Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
A European perspective on industrial relations
systems:
industrial democracy matters!
Christian Welz _ Eurofound
CLEW/MPOWER/PSA seminar, Wellington, 19 March 2019
Outline
A.Varieties of national IR regimes
B.Main trends of industrial relations
C.Industrial democracy matters!
sources: EC, Eurofound, Eurostat, ILO, Welz
A. Varieties of IR - 5 IR clusters
Centre-East
South
Centre-West
North
West
5 IR clustersNorth Centre–West South West Centre–East
IR regime Nordic
corporatism
social
partnership
polarised
pluralism
liberal
pluralism
transition
economies
role of SPs in public policy
institutionalisedirregular/
politicisedrare/event-driven
irregular/politicised
role of State limited‘shadow’ of hierarchy
frequent intervention non-interventionorganiser of
transition
power balance labour-oriented balanced alternating employer-oriented state
bargaining style integrativedistributive/
conflict-orientedacquiescent
employee representation
union based/high coverage
dual channel/high coverage
variable/ mixedunion based/
small coverage
predominant level of CB sector sector/company company
Trade UnionsIntersectoral
level
Government
EmployersIntersectoral
level
Sectoral level Sectoral level
Company level
Levels of CB - wages
Company level
Belgium
Austria
Denmark 1
Finland
France 1
Germany
Greece
Ireland 1
Italy
Luxembourg 1
Netherlands
Portugal 1
Spain 1
Sweden1
Denmark 2
France 2
Ireland 2
Luxembourg 2
Portugal 2
Spain 2
Sweden 2
UK
Trade Unions
Intersectorallevel
Government
Employers
Intersectoral level
Sectoral level Sectoral level
Company level
Levels of CB - wages
Company level
Slovenia 1
Bulgaria 1
Cyprus 1
Slovakia 1
Slovenia 2
Bulgaria 2
Croatia
Cyprus 2
Czech Rep.
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Poland
Romania
Slovakia 2
Trade Unions
Intersectorallevel
Government
Employers
Intersectoral level
Sectoral level Sectoral level
Company level
Main levels of social dialogue
Company level
Argentina
Brazil1
India1
Uruguay
Australia
Brazil2
Canada
China
India2
New Zealand
Japan
South Korea
US
Trade Union density rates in 2016 (%)
Trade Union density rates (2008 or later %)
US South Korea Mexico Chile Australia India Japan BrazilNew
ZealandCanada Uruguay China Argentina South Africa
2008 10 12 14 15 15 16 17 17 17 29 30 34 38 40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Collective bargaining coverage rate
and dominant level of bargaining (EC /OECD/Visser)
MY TurkeySouth
KoreaUS Mexico NZ Japan Chile AR China CA OECD Brazil India CH AU UY NO Iceland
2013 2 5 12 12 13 16 17 21 27 30 30 32 42 46 50 59 67 67 90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
B. Main trends of industrial relations
• de-centralisation via
– reversal of favourability principle
– more opt-out / opening clauses
– less extension mechanisms
– less continuation upon expiry
• weakening of trade unions (not employers)
– less members
– new forms of work
• governmental unilateralism
C. Industrial democracy matters!
15
16
• Eurofound defines industrial democracy
• as encompassing all the participation rights of employers and
employees in the governance of employment relationships
– either directly or indirectly, via trade unions, work
councils, shop stewards or other forms of employee
representation at any level
• industrial democracy is understood to be an end in itself and a
means to achieve other valuable ends.
17
dimension sub-dimension indicator source
Industrial
democracy
Associational governance Trade union density ICTWSS, ILO
Employer organisation density ICTWSS
Existence of a standard (institutionalised) bipartite council of central or major
unions and employer organisations for the purposes of wage setting, economic
forecasting and/or conflict settlement
ICTWSS
Collective bargaining coverage ICTWSS, ILO
Routine involvement of unions and employers in government decisions on social and
economic policy
ICTWSS
Representation and
participation rights at
company level
Board-level employee representation rights ETUC
Rights of works councils ICTWSS
Status of works council ICTWSS
Social dialogue at
company level
Employee representation in the workplace (coverage) Eurofound, ECS
Information provided to the employee representation body by management
(incidence)
Eurofound, ECS
Degree of information provided to the employee representation body (number of
topics)
Eurofound, ECS
Influence of the employee representation in decision-making in the workplace Eurofound, ECS
Share of companies holding regular consultations (either through collective or
individual means) in which employees can express their views about the organisation
Eurofound,
EWCS
18
no. characteristic countries
1 Social partnershipAustria, Belgium, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands
2 Organised corporatism Germany, Denmark, Finland and Sweden
3State-centred associational
governance
France, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain (and
Greece for 2008–2012)
4 Company-centred governance Croatia, Hungary and Slovakia
5Voluntarist associational
governance
Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Ireland,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Romania (and
Greece for 2013–2017)
6 Market-oriented governance Estonia, Poland and the UK
19
• centralised / high coordination & coverage of
CB
• involvement of SP in policymaking
• best performers in industrial democracy
• state plays strong role in CB (extension
mechanisms) & wage setting (statutory MW)
• relative weakness of TUs vs. strength of
employers
20
21
• highest scores in CB state intervention
• low trade union densities
• low performance in social dialogue at
company level
• despite mandatory WCs at company
level
22
23
• strictly market oriented
• minor role played by the state in CB
• lowest score in industrial democracy
• low score in ID is the result of
–weakness of social partners
– low levels of CB and rare concertation
–uncoordinated & de-centralised CB
24
25
26
27
28
29
ATBE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
FR
HR
HU
IE
IT
LT
LU
LV
MT
NL
PL
PT
RO
SE
SI
SK
UK
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
25 35 45 55 65 75 85
Industrial democracy (x-axis) and industrial competitiveness (y-axis), 2013-17
30
ATBE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EEEL
ES FI
FR
HRHUIE
IT
LT
LU
LV
MT
NL
PL
PT
RO
SE
SISK UK
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
31
32
33
tēnā koutou! Go raibh maith agat!
Further information
• European industrial relations dictionary
• European industrial relations index
• Measuring varieties of industrial relations