A Laboratory Facility for Testing Cemented

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A LABORATORY FACILITY FOR TESTING CEMENTEDFILLS

ByR. C. FLANN

ABSTRACT whi l e the t e s t i s in progre ' s s .This case s tudy de sc r ib e s va r i ou s Also desc r i b ed are con t r o l l ed

o f e s t ab l i s h i ng a l a bo ra to ry env i ronment cur ing f a c i l i t i e s whichfo r t e s t i ng chem ica l ly -cem ented allow samples to be cured o r w eathered

mate r i a l s . Th. app l i c ab i l i t y o f unde r d i f f e r en t t empe r a tu r e or h um id ityob ta ined from such a f a c i l i t y cond i t i on s to s imu l a t e long- te rm ageing

to mine cond i t i on s depends on and in p l ace cond i t i ons .f a c t o r s : k ind o f da t a , type o f INTRODUCTION

f a c i l i t y , sample pa r ame te r s DefOrmat ion s t ud i e s are ~ i d e l y , u s e d

fo l lowing an ex t en s iv e s tudy o fava i l ab l e fo r t e s t i ng mate r i a l s

n th e f i e l d s o f rock mechan ics and

' f a c i l i t y i n co rpo ra t e s Linea rD i f f e r e n t i a ~ Trans fo rmers fo r

i t or in g b oth l a t e r a l and ax i a ldur ing sample compres s ion .

he ou tpu t from t h e se and from o the rin s t r umen ta t i on can be r ecorded

r fed d i r e c t to a compute r , enab l i ngd a ta to be p r i n t ed ou t

geome t ry , s i z e , e t c . ) .he equ ipment emp lo ye d must be adap tab l e ,o accommodate va r i a t i on s in sample s i zend p rope r t i e s .

The des i gn , cons t r uc t i on ando f the t e s t i ng f a c i l i t y i sand its app l i c a t i on to fill

p r epa r ed from su lph ide s andid es b oth ch em ica lly and na t u r a l l y

ma t e r i a l s .

Such s t ud i e s a re conduc tedbo th in th e l a bo ra to ry and in th e f i e l d .Tes t s r ange from crude to verys oph i s t i c a t ed , and th e f a c i l i t y desc r i b edf a l l s be tween t h e se ex t r emes , to p rov idea number of t e s t r ou t in e s t h a t a re bo thp r a c t i c a l and mean ing fu l .

The most common d i r e c t t e chn iqueused in t e s t i n ~ cons t ru c t i on mate r i a l si s un i ax i a l compress ion which i s as pec i a l case of the t r i a x i a l t echn iqueand a l lows bo th l a bo ra to ry and f i e ldt e s t i ng wi thou t th e need fo r anex t en s i ve range o f anc i l l a r y equ ipment .The ob j e c t o f de te rmin ing the semechan ica l p r ope r t i e s i s to f ind thoser ep r es en t a t i ve o f a good mine fill,us ing accep ted p r a c t i c e s . The f a c i l i t ya l lows th e s t r e s s - s t r a i n cha r a c t e r i s t i c so f th e mat e r i a l to be ob ta ined and th ed ete rm in at io n o f e l a s t i c cons t an t s o r

to eva lua te th e s t a b i l i t y o f s t r u c t u r a lmate r i a lS .

The s t r eng th

The p r e s en t sys tem wasemented.

Expe r imen t a l Of f i ce r , CSIRO,Div is ion o f Minera l Chemis t ry ,

Vic t o r i a .e lbourne .

modul i ( see Appendix I ) .Use can be made o f t h i s i n fo rmat ion byapp ly ing t h e o r e t i c a l eng inee r i ngconcep t s .

Jubilee Symposium on Mine Fil ling, Mount Isa, August, 1973North West Queensland Branch, The Aus.I.M.M.

S received at The Institute - 18.6.73 105


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106 R. C. Flann

The moni to r ing f a c i l i t y was des ignedfo r un i ax i a l test c ond i t i on s and canno tin its p r e s en t form be used fo r t r i a x i a lt e s t i n g . S im i l a r sys tems "have been

s e l e c t i n g the Shimadzu was th e t ab l es i ze (5 0 cm x 50 cm) and space betweenth e t a b l e and c rosshead (50 cm x 70 cm)Thi s a l lowed moni to r ing equ ipmen t to be

de s i gned , us ing t r a n sd uce r s i n a f i t t e d i n t o th e sample a r e a . The l o a d -

th e clamp-on t y p e , i n which the samplei s l o ca te d i ns id e a mUl t i - r i ng sys tem,con t a in ing e l e c t r on i c t r ansduce r s wi the l e c t r on i c amp l i f i c a t i on (Pro todyakonov,M.M., 1961, Singh , D.P. e t a I , 1967,Hardy, H.R. e t a I , 1970 , Hor ino , F.G.e t a I , 1972) , o r th e ex ten som ete r type(Leeman, E.R. e t a I , 1957 ( b ) ) , us ingmechan ica l and e l e c t r on i c amp l i f i c a t i ont echn iques ~ o improve r e s o l u t i on o f th ede fo rmat ion pa t t e rn s o f th e test sample .

A s im i l a r sys tem t o th e onede sc r i bed was used to e s t a b l i s h th e t imedependen t p rope r t i e s o f rocks (S ingh,D.P . , 1970) , employing e l e c t r on i ct r a ns du ce rs fo r bo th l a t e r a l and a x i a l

"cm d iam ete r u sin g a common 20.32 cm base

r e co rd ing f a c i l i t y prov ided was amechan ica l ly opera ted arm and r o t a t i n gdrum, o f l im i t ed r e so l u t i on , which i s

i nco rpo r a t ed wi th a h igh t o l e r an cepo t e n t i ome t e r a t t ached d i r e c t l y to th edynamometer i n d i c a t o r dr i ve s h a f t .This a l lows d i r e c t c a l i b r a t i o n and

A new sys tem has been

These p l a t e n s were des igned to

no l onge r used .

s


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R. C. Flann 107

shou ld then be minimized o ver th e e l a s t i cs e c t i on o f th e d efo rm atio n curve

used fo r t h e se end -p i e ce s shou ld havethe same l a t e r a l expans ion as t h a t ofth e spec imen , i.e. th e same r a t i o

a l t e r n a t i v e i s to p rov ide th e spec imenwith meta l end -p i e ce s o f the same c r o s s s e c t i o n , t he reby e l im in a t i n g e f f e c t s o f

t e s t e d make t h ~ s imp r ac t i c a l .

These

The main body

and probe rods o f b r a s s .

o f th e assembly and th e t r an sduce rho lde r i s made o f a lumin ium, th e guiderods o f s i l v e r s t e e l , th e s l i p coup l ing

shown in F ig s . 2 and 3.

LVDTs were chosen fo r th e systembecause o f t h e i r low co s t , high s t a b i l i t y ,high s e n s i t i v i t y ( d i s p l acemen t s of4 x 10- 5 mm can be measured) , andr e s i s t ance to damage.

The l a t e r a l LVDTs were mounted as

An

The ma t e r i a l

The end e f f e c t ssee Appendix , I ) .

d i ame t e r d i f f e r ence s .

( J a eg er , J .C . e t a l 1969) .Transduce r s

ma t e r i a l s were s e l e c t ed fo r t h e i r lowweigh t f ac t o r s and non-magne t i c

the p robe , which pas se s through a lowf r i c t i on t e f l on bush he ld in pos i t i on

The sen s i ng e lements employed fo rmon i to r i ng a x i a l and l a t e r a l sampled efo rm a tio n a re DC-DC L in ea r V a ri ab le

p rope r t i e s . The core i s a t tached to

i s p l aced in con t a c t with th e sample iti s pushed i n t o the assembly and the core

Di f f e r e n t i a l Trans fo rmers (LVDTs).Two type s o f LVDT were used in th econs t r uc t i on o f the a x i a l / l a t e r a l s t r a i n

by the sp r i ng shown. When th e probe

t r an sduce r ; Schaev i t z lOO-HR DC (ax ia l ) i s moved f u rth er in to the LVDT. TheLVDT i s pos i t i oned us ing th e m icrom ete rhead which i s a t t a ched to the ho lde r by

and th e 050-HR DC ( l a t e r a l ) .i n t eg r a t ed un i t s with DC-AC-DCconve r s i on c i r c u i t s (F ig . 1 ) .

Both a re

a s l i p coup l ing . The Mitutoyo s e r i e s150-190 mi cromete r h ea ds measure to0 .001 mm, and a l low accu r a t e pos i t i on i ngo f th e core wi th in th e LVDT. s i l v e rs t e e l rods a re used to l o c a t e ands uppo r t the LVDT ho lde r , which moves

t h a t th e core s t ay s fre e w ith in theLVDT and can move dur ing t e s t ,i r r e s pec t i v e o f the LVDT pos i t i on .

Axia l LVDTs are s im i l a r l y mountedin a luminium ho lde r s and a l low the

They ensurea t e r a l l y a long them.

F ig . 1 Cros s - s e c t i on o fDC-DC LVDT

and phase o f th e o u tp u t v olta ge dependson th e pos i t i on o f the i ron core in thet r an sduce r body ( Schaev i t z , H., 1947 ) ,be ing zero a t th e cen t r e ( nu l l ) .

As th e core i s d i sp l a ced in e i t h e rd i r e c t i o n , th e o u tp u t v ol ta ge i n c r e a se sas a f unc t i on o f core d i sp lacemen t .

f l e x i b i l i t y r e q u i r e d , depend ing on th e

i s a t t a ched to a b ra s s rod and adheresto th e top p la t en o r machine cros shead

rod i s t h r eaded Br i t i s h s t anda rd Fine(BSF) a l lowing f ine a dju stm en t o f thecore pos i t i on to nu l l wi th in th e LVDT.

The b r a s s

In each case the core

by means o f a po t magnet .

sample s i z e .t h a t th e magni tudehe des ign i s such

Jubilee Symposium on Mine Filling, Mount Isa, August, 1973North West Queensland Branch, The Aus.I.M.M.


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108 R. C. Flann

MIc. itOHLTE 12.HE-A C.

SL IPCOUPLlN cr.

LY.b.T.I{Ol.ceil

Fig . 2 Cross sec t i on o f La t e r a l Transducer

reco rded with th e l a t e r a l t r a nsduce r ss e t on o r t hogona l axes a t th e samplecen t r e and th e ax i a l s mounted on

This d es ig n a llo ws r ap id r e l o c a t i on o fth e t r a nsduce r s when t e s t i n g a ' r ange ofsample s .

The t r a nsduce r a s semb l i e s a re

commonly used . Deforma t ions a re

dep loyed as shown in Fig . 4 toaccommodate sample s o f vary ing s i z e sfrom 2.54 cm - 25.4 cm d i ame t e r and5 .08 cm - 50.3 cm in h e i g h t , thec on f i gu r a t i on shown be ing the one most

oppos i t e s i d e s , p a r a l l e l w ith th espec imen ' s l on g it ud in a l a x is .

Fig . 3 La t e r a l L in ea r V a ri ab leDi f f e r e n t i a l Trans fo rmer

Assembly

Fig . 4 Tran sduce r Assembl i e sArranged to Tes t Aluminium

Sample .

Jubilee Symposium on M in e F il li ng , M o un t Isa, August, 1973N or th W es t Queensland Branch, The Aus.I.M.M.


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R. C. Flann 109

n t h i s a rr an gem en t th e l a t e r a lcan be re co rded in s eve r a l

dep loyed and o r i en t ed as r equ i r ed , tos u i t th e geometry and p r ope r t i e s o f thesample t e s t e d . For a given s i z e o f

th e s i gna l s from th e oppo sing

By i nd i v i dua l re co rd in g o fde fo rma t i on a t 90 0 in th eho r i zon t a l p lane normal to th ecompress ion ax i s on th eo rth og on al a xe s.By summing o r ave r ag ingoppos ing LVDTs, r educ ing thee f f e c t s o f sample movemento the r t ha n d ef orm a tio n because

sample th e t r an sduce r s a re accu ra t e lypo s i t i oned fo r th e first " s e t t l i n g in "and can s ub s equen t l y be r e - z e r oed wi th ou t r e l o ca t i ng , fo r r epea t compress ivet e s t cy c l e s .Ca l i b r a t i o n

The t r an sduce r s are ca l i b r a t ed in

I nd i v i dua l l y , us ing a sepa ra temic rome te r a l i gned on th et r an sduce r ax i s and pos i t i oned

1 .two ways :

AllowingVDTs w i l l cance l .

2 .

1 .

sample defo rmat ion can then ber e co rded .

o t he r t ype s o f movement , i.e.f l exu r e , to be observed .By summing o r ave r ag ing allf ou r l a t e r a l LVDTs t o g e t h e r ,ob t a in ing a t o t a l o r averagede fo rma t i on a t four po in t s o f

t r an sduce r probe can then bemoved g r adua l l y i n t o th e LVDTand th e d i s p l acemen t graphedaga i n s t vo l t age ou tpu t .As a comple te assembly , us inga load r ing with an ax i a l l ymounted d i a l gauge to measure

The l a t e r a l

The

defo rmat ion .

ag a i n s t th e p robe .

2 .The mean o f th ehe sample .

3 .

The advan tage o f t h i s type o fr an sduce r sys tem con f igu ra t i on (whichan be ex tended to s t r a i n gauges if

i s its ab i l i t y to de t e c t- un if orm ( as ymmetr ic ) defo rmat ion in

e s t samp le s, e xp ec te d in an i s o t r o p i cr non-un i fo rmly bedded sample s , bu t

encoun t e r ed in appa r en t l y

t r an sduce r s a re pa i r ed andpos i t i oned on th e ho r i zon t a lax i s o f th e r ing a l l ow ing theca l i b r a t i on to be checked bysummation o r av era gin g o fd i agona l t r an sduce r s (F ig . 5)The ax i a l t r an sduce r s can beca l i b r a t ed d i r e c t l y ag a i n s t

spec imens . Summing th e th e d i a l gauge . Thiso f the LVDTs has th e a dv an tag eh a t lower amp l i f i c a t i o n s can be used toecord ou t p u t s , improving s i g n a l to

a rr an g eme nt a ll ow s th e l o ad ax i a l and l o a d - l a t e r a ldefo rm at ion curves to be

th e a x i a l and l a t e r a l t r an sduce r s to be

l t e r n a t i v e s in re c ord in g modes i n c r e a seth e sy s t em ' s a n a ly t ic a l c a p a bi li ty .

The t r an sduce r suppo r t frame fitsaround th e lower p l a t en and r e s t s onhe machine t a b l e .

p l o t t ed (F ig . 6 ) .The l i n e a r i t y and r ep r oduc i b i l i t yof the ca l i b r a t i on was very

The l i n e a rood.r e l a t i on sh i p was eva l ua t ed byl e a s t s qua r e s on a computer .fo r fu tu re use in a uto ma tict e s t da t a ev a l u a t i o n .

This system a l lows

The sum and /o r ave r ageo ise r a t i o .

Jubilee Symposium on Mine Filling. Mount Isa. August. 1973North West Queensland Branch. The Aus.I.M.M.


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110 R. C. Flann

F ig . 5 Transduce r s Arranged i nC a li br at io n p o si ti on s on Load Ring

Record ingA block diagram (F ig . 7) shows th e

main components o f th e s en s ing andr ecord ing sys tems .

RE.c..o!21J 1 6 : X-Y, )(-7; .lJntrL04t.

1.6

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C a lib ra tio n c f LVDT us ing aSo i l t e s t Load Ring

This a l l ows

s ix

E l e c t r o n i c

Bu f f e r amp l i f i e r s

Block Diagram o f E l e c t r i c a lsys tem

1 . Rikadenk i , KA 60 - A

F ig . 7

Th e ba l anc i ng ne tworks weread ju s t ed to give th e LVDTs th e same

from th e r e co rd i ng .d i r e c t compar i son and ex t r a c t i on o f d a taou tpu t - d i sp l a cemen t r a t i o s .

mu l ti -c h an n el r ec o rd in g .

a re used fo r match ing to g ive a lowimpedence ou t pu t fo r s imu l t aneous

ne tworks which a l low th e LVDTs' ou tpu t sto be summed o r ave r aged a re used tomix s i g n a l s be fo r e r e co rd i ng .

The r e co rd i ng sy s t ems cu r r en t l yav a i l a b l e a r e :

2500 15LOAD Cl\NJ.

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/ l/.// L TERAL.I - - - - - - -- . // - ~ ~ . -~ p / ! ~

6

o

F ig .

3 . S t e e l and alumin ium s amp les o fknown p h ys ic al c o ns ta nt s havebeen used to ca l i b r a t e th e

2 .channe l X-T r e c o r d e r .Hewle t t Packa rd Moseley , 7050AX-Y r e co rde r .

assembly , s u b j e c t tol im i t a t i o n s imposed by lateralf l ex ing o f th e p a r t i c u l a rspec imens used .

3 . Data l ogg ing sys tem based on aPDP 8 /e compu t e r , wi th memorys t o r age c ap a c i t y .



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R. C. Flann III

mple Geome tr ySample geomet ry i s a major f a c t o ri n f l u ence s defo rmat ion and

s t r eng t h . The optimum

SAMPLE TESTINGSamples so f a r te st e d with the

f a c i l i t y have i n c luded the fo l l ow ingtypes :

shape has been the sub j e c t o fr e s e a r ch and d i s cu s s i on ,

H.F . , 1925, Hansen, H. e t, 1962 , Grosvenor , N.E. , 1963,

s hape , th e cy l i n d e r i sto th e cube , and i s the

form in Aus t r a l i a .Requirements f o r the s i ze and shape

f th e t e s t spec imen shou ld be based onhe fo l l ow ing c r i t e r i a :

O. T ., 1966) .

su lph ide s .The samples exh i b i t e d th e fo llo win g

behav iou r :

f ine pa r t i c u l a t e

8 (a), ( b ) .

cemented with

The porous agg lomera t edma t e r i a l s unde rwen t g r a nu l a t i o n ,then f r ac t u r ed in shea r F ig .

bonded su l ph i de agg lomera t e s .Fine p a r t i c u l a t e , h igh lyc o n so li da te d s u lp h id eagg lomera t e s .Var ious types o f agg r ega t e

Porous , coar se g r a i n ed , weakly

2 .

3 .

1 .

1 .

As a

The shape sh ou ld a llo w th eg r e a t e s t r ep roduc i b i l i t y , witha minimum sp read in u l t ima te

1 .

2 .

3 .

2 .

3 .

s t r eng t h .The s i ze shou ld accommodate th emaximum agg r ega t e s i ze wi thou tcau s ing any m arked d i f f e r encein u l t ima t e s t r e n g t h , (ASTM.1969) sp ec if i e s th a t fo r ac oa rs e a gg re ga te th e l a r g e s tf r agment dimension to l a t e r a ldimension o f th e t e s t specimens h a l l no t exceed 1 :3 .Samples shou ld be easy top repa r e , hand le and f i n i sh fo rt e s t i n g , e . g . easy to cap so asto p rov id e smooth p a r a l l e lf a c e s .

The f ine p a r t i c u l a t e h igh lyconso l i d a t ed spec imens exh ib i t edh igh s t r e n g t h , f r ac t u r edax i a l l y and showed no de t ec t ab l eg ranu l a t i on F ig . 9 ( a ) , (b ) .The d i f f e r en t su l ph i de cementedsamples showed p r ope r t i e sr a ng i ng be tween (l) and (2)depend ing on th e con s t i t u en t sp r e s e n t in the mix and t h e i rr e l a t i v e p ropo r t i o n s .

Cyc l ing t hese samplesto approx imate ly 40% o f t h e i r e s t ima t edu l t ima te compress ive s t r eng th a l lowsthem to "bed in " and e l im ina t e s some o fthe initial d i f f e r ence s obs e rved , e . g .high ax i a l defo rmat ion when th e samples

va r i ou s r e s e a r ch workers (Gonnerman,1 925 , H ansen, H. e t ~ , 1962,

N.E. , 1963) agree t h a t t e s t a re t e s t ed wi thou t cyc l i ng . This i sa l so th e r eg ion in which r eve r s i b l edefo rmat ion occu r s , and prov ides th eda t a neces s a ry fo r th e ca l cu l a t i on o f

wi th a c i r c u l a r cross sec t i onnd a he i gh t - t o - d i ame t e r r a t i o o f

2 and 3 g ive a more uni formd i s t r i bu t i on in u n i a x i a l e l a s t i c i t y con s t an t s and modul i

Appendix , I ) .(see



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112 R. C. Flann

A1X14L. I/

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R. C. Flann 113

pp . 31-33.

Research Labo ra t o ry , Chicago)

p ropo r t i on . Min. En gin ee rin g, J an .

A room o f 50 cub ic meter sope r a t e s a t 253 0 C and 505% R.H.

s a l so ava i l a b l e fo r l a rg e samples .f a c i l i t i e s al low s im u la tio n o f

Grosvenor , N.E . , 1963. Specimen

ong term cur ing and i n - p l a c e cond i t i on s . Hansen , H ., Ki e l l a nd , A ., Nie l s en , K.E.C.CONCLUSION an d T hau low , S . , 1962. Compressive

rhe t r a n sduce r assembly a l lows theccu ra te reco rd in g o f d ef orm atio n in

samples undergo ing u n i ~ x i a l

s t r eng th o f Concrete - Cube o rCyl inde r ? , Bul l e t i n Rilem No. 17 ,

Fu tu re modi f i c a t i ons canDec. 1962 , pp.

Hardy, H.R. , 1959. .23-30 .Time-dE;lpendent

th e c ap ac ity o f th e sys tem to Deformat ion and Fa i l u r e o f Geologiccompres s ive t e s t i n g . Fu r t h e r Mat e r i a l s . Colorado Sch l . o f Mines

work on a wider range o f ma t e r i a l sbe r equ i r ed be fo r e a quan t i t a t i v e

o f r e s u l t s can be made,nd th e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f th e d a ta to

mining c ond i t i on s can be

Qt r l y . 54 :135-75 .Hardy, H.R. 1966. A Loa din g S ys tem fo r

th e Inves t i ga t i on o f the I n e l a s t i cP rope r t i e s o f Geologic Mate r i a l sTes t ing Techniques fo r Rock Mechanics ,

REFERENCES

(ASTM), Standard C192, 1969 , Sec t i onAmerican Soc i e ty fo r T est ing o f M a te r ia ls

an e f f e c t i v e compar i son to bein fundamen ta l p rope r t i e s between

i f f e r e n t ma t e r i a l s .

AClamp-on S t r a i n Transducer fo r useon Geologic Mat e r i a l s . Soc. o fP e tr ol eum Engn rs . J., March 1970 ,pp. 41-50.

pp . 138-139 (Methuen: London) .Leeman, E.R. and Grobbe laa r , C ., 1957(a)A Compressomete r fo r ob t a i n i ng

s t r e s s - s t r a i n Curves o f Rock

Hor ino , F .G . , Brady , B.T . , Duva l l , W.I.and Hooker , y.E. , 1972. A J 'housandton Capac i ty stiff Tes t ing Machine ,U.S. Bur . Mines . Repor t o fInv :e s t iga t ions 76.24 (Washington)

Jaege r , J .C . and Cook, N.G.W., 1969,Fundamenta l s o f Rock Mechan i cs .

ASTM STP 402 , pp . 232-271.Hardy , H.R. and Kim, Y.S . , 1970.

However , th e p r e s en t sys tem

i n er al C hem is tr y fo r f r equen t adv iceand as s i s t ance i n ed i t i n g t h i s pape r , as 'we l l as to th e Workshop s t a f f o f th eDivi s ion o f Minera l Chemis t ry fo r t h e i rhe lp i n c on st r uc tio n o f a pp ara tu s.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe au tho r would l i k e ' to exp re s sa pp re cia tio n to Mr. W.E. Bamford o f

th e U n iv er si ty o f Melb ou rn e an d Dr. G.M.Lukaszewski o f the CSIRO Div i s i on o f

34. Making and Curing Concrete spec imens up to F ra c t u r e . J .Te s t specimens i n the Labora to ry . Sc i e n t i f i c In s t rumen t s Vol . 34:

C oates , D .F ., 1970. Rock Mechanics 279-281.

(Mines Branch , Canada) .P r i n c i p l e s . 3rd . Ed. App. B 1 -24 , Leeman, E_R. and G ro bb ela ar , C ., 1957(b)

A La t e r a l Extensomete r fo r th eGonnerman, H.F . , 1925. Ef f e c t o f Size De te rmina t ion o f Po i s son ' s Rat io o f

and Shape o f Tes t Specimen on Rock. J . Sc i en t i f i c In s t rumen t sCompress ive S tren gth o f Concre t e , Vol . 34: 503-505 .Pp. 1-2 ( S t r u c t u r a l Mate r i a l s


. _ ~ . -


10/10

114 R. C. Flann

Pro todyakonov , M.M., 1 ~ 6 l . Methods o f MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, E. (Modulus o fs t udy ing th e s t r e ng t h o f Rocks ,Used in th e U ~ S R . I n t . Symp. onMining Resou r ce s . Vol . 2 : 649-668 .(Univ . o f M i sso ur i , Permagon) .

Rough, R.L . , and Lambert , W.G. , 1971 .In S itu S tr a in O r ie nta tio ns :Comparison o f Thre e Me as ur in g

Repor t o f I nv e s t i g a t i on s 7575(Washington) .

U.S. Bur . Mines .

nume r i c a l l y

(Young's Modulus)e fo rmat ion )The r a t i o o f normal s t r e s s to

norma l s t r a i n fo r a ma t e r i a l underd ef in ed lo ad in g cond i t i on s ;equa l to th e s lope o f th e t a ~ g e n t< tangen t modulus) o r s e c an t ( sec an tmodulus) o f the s t r e s s - s t r a i n cu rve .

The te rm Modulus o f E l a s t i c i t y i snormal ly a pp l i e d to ma t e r i a l s confo rmingto Hooke 's Law an d Modulus o f Deformat ionf or m a te ria ls t h a t deform o the rw i s e .

A

The Linea r

Techn ique s .

Schaev i t z , H ., 1947.Var i ab l e Di f f e r e n t i a l Transfo rmer . MODULUS OF RIGIDITY, G. (Shea r Modulus)Soc. fo r Exp. S t r e s s Ana l . Proc .Vol . 4 , 2 : 79-88.

Schuy;Ler, M. , 1913. Sphe r i c a l Bea r ings .Amer. Soc. fo r Tes t i ng M a t e r ia l s ,

The r a t i o o f shea r s t r e s s to s h e a rs t r a i n f o r a ma t e r i a l de t e rm ined e i t h e rfrom th e s l ope o f th e ta n gen t o r o f thes e c a n t o f a s t r e s s - s t r a i n cu rve .

13: 1004-1018 . POISSON'S RATIO,

o f Tes t i ng Machine Cha r a c t e r i s t i c supon th e Cube and Cy l i nde r s t r eng th

Mag. Concre te Re s . ,

S igva lda son , O.T . , 1966.

o f Concre t e .

The I n f l uence The r a t i o o f th e t r a n sve r s e normals t r a i n to th e l o ng i t ud i n a l norma l s t r a i no f a body under un i ax i a l s t r e s s .POISSON'S NUMBER, m.

Dec . , 1966 , Vol . 18 , 57: 197 -206 . The r e c i p r o c a l o f Po i s son ' s Ra t i o .Singh , D.P . , 1970 . Time Dependent PROPORTIONAL LIMIT

p rope r t i e s o f R o c k s ~ Ph.D. Thes i s( unpub l i s hed ) , un i v e r s i t y ofMelbourne .

Singh , M.M. and Kim, Y.S . , 1967.La t e r a l Ex ten some t e r fo r B r i t t l e

The g r e a t e s t s t r e s s t h a t a ma t e r i a li s capab le o f deve lop ing wi t hou t anydev i a t i on from p r o po r t i o n a l i t y o f s t r e s st o s t r a i n (Hooke ' s Law).REFERENCE

Mat e r i a l s . Rev. Sc i e n t i f i c Coates , D.F . , 1970 . Rock MechanicsI n s t r umen t s , Vol. 38 , 6 :769-771 . P r i n c i p l e s . 3rd . Ed. App. B 1 -24 ,

APPENDIX I(Mines Branch , Canada ) .

BULK MODULUS, MODULUS OF COMPRESSION, K.The r a t i o o f th e change in average

s t r e s s to th e change i n un i t volume.PLASTIC LIMIT

The maximum s t r e s s t h a t a spec imencan wi ths t and wi thou t undergo ingpermanen t defo rmat ion e i t h e r by s o l i df low o r by r up t u r e .po i n t .

Also c al le d y ie ld

Jubilee Symposium on Mine Fill ing, Mount Isa, August, 1973North West Queensland Branch, The Aus.I.M.M.

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