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Adescriptionofthestudy,andwhyitmatters,bytheauthors‐
ThespreadofantibioticresistantbacteriaintheHudson:onemorereasontocareaboutreducingsewagepollutioninourwaterways
BySuzanneYoung1,AndyJuhl2,andGregO’Mullan1,21SchoolofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences,QueensCollege,CUNY2LamontDohertyEarthObservatoryofColumbiaUniversity
ThewaterwaysofNewYorkCityareavaluablenaturalandrecreationalresource(Figure1)andtheirhealthdependsonresponsiblestewardship.WhileconditionshaveimprovedgreatlyintheHudsonRiverandNewYorkHarboroverthelast30years,thereleaseofsewageintoourwaterways
continuestothreatenecosystemhealthandoptimalwaterquality.Perhapstheproblemthatpresentsthemostimmediateheaththreattothosewhocontactriverwateristhebillionsofgallonsofcombinedstormwater,mixedwithrawhumansewage,thatareexpelledintotheHudsonRivereachyear.This
happenswhenrainwaterentersoursewersystemviastormdrainsandmixeswithsanitarysewage.Thecombinedvolumecanoverwhelmthecapacityofthepipesleadingtoourwastewatertreatmentplants.Toavoidsewerbackups,aportionofthiscombinedstormwaterandsewageissometimesdivertedinto
ourwaterwaysbeforeithasbeenprocessedinatreatmentplanttoremovebacteriaandothercontaminants.Thisprocessofreleasingstormwatermixedwithsewageisreferredtoasa“combinedseweroverflow”(CSO).Whileweknowthatuntreatedsewagecancontaindisease‐causingorganisms,
wedon’talwaysknowwhatkindsofpotentiallydangerousorganismsareactuallypresent.Arecentstudybyourlaboratorygroup,publishedin2013,confirmedthattheabundanceofantibioticresistantbacteriainHudsonRiverEstuary(HRE)waterisconnectedtosewagepollutionandfoundthatlevels
oftheseresistantbacteriaintheHREincreasedfollowingrainfall,presumablyduetoCSOcontamination(Figure2).Inaddition,manyoftheresistantbacteriadetectedinHREwater,especiallyfollowingrainfall,weresimilartobacteriafoundinthehumanintestineandinsomecasesweresimilar
togroupsofbacteriathathavebeenassociatedwithantibioticresistantinfections.Samplesforthisstudywerecollectedinparallelwiththemonthlywaterqualitymonitoring
programconductedbyRiverkeeper,incollaborationwithQueensCollegeandtheLamontDohertyEarth
ObservatoryofColumbiaUniversity(Figure3and4).TheRiverkeepersamplingprogramdeterminesthelevelofEnterococci,commonlymeasuredsewage‐indicatingbacteria,atseventy‐fiveHudsonRiverlocationsspanningtheentiretidalportionoftheHRE(www.riverkeeper.org/water‐quality).Our
recentlypublishedstudydemonstratesaclearconnection(correlation)betweenthelevelofEnterococciandthelevelofantibioticresistantbacteriainHREwatersamples(Figure2).Thisisasignificantfindingsinceitdemonstratesthatthecommonlymeasuredsewageindicator,Enterococcus,alsorepresentsthe
abundanceofothermicrobesofconcern,suchasantibioticresistantbacteria.ThisprovidesadditionalsupportfortheuseofEnterococciasavaluableindicatorinwaterqualitymonitoringprograms.
Antibioticresistantinfectionsaregrowingasapublichealthcrisis,withnew“superbugs”
emergingandeffectivetreatmentsofteneludingphysicians.Thespreadandtransmissionofresistant
bacteriathroughenvironmentalpathwaysisanimportantcomponentofunderstandingtheproblemandtakingstepstowardsimplementingpreventativemeasurestoprotectthepublic.Polluted
waterwayscontainresistantbacteria,withgreaterlevelsofsewagepollutionresultinginmoreresistantbacteriainourwaterwaysandperhapsgreatersusceptibilityforinfectionofthepublic.
Morethoroughepidemiologicalstudyisnecessaryinordertoquantifyandfullyassesstherisk
thatthisissueposestothepublic.However,thisrecentstudyillustratesonemorereasontocareaboutHudsonRiverwaterqualityandtoreducesewagepollutionviaimprovedmanagementandupgradestowastewaterinfrastructureinourcommunities.Thisstudywasthefirsttodirectlymeasure
antibioticresistantbacteriaintheurbanHudsonRiverEstuaryandwasthefirststudytodemonstrateaclearconnectionofthenumberofsewageindicatingbacteriawiththelevelsofantibioticresistantbacteriainanestuary.
Youcanlearnmoreabouttheresearchdescribedabovebyreadingthefullscientificpaper:“Antibiotic‐resistantbacteriaintheHudsonRiverEstuarylinkedtowetweathersewagecontamination”2013.JournalofWaterandHealth,Volume11,Number2,pages297‐310.Doi:10.2166/wh.2013.131
Ifyouhavequestionsaboutthestudyyoushouldcontactthecorrespondingauthorforthestudy:Dr.GregoryO’MullanfromQueensCollege;718‐997‐3452;[email protected]
Figure1:KayakersenjoyingtheHudsonRiver,withManhattaninthebackground,onawarmsummerday.
Figure2:Illustrationofcombinedseweroverflow(CSO)inNewYorkCityandtheconnectionbetweenlevelsofsewageindicatingbacteria(Enterococci;browndots)andAntibioticResistantBacteria(ARB;pinkdots).PanelA‐Duringdry,sunnyweathersewageisdeliveredfromthecitytowastewatertreatmentplants,andtreatedeffluent(bluearrow)isreleasedintotheestuary.PanelB‐Rainwaterfromstreetdrainscombinewithsanitarysewageandoverwhelmsthecapacityofpipesdeliveringsewagetotreatmentplants,causingCSOtoreleaseuntreatedsewageintotheestuary(brownarrow)fromapproximately500locationsinNewYorkHarbor.CSOdischargecontainsbothEnterococciandARB.Thelevelsofthesebacteriaarecorrelated,demonstratingthatEnterococciisaveryusefulindicatorofothermicrobesofconcernincludingantibioticresistantbacteria.PanelC‐InthehoursanddaysimmediatelyfollowingrainfallandCSOdischarge,thelevelsofbothEnterococciandARBareelevated,oftenhundredstothousandsoftimeshigherthanduringdryweather.PanelD‐AfterseveraldaysofdryweatherthelevelsofEnterococciandARBdecreasetobackgroundlevels.
Figure3:Fieldsampling.PanelA‐ReddotsidentifysamplingsitesaroundNewYorkCityandtheTappanZeeusedinthestudy.PanelB‐NewYorkCityDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtectionmapwithdotsshowingthelocationofmorethan400CSOsinNewYorkHarbor.PanelC‐TheRiverkeeperpatrolboat,usedtocollectsamplesforthisstudy.PanelD‐PublicdockinFlushingBayusedforhighfrequencysamplinginthisstudy.
Figure4:Collectionandlabprocessingofsamples.PanelA‐WatersampleswerecollectedfromtheHudsonRiverEstuaryinsterilebottlesandtransportedtothelaboratoryatQueensCollegeforprocessing.PanelB‐Inthelaboratorywaterwasspreadontomediaplates,withandwithoutantibiotics,togrowbacteriacollectedfromtheestuarywater.PanelsCandD‐Mediaplateswereincubatedinthelaboratoryandthenthenumberofbacteriathatgrewwerecounted.Mediaplateswithoutantibiotics(PanelC)hadfarmoregrowththanplateswithantibioticsadded(PanelD)butantibioticbacteriaweredetectedateverysamplingsitetestedandincreasedafterrainfall.