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A good leader?A good leader?
What do you think makes a What do you think makes a good leader?good leader?
With a partner, draw out With a partner, draw out the 6 characteristics of the the 6 characteristics of the leader that you would like leader that you would like to live under.to live under.
BackgroundBackground
Born to Corsican nobility (Corsica is an Born to Corsican nobility (Corsica is an island off the coast of France). island off the coast of France).
When he was a boy, Corsica was taken When he was a boy, Corsica was taken over by France. over by France.
His father sent him to military school His father sent him to military school in Paris to improve his life chances. in Paris to improve his life chances. Napoleon resented him for this.Napoleon resented him for this.
Napoleon did not fit in (his classmates Napoleon did not fit in (his classmates were the children of French nobles, were the children of French nobles, they made fun of him)they made fun of him)
He poured his energy into military He poured his energy into military studiesstudies
Background continuedBackground continued
Napoleon Bonaparte would have never Napoleon Bonaparte would have never had a chance to become a general under had a chance to become a general under the Old Regime (the French were snobby the Old Regime (the French were snobby toward outsiders).toward outsiders).
Under the Revolution, all men are created Under the Revolution, all men are created equal. If you have talent, intelligence, and equal. If you have talent, intelligence, and a great work ethic, then you can be a a great work ethic, then you can be a somebody during the Revolution. somebody during the Revolution.
Napoleon had these characteristics.Napoleon had these characteristics.
French Governments French Governments since beginning of since beginning of RevolutionRevolution Old Regime – Monarchy/Estates Old Regime – Monarchy/Estates
GeneralGeneral National AssemblyNational Assembly Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly National ConventionNational Convention The DirectoryThe Directory NapoleonNapoleon
The DirectoryThe Directory
1795 National Convention 1795 National Convention Completes ConstitutionCompletes Constitution– Two house LegislatureTwo house Legislature– Executive – 5 individuals – the Executive – 5 individuals – the
DirectoryDirectory– Faced financial difficulties and Faced financial difficulties and
became unpopularbecame unpopular– Bourgeoisie were leading the Bourgeoisie were leading the
government; did not connect with government; did not connect with common peoplecommon people
– Known for corruption (taking bribes, Known for corruption (taking bribes, favoritism, etc.)favoritism, etc.)
NapoleonNapoleon
Achieved fame through wars with Achieved fame through wars with England and Austria between 1795 England and Austria between 1795 and 1799 under the directoryand 1799 under the directory
Very short 5 feet two inchesVery short 5 feet two inches Very charismaticVery charismatic Excellent military strategistExcellent military strategist Married Josephine de Beauharnais Married Josephine de Beauharnais
a socialite – her influence had him a socialite – her influence had him immediately promoted to immediately promoted to commander of the French Armycommander of the French Army
NapoleonNapoleon Won control of northern Italy Won control of northern Italy
for Francefor France Attacked Egypt to cut of British Attacked Egypt to cut of British
tradetrade England, Austria, Russia allied England, Austria, Russia allied
against France – many believed against France – many believed only Napoleon could protect only Napoleon could protect FranceFrance
1799 – Directory forced out of 1799 – Directory forced out of office by troops Napoleon office by troops Napoleon seized command of the seized command of the government – coup d ‘etatgovernment – coup d ‘etat
Napoleon Napoleon 1769-18211769-1821
““Since one must take sides, one might Since one must take sides, one might as well choose the side that is as well choose the side that is victorious, the side which devastates, victorious, the side which devastates, loots, and burns. Considering the loots, and burns. Considering the alternative, it is better to eat than be alternative, it is better to eat than be eaten.”eaten.”
With this quote from Napoleon to his With this quote from Napoleon to his brother, what do you think this means, brother, what do you think this means, in relation to the French Revolution?in relation to the French Revolution?
Napoleon 1799- 1814Napoleon 1799- 1814 Consulate: first five Consulate: first five
years of Napoleon’s years of Napoleon’s Rule.Rule.
Executive Branch: Executive Branch: three consuls w/ three consuls w/ Napoleon as head Napoleon as head consulconsul
Plebiscite: put his new Plebiscite: put his new constitution to a constitution to a popular votepopular vote
Napoleon Becomes Napoleon Becomes EmperorEmperor
Napoleon’s supporters Napoleon’s supporters wanted to make his wanted to make his power permanent and power permanent and hereditaryhereditary
1804: Plebiscite 1804: Plebiscite declares that declares that Napoleon should be Napoleon should be emperoremperor
Grabs crown from Grabs crown from Pope and declares Pope and declares himself emperorhimself emperor
Napoleon quickly rose up the ranks Napoleon quickly rose up the ranks in the French army, specifically in the French army, specifically after forcing out British troops in after forcing out British troops in the French city of Toulon (12/1793)the French city of Toulon (12/1793)
By 1799, he was a military leader By 1799, he was a military leader and now a political one as well. and now a political one as well.
He helped overthrow the Directory, He helped overthrow the Directory, and created the Consul (with him and created the Consul (with him as one of the governmental as one of the governmental powers).powers).
By 1802, after yet another By 1802, after yet another Constitution, he had himself Constitution, he had himself named Consul for life.named Consul for life.
Napoleon asks the Pope to Napoleon asks the Pope to preside over the ceremony, but preside over the ceremony, but takes the crown from the Pope’s takes the crown from the Pope’s hand and places it upon his own hand and places it upon his own head.head.
What do you think this shows?What do you think this shows? As Emperor, Napoleon continually As Emperor, Napoleon continually
consolidated power. consolidated power. Consistently strengthening the Consistently strengthening the
Central Government, and yet the Central Government, and yet the people kept supporting him.people kept supporting him.
Why?Why?
Tax collection was made more fair and orderly so France could rely on a steady
supply of money.
Dishonest government
workers were removed.
Napoleon’s
changesHe started
lycées-a new public school for ordinary
citizens.He gave the church back some of its power and signed a
concordat or agreement
with the pope to gain support
of the organized
church.
He wrote a new set of laws called the
Napoleonic Code which
gave all French citizens the
same rights. However, some
individual rights were
removed. Free speech was limited and slavery was
restored in the French
colonies.
The Napoleonic Code, or Code Civil, entered into force on
March 21, 1804. Even though the Napoleonic code was not
the first legal code to be established in a European
country— it is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the
law of other countries.The Napoleonic Code, formally said, dealt only with civil law issues, such as filiation and property; It also did not deal
with how laws and regulations were to be passed — which is reserved for a constitution.The Code, with its stress on
clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in
establishing the rule of law.
Napoleon hoped to expand his empire in Europe and the New
World.In 1803, Bonaparte faced a
major setback when an army he sent to re-conquer Haiti and establish a base was
destroyed by a combination of yellow fever and fierce
resistance. Recognizing that the French possessions on the
mainland of North America would now be indefensible,
and facing imminent war with Britain, he sold them to the
United States —the Louisiana Purchase—for less than three cents per acre. The dispute
over Malta provided the pretext for Britain to declare
war on France in 1803 to support French royalists.
The Battle of Trafalgar in 1804 was a humiliating defeat for France
The defeat prevented any possibility of an invasion of England for Napoleon.
Mistake #1Mistake #1In 1806 In 1806
Napoleon Napoleon attempted to attempted to
blockade blockade British ports to British ports to
hurt their hurt their economy. This economy. This
Continental Continental SystemSystem was to was to
make the make the continent more continent more self sufficient. self sufficient.
The British The British Navy put their Navy put their own blockade own blockade around Europe around Europe
which which weakened weakened Europe’s Europe’s economy.economy.
Mistake #2Mistake #2 Napoleon made Napoleon made his brother King his brother King of Spain in 1808. of Spain in 1808.
The Spanish The Spanish people were people were loyal to their loyal to their
own king. The own king. The peasant fighters peasant fighters called called guerrillasguerrillas fought against fought against Napoleon in a Napoleon in a war called war called The The
Peninsular WarPeninsular War..
The Collapse of
Napoleon’s Empire
Mistake #3In 1812
Napoleon attempted to
conquer Russia.The Russians
retreated and followed a
scorched-earth policy leaving no livestock or grain for the
French Army. The onset of
Winter, attacks and deserters
left only 10,000 of the original
400,000 troops.
An alliance of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria attacked France and defeated Napoleon’s Army in 1813 at Leipzig. The Battle of Leipzig or
the Battle of the Nations (16-19 October 1813) was the largest conflict in the Napoleonic Wars and the
most decisive defeat suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte. Fought on German soil, it also involved German troops on both sides, as a large proportion
of Napoleon 's troops actually came from the German Confederation of the Rhine.
First exileFirst exile
After some unfortunate battles, After some unfortunate battles, Napoleon gives up the throne and Napoleon gives up the throne and Louis XVIII is named king. He was Louis XVIII is named king. He was Louis XVI brother.Louis XVI brother.
Napoleon is sent to the island of Elba.Napoleon is sent to the island of Elba. Napoleon returned victoriously with Napoleon returned victoriously with
soldiers lining the street to follow his soldiers lining the street to follow his return to prominence. return to prominence.
Louis flees France in fear, and Louis flees France in fear, and Napoleon will be Emperor again.Napoleon will be Emperor again.
Ten months after his exile Napoleon escaped, returning
to France. His destination was the city of Paris. He gained support along his
route to Paris.
He finally marched into Paris with a thousand of his old
soldiers and new supporters. He took over the city and was
back in power for a short period of time that is now known as "The Hundred
Days". Napoleon's return led him to a final campaign in
Belgium. He was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.
Waterloo 6/18/1815Waterloo 6/18/1815
The British under Duke of The British under Duke of Wellington, with the help of the Wellington, with the help of the Prussians, crushed the French in Prussians, crushed the French in battle. battle.
Napoleon’s loss prompts him to Napoleon’s loss prompts him to lose power and be exiled yet again. lose power and be exiled yet again.
This time to St. Helena.This time to St. Helena. The difference: he never returnsThe difference: he never returns
What truly was What truly was Napoleon?Napoleon?
Was he the Revolution on Was he the Revolution on Horseback as he claimed?Horseback as he claimed?
Or was he a traitor to the Or was he a traitor to the revolution?revolution?
Where this leadsWhere this leads
The Congress of Vienna (9/1814 to 6/1815)The Congress of Vienna (9/1814 to 6/1815) This was in the pursuit of peace.This was in the pursuit of peace. The Map of Europe was redrawn The Map of Europe was redrawn Hereditary monarchies were restored (yep, Hereditary monarchies were restored (yep,
Louis XVIII is back)Louis XVIII is back) Most powerful person during this process Most powerful person during this process
is Austrian Prince Clemens von Metternich.is Austrian Prince Clemens von Metternich. They never united Germany, which will They never united Germany, which will
cause problems later.cause problems later.