL malin.}

** ++

ma

n.

„taro (generic

term)‟

mao1

n.

taro‟

[St.H.T. mao, N.B. ma, Z. mo „taro‟]

{POC/PBEL mwao.}

** ++

macas

n.

„sea, ocean, sea

water, salt water,

salt‟

mas1

n.

„sea, ocean, sea

water, salt water;

salt‟

[PMP. asin „salt‟, Z.St. mas, B. masi, H. main,

„ocean‟]

{POC ma-qasin „salty, salt water‟, PBEL

masi. Am. macas is interesting as it preserves

POC -q- {glottal or uvular stop} where the

Bel lgs lose it. Evidence again of an earlier

stratum of AN borrowing?}

malu n. „heart-leaf of a

vine‟

mazu n. „heart-leaf of a

vine‟

[Z. mazu, B. maru „heart-leaf of a vine‟]

{PBEL maru ?)

matu n. „first orn, eldest‟ matu n. (ma-tu) „first orn,

eldest‟

[PMP. tuva „to e old‟, Z.B.St.T.H.Sn. N.Bo.

matu „first orn‟]

{POC ma-tuqa „eldest‟, PBEL matu}

Amele Gedaged


**

-me

sf.

„same su ject

following -

sequential action‟

-meg

meg

enclitic

conj.

1. iterative action

2. sequential action

„then, thereupon,

afterwards,

meanwhile‟

[Z -mag, B. -deg, H. -mogo, T. -dogo, „while‟]

{The Bel enclitics are combinations. T. is

certainly -do-go „continuative‟ + „realis

dependent‟. Ged. -meg is probably -me (from

POC mai „come‟) + -g „realis dependent‟ (I

wrote about these things in PL C-100). It

would surprise me if the Am. terms are

borrowed from Bel. The Bel terms seem

instead to be calques of Papuan structures

which use AN morphemes.}

**

malogom

n.

„disciple, student,

follower, servant‟

megelaum

n.

„a social group all

descended from a

single ancestor‟

[Z. megelaum, St. migilaum, B. miŋgilaum,

Sn. malgu, H. malagom „followers‟]

momoson,

mosmos

n. „small hairs,

prickles or spines‟

memasen n. „small spines,

prickles or hair‟

[Z. mimes, B. mamasen, St. mumus, Sn.

musmes „spines‟]

mim n. „earthquake‟ mim n. „earthquake‟

mim tibud

mim nen

„earthquake god‟

„the earthquake

came down‟

[Z.N. mim, B.H. mimi „earthquake‟]

**

mimil

n.

„chigger, ground

louse‟

mimiz

n.

‟chigger‟

[Z. mimiz, B.H. mimir „chigger‟]

mio n. „cinnamon tree‟ mio n. „cinnamon tree‟

[Z.B.T.H.N. mio, St. mijou, Bo. muiu

„massoy‟]

{POC masoku, PBEL mio. Surprisingly, I

think the PBEL term is from POC: POC

masoku --> maso --> mayo --> mio.}

**

mobo

n.

„ko. fish‟

mobo

n.

„ko. fish a out 1

foot long. In the

water it is dark grey

when caught it

changes to white‟‟

[Z. mu, B. mo ol „ko. fish‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

modo, mod

n.

„ko. fish‟

mod2

n.

„ko. fish, 6 to 8

inches long, dorsal

part is blue, ventral

white, with black

dots on a line

between the two

colours. The top of

the head is red. The

upper part of the

mouth is shorter

than the lower.‟

[B. mond „ko. fish‟]

muduqan np. „neigh our‟ muduban n. „neigh our, fellow

countryman‟

muduqani

muduqain

muduqan

„my neigh our‟

„your neigh our‟

„his neigh our‟

[Z.B.T. mudu an, N. mudipan „neigh our‟]

deel n. „day, date, daytime‟ nal n. „day, term, date,

birthday, period of

time‟

[Z.T.St.Sn. nal, B. nali, H. na, „day, date‟, Bo.

nal „market day‟]

{No good reason to suppose that A. deel and

PBEL nali are related. In any case, PBEL nali

has no obvious POC ancestor.}

**

nat

n.

„ko. tree, the kind

of Malay apple tree

which has twin

trunks and small

fruit‟

nat

n.

„ko. tree (Illipe

family Sapotaceae)‟

[Z.Sn.T. nat, B. nati „Illipe‟]

** ++

ijan, ajan, jan

np.

„name, title‟

nean

n.

„name, la el,

designation, mark,

sign, title‟

ijani

ijain

ijan

„my name‟

„your name‟

„his name‟

[PMP. ag n „name‟, Z.T. jaŋan, J. ŋae, B.

ŋian, Sn. ŋiu, St. wag, H. jana „name‟]

{The Am. term seems to be a perfectly good

reflex of PWO ican „name‟, ut if it is a

orrowing, it didn‟t get it via Bel.}

Amele Gedaged


** ++

anag

au≈ani

anin

anag

np.

1. „mother‟

„my mother‟

„your mother‟

„his mother‟

nen1

n.

„self reciprocal term

when used by two

female persons

belonging to the

nen class‟

jic anag

deel anag

n. 2. „primary, main,

important‟

„main road‟

„important day‟

[PMP. ina „mother‟, Z.B. nen, T. ŋen, W.

naŋ, St. nin, H. nai, Sn. ana „mother‟]

{My comments on „father‟ also apply here.

POC had tina}

**

aue

interj.

„oh mother! an

interjection asking

for protection‟

nen2

nen a!

interj.

„it is used as an

interjection praying

for protection‟

„oh mother, protect

me‟

**

hi, hiag

hieni

hien

hiag

np.

„mate, partner,

companion, equal,

one of a pair‟

„my mate‟

„your mate‟

„his mate‟

nibi

n.

(ni- „partnership‟ +

- i„intimate

relationship‟)

„partners, two

persons who have

formed an intimate

partnership‟

caja hi

sug hi

„woman friend‟

„ reast mate, i.e. the

one who sucked

milk with me‟

[B. i „partners‟]

{A relative of PBEL nibi was found above.

The vowel is the only evidence of relationship

and in a monosyllable that is insufficient

evidence.}

nui n. „island‟ nui1 n. 1. „island, tract of

land surrounded by

water‟

2. „anything

resembling an

island in position,

such as a bunch of

trees in a field‟

[PMP. nusa „island‟, Z.T. nud, B.St.H. Sn.

nui, N. nu, J. nu‟, Bo. nudi „island‟]

{POC nusa, PBEL nui}

** ++

anse, ansec,

anesec

n.

‟left hand, left side‟

ŋas

ql.

„left (side),

sinistral‟

[Z.T.W. ŋas, B. ŋasi, Sn. ŋajos „left‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

nih

n.

‟a hook‟

ŋiau

n.

‟a hook‟

[Z.T. ŋiau, B. nijou „a hook‟]

**

ninihul

n.

„ko. wasp which

makes mud nests‟

ŋiŋiu

n.

„ko. small ee, their

nests hang from

branches by thin

threads‟

[Z.B. niniu, St. ŋiŋi, T. nini, H. ni „ko. ee‟]

**

oe

interj.

„oh no! alas!‟

oe

interj.

„it is used to call a

person‟s attention

to something; hey!,

hello!‟

[B.T.St.H. oe, Sn. oie „hey, hello‟]

**

fadalec

fadaldoc

vi.

vt.

„to perish, to e

destroyed, to be

lost‟

„to destroy

something, to lose

something precious‟

padal

vi.

1. „to lose

something precious

(life, eternal life,

memory, goods), to

be destroyed, to

perish ..‟

[Z.B.T.St.H. padal „suffer loss‟, N.

padalmete „to perish‟, Bo. padal-ar „to have

an accident, perish‟]

wal oso n. „four‟ pal2 ql. „four, fourth‟

[PMP. e(m)pat „four‟, Z. pal, B. pali, St. val-

ad „four‟]

{See note on this item below}

** ++

fan

n.

„sliver, splinter,

chip (of wood)‟

paŋ1

n.

„chip (of wood),

splinter, sliver‟

[PMP. papan „ oard‟, Z. paŋapaŋ, B.T.St. Sn.

paŋ „chip‟]

{I don‟t dou t the A.-Bel connection, but I

can‟t uy the PMP connection -- semantically

a bit unlikely.}

**

failiel

n.

„mast of a ship, flag

pole‟

pazaz

n.

„mast, flag pole‟

[Z. piaz, B. piriar, T. pear, St. paniar, Sn.

piŋar „mast‟; Sn. parar „handle‟]

{POC pala(lV), PBEL parar. PBEL has *r for

expected **l. More research needed.}

Amele Gedaged


feele n. „greetings‟ pez n. „greetings‟

[Z. pez, B.T. per, H. pele „greetings‟]

*PIE „hail‟

{PBEL pere}

foec vi. „to see clearly,

understand clearly,

to e enlightened‟

po ql. „open, clear, sharp

(ears and eyes)‟

[Z.B.St. po, Sŋ. pa-kat „open‟]

**

bolobolo

adj.

„loose‟

polo

ql.

„loose, slack‟

boloboloec vi. „to loosen‟ [PMP. pules „to turn, twist‟, Z. ulu- balai, B.

polo, T. olo, St. polok „loose, flapping‟]

{The PMP etymology is semantically

unlikely.}

** ++

fudoc, fuldoc,

fuludoc

vt.

„to low something,

to blow on

something‟

pu

ql.

„ lowing, spitting

out by blowing,

flaring up (fire)‟

[Z.B.H. pu, St. ju, Sn. fur „ lowing‟]

{POC pusi „ low (on something), PBEL pu}

**

fugudoc

vt.

„to split something

open‟

puk

vi.

„to urst open,

break open,

explode, separate,

open up‟

guhoc vi. „to explode‟ [PMP. uka „to open‟, Z.B.T. puk, St. pui, H.

pukuŋ-ja „ urst open‟]

**

sabub

n.

„aromatic shru ‟

sabub2

n.

„aromatic shru ‟

**

saec

vi.

„to tell, recount‟

sae3

n.

„story, history,

experience,

account,

description, report,

tale‟

cf. dodo n. „story, history,

experience,

account,

description, report,

tale‟

[Z.B.T.St. sai „story‟]

{PBEL sae}

saen n. „time, when‟ saen n. „time, moment,

date‟

saensaen adv. „always, forever‟ [Z.B.T.St.Bo. sain, N. hain „time‟]

{PBEL saen}

Amele Gedaged


sala n. „flower of coconut‟ salai n.. „inflorescence of

coconut‟

[Z. salai, B. selei, J. salep „inflorescence of

coconut‟]

**

salu, salufu

n.

„shade, shelter from

the sun‟

saleb

n.

„a cover, shelter,

hiding place,

sheltered ay‟

[PMP. salu(m)buŋ „cover, enclosure‟, Z.T.

sale , B. sali , W. sale, N. hili „a cover to

hide in‟]

sam n. „outrigger float on a

canoe‟

sam1 n. „outrigger float on a

canoe‟

[IN saRaman „outrigger float‟; Z.B.T.St.

Sn.H. sam, Bo. saman, N. ham „outrigger

float‟]

{POC saman, PBEL sam}

san n. „dryness, drought‟ san2 ql. „dryness, aridity,

drought‟

[Z.B.Sn.H. san, T. sa „dry‟]

**

sasaloh

sasalami

sasalaim

sasaloh

np.

„crotch, groin‟

„my crotch‟

„your crotch‟

„his crotch‟

saŋan

n.

1. „crotch, groin,

ifurcation‟

2. „female or male

genitals‟

sagub, saguh n. „urethra of man or

woman‟

[PMP. saŋa „spread apart, fork, crotch‟, Z.B.

saŋan, St. saŋasaŋ „crotch‟, Bo. sagana

„forked‟]

{POC saŋan, PBEL saŋa-n, but I doubt

whether this is the source of the Am.}

sas n. „sawfish‟ sas n. „sawfish‟

[Z.B.T.St.N.Sn. sas, W. sar „sawfish‟]

{PBEL sas}

sasagel n. „ko. yam‟ sasagel n. „ko. yam‟

[Z.B. sasagel, H. hahagel, St.Sn. sagel „ko.

yam‟]

sasam n. „shark‟ sasam n. „shark‟

[Z.Bo.T.H. sasam, B. sasami, Sn. sasambi, N.

haham „shark‟]

{PBEL sasa(m,b)i}

Amele Gedaged


++

sawal

n.

„spear used for

fighting‟

sawaz

n.

„spear made in two

parts, the point

being made of

bamboo and the

handle from a palm

tree. At the point it

is decorated with

cassowary feathers‟

[Z. suaz, B.T.Sŋ. sawar, H. soworu, N.

hauwat „ko. spear‟]

{PBEL sawar}

se interj. 1. „an expression

used to children to

silence them‟

se1 interj. „said to surprise or

silence a person‟

[Z.T.St.Sn.H. se „pst!‟]

2. „an expression

used to express

surprise, “Hey

what‟s this?”‟

se2 interj. „hey there, what‟s

this, you‟re crazy‟

[Z.T.W.St.Sn.H. se „ egone!‟]

seibul n. „wooden sword

made from a piece

of palm wood‟

sebuzi n. „wooden sword

made from a slab of

palm wood‟

[Z. sebuzi, B. sebur, T. sebun, St. siburi

„wooden sword‟]

**

sagalan,

sagagal

n.

„crest on pigs and

other animals,

mane, bristles on

the neck‟

segazan

n.

„crest on pigs and

other animals,

mane, bristles on

the neck‟

[Z. sazagen, B. sagaren, Sn. saŋgaran „crest,

mane‟]

**

alal doc

v.imp

„to e tired, ored,

lazy‟

selali

vt.

„to e ored, weary,

tired, lazy, worn

out, irked …‟

[PMP. lelah „weary‟, Z. selali, B. silali „to e

ored‟]

Amele Gedaged


sual n. „mussel shellfish‟ selaual n. 1. „univalve

mollusk (Conus

papilionaceus);

rings are made from

it‟

2. „rings made from

|bselaual|r shell‟

[Z.H. selawal, B.St. sual, Bo. suala „rings

made from shells‟]

**

sasail

n.

„evil spirit that

inhabits high

places‟

sesaiz

n.

„evil spirit, sprite,

elf, fairy, pixy,

go lin …‟

[B. sesair, St. sasair „evil spirit‟]

saniec, sicanec vi. „to count, read‟ siani vt. „count, read,

distri ute‟

[B. siani „to count, read‟]

**

sib

n.

„ru ish, de ris‟

sib

n.

1. „ undle, cone-

shaped‟

2. „de ris after cut

down bush has been

urnt‟

[Z.N. si , B. sim „ undle‟]

**

sigum

n.

‟an arrow with a

broad sharp head

made of bamboo,

used for killing pigs

or men‟

sigum

n.

1. „socket or holder

of an arrow‟

2. „penholder‟

[Z.St. sigum, B. suŋgum „socket‟]

sui n. „salty ashes‟ sif n. „salty ashes‟

[Z. sif, B. sihu „salty ashes‟]

sosog adj. „narrow‟ sigisog ql. „narrow, close, thin‟

[PMP. sesak „to narrow‟, Z. sigisog, T.

sigsigan, N. hogog „narrow‟]

sulub n. „ko. knife made

from walla y one‟

silup n. „ko. knife made

from walla y one‟

[T.Sn. silup, St. sulup „ko. knife‟]

sima n. „a piece of

decorated bamboo

used, for example,

at singsings‟

sima n. „piece of decorated

bamboo‟

simasim n. „sago palm leaves

used to decorate a

house‟

[Z. sima, B. sim, T. sumai, N. hima„piece of

am oo decorated‟]

Amele Gedaged


sis1 n. „grasshopper, locust

(generic term)‟

sis1 n. „grasshopper,

locust‟

[Z.T.Bo. sis, B. sisi „grasshopper‟]

sis2 n. „ko. yam‟ sis

2 n. „ko. yam‟

sil3 n. „flood, tide, tidal

wave, deluge‟

siz n. „flood, tide, deluge‟

[Z. siz, B.T.H.Sn. sir, Bo. siri, St. sirir, N. hit

„flood‟]

sisil ceb n. „watery etelnuts‟ sizizuk ql. „watery (used in

reference to

betelnuts that are

soft and easy to

chew), soggy‟

[W. sisik, St. susuru „watery‟]

** ++

sucun, sucul

n.

„corner, edge,

el ow‟

siun

n.

„corner, angle,

nook‟

[PMP. siku, „el ow, corner‟, Z.T.Sn. siun, St.

siu, B. suin „corner‟]

{POC siku, PBEL siu-. But the Am., if it is a

borrowing, seems to reflect the medial velar

with a glottal, suggesting that it is earlier than

PBEL.}

sol n. 2. „mixture‟ sol2 vi. „to ecome mixed‟

[PMP. cahuR „to mix‟, Z. solasol, B. isol „to

e mixed‟]

{POC sola „mix‟, PBEL sola}

sol 1. „a pole used for

carrying‟

su2 n. „a carrying pole‟

[PMP. susah „ urden, care‟, Z.B.T.St.H. su „a

carrying pole‟]

++

su, sug

np.

„woman‟s reasts,

mammary glands,

milk‟

su3

n.

‟mammary glands‟

suni

sun

su≈sug

„my reasts‟

„your reasts‟

„her reasts‟

[PMP. susu „woman‟s reast‟, Z. sus,

B.T.H.J. su, N. huh, St. sui „ reast‟]

{POC susu-, PBEL suyu-. This is the classic

case to demonstrate that body parts were

borrowed from Bel into Am.!}

Amele Gedaged


cusec vi. „to ru , scru ,

crush, scrape,

athe, wash‟

sug vi. „to athe‟

[Z.T.St. sug, B. usuŋg „to athe‟]

{I don‟t think there is a necessary relationship

between the Am. and Bel forms.}

**

sinam

n.

„flower of a tree‟

sunam

n.

„ko. fig tree‟

[Z.T. sunam, B. sinum, Sn.W. sinam „ko. fig

tree‟]

**

lal

n.

„clay used for

making claypots,

hal‟

zaz

n.

„clay used y Bili il

people to make

pots‟

[Z. zaz, B.T.St.Sn. rar „clay‟]

{POC raRoq „clay‟, PBEL rar}

**

sasalec

vi.

„to spread out,

spread apart‟

ziazai

ql.

„spread apart‟

[Z. ziza, B. sasarai „spread apart‟]

lolom n. „ko. yam‟ zozom n. „ko. yam‟

[B.Sn. rorom „ko. yam‟]

tatiec vi. „to look up‟ tad vi. „to look up‟

[B.T.St. tad H. itad-ja „to look up‟]

**

tadiu

n.

‟ko. fish‟

tadiu

n.

„ko. fish, white

marine fish about

three inches long;

used as ait‟

[Z. tadiu „ko. fish‟]

**

taeg, tageg

n.

„woven mat‟

taeg

n.

„mat made from a

woven coconut

frond‟

[B. taiŋg, T. tavek, H. taig „mat‟]

taegtaeg n. „game with mats‟

tao, tau n. „ lack earth used as

a dye, darkness, a

screen, a shade‟

tao n. „ lack earth used to

stain the teeth

lack‟

[Z.B.T.St.N.H.Sn. tao, Bo. taual „ lack earth‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

talah

n.

„a shelter,

temporary shelter

built in the garden

made of bush

materials, a tent‟

tazas

n.

„sheltering roof,

penthouse, shed,

window shade, sun-

shade, awning‟

[B. tara, St. taras „a shed‟]

{PBEL taras. Since s --> h is a normal sound

change (but the reverse not), this must have

once been Am. *talas}

taul n. „ko. shellfish, conch

shell‟

tauz n. „ko. mollusc

(Triton)‟

[PMP. [t]am- uri „triton shell‟, Z. tauz,

B.T.H. taur, J. dau?=, N. taut, Bo. tora, Sn.

tawel „triton shell‟]

{POC tapuRi, PBEL taur}

**

tobil

n.

‟tadpole(s)‟

tebegabeg

n.

‟tadpole‟

[Z. te ega eg, H. to i ir „tadpole‟]

**

tamanec

vi.

n.

„to gather together‟

„a gathering,

congregation‟

temani

vt.

1. „to heap up,

gather, ..‟

2. „to ring people

together, reconcile,

…‟

[Z. timini, B. tamani, T. temani, Sn. tumai-,

N. tamani- „to gather‟]

**

telelec

vi.

„to trem le as when

one has a fever or is

very afraid‟

terere

ql.

„trem ling, shaking,

vi rating, whirring‟

[Z.B.H. terere „trem ling‟]

tet n. 1. „round wooden

block for resting

one‟s head on,

pillow‟

2. „ladder, steps,

ridge‟

tet n. „ladder, steps,

ridge‟

[Z.B.T. tet, J. tˆ, W. titeŋ, H. tetek „ladder,

ridge‟]

{POC tete, PBEL tete}

Amele Gedaged


tibud n. „spirits that inha it

streams, rocks,

trees, etc., they are

responsible for any

geophysical

phenomenon, e.g.

thunder and

lightning, and

earthquakes; lord;

god‟

tibud n. „spirits, souls of the

dead, ancestors,

fairy, demi-gods,

god‟

Anut Tibud

amel tibud

mim tibud

„Lord God‟

„lightning god‟

„earthquake god‟

[PMP. [t]umpu „ancestor, lord‟, B.T.N. ti ud,

Z. tu ud „spirits‟]

{PBEL tubu-d(i), where -d(i) seems to be a

fossilised plural marker < POC -dri „3rd

plural possessor‟}

** ++

cudu

n.

„ lack (man or pig)‟

tidum

n.

„night, darkness,

gloom, ..‟

[PMP. DeDem „to e dark‟, Z.T. tidom, B.

tindom, St. idom, W. tirom „night‟, N. udo

„dusk‟]

{PBEL tidom „darkness‟ -- but this is

formally and semantically not a likely source

for Am. cudu.}

++

tutuc

adj.

„straight, correct,

right, upright‟

tiduk

ql.

„straight, upright,

right …‟

[Z. tiduk, B. tuduk, N. tutuku „straight‟]

{PBEL tutuk}

tim n. „gentle reeze‟ tim n. „wind, reeze‟

[PMP. timuR „rain-wind‟, Z.B.T. tim, Bo.

temur, J . timu „wind‟]

{POC timuR „ reeze‟, PBEL tim(u)}

** ++

taen

n.

‟clouds‟

timtaen

n.

(tim + taen)

„clouds‟

[Z.B.T. timtaen, Sn. tain „clouds‟]

{POC timuR as above + taqe-–a „its

excrement‟ --> PBEL tim(u)-tae-n „excrement

of the reeze‟}

tuitu n. „nail, spike‟ titui n. „nail, peg, plug,

rad, …‟

[PMP. tutu „to pound‟, Z. tetui, B.Sn. titui, T.

tutu, St. tuitui, Bo. tui, H. tuti „nail‟]

{POC tutuk „hammer (something‟)}

Amele Gedaged


uen np. „upper arm,

strength, valour,

power‟

tiwon n. „ ony skeleton,

quill of a feather‟

ueni

uein

uen

„my upper arm‟

„your upper arm‟

„his upper arm‟

[PMP. tulaŋ „ one‟, Z. tivon, B. tuvan, T.

tuvon, St. tui, H. tuva, Sn. tutu „skeleton‟]

{POC tuqa- „ one, perhaps specifically

ack one‟ (Mager‟s PMP etymology is

certainly wrong). PBEL tua- + -n. If this is the

source of the Am. term, then one would have

to demonstrate a t- --> zero rule.}

ton n. „mangrove tree‟ toŋ n. „mangrove tree‟

[PMP. teŋe[r] „mangrove‟, B.T.Sn. toŋ, N. ton

„mangrove‟]

{POC toŋoR, PBEL toŋ}

**

tu1

n.

„darkness, night‟

tukan

n.

„deep darkness,

deep night‟

[N. tu an „night‟]

taula n. „young girl whose

breasts are not fully

developed yet‟

tula n. „young married man

or woman‟

[Z. tual „widower‟, H. taule „young girl‟]

tuluec vi. „to check, stop,

prevent, cut short‟

turu ql. „stiff, fixed, pulled

up short, checked‟

[PMP. tulus „steady, steadfast‟, Z.B. turu, T.

ŋuru and kuru „checked‟]

wa tut n. „water hole‟ tut n. 1. „worm that ores

into canoes‟

2. „the holes made

by the tut worm‟

[Z. tut, St. tumtum, H. tutuŋ „ orer‟]

cuni n. „eel‟ ubiu1 n. „eel‟

[Z. u i, St. wadiu, N. upi, „eel‟]

wadau n. „uninha ited,

deserted, desolate

place‟

udau ql. „deserted, arren,

waste, desolate‟

[Z.T. udau, B. vodo „deserted‟]

cud n. „a fast‟ udi vi. „to a stain from

certain foods, to

fast‟

[Z. uvol, B. ivind, St. udŋai, H. kuri, Sn.

kundi-kat „to fast‟]

Amele Gedaged


**

um

n.

„accusation,

slander‟

uf

n.

„defamation,

denouncement,

accusation, slander,

…‟

um qoc vi. „to accuse, slander‟ [Z.T.St.Sn. uf, B. uhu „denouncement‟]

++

wa

n.

„water, river, rain‟

ui

n.

‟rain‟

[PMP. hud n „rain‟, Z.T. ui, B. sau, Bo. auo,

H. uje „rain‟]

{POC qusan, PBEL ui. But I hardly think this

is the source of Am. wa.}

cudi n. „ readfruit tree‟ cul n. „ readfruit tree and

its fruit‟

[PMP. kulu[r] „ readfruit tree‟, Z.T. ul, J. u‟,

B. uli, Bo. oli „ readfruit tree‟]

{POC kuluR, PBEL ul(V). This requires a /l/

to /d/ change in Am.}

culum n. „rudder‟ ulum n. „rudder‟

[Z.B.H.N. ulum, T. un, St. wulum „rudder‟]

{POC kuliŋ, PBEL ulum}

culit, curit n. „octopus‟ uzit n. „octopus, squid,

cuttlefish‟

[Z.uzit, B.T.St.H. urit, Sn.W. kurit, N. utit

„octopus‟]

{POC kuRita, PBEL urit, Am. has preserved

the POC /k/}

wag n. „canoe, oat, ship‟ wag n. „large canoe that

goes out on the high

seas, ship, oat‟

man wag n. „aeroplane (lit. ird

canoe)‟

[PMP. vaŋkaŋ „canoe, ship‟, Z.T. vog, J. waŋ,

St. wag, B. vaŋg, H. vag „canoe‟]

{POC waga, PBEL wag}

++

waga

n.

„crocodile‟

waga1

n.

„crocodile‟

[PMP. b-uh-aja „crocodile‟, H.Z. vagai, B.

veŋge, St. waŋgai, G. vagaŋ, Sn. pua, J. iwa,

T. fai „crocodile‟]

{POC puqaya, PBEL puai. Not sure where

Ged. etc wagai comes from or whether it is

connected with POC puqaya.}

**

waeg

n.

„a journey over the

sea‟

waiŋ

n.

„a journey overseas,

voyage‟

[Z.B.T. vaiŋ „journey over seas‟]

Amele Gedaged


wal oso n. „four‟ wal2 ql. „four coconuts tied

together‟

[PMP e(m)pat „four‟, Z.T.St. wal, B. vali, H.

valuŋ „four coconuts tied together‟, N. vat ele

„four‟]

{POC pati, PBEL pat(i). See t --> l change

mentioned above. PBEL pat(i) gives the Bel

terms for „four mentioned earlier‟, ut

seemingly not these. They seem to represent a

PBEL wal(i), and this seems to be the source

of Am. wal.}

**

wal

n.

‟rain ow‟

wal3

n.

‟weather magic‟

[PMP. ta(m) ar „antidote, medicine‟, Z. Sn.

val, B. vali, T. ar and al, St. ar „magic‟]

**

wame, wamel

n.

„ko. tree which is

good for making

canoes‟

wamei

n.

„ko. tree which is

good for making

canoes‟

[Z.T. vamei, B. vami, St.Sn. wamei, N. Bo.

vame „ko. tree‟]

**

wewes

n.

„ko. lack ant‟

wawes

n.

„ko. lack ant that

devours white ants‟

walumel n. „ko. vine‟ wasamez n. „ko. fern the vines

of which are used to

bind parts of a

canoe together‟

[Z. mazu, B. veramer, T. imer, St. vadamer,

Sn. warmer „ko. fern‟]

**

welu

n.

‟mango‟

wiwo

n.

‟mango‟

[Z. vivo, B. veva, T. voi, J. wa, St. waiwai,

Sn. jiwai „mango‟]

{POC waiwai, PBEL waiwai. But is this the

source of Am. welu ?}

**

col

n.

„ am oo string on

ow‟

wol

n.

„ko. am oo having

a thin wall which is

used to make bow

strings‟

[PMP. uluh „ko. am oo‟, Z.B.T. vol, St.

wol, H. ol „ko. am oo‟]

{POC kauR, PBEL ol; PBEL has *l where *r

is expected.}

Amele Gedaged


**

ulauldoc

vt.

„to warn someone,

impose a demand

on someone‟

wolaul2

n.

„claim, demand, …‟

[B. ulaul „demand‟]

olu n. „pumpkin‟ wolu n. „pumpkin‟

[PMP. aluh „pumpkin‟, Z.B. volu, J. wal“,

T.Bo. valu, N.H. olu, W. velu, St. woli

„pumpkin‟]

{POC paluq, PBEL valu. PBEL has /v/ where

/p/ is expected, ut this doesn‟t affect the

probability that Am. borrowed from Bel.}

**

was

n.

‟ai ika‟

wos

n.

„shru that is

cultivated for its

leaves, which are

eaten, also used in

magic‟

[T.St. vas „ko. her ‟]

E.g. of calqueing, cf.

Amele Gedaged

cabi + gel „year‟ um + az „year‟

garden fence garden fence

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A Comparison of Possible Lexical Borrowings between Amele ... fileAmele&GedagedComp 2010.doc 1 A Comparison of Possible Lexical Borrowings between Amele and Gedaged John R. Roberts