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1 A description of endangered phonemic contrasts in Mosuo (Yongning Na) 永永永永永永永永永永永永永永永 Academic Session on Issues of Language Endangerment, ICAES 2009 Alexis Michaud, LACITO-CNRS ( 永永永永永 永永 ) Latami Dashi, Ninglang Research Centre in Ethnology ( 永永永永永永永永永永永永永 永永永•永永 ) 1. Background: language under study 2. Endangered consonantal contrasts 3. Endangered tonal contrasts 1. 永永 永永永永永 2. 永永永永永永永 3. 永永永永永永永

A description of endangered phonemic contrasts in Mosuo (Yongning Na) 永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的音位对立

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A description of endangered phonemic contrasts in Mosuo (Yongning Na) 永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的音位对立. Background: language under study Endangered consonantal contrasts Endangered tonal contrasts. 背景:永宁摩梭话 濒临消失的声母 濒临消失的声调. Academic Session on Issues of Language Endangerment, ICAES 2009 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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A description of endangered phonemic contrasts in Mosuo (Yongning Na)

永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的音位对立

Academic Session on Issues of Language Endangerment, ICAES 2009

Alexis Michaud, LACITO-CNRS ( 法国科学院 米可 )Latami Dashi, Ninglang Research Centre in Ethnology ( 丽江市宁蒗县

民族文化研究所 •拉他咪 达石 )

1. Background: language under study

2. Endangered consonantal contrasts

3. Endangered tonal contrasts

1. 背景:永宁摩梭话2. 濒临消失的声母3. 濒临消失的声调

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1.The Na (Mosuo) language

摩梭摩梭话、 话、 纳纳语、语、 纳西纳西语东部方言永宁土语语东部方言永宁土语

Sino-Tibetan family 汉藏语系汉藏语系

Yunnan

Sichuan

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Yunnan(map courtesy of Liberty Lidz, based on map of National Minorities Commission, 1983, with indications on Na dialects from Yang Zhenhong)

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The plain of The plain of YongningYongning永宁坝永宁坝

Ninglang Ninglang countycounty Lijiang Lijiang municipalitymunicipality

Autonym: Autonym: / / LMLMnɑ /nɑ /

丽江市 宁蒗县丽江市 宁蒗县

自称:自称: / / LMLMnɑ /nɑ /

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The languages of The languages of YongningYongning永宁坝语言情况永宁坝语言情况

汉语傈僳语摩梭话(纳语)普米语

解放前:摩梭话为主要语言

ChineseNaPumiLisuNaxi

...

Before 1960s: monolingual Na speakers

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Generation gap in language proficiency: the big picture

年龄与语言能力概况• >60: “fully proficient” .

Oral tradition: alive before 1960s.

• Intermediate: “bilingual” .Na; local Chinese; standard Chinese

• <20: “inadequate” . Mostly passive knowledge.

>60 岁:“语言能力完整”解放前:以口传文化为主

<60 岁, >20 岁:“双语能力” 西南官话、普通话、摩梭话

<20 :“语言能力残缺”

Liberty Lidz & A. Michaud (2008), “Yongning Na (Mosuo): Language Documentation in the Sino-Tibetan Borderland”, International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 41), London, 18-21 Sept. 2008.

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The path to simplification: endangered phonemic contrasts

语言的简单化过程:濒临消失的音位对立Table 1. Initials in Yongning Na. 永宁摩梭话的声母bilabial dental retrofle

xvelar uvular glottal

plosive 爆破音

pʰ p b tʰ t d ʈʰ ʈ ɖ kʰ k g

qʰ q

affricate赛擦音

tsʰ ts dz tɕʰ tɕ dʑ

ʈʂʰ ʈʂ ɖʐ

nasal 鼻音 m n ɳ ŋfricative 擦音

s zɕ ʑ

ʂ ʐ ʁ h

lateral 边音 ɬ lapproximant 接近音

ɻ

双唇音 齿音 卷舌音 软腭音 小舌音 声门音

Inventory from: Michaud (2008) : “Phonemic and tonal analysis of Yongning Na”. Cahiers de linguistique - Asie Orientale 37(2): 159-196.

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Contrast between voiced /l/ and voiceless /ɬ/; confusion with fricative

/ɻ/

• 正上高中,以汉语为主要语言学习项目的摩梭人:/M li/“ 看”, /M ɬi/“ 耳、月”都发成了 /M li/ ,而将 /M ʁæ.mi/“ 剑”, /#Hkʰwæ.ɻæ/ “ 毡子”中的 /ʁæ/, /ɻæ/ 都发成了 /læ/ 。

• 一位 35 岁的发音人虽然还保留这四个音位的对立,可是它们在词汇中的分布已经不是很明确了,例如,她将不常用的一个词 “剑”, /M ʁæ.mi/ ,发成了 /M ɻæ.mi/ ,这就反映了 /ʁ/ 、 /ɻ/ 对立的弱化的初步阶段。

• Student (at boarding school): /M li/ “watch” /M ɬi/ “ear; moon” > confused to //M M li/li//ʁæ/ in /M ʁæ.mi/ “sword”, /ɻæ/ in /#H kʰwæ.ɻæ/ “felt”>/læ//læ/.

• 35-year-old, relatively proficient speaker: preserves contrast;but: /ʁæ.mi/ “sword” > /ɻæ.mi//ɻæ.mi/

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example 例词

tone 声调

in isolation 单独发音

+Poss /bvW/… 的…

+Cop /ŋi/是……

M lɑ tiger 虎 M M M+M M+L

L kʰvW dog 狗 L M L+M L+LM

#H ʐwæ horse 马

#H M M+M M+H

MH hwɤ cat 猫 MH MH M+H M+H

LM bu pig 猪 LM LM L+M L+M

Tones: simplification of an elaborate system

声调系统的简单化过程

M 、 L 、 #H 三种声调单独发音时都经过中和化。不同于字调(有影响力的语言:汉语)不同于字调(有影响力的语言:汉语) >> 容易失掉。容易失掉。

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Less proficient speakers go by surface forms

Tonal rule in compounds: L+M>LL+M>L/Lju/ ‘sheep’ +/Mŋi.gɤ/ ‘nose’ > //LLju.ŋi.gɤ/.ju.ŋi.gɤ/. Addition of final M tone > realized as: [ju˩ŋi˩gɤ˩˧]

Gap between underlying tone and surface realization. Gap between underlying tone and surface realization. In isolation («citation»): M tone: [Mju], [Mŋi.gɤ]

Less proficient speaker [M23]: realized as: Less proficient speaker [M23]: realized as: [ju˧ŋi˧gɤ˧][ju˧ŋi˧gɤ˧]摩梭话有一套很完整的构成复合词的声调规则,例如: L+M>L

。例词: /LLju/ ‘ 绵羊’ +/MMŋi.gɤ/ ‘ 鼻子、鼻涕’ > //LLju.ŋi.gɤ/ju.ŋi.gɤ/。。此处、表层声调与底层声调有相当大的距离:单词都发成中调( M ),而复合词有低调( L )。 35 岁发音人:发成 [ju˧ŋi˧gɤ˧][ju˧ŋi˧gɤ˧] ,这等于一个“错误”的底层调。他的发音按照表层声调、忽视底层声调。

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The elaborate tone system of disyllables

双音节词的声调:一个相当复杂的系统tone: in isolation

tone class (phonology)

tone: +Poss

tone: +Cop

example

phonology phonetics meaning

[M.M] M M.M+M

M.M+L / M ɬi.mi/ [ɬi˧ mi˧] ‘moon’ 月亮

[L.LM] L L.L+M L.L+M / L kʰvW.mi/ [kʰvW˩ mi˩˧] ‘bitch’ 母狗[M.M] #H M.M+

MM.M+H

/ #H ŋi.mi/ [ŋi˧ mi˧] ‘sun’ 太阳

[M.MH] MH# M.M+H

M.M+H

/MH# hwɤ.li/ [hwɤ˧ li˧˧] ‘cat’ 猫

[L.M] LM L.M+M L.M+L /LM bu.mi/ [bu˩ mi˧] ‘sow’ 母猪[L.M] LML L.M+L L.M+L /LML bu.ɬɑ/ [bu˩ ɬɑ˧] ‘soar’ 公猪[M.H] H$ M.M+

MM.M+H

/ H$ hwɤ.mi/ [hwɤ˧ mi˥]

‘she-cat’ 母猫

[L.M] LM+#H L.M+M L.M+H /

LM+#H nɑ.hĩ/[nɑ˩ hĩ˧] ‘Naxi’ 纳西

[L.MH] L+MH L.M+H L.M+H / L+MH i.ʈʂæ/ [i˩ ʈʂæ˧˧] ‘waist’ 腰[M.L] ML / L# M.L+L M.L+L / ML

ʁu.dzɯ/[ʁu˧ dzɯ˩]

‘Tibetan’ 藏族

[M.H] MH / H#

M.H+L M.H+L / MH ʁæ.ʈvW/ [ʁæ˧ ʈvW˥] ‘neck’ 脖子

单独发音

调类(音系学)

… 的… 是…… 例词的音位 例词的发音 例词的意思

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The example of tonal classes /LM/ and /LML/

LM 、 LML 两种声调的区别为什么容易失掉

tone: in isolation

tone class (phonology)

tone: +Poss

tone: +Cop

example

phonology phonetics meaning

[L.M] LM L.M+ML.M+M L.M+L /LM bu.mi/ [bu˩ mi˧] ‘sow’ 母猪[L.M] LM L.M+LL.M+L L.M+L /LML bu.ɬɑ/ [bu˩ ɬɑ˧] ‘soar’ 公猪单独发音

调类(音系学)

… 的… 是…… 例词的音位 例词的发音 例词的意思[bu˩mi˧ bvW˧] “...of a sow”, [bu˩ɬɑ˧ bvW˩] “...of a boar”母猪的…… 公猪的…… (出现于长篇语料)

LM 、 LML 这两种声调的区别只有在少数的环境里才出现,多数环境里面这两种声调经过中和化( neutralization ),所以它们的区别容易失掉。 60 岁以下的人士已经不再区分 LM 、 LML 这两种声调。

LM and LML distinct in few contexts > low frequency > easily confused.

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Acknowledgments

Many thanks to the Na language consultants, and to Liberty Lidz.(Any errors are our own.)

ConclusionGradual loss of the contrasts that do not exist in Chinese.

结论汉语、摩梭话都有的音

才保存得完整。