A Logical Japanese Grammar

8/2/2019 A Logical Japanese Grammar

1/42

Formoreinformation,pleasesende-mailto"MashSatou.".

ALogicalJapaneseGramm

ar

Welcometomy"ALogicalJapaneseGrammar"page.Iwouldliketointroducewonderfuland

logicalJapanesegrammar.Japanes

ehasastrangegrammarthatisquitdifferent

frommostEurope

anlanguages.However,youcaneas

ilyunderstandandbefamiliarwithita

fteryouknowthesimpleandlogicalgrammarofJapanese.Ithasafewexceptions

anduniformedrules.IhopethisarticlehelpsyoulearnJapanesemoredeeply.

IamsorryIamstillconstructingthesepagesandcolum

ns.TheremightbemanyblanksbutIwillupdatethemfrequently.Iamhap

pyyoumaycheckthispageonceaw

eek.

Let'sgoto

thetableofcontents.

Pleasefeelfreetolinkthispage"http://homepag

e3.nifty.com/jgrammar/".

YoucangetaPDFversionfromthispackage.

Interesting

topicsaboutJapaneseGrammar

(Feb.12/2005)

TableofC

ontents

Pronunciation

Pho

nemes(Dec.7/2002)

Syllables(Dec.7/2002)

Accents(Dec.7/2002)

LoanWord

sfromEnglish

Eng

lishPhonemes(Dec.7/2002)

RulestoKanaSyllables(Dec.7/2002)

Sam

ples(Dec.7/2002)

Introduction

PartsofSpeech(Dec.82002)

WordOrders(Dec.82002)

CorrespondenceofPronouns,Cases,Articles,Interrogatives(Dec.9/2002)

Nouns,AdjectivalNouns,VerbalNouns

OrdinaryNouns(Dec.10/2002)

Adje

ctivalNouns(Dec.10/2002)

VerbalNouns(Dec.11/2002)

Num

eralsandClassifiers(Dec.11/2002)

Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryVerbs

The

VerbalConjugation(Dec.14/2002)

Polite(Dec.18/2002)

Neg

ative(Dec.18/2002)

Tense(Dec.18/2002)

Moo

d(Dec.18/2002)

Exis

tence(Dec.28/2002)

Cop

ula(Jan.14/2003)

Adje

ctivalVerbs(Jan.18/2003)

Voic

es(Feb.1/2003,Apr.6/2003)

AuxiliaryVerbs(May.23/2003)

Mov

ingandGivingVerbs(May.27/2003)

Sup

plementalVerbs(Jun.30/2003)

Particles(J

ul.14/2003)

Cas

eParticles(Jul.27/2004)

Nom

inalParticles(Sep.4/2004)

TopicalParticles(Mar.28/2005)

AdverbialParticles

End

ingParticles

Con

junctiveParticles

InterjectiveParticles

Conjunctives,Interjections

Con

junctives

Interjections

Demonstra

tive

Adnominal,Adverbs

AdverbstomodifyVerbs

Adn

ominalTomodifyNouns

SpecialTopics

AJa

paneseConjugationBuilder(Oct.19/2003,Apr.13/2003)

Kan

jiCards(Dec.29/2003,Nov.02/2004)

UniformedRegularVerbalConjugationof

Japanese(Oct.14/2001)

ColumnsaboutJapaneseStatisticalGram

mar(Feb.12/2005)

Historyof

Updating

Mar.28/2005:Topicalparticles

Nov.02/2004:UpdateandBugFixofKanjiCard

s

Sep.04/2004:Aboutnominalparticles

Jul.27/2004:Aboutcaseparticles

Apr.13/200

4:BugFixofJavascriptinJapanese

ConjugationBuilder.

Feb.14/2004:Changethetermsformimperfect,perfecttopresent,past

Dec.29/2003:OpenKanjicardspage.

Dec.06/2003:AddalinktoFuriganapages.

Nov.03/2003:ProvideaPDFversionofthesepages.

Oct.19/200

3:Introduceanewconjugationbuilder.

Jul.14/2003:AboutparticlesandtoappendKan

atables.

Jun.30/200

3:Aboutsupplementalverbs

May.27/2003:Aboutmovingandgivingverbs

May.23/2003:Aboutauxiliaryverbs


2/42

Apr.26/200

3:Modifynouns,theconjugation,the

copula,voicespage

Apr.06/200

3:Completethedocumentofvoices

Mar.28/2003:Rearrangeconjugationtablesand

pitchaccents

Feb.01/2003:Starttomakethepageaboutvoic

es

Jan.18/200

3:Aboutcopulasandadjectivalverbs

Jan.14/200

3:Addasummarytotheverbsforexistence

Dec.28/2002:Aboutexistence

Dec.18/2002:Abouttensesandsoon

Dec.14/2002:Aboutverbalconjugation

Dec.11/2002:Aboutverbalnouns,classifiers

Dec.10/2002:Aboutnouns,adjectivalnouns

Dec.09/2002:Aboutdemonstrativepronouns

Dec.08/2002:Aboutwordorders

Dec.07/2002:Thisnewsitestarts

SpecialThanksto

JapaneseLanguage(http://japanese.abo

ut.com/)

LanguageExpress(http://www.langexpre

ss.com/Study-Japanese-Links.htm)

AJa

paneseguidetoJapanesegrammar(http://www.geocities.jp/nihongoguide

/)

JapanesefortheWesternBrain(http://www.mindspring.com/~kimall/Japanese

/index.html)

Kotobanosanpo-michi(http://homepage1.nifty.com/forty-sixer/kotoba.htm)

Nihon-go-mono-gatari(http://www.jliu.org

/CAJLE/cajle_essay_index.htm)

InterestingTopics

Jim

Breen'sJapanesePage(http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japanese.h

tml)

Collin'sJapaneseLanguage&CulturePa

ge(http://www.epochrypha.com/japa

nese/)

JapaneseintheAgeofTechnology(http://www.honco.net/japanese/index.html)

Omniglot(http://www.omniglot.com/index

.htm)

Pronunciation

Japanesehasav

erysimplesyllabicsystemwhichisea

sytolearn.Themostsyllablesconsistofsimplecombinationsasaconson

antfollowedbyavowel.Thetotalnum

berof

thesyllablesareonlyaround150includingthesyllablesforloanwords.ThesyllablesforJap

anesenativewordsarecountedtoaround100.

TablesofPhon

emes

Vowels

Japanesehas

thesystemof5stablevowels,whichisthemostpopularamonglanguages

intheworld,likeSpanish.

Consonants

SpecialThanksto

http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html

http://vlc.polyu.edu.hk/Pronunciation/cons

onant/consonan.htm

http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/10lct15i.html

TablesofSyllables Vow

els

positionsofatonguefrontcenterback

flatlips/round

lipsFR

F

R

FR

high

i

u

middle

e

o

low

a

"a"asinpast

"i"as

inpit

"u"asinput

"e"asinpet

"o"asinpot

Strictlyspeakin

g,theyareslightlydifferentfromtherealsoundofJapanese.Thebestway

toconfirmthesesoundsistolistento

therealsoundspronouncedbyanative

speakerofJap

anese.Inthisarticle,IhavenopurposetotellthecorrectsounddeeplysoIdonotmentionmoredetails.

Japanesehas

22consonantsthatareeasytopronounce.

Consonants

labialalveolar

post-

alveolarpalatalvelarglottal

voicelessplosives

p

t

k

voicedplosives

b

d

g

voicelessaffricates

ts

ch

voicedaffric

ates

dz

dj

voicelessfrica

tives

f

s

sh

h

voicedfricatives

v

z

j

nasals

m

n

lateralapproximants

r

approximants

w

y

"p"asinspace

"b"asinbase

"f"asinfade

withoutupperteeth

"v"asinvase

"m"asinmake

"w"asinwake

"t"asinstay

"d"asindate

"ts"asinboots

"dz"asincards

"s"asinsake

"z"asinzoo

"n"asinnet

"r"asintermediatesound

betweenlandr

"ch"asinchase

"dj"asinadjust

"sh"asinshake

"j"asinjet

"y"asinyou

"k"asinskate

"g"asingate

"h"asinhead

Theyareslightlydifferentfromtherealsounds.Ifyouknowtheexactsounds,pleaserefertheothersources.Idonotfocusontheexactsoundsaswellasthesound

sof

thevowelsinthisarticle.


3/42

IamusingJapaneseHiraganaandKatakanafonttodisplaythefollowingtables.YoucangetthemwithoutanyspecialfeefromMicrosoftwebsite,http://www.microsoft.com,if

youuseWindows

OS.

Japanesehastwo

typesofphoneticscriptswhichhave

thesamepronunciationparallelly.

Hiragana

ThisscriptdescribesJapanesenativewordsand

loanwordsfromancientChinese.

Katakana

Thisscriptdescribesloanwordsfromforeignlan

guagesexceptancientChinese.

StandardSyllables(B

yHiragana)

a

i

u

e

o

BBBB:w:w:w:w

BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:w

k,ky

ka

ki

ku

ke

ko

kyakyukyo

BBBB:w:w:w:w

BBBB:w:w:w:w

BBBB:w:w:w:w

BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBF

BBF

BBF

BBF:w:w:w:wBBH

BBH

BBH

BBH:w:w:w:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

s,sh

sa

shi

su

se

so

shashush

o

BBBB:w:w:w:w

BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBF

BBF

BBF

BBF:w:w:w:wBBH

BBH

BBH

BBH:w:w:w:wB

BJ:w

BBJ:w

B

BJ:w

BBJ:w

t,ch,ts

ta

chitsu

te

to

chachuch

o

B"B"B"B":w:w:w:w

B$B$B$B$:w:w:w:wB'B'B'B':w:w:w:wB)B)B)B):w:w:w:wB+B+B+B+:w:w:w:wB$BF

B$BF

B$BF

B$BF:w:w:w:wB$BH

B$BH

B$BH

B$BH:w:w:w:wB$

BJ:w

B$

BJ:w

B$

BJ:w

B$

BJ:w

n,ny

na

ni

nu

ne

no

nyanyuny

o

B-B-B-B-:w:w:w:w

B.B.B.B.:w:w:w:wB/B/B/B/:w:w:w:wB0B0B0B0:w:w:w:wB1B1B1B1:w:w:w:wB.BF

B.BF

B.BF

B.BF

h,f,hy

ha

hi

fu

he

ho

hyahyuhy

o

B2B2B2B2:w:w:w:w

B5B5B5B5:w:w:w:wB8B8B8B8:w:w:w:wB;B;B;B;:w:w:w:wB>B>B>B>:w:w:w:wB5BF

B5BF

B5BF

B5BF

m,my

ma

mi

mu

me

momyamyumy

o

y

ya

yu

yo

BGBGBGBG:w:w:w:w

BIBIBIBI:w:w:w:w

BKBKBKBK:w:w:w:w

r,ry

ra

ri

ru

re

ro

rya

ryu

ryo

BLBLBLBL:w:w:w:w

BMBMBMBM:w:w:w:wBNBNBNBN:w:w:w:wBOBOBOBO:w:w:w:wBPBPBPBP:w:w:w:wBMBF

BMBF

BMBF

BMBF:w:w:w:wBMBH

BMBH

BMBH

BMBH:w:w:w:wBMBJ:w

BMBJ:w

BMBJ:w

BMBJ:w

w

waBR

BRBRBR:w:w:w:w

g,gy

ga

gi

gu

ge

go

gyagyugy

o

BBBB:w:w:w:w

BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBF

BBF

BBF

BBF:w:w:w:wBBH

BBH

BBH

BBH:w:w:w:wBBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

BBJ:w

z,j

za

ji

zu

ze

zo

ja

ju

jo

BBBB:w:w:w:w

BBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wBBBB:w:w:w:wB!B!B!B!:w:w:w:wBBF

BBF

BBF

BBF:w:w:w:wBBH

BBH

BBH

BBH:w:w:w:wB

BJ:w

BBJ:w

B

BJ:w

BBJ:w

Japanesehassyllablesthatare

plainlycombinedwithaconsonantan

davowel.Thefollowinglistshowsus

the

standardphonemes

V1:a,i,u,e,o

V2:a,u,o

V3:a

C1:k,s,t,n,h,m,r,g,z,d,b,p

C2:ky,sh,ch,ny,hy,my

,y,ry,gy,j,by,py

C3:w

S:n',c',h'

Thefollowinglistshowsusthes

tandardcombinations

V1:5syllables

C1V1:12x5=60syllables

C2V2:13x3=39syllables

C3V3:1x1=1syllables

S:3syllables

Total:108syllables

However,thefollowingsyllables

areexceptional.

soundchange:"shi">"si","chi">"ti","tsu">"tu","fu">"h

u","ji">"zi","dji">"di","dzu">"du"

samesounds:"ji"="dji","zu"="dzu","ja"="dja","ju"="dju","jo"="djo"

Thefollowinglistshowsustherealsoundofthespecialsyllables.The

lastletter"'"isusuallyomittableexcept

beforevowelandsemi-vowelletters(a,i,u,e,o,y,w)ifitisnotambiguous.

n':"m"before"p,b,m"."n"beforetheothers

d,dj,dz

da

djidzu

de

do

dja

dju

djo

B#B#B#B#:w:w:w:w

B%B%B%B%:w:w:w:wB(B(B(B(:w:w:w:wB*B*B*B*:w:w:w:wB,B,B,B,:w:w:w:wB%BF

B%BF

B%BF

B%BF:w:w:w:wB%BH

B%BH

B%BH

B%BH:w:w:w:wB%

BJ:w

B%

BJ:w

B%

BJ:w

B%

BJ:w

b,by

ba

bi

bu

be

bo

byabyuby

o

B3B3B3B3:w:w:w:w

B6B6B6B6:w:w:w:wB9B9B9B9:w:w:w:wB"n-hiki-menomuse(thesecondmouse)

yn-konornji(fouroranges)>"yn-ko-me

noornji(theforthorange)


TheVerbalCon

jugation

Japanesehasarichconjugationsystem,comparingEnglish.(ButitisnotasrichasRomancelanguages.)ThischapterintroduceswholeconjugationtablesofJapanes

everbs.

TounderstandallisunnecessaryforbeginnersofJapan

ese.However,toknowtheoutlineisveryusefulforthem,sinceyoucanim

aginewhatJapanesecanexpressby

these

table.

9

kyu-nin

BBHBB.BV:wkyu-hiki

BBHB

B5B:wkyu-ko

BBHBB:w

10

ju-nin

BBHBB.BV:wjp-piki

BB&B

7B:w

jk-ko

BB&B:w

100

hyk-nin

B5BFBB.BV:whyp-piki

B5BFB&B7B:whyk-ko

B5BFB&B:w

1,000sn-nin

BBVB.BV:w

sn-biki

BBVB

6B:w

sn-ko

BBVB:w

10,000chi-man-n

in

chi-man-biki

chi-man-ko

TheVerbalS

ystem

verb

adjectival

verb

copula

politeverb

(-masu)

p

olitecopula

(desu)

weakverb

strongverb

Inflection

present

indicative

-ru

-u

-i

da

-masu

d

esu

enumeration

nari

conditional-reba

-eba

-kereba

nara

imperative-ro

-e

-mase(*3)

subjunctive-you

-ou

-karou(*2)darou-mashou

d

eshou

participle

[usestem]

-i

-ku

ni

past

indicative

-ta

-katta

datta-mashita

d

eshita

participle

-te

-kute

de

-mashite(*3)d

eshite(*3)

negative

participle

-zu

-azu

-masen(*4)

Japaneseh

as6typesofconjugationexcludingirregulartypes.Theyareweakverbsforverbswhosestemsendwithavowe

l,strongverbsforverbswhosestems

endwith

aconsonan

t,adjectivalverbs,thecopula,politeverbswhichconsistofverbsfollowedb

yapoliteauxiliaryverbandthepolite

copulawhichisthepolitecorrespond

enceof

thecopula.

Japaneseh

as3layersintheverbalsystem.Theupperlayerclassifiestheinflectionsandthederivatives.Thesecondlayerclassifiesthepastandthepresent.Thelower

layerhas6

forms.Thenithasonetraceforthenegativepresentbyhistoricalreasons.

Japaneseverbshave4derivativeverbs.Theyarenegativeverbswhichisconjugatedasanadjectivalverb,causativeverbs,passiveverbsandpotentialverbs.Allofthe

last3deriva

tiveverbsareconjugatedasweakve

rbs.

Japaneseh

as2tenseswhicharethepresentandthepast.Thepresentincludesnotonlytheliteralmeaningbutalsothefuture,thehabitualaction,thenaturerulesand

thehistorica

lpresent.Thepastalsoincludesvariousmeaningsaswellastheliteralme

aning.Itincludestheperfectandthe

confirmation.Thesetwotenseshavean

influenceon

subordinateclauses.

Japaneseh

as6formsinthelowerlayers.Theya

re3predicativeformsand3conjunctiveforms.3predicativeformscorrespondto3moods,theindicative,theimperative

andthesub

junctive.Especially,thepresentind

icativeandthepastindicativearesimplycalledthepresentandthepastastheabbreviation.Ontheotherhand,

theother3conjunctiveformsaretheenumeration,theconditionalandtheparticiple.In

classicJapanese,ithadalmostcompletesetof6formsforthepastandthe

negativeas

wellasthepresent.However,theyaresimplifiedandisolatedtoanotherwords,sothetotalnumberoftheinflectionsis9,whichare6forthepresent,

2forthe

past,1forthenegativeinmodernJapanese.Whenyouexpressallsetsofformsforthepastandthenegative,youuseinflectionalparticles,whichcomeformthe

inflectionso

fthecopulas,withanotherformsand

anotherderivativeverbscorrespondingly.

(*1)Thepotentialderivativeverbsofweakverbssometimesomittheirsoundfrom"-rareru"to"-reru"incolloquialconversation.Itiscalled"ra-nuki(ra-omission)"in

Japanese.

(*2)Thesubjunctiveinflectionofadjectivalverbsisusuallyreplacedwith"-idarou",whichisthepresentinflectionfollowedbythesubjunctiveofthecopula.Forpo

lite

contexts,"-ideshou"isused.

(*3)Theseinflectionsarenotusedgenerally.The

yaremainlyusedinclassicdocumen

ts,formaldocumentsoridiomaticexp

ressions,whenyoucomeacrossthem

.

(*4)Thenegativeformofthepoliteverbisnotthe

participlebuttheindicative.

Insomedia

lectsandsomespeeches,thenegativ

everb"-na-i"isabbreviatedasfollow

s.

then

egativepresentindicative:"-na-i">">">">""-n"or"-nu".

then

egativepresentconditional:"-na-k

ereba">">">">""-neba".

Inflectionalpartic

lesarenotincludedinpartsofspeech.Theyfillthelostformsoftheverbalsystem,suchasthepastenumerationassoon.

thepresentenumeration:thepresent+"nari",whichistheenumerationofthecopula.

thepresentconditional:thepresent+"nari",whichistheconditionalofthecopula.

thepresentsubjunctive:thepresent+"darou",whichisthesubjunctiveofthecopula

.

thepasten

umeration:thepast+"nari",whichistheenumerationofthecopula.

thepastco

nditional:thepast+"nari",whichis

theconditionalofthecopula.

thepastsu

bjunctive:thepast+"darou",which

isthesubjunctiveofthecopula.

thenegativ

eimperative:thepresent+"na",wh

ichisaspecialparticletoexpresspro

hibition.

thenegativ

esubjunctive:thepresent+"mai",whichisaspecialparticletoexpressn

egativeintentmainly.

thenegativ

epastparticiple:thenegativeverb+"de",whichisthepastparticipleofthecopula.

Derivative

neg

ativeverb

-na-i

-ana-i

causativeverb

-sase-ru

-ase-ru

passiveverb

-rare-ru

-are-ru

potentialverb

-(ra)re-ru(*1)-e-ru

Inflectio

nalParticles


12/42

(*1)Thepastenumerationusuallydrops"na"in"nari".Sothepopularformsare"-tari",

"-kattari","-dattari"andsoon.

(*2)Thepastconditionalusuallydrops"na"in"na

ra".Sothepopularformsare"-tara","-kattara","-dattara"andsoon.

(*3)Thepastsubjectivedoesnotusuallydrop"da

"in"darou".

(*4)Thenegativesubjectiveusuallydrops"ru"in"-rumai",whenitfollowsweekverbs.

Inflectionalpolite

particlesaddpolitemeaningstoinflections.Theycomefromtheinflectionsofthepolitecopula.

thepolitep

resent:thepresent+"desu",whichisthepresentofthepolitecopula.

thepolitep

resentsubjunctive:thepresent+"deshou",whichisthesubjunctiveofth

epolitecopula.

thepolitep

ast:thepast+"desu",whichisthep

resentofthepolitecopula.

thepolitep

astsubjunctive:thepast+"deshou

",whichisthesubjunctiveofthepolitecopula.

(*1)Thisfor

m"tadesu"isnotformalinwriting.Itismainlyusedincolloquialconversationsinsteadoftheformalform"-mash

ita".

(*2)Thisfor

m"dattadesu"isnotformalinwriting.Itismainlyusedincolloquialconversationsinsteadoftheformalform"deshita".

particle

verb

adjectival

verb

copula

politeverb

(-m

asu)

politecopula

(desu)

weakverbstrongverb

present

enum

erationnari

-runari

-unari

-inari

nari

-masu

nari

desunari

conditionalnara

-runara

-unara

-inara

nara

-masu

nara

desunara

subj

unctivedarou

-rudarou-udaro

u-idarou

darou

past

enum

erationnari(*1)

-tanari

-tari

-kattanari

-kattari

dattanari

dattari

-mash

itanari

-mash

itari

deshitanari

deshitari

conditionalnara(*2)

-tanara

-tara

-kattanara

-kattara

dattanara

dattara

-mash

itanara

-mash

itara

deshitanara

deshitara

subj

unctivedarou(*3)

-tadarou

-tarou

-kattadarou

-kattarou

dattadarou

dattarou

negative

imp

erativena

-runa

-una

subj

unctivemai(*4)

-(ru)mai-umai

-masu

mai

negativepast

par

ticiple

de

-na-ide

-ana-ide

InflectionalPoliteParticles

particle

verb

adjectival

verb

copula

weakverbstrongverb

presentindicative

desu

-id

esu

subjunctiv

edeshou-rudeshou-udeshou-id

eshou

past

indicative

desu

-tadesu(*1)

-ka

ttadesu

dattadesu(*2)

subjunctiv

edeshou-tadeshou

-ka

ttadeshoudattadeshou

SoundChangesofStrongVerbs

ADictionary

Strongverbswhosestemsendwithaconsonant

havesomesoundchagensmainlyfor

theirpastandpastparticiple,becauseJapanese,whichisanopensyllabic

language,n

eedsspecialconsiderationswhenthe

lastconsonantofaverbalstemisfollowedbytheinflections.

Thefirst11

patternsarecausedbydoubleconsonants,thelast7patternsarecausedbypalatalizationoromission.

Combination

Stem+Inflection

R

ealForms

K-k+t->">">">"-it-

kak+t->">">">"kait-

kita,kite,k

itara,kitari

R-r+t->">">">"-tt-

kar+t->">">">"katt-

ktta,ktte,k

ttra,kttri

S-s+t->">">">"-shit-kas+t->">">">"kashit-kshita,kshite,kshitra,kshitri

T-t+t->">">">"-tt-

kat+t->">">">"katt-

ktta,ktte,k

ttara,kttari

W-w+t->">">">"-tt-

kaw+t->">">">"katt-

ktta,ktte,k

ttra,kttri

B-b+t->">">">"-nd-

ukab+t->">">">"ukand-kanda,kand

e,kandra,kandri

G-g+t->">">">"-id-

kag+t->">">">"kaid-

kida,kide,k

idra,kidri

M-m+t->">">">"-nd-kam+t->">">">"kand-

knda,knde,

kndara,kndari

N-n+t->">">">"-nd-

shin+t->">">">"shind-shnda,shnde,shndra,shndri

S-s+i>">">">"-shi

kas+i>">">">"kashi

kshi

T-t+i>">">">"-chi

kat+i>">">">"kachi

kchi

T-t+u>">">">"-tsu

kat+u>">">">"katsu

ktsu

W-w+i>">">">"-i

kaw+i>">">">"kai

ki

W-w+u>">">">"-u

kaw+u>">">">"kau

ku

W-w+e->">">">"-e-

kaw+e->">">">"kae-

ke,kba,k

eru

W-w+ou>">">">"-ou

kaw+ou>">">">"kaou

ku

JapaneseKanaEnglish

kku

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B:w:w:w:wtowrite

kru

B

BN

B

BN

B

BN

B

BN:w:w:w:wtocut

ksu

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B:w:w:w:wtolend

ktsu

B

B'

B

B'

B

B'

B

B':w:w:w:wtowin

ku

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B:w:w:w:wtobuy

kabu

B

BB9

B

BB9

B

BB9

B

BB9tofloat

kgu

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B:w:w:w:wtosmell

kmu

B

BC

B

BC

B

BC

B

BC:w:w:w:wtobite

shnu

BB/

BB/

BB/

BB/:w:w:w:wtodie

IrregularVerbs

ModernS

ClassicS

ClassicZ

K

Inflection

presen

t indicative-suru

-zuru

kru

conditional-sureba

-zureba

kreba

imperative-shiro

-jiro

ki

subjunctive-shiyou

-jiyou

kyu

participle-shi

-ji

k

past

indicative-shita

-jita

kta

participle-shite

-jite

kte

negativ

eparticiple-sezu

-zezu

kzu

Derivative

neg

ativeverb

-shina-i

-jina-i

kna-i

causativeverb

-sase-ru

-sesase-ru-zesase-ruksas-ru

passiveverb

-sare-ru

-serare-ru

-zerare-rukrar-ru

potentialverb

-deki-ru(*1)-serare-ru

-zerare-ruk(ra)r-ru

A

Dictionary

Japanese

Kana

English

sru

B

BN

B

BN

B

BN

B

BN:w:w:w:w

todo

dkru

B

*BBN

B

*BBN

B

*BBN

B

*BBN:w:w:w:w

tobeable

kru

B

BN

B

BN

B

BN

B

BN:w:w:w:w

tocome

isu

B

BB

B

BB

B

BB

B

BB:w:w:w:w

tolove

nssu

B

0B&B

B

0B&B

B

0B&B

B

0B&B:w:w:w:w

toheat

knjru

B

BVBBN

B

BVBBN

B

BVBBN

B

BVBBNtofeel

shnjruB

BVBBN

B

BVBBN

B

BVBBN

B

BVBBN:w:w:w:wtobelieve

kru

B

BBN

B

BBN

B

BBN

B

BBN:w:w:w:wtogettiredof

keru

B

BBN

B

BBN

B

BBN

B

BBN:w:w:w:w

toopen

karu-iB

BBNB

B

BBNB

B

BBNB

B

BBNB

bright


13/42

Japanesehas2typesofirregularconjugation(M

odernS,K)forprimitiveverbs.and3

types(ModernS,ClassicS,Classic

Z)forcompoundverbs.

ClassicSappearsinoneChinesecharacterfollowedby"suru".However,Thistypeism

ergedintoastrongverb,forexample

,"i-sru"into"is-u","ns-suru"in

to

"nss-u".YoudonothavetospeakClassicS,althoughyouhavetounderstanditwhenyouhearit.

ClassicZap

pearsinoneChinesecharacterfollow

edby"zuru"voicedfrom"suru".How

ever,Thistypeismergedintoaweak

verb,forexample,"kn-zru"into"k

n-jru",

"shn-zru"

into"shn-jru".YoudonothavetospeakClassicZ,althoughyouhaveto

understanditwhenyouhearit.

IrregularVerbKcontainsonlyoneword"kru"

ModernSis

frequentlyusedbyverbalnounscom

binedwith"suru".

(*1)Thepotentialderivativeverbof"suru"isperfe

ctlyadifferentoriginatedverbfrom"s

uru".Theverbis"dekiru"conjugated

asaweakverb.

References

thepresentenumeration:thepresent+"nari"

thepasten

umeration:thepast+"ri"(thepast+

"nari"isanalternation.)

thepastco

nditional:thepast+"ra"(thepast+"

nara"isanalternation.)

thenegativ

eimperative:thepresent+"na"

thenegativ

esubjunctive:thepresent+"mai"

(Weakverbsdrop"ru"preceding"mai".)

thenegativ

epastparticiple:thepresentofnegativeverbs+"de"

ConjugationTable-1

WeakVerbs

IrregularVerbs

I

E

ModernS

K

dictiona

ry

akiru

akeru

suru

kuru

Inflection

present

indicative

aki-ru

ake-ru

su-ru

ku-ru

conditional

-reba

-reba

-reba

-reba

imperative

-ro

-ro

shi

-ro

ko-i

subjunctive

-you

-you

-you

-you

participle

-

-

-

ki-

past

indicative

-ta

-ta

-ta

-ta

participle

-te

-te

-te

-te

negativeparticiple

-zu

-zu

se-zu

ko-zu

Derivative

negativeverb

-na-i

-na-i

shi-na-i

-na-i

causativeverb

-sase-ru

-sase

-rus

-ase-ru

-sase-ru

passiveverb

-rare-ru

-rare-

ru

-are-ru

-rare-ru

potentialverb

-(ra)re-ru

-(ra)re-rudeki-ru

-(ra)re-ru

thepresent

enumeration:thepresent+"nari"

thepastenumeration:thepast+"ri"(thepast+"nari"isanalternation.)

thepastconditional:thepast+"ra"(thepast+"


thenegativeimperative:thepresent+"na"

thenegativesubjunctive:thepresent+"mai"


thenegativepastparticiple:thepresentofnegativeverbs+"de"

ConjugationTable-2Stron

gVerbs

K

R

S

T

W

dictiona

ry

kaku

karu

kasu

katsu

kau

Inflection

present

indicative

kak-u

kar-u

kas

-u

kats-u

ka

-u

conditional

-eba

-eba

-eba

kat

-eba

-eb

a

imperative

-e

-e

-e

-e

-e

subjunctive

-ou

-ou

-ou

-ou

-ou

participle

-i

-i

kash-i

kach-i

-i

past

indicative

kai-ta

kat-ta

kashi

-ta

kat

-ta

kat-ta

participle

-te

-te

-te

-te

-te

negativeparticiple

kak-azu

kar-azu

kas

-azu

-azu

kaw-az

u

Derivative

negativeverb

-ana-i

-ana-i

-ana-i

-ana-i

-an

a-i

causativeverb

-ase-ru

-ase-ru

-ase-ru

-ase-ru

-as

e-ru

passiveverb

-are-ru

-are-ru

-are-ru

-are-ru

-are-ru

potentialverb

-e-ru

-e-ru

-e-ru

-e-ru

ka

-e-ru

thepresent









ConjugationTable-3Stro

ngVerbs

B

G

M

N

dictiona

ry

ukabu

kagu

kamu

shinu

Inflection

present

indicative

ukab

-u

kag-u

kam-u

shin

-u

conditional

-eba

-eba

-eba

-eba

imperative

-e

-e

-e

-e

subjunctive

-ou

-ou

-ou

-ou

participle

-i

-i

-i

-i

past

indicative

ukan

-da

kai-da

kan-da

-da

participle

-de

-de

-de

-de

negativeparticiple

-azu

-azu

-azu

-azu


14/42

Pleasereferto"RecessiveStems"toknowhowtoclassifystrongverbsandweakverbs.

Pleaseclick

thisJapanesedocument,ifyouarein

terestedinaconjugationtablewritten

inJapanese.


ThispageintroducesJapanesesimplesentences.Japanesesentencescanbecomposedonlywithverbs.Theydonotneedanynounswhichperformasubject,anobjectand

soon,althoughthe

senounsareveryhelpfultocommun

icateinformationaccurately.Thispag

efocusesontheprimitivesentences.

ThePolite

ukab

kag

kam

Derivative

negativeverb

-ana-i

-ana-i

-ana-i

-ana-i

causativeverb

-ase-ru

-ase-ru

-ase-ru

-ase-ru

passiveverb

-are-ru

-are-ru

-are-ru

-are-ru

potentialverb

-e-ru

-e-ru

-e-ru

-e-ru

thepresent









ConjugationTable-4

AdjectivalVerbsCopula

PoliteCopula

PoliteVerb

dictiona

ry

akaru-i

da

desu

-masu

Inflection

present

indicative

akaru-i

da

de-su

-ma

-su

enumeration

-inari

nari

-sunari

-sunari

conditional

-kerebanara

-sunara

-sunara

subjunctive

-karou

darou

-shou

-shou

participle

-ku

ni

past

indicative

-katta

datta

-shita

-shita

participle

-kute

de

-shite

-shite

negative

indicative

-sen




(only"-masu")thenegativesubjunctive:thepresent+"mai"


Japanesehasave

ryimportantfeaturerelatedtopolitelevels.Japaneseusesthedifferentpolitelevels,plainformsandpoliteforms

.Youshouldusethepoliteformsind

aily

conversation.This

pagecomposesallthesentenceswiththepoliteforms.Ontheotherhand,

theplainformsareusedinthefollowingsituation.Theyareintroducedinth

elater

chapters.

Dependentclausesincomplexsentences.

Conversatio

namongafamily,betweenamarried

orunmarriedcouple,amongintimate

friendsatthesameage.

Writtendocuments

Howtomakepolite

forms

Youmakep

oliteformsfrompresentparticipleofverbsfollowedbypoliteauxiliaryverb"-masu".

Howtousepolitepresentforms

Case1a

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBAB

A:w

(J):M

riagamh'ketto'orsh'chishi-m

asu.

(E):M

ariaresearchesthemarcket.

Case1b

(K):B

#BOB:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BBABB

AB

BB]B:wBBAB

A:w

(J):D

regamh'ketto'orsh'chishimasuka?Mriagash-msu.

(E):W

horesearchesthemarcket?Maria

does.

Case1c

(K):B

BB]B:wB-B.BU:wBBpBB|BBABB

AB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBAB

A:w

(J):M

riaganni'orsh'chishi-masuk

a?Mh'ketto'orsh'chi-shi-masu.

(E):W

hatdoesMariaresearch?Sheresearchesthemarcket.

HowToMakePoliteForms

dictionary

presentparticiple

politeverb

politeform

steminflection

WeakVerb

E

nru

ne

>">">">"

n

+-m

su>">">">"n-msu

I

mru

mi

>">">">"

m

+-m

su>">">">"m-msu

StrongVerb

K

kku

kik

+i>">">">"

kki

+-m

su>">">">"kki-msu

R

nru

nar+i>">">">"

nri

+-m

su>">">">"nri-msu

S

dsu

das+i>">">">"

dshi+-m

su>">">">"dshi-msu

T

mtsu

mat+i>">">">"

mchi+-m

su>">">">"mchi-msu

Wu

iw

+i>">">">"

i

+-m

su>">">">"i-msu

B

ybu

yob+i>">">">"

ybi+-m

su>">">">"ybi-msu

G

ngu

nug+i>">">">"

ngi+-m

su>">">">"ngi-msu

M

nmu

nom+i>">">">"

nmi+-m

su>">">">"nmi-msu

N

shnu

shin+i>">">">"

shni+-m

su>">">">"shni-msu

IrregularVerbK

kru

k

+i>">">">"

k

+-m

su>">">">"k-msu

S

sru

s

+i>">">">"

shi

+-m

su>">">">"sh-msu

ADictionary

JapaneseKana

English

nru

B0BN

B0BN

B0BN

B0BN:

w

:

w

:

w

:

wtosleep

mru

BBBN

BBBN

BBBN

BBBN:

w

:

w

:

w

:

wtosee

kku

BBBBBBBB:w:w:w:w

tohear

nru

B-BN

B-BN

B-BN

B-BN:w:w:w:wtobecome

dsu

B#BB#BB#BB#B:w

:

w:w

:

wtoputout

mtsu

BAB'

BAB'

BAB'

BAB':

w

:w:

w

:wtowait

u

BBBBBBBB:w:w:w:w

tosay

ybu

BKB9

BKB9

BKB9

BKB9:

w

:

w

:

w

:

wtocall

ngu

B/BB/BB/BB/B:w:w:w:wtotakeoff

nmu

B1BC

B1BC

B1BC

B1BC:w:w:w:wtodrink

shnu

BB/

BB/

BB/

BB/:w:w:w:w

todie


15/42

Case2a

(K):B

B_BflB^B~BB:wBsBbBBB\BBU:w

BKB6BAB

A:w

(J):D

ividdogaJnifah''oybi-msu.

(E):D

avidcallsJennifer.

Case2b

(K):B

#BOB:wBsBbBBB\BBU:wBKB6BABB

ABB_BflB^B~BB:wBKB6BAB

A:w

(J):D

regaJnifah''oybi-msuka?Dividdogaybi-msu.

(E):W

hocallsJennifer?Daviddoes.

Case2c

(K):B

B_BflB^B~BB:wB#BOBU:wBKB6BABB

ABsBbB

BB\BBU:wBKB6BAB

A:w

(J):D

ividdogadre'oybi-msuka?J

nifah''oybi-msu.

(E):W

hodoesDavidcall?HecallsJenn

ifer.

TheNegative

Tocreatenegative

politeformsisveryeasy.Itisonlytochangetheendof"-masu".

Howtousenegativepolitepresentforms

Case1a

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABBV

A:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chi-shi-m

asen.

(E):M

ariadoesnotresearchesthemarc

ket.

Case1b

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABB

AB

2BABBABABBBABBABBVA:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-m

asuka?Hai,shi-masu.Iie,shi-mas

en.

(E):D

oesMariaresearchesthemarcket?Yes,shedoes.No,shedoesn't.

Case2a

(K):B

sBBfiB:wBnBBBU:wB/BBABBV

A:w

(J):Jongakoh'to'onugi-masen.

(E):J

ohndoesnottakeoffhiscoat.

Case2b

(K):B

sBBfiB:wBnBBBU:wB/BBABB

AB2BAB/BBABABBBAB/BBABBVA:w

(J):Jongakoh'to'onugi-masuka?Hai,

nugi-masu.Iie,nugi-masen.

(E):D

oesJohntakeoffhiscoat?Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn't.

TheTense

Japanesehastwo

typesofbasictenses,thepresentandthepast.Asgeneralusages,thesetypearealmostcorrespondtothepres

entandthepast.However,thepresent

containsthefuture

andthepastcontainstheperfect.Ofcourse,Japanesehasmanyexpressiontodistinguishslighttensesbyusingauxiliaryverbsandhelpingverbs.However,

thesetwotypesaremostessentialtocomposeJapanesesentences.

Ne

gative

affirmative

inflection

negative

sh-msush-ma

s+en>">">">"sh-masn

Howtousepolitepastforms

Case1a

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABB"

A:w

(J):M


ashita.

(E):M

ariaresearchedthemarcket.

Case1b

(K):B

#BOB:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BBABB"B

AB

BB]B:wBBABB"

A:w

(J):D

aregamah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashitaka?Mariagashi-mashita.

(E):W

horesearchedthemarcket?Maria

did.

Case1c

(K):B

BB]B:wB-B.BU:wBBpBB|BBABB"B

AB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABB"

A:w

(J):M

ariaganani'orisah'chishi-mashitaka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashita.

(E):W

hatdidMariaresearch?Sheresea

rchedthemarcket.

Case1d

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABBVB*BB"

A:w

(J):M


asendeshita.

(E):M

ariadidnotresearchthemarcket.

Case1e

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABB"B

AB2BABBABB"ABBBABBABBVB*B

B"A:w

(J):M


ashitaka?Hai,shi-mashita.Iie,shi-masendeshita.

(E):D

idMariaresearchthemarcket?Yes,shedid.No,shedidn't.

Case2a

(K):B

tBBqBfiB:wBBBBuB^B~BjBU:wB

BBABB"

A:w

(J):S

uh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashita.

(E):S

usanlistenedtomusic.

Case2b

(K):B

#BOB:wBBBBuB^B~BjBU:wBBB

ABB"B

ABtB

BqBfiB:wBBBABB"

A:w

(J):D

aregamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashitak

a?Suh'zangakiki-mashita.

(E):W

holistenedtomusic?Susandid.

Case2c

(K):B

tBBqBfiB:wB-B.BU:wBBBABB"B

ABBBB

uB^B~BjBU:wBBBABB"

A:w

(J):S

uh'zanganani'okiki-mashitaka?Myuh'zikku'okiki-mashita.

(E):W

hatdidSusanlistento?Shelisten

edtomusic.

Case2d

(K):B


BBABBVB*BB"

A:w

(J):S

uh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-masendeshita.

(E):S

usandidnotlistentomusic.

Case2e

(K):B


BBABB"B

A

B2BABBBABB"ABBBABBBABBVB*BB"A:w

(J):S

uh'zangamyuh'zikku'okiki-mashitaka?Hai,kiki-mashita.Iie,kiki-ma

sendeshita.

(E):D

idSusanlistentomusic?Yes,she

did.No,shedidn't.

Tenses

prese

nt

inflection

past

affirmativesh-m

sushi-mas+i+ta

sh-mshita

negative

sh-ma

snshi-masen+deshitash-masndeshita


16/42

TheMood

ThissectionintroducesthreemoodsofJapanese.Thefirstistheindicativemoodwhichhasbeenalreadyintroducedabove.These

condistheimperativemood.Thelastisthe

subjunctivemood.However,thesubjunctivemoodisnotsameasEnglish.Itshouldbecalled"theintentmood"and"theprobablem

ood".Anditisdividedinto2parts,"th

e

intent"and"thepro

bable".

Howtomaketheim

perativemoodwithpoliteness

affirm

ative:pastparticiple+"kudasai"

negative:pastparticiple+"kudasai"

Howtomaketheintentmoodwithpoliteness

affirm

ative:presentparticiple+"-mashou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepo

liteverb.

negative:presentparticiple+"-masumai"whichisthepresentformofthepolite

verbfollowedby"mai".

Howtomakethepr

obablemoodwithpoliteness

affirm

ativepresent:presentform+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthe

politecopula.

affirm

ativepast:pastform+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolite

copula.

negativepresent:negativepresent+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.

negativepast:negativepast+"deshou"whichisthesubjunctiveformofthepolitecopula.

Inordertoconstructthesentencesofthesemoods,you

needtoknowthefiveformsfirst.Theyarethepastformandthepastpartic

ipleformoftheaffirmative,thepresentform,

thepastformandthepastparticipleofthenegative.

H

owToMakePastForms

dictionary

past

stem

inflection

>#>#>#>#

WeakVerb

E

nru

ne

+ta>">">">"

nta

Imru

mi

+ta>">">">"

mta

StrongVerb

K

kku

kik

+ta>">">">"

kita

R

nru

nar

+ta>">">">"

ntta

S

dsu

das

+ta>">">">"

dshita

T

mtsu

mat+ta>">">">"

mtta

W

u

iw

+ta>">">">"

tta

B

ybu

yob

+ta>">">">"

ynda

G

ngu

nug

+ta>">">">"

nida

M

nmu

nom

+ta>">">">"

nnda

N

shnu

shin+ta>">">">"

shnd

a

K

kru

k

+i+ta>">">">"kta

HowToMakeNegativeForms

dictionary

negative

stem

derivative

>#>#>#>#

WeakVerb

Enru

ne

+na-i>">">">"

nna-i

Imru

mi

+na-i>">">">"

mna-i

StrongVerb

Kkku

kik

+a+na-i>">">">"kkana-i

Rnru

nar

+a+na-i>">">">"nrna-i

Sdsu

das

+a+na-i>">">">"dsna-i

Tmtsu

mat

+a+na-i>">">">"mtna-i

Wu

iw

+a+na-i>">">">"wana-i

Bybu

yob

+a+na-i>">">">"ybana-i

Gngu

nug

+a+na-i>">">">"ngna-i

Mnmu

nom

+a+na-i>">">">"nmna-i

Nshnu

shin

+a+na-i>">">">"shnana-i

Kkru

k

+o+na-i>">">">"kna-i

Thefollowingtable

showsyouhowtomaketheimperative,subjunctivemoods.

Howtousepoliteim

perativeforms

Case1a

(K):B

BB]BBVAB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BB):wBB#BB

A:w

(J):M

aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishitekudasai.

(E):M

s.Maria,pleaseresearchthemarc

ket.

Case1b

(K):B

BB]BBVAB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BB-BB*:wBB#BB

A:w

(J):M

aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishina-idekudasai.

(E):M

s.Maria,pleasedon'tresearchthe

marcket.

Case2a

(K):B

sBbB_BBuBBV

ABB_BfiBU:wB1BVB*:w

BB#BB

A

:w

(J):Jeimuzu-san,wain'onondekudasai.

(E):M

r.James,pleasedrinkwine.

Case2b

(K):B

sBbB_BBuBBV

ABB_BfiBU:wB1BAB-BB*:wBB#BB

A:w

(J):Jeimuzu-san,wain'onomana-idekudasai.

(E):M

r.James,pleasedon'tdrinkwine.

Howtousepolitesu

bjunctive(intent)forms

Case1a

(K):B

BB]BBVAB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BBABBJB

A:w

(J):M

aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashou.

(E):M

s.Maria,let'sresearchthemarcke

t.

Case1b

IrregularVerb

S

sru

s

+i+ta>">">">"

shta

pastpartic

iple:changetheendingofthepastfo

rm

-ta>

"-te

-da>"-de

IrregularVerbSsru

s

+i+na-i>">">">"shna-i

past:changetheending

-na-i>"-na-katta

pastparticiple:changeth

eending

-na-i>"-na-ide

Moods

[KanaTable]

imperative

affirmative

shite

(pastparticiple)

+kudasai>">">">"

shtekudasi

negative

shina-ide

(negativepastparticiple)+kudasai>">">">"

shn-idekudasai

subjunctive

intent

affirmative

shi

(presentparticiple)

+-mashou>

"

>

"

>

"

>

"sh-mashu

negative

shi

(presentparticiple)

+-masu+m

ai>">">">"sh-masumi

probab

le affirmativepresentsuru

(present)

+deshou>">">">"

srudeshu

past

shita

(past)

+deshou>">">">"

shtdeshou

negative

presentshina-i

(negativepresent)

+deshou>">">">"

shn-ideshou

past

shina-katta(negativepast)

+deshou>">">">"

shn-kattadeshou


17/42

(K):B

BB]BBVABU:wBBpBB|BBABBJBB

AB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBABBJB

A:w

(J):M

aria-san,nani'orisah'chishi-mash

ouka?mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-m

ashou.

(E):M

s.Maria,whatshallweresearch.L

et'sresearchthemarcket.

Case1c

(K):B

BB]BBVAB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BBABBAB

A:w

(J):M

aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-masumai.

(E):M

s.Maria,let'snotresearchthemarcket.

Case1d

(K):B

BB]BBVAB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BBABBJBB

AB2BABBABBJBABBBABBABBA

BA:w

(J):M

aria-san,mah'ketto'orisah'chishi-mashouka?Hai,shi-mashou.Iie,s

hi-masumai.

(E):M

s.Maria,shallweresearchthemarcket?Yes,let's.No,let'snot.

Case2a

(K):B

BjBzBB.:wB-BMBABBJB

A:w

(J):D

okutah'ninari-mashou.

(E):I

willbecomeadoctor.

Case2b

(K):B

-B.B.:wB-BMBABBJBB

ABBjBzBB.B-BMB

ABBJB

A:w

(J):N

anininari-mashouka?Dokutah'ninari-mashou.

(E):W

hatshallwebecome.Wewillbeco

medoctors.

Case2c

(K):B

BjBzBB.:wB-BMBABBAB

A:w

(J):D

okutah'ninari-masumai.

(E):I

willnotbeadoctor.

Case2d

(K):B

BjBzBB.:wB-BMBABBJBB

AB2BAB-BMBABBJBABBBAB-BMBABBABA:w

(J):D

okutah'ninari-mashouka?Hai,na

ri-mashou.Iie,nari-masumai.

(E):S

hallwebecomedoctors?Yes,let's

.No,let'snot.

Howtousepolitesu

bjunctive(probablepresent)forms

Case1a

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpB

B|BBNB*BBJB

A:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshou.

(E):M

ariawillprobablyresearchthemarcket.

Case1b

(K):B

#BOB:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BBNB*BBJBB

AB

BB]B:wBBNB*BBJB

A:w

(J):D

aregamah'ketto'orisah'chisurud

eshouka?Mariagasurudeshou.

(E):W

howillresearchthemarcket?Mariawillprobably.

Case1c

(K):B

BB]B:wB-B.BU:wBBpBB|BBNB*BBJBB

AB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BBNB*BBJB

A:w

(J):M

ariaganani'orisah'chisurudesho

uka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chisurud

eshou.

(E):W

hatwillMariaresearch?Shewillp

robablyresearchthemarcket.

Case1d

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpB

B|BB-BB*BBJB

A:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishina

-ideshou.

(E):M

ariawillnotprobablyresearchthe

marcket.

Case1e

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpB

B|BBNB*BBJBB

AB2BABBNB*BBJBABBBABB-BB

*BBJBA:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshouka?Hai,surudeshou.Iie,s

hina-ideshou.

(E):W

illMariaresearchthemarcket?Ye

s,shewillprobably.No,shewon'tprobably.

Case2a

(K):B

fBBfiB:wBBBflB^BBU:wBBBNB*BBJB

A:w

(J):K

arengamuh'vih''omirudeshou.

(E):K

arenwillprobablyseeamovie.

Case2b

(K):B

#BOB:wBBBflB^BBU:wBBBNB*BBJBB

ABfB

BfiB:wBBBNB*BBJB

A:w

(J):D

aregamuh'vih''omirudeshouka?

Karengamirudeshou.

(E):W

howillseeamovie?Karenwillprobably.

Case2c

(K):B

fBBfiB:wB-B.BU:wBBBNB*BBJB

B

ABBBflB^BBU:wBBBNB*BBJB

A:w

(J):K

arenganani'omirudeshouka?Muh'vih''omirudeshou.

(E):W

hatwillKarensee?Shewillprobablyseeamovie.

Case2d

(K):B

fBBfiB:wBBBflB^BBU:wBBB-BB*BBJB

A:w

(J):K

arengamuh'vih''omina-ideshou.

(E):K

arenwillnotprobablyseeamovie.

Case2e

(K):B

fBBfiB:wBBBflB^BBU:wBBBNB*BBJBB

AB2BABBBNB*BBJBABBBABBB-BB*BBJBA

:w

(J):K

arengamuh'vih''omirudeshouka

?Hai,mirudeshou.Iiemina-idesh

ou.

(E):W

illKarenseeamovie?Yes,shewillprobably.No,shewon'tprobably

.

Howtousepolitesu

bjunctive(probablepast)forms

Case1a

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpB

B|BB"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishita

deshou.

(E):M

ariawouldprobablyresearchthemarcket.

Case1b

(K):B

#BOB:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB

|BB"B*BBJBB

AB

BB]B:wBB"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):D

aregamah'ketto'orisah'chishitadeshouka?Mariagashitadeshou.

(E):W

howouldresearchthemarcket?M

ariawouldprobably.

Case1c

(K):B

BB]B:wB-B.BU:wBBpBB|BB"B

*BBJBB

AB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpBB|BB"B*BB

JB

A:w

(J):M

ariaganani'orisah'chishitadeshouka?Mah'ketto'orisah'chishitadeshou.

(E):W

hatwouldMariaresearch?Shewo

uldprobablyresearchthemarcket

.

Case1d

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpB

B|BB-BB&B"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishina

-kattadeshou.

(E):M

ariawouldnotprobablyresearchthemarcket.

Case1e

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU

:wBBpBB|BB"B*BBJBB

AB2BABB"B*BBJBABBBABB-BB&B"B*BBJBA:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chishita

deshouka?Hai,shitadeshou.Iie,shina-kattadeshou.

(E):W

ouldMariaresearchthemarcket?

Yes,shewouldprobably.No,shew

ouldn'tprobably.

Case2a

(K):B

BBBB:wBBtBU:wBAB&B"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):R

obah'togabasu'omattadeshou.


18/42

(E):R

obertwouldprobablywaitfortheb

us.

Case2b

(K):B

#BOB:wBBtBU:wBAB&B"B*BBJB

B

ABBBB

B:wBAB&B"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):D

aregabasu'omattadeshouka?Robah'togamattadeshou.

(E):W

howouldwaitforthebus?Robert

wouldprobably.

Case2c

(K):B

BBBB:wB-B.BU:wBAB&B"B*BBJBB

ABBtB

U:wBAB&B"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):R

obah'toganani'omattadeshouka

?Basu'omattadeshou.

(E):W

hatwouldRobertwaitfor?Hewou

ldprobablywaitforthebus.

Case2d

(K):B

BBBB:wBBtBU:wBAB"B-BB&B

"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):R

obah'togabasu'omatana-kattade

shou.

(E):R

obertwouldnotprobablywaitforthebus.

Case2e

(K):B

BBBB:wBBtBU:wBAB&B"B*BBJBB

AB2BA

BAB&B"B*BBJBABBBABAB"B-BB&B"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):R

obah'togabasu'omattadeshouka?Hai,mattadeshou.Iie,matana-kattadeshou.

(E):W

ouldRobertwaitforthebus?Yes,hewouldprobably.No,hewouldn'tprobably.

Future

Japanesedoesnothaveanyspecialinflentiontoexpressfutureevents.Itusesthepresentfor

mforacertainfutureevent,theproba

blepresentformforanuncertainfuture

event.Indeed,therealmeaningofthepresentformisthepresent,thefutureandthehabitualformwhichcontainsfutureeventsaswellaspresentevents.

Howtoexpressfutu

retenses

Case1a(acertainevent)

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpB

B|BBAB

A:w

(J):M


asu.

(E):M

ariawillresearchthemarcket.

Case1b(anuncertainevent)

(K):B

BB]B:wB

BBlB~BBU:wBBpB

B|BBNB*BBJB

A:w

(J):M

ariagamah'ketto'orisah'chisurudeshou.

(E):M

ariawillprobablyresearchthemarcket.

ASummary

Thefollowingtable

showsyouachartofthetenses.

Achartofthetensesof"suru"[KanaTable]

tenses

m

oods

English

JapanesePolite

Ref.JapanesePlain

AFFIpresent

indicativecertain

do

sh

-msu

sru

uncertaindoprobably

s

rudeshu

srudaru

subjunctive

woulddo

intent

let'sdo

sh

-mashu

shyu

imp

erative

Do

sh

tekudasi

shro

(*1)colloquialvariants(notusedinformalconversations)


ThispageintroducesJapaneseverbsofexistence.Tounderstandverbsofexistenceisveryim

portantinordertounderstandtheco

pulasandadjectivalverbs.

Existence

Japanesehastwotypesofverbsinordertoexpressexis

tence.Oneis"aru",whichisclassifiedintostrongverbs,formotionlessobjectstheotheris"iru",whichisclassifiedinto

weakverbs,formotionalobjectsincludinghumanbeings

.Thenegationof"aru"isreplacedwith"na-i",whichisclassifiedintoadjectivalverbs.Ontheotherhand,theneg

ationof

"iru"isderivedinto

"ina-i",whichisthenegativederivativeverb.However,"na-i"and"ina-i"are

mainlyusedasbasicforms.Somepolitenegationformsareexpressedby

the

inflectionsofthepo

liteverb"-masu".

ThePolitePresent

RMATIVE

past

indicativecertain

did

sh

-mshita

sh

tdesu(*1)

shta

uncertaindidprobably

sh

tdeshou

shtdarou

subjunctive

wouldhavedone

futureindicativecertain

willdo

sh

-msu

sru

uncertainwilldoprobably

s

rudeshu

srudaru

NEGATIVEpresent

indicativecertain

donotdo

sh

-masn

sh

n-idesu(*1)

shn-i

uncertaindonotdoprobably

sh

na-ideshu

shna-idaru

subjunctive

wouldnotdo

intent

let'snotdo

sh

-masumi

srumi

imp

erative

Don'tdo

sh

n-idekudasaisrna

past

indicativecertain

didnotdo

sh

-masndeshita

sh

n-kattadesu(*1)shn-katta

uncertaindidnotdoprobably

sh

n-kattadeshoushn-kattadaro

u

subjunctive

wouldnothavedone

futureindicativecertain

willnotdo

sh

-masn

sh

n-idesu(*1)

shn-i

uncertainwillnotdoprobablysh

na-ideshu

shna-idaru

HowtoMakeThePolitePresent


19/42

Howtousethepolit

epresentforms

Case1a

(K):B

B_BB:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB

A:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masu.

(E):A

knifeisinthekitchen.

Case1b

(K):B


BV

A:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masen.

(E):A

knifeisnotinthekitchen.

Case1c

(K):B


B

AB2BAB

BMBABABBBABBMBABBVA:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masuka?Hi,a

ri-masu.Iie,ari-masen.

(E):Isaknifeinthekitchen?Yes,itis.N

o,itisn't.

Case1d

(K):B

-B.B:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBABB

AB

B_BB

:wBBMBAB

A:w

(J):Nanigakitchinniari-masuka?Naifu

gaari-masu.

(E):W

hatisinthekitchen?Aknifeis.

Case1e

(K):B

B_BB:wB,BB.:wBBMBABB

ABhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBAB

A:w

(J):Naifugadokoniari-masuka?Kitchinniari-masu.

(E):W

hereisaknife?Itisinthekitchen.

Case2a

(K):B

BpB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBA

B

A:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-masu.

(E):L

isaisinthelivingroom.

Case2b

(K):B


BBV

A:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-masen.

(E):L

isaisnotinthelivingroom.

Case2c

(K):B


BB

AB2BABBABABBBABBABBVA:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-masuka?

Hi,i-masu.Iie,i-masen.

(E):IsLisainthelivingroom?Yes,sheis.No,sheisn't.

Case2d

(K):B

#BOB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBABB

ABB

pB:wBBABA:w

(J):Daregarivingu-ruh'munii-masuka?

Risagai-masu.

(E):W

hoisinthelivingroom?Lisais.

Case2e

(K):B

BpB:wB,BB.:wBBABB

ABBflB^BfiBkBB

BB.:wBBAB

A:w

(J):Risagadokonii-masuka?Rivingu-ruh'munii-masu.

(E):W

hereisLisa?Sheisinthelivingro

om.

dictiona

rypresentparticiple

politeverb

politepresent

steminflection

affirmative

negative

motionless

aru

ar

+i>">">">"

ari+masu>">">">"ari-m

asu

ari-masen

motional

iru

i

>">">">"

i

+masu>">">">"i-masu

i-masen

ThePolitePast

Howtousethepolit

epastforms

Case1a

(K):B


B"

A:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-mashita.

(E):A

knifewasinthekitchen.

Case1b

(K):B


BVB*BB"

A:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-masendeshita

.

(E):A

knifewasnotinthekitchen.

Case1c

(K):B


B"B

AB2BAB

BMBABB"

ABBBABBMBABBVB*BB

"

A:w

(J):Naifugakitchinniari-mashitaka?Hi,ari-mashita.Iie,ari-masendeshita

.

(E):W

asaknifeinthekitchen?Yes,itwas.No,itwasn't.

Case1d

(K):B

-B.B:wBhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBABB"B

AB

B_B

B:wBBMBABB"

A:w

(J):Nanigakitchinniari-mashitaka?Na

ifugaari-mashita.

(E):W

hatwasinthekitchen?Aknifewa

s.

Case1e

(K):B

B_BB:wB,BB.:wBBMBABB"B

ABhB~B|BfiB.:wBBMBABB"

A:w

(J):Naifugadokoniari-mashitaka?Kitc

hinniari-mashita.

(E):W

herewasaknife?Itwasinthekitc

hen.

Case2a

(K):B


BB"

A:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mashita.

(E):L

isawasinthelivingroom.

Case2b

(K):B


BBVB*BB"

A:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-masende

shita.

(E):L

isawasnotinthelivingroom.

Case2c

(K):B


BB"B

AB2BABBABB"ABBBABBABBVB*BB"A:w

(J):Risagarivingu-ruh'munii-mashitak

a?Hi,i-mashita.Iie,i-masendeshita.

(E):W

asLisainthelivingroom?Yes,sh

ewas.No,shewasn't.

Case2d

(K):B

#BOB:wBBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBABB"B

ABBpB:wBBABB"

A:w

(J):Daregarivingu-ruh'munii-mashitaka?Risagai-mashita.

(E):W

howasinthelivingroom?Lisawas.

HowtoMakeThePolitePast

dictiona

rypresentparticiple

politeverb(past)

politepast

steminflection

affirmative

negative

motionless

aru

ar

+i>">">">"

ari+mashita>">">">"

ari-mashitaari-masendeshita

motional

iru

i

>">">">"

i

+mashita>">">">"

i-mashita

i-masendeshita


20/42


21/42

(E):Lisa,pleasedonotstayintheliving

room.

Howtousethepoliteintentforms

Case1a

(K):BBpBBVABBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBAB

BJB

A:w

(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'munii-mashou

.

(E):Lisa,let'sstayinthelivingroom.

Case1b

(K):BBpBBVABBflB^BfiBkBBBB.:wBBAB

BAB

A:w

(J):Risa-san,rivingu-ruh'munii-masu-m

ai.

(E):Lisa,let'snotstayinthelivingroom

.

ASummary

Thefollowingtable

showsyouachartofthetenses.

HowtoMakeThePoliteIntentM

ood

dictionary

presentparticiple

politeverb(subjunctive)

politeintentmood

steminflection

affirmative

negative

motional

iru

i

>">">">"

i+mashou>">">">"

i-mashoui-masu-mai

Achartofthetensesof"aru"(astrong

verb)[KanaTable]

tenses

m

oods

English

JapanesePolite

Ref.JapanesePlain

AFFIRMATIVEpresentindicativ

ecertain

am/are/is

ri-msu

ru

uncertainam/are/isprobably

rudeshou

rudarou

subj

unctive

wouldbe

past

indicativ

ecertain

was/were

ri-mshita

ttadesu(*)

tta

uncertainwas/wereprobably

ttadeshou

ttadarou

subj

unctive

wouldhavebeen

futureindicativ

ecertain

willbe

ri-msu

ru

uncertainwillbeprobably

rudeshou

rudarou

NEGATIVpresentindicativ

ecertain

am/are/isnot

ri-masn

n-idesu(*)

n-i

uncertainam/are/isnotprobably

n-ideshou

n-idarou

subj

unctive

wouldnotbe

past

indicativ

ecertain

was/werenot

ri-masndeshita

n-kattadesu(*)

n-katta

uncertainwas/werenotprobably

n-kattadeshou

n-kattadarou

subj

unctive

wouldnothavebeen

(*)colloquial

variants(notusedinformalconversations)

(*)colloquial

variants(notusedinformalconversations)

E

futureindicativ

ecertain

willnotbe

ri-masn

n-idesu(*)

n-i

uncertainwillnotbeprobably

n-ideshou

n-idarou

Achartofthetensesof"iru"(aweakverb)[KanaTable]

tenses

m

oods

English

JapanesePolite

Ref.JapanesePlain

AFFIRMATIVEpresent

indicativ

ecertain

am/are/is

-msu

r


rdeshou

rdarou

subj

unctive

wouldbe

in

tent

let'sbe

-mashu

yu

imp

erative

Be

tekudasi

r

past

indicativ

ecertain

was/were

-mshita

tdesu(*)

t


tdeshou

tdarou

subj

unctive

wouldhavebeen

futureindicativ

ecertain

willbe

-msu

r

uncertainwillbeprobably

rdeshou

rdarou

NEGATIVEpresent

indicativ

ecertain

am/are/isnot

-masn

n-idesu(*)

n-i

uncertainam/are/isnotprobably

n-ideshou

n-idarou

subj

unctive

wouldnotbe

in

tent

let'snotbe

-masumi

rumi

imp

erative

Don'tbe

n-idekudasairna

past

indicativ

ecertain

was/werenot

-masndeshita

n-kattadesu(*)

n-katta

uncertainwas/werenotprobably

n-kattadeshoun-kattadarou

subj

unctive

wouldnothavebeen

futureindicativ

ecertain

willnotbe

-masn

n-idesu(*)

n-i

uncertainwillnotbeprobably

n-ideshou

n-idarou


22/42


23/42

(J):W

iriamu'wadokutah'deari-masend

eshita.

(E):W

illiamwasnotadoctor.

Case1c(*1)

(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB*BB"B

AB2BABBB*BB"ABBBABBB*:wBBMBABBVB*BB"

A:w

(J):W

iriamu'wadokutah'deshitaka?Ha

i,soudeshita.Iie,soudeari-masen

deshita.

(E):W

asWilliamadoctor?Yes,hewas.No,hewasn't.

Case1d(*2)

(K):B#BOB:wBBjBzBB*BB"B

ABaB^BB]BB:wBBB*BB"

A:w

(J):Daregadokutah'deshitaka?Wiriamugasoudeshita.

(E):W

howasadoctor?Williamwas.

Case1e(*3)

(K):B

BOB2:wB-B.B*BB"BABBOB2:wBBfiB*BB"

A

:w

(J):Kore'wananideshitaka?Sore'wapendeshita.

(E):W

hatwasthis?Itwasapen.

(*1),(*2),(*3)

Pleaserefertheabovelist.

ThePoliteSubjunctivePresent

Howtousethepolitesubjectivepresentforms

Case1a

(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB*BBJB

A:w

(J):W

iriamu'wadokutah'deshou.

(E):W

illiamisprobablyadoctor.

Case1b

(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB*:wB-BB*B

BJB

A:w

(J):W

iriamu'wadokutah'dena-ideshou

.

(E):W

illiamisnotprobablyadoctor.

Thislistdoesnotintroducetheinterrogativesentenceswiththesubjunctiveforms,becausethe

yarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.Theycontain

courteousnuance.

ThePoliteSubjunctivePast

Howtousethepolitesubjectivepastforms

Case1a

(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB#B&B"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):W

iriamu'wadokutah'dattadeshou.

(E):W

illiamwasprobablyadoctor.

Case1b

(K):BaB^BB]BB2:wBBjBzBB*:wB-BB&

B"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):W

iriamu'wadokutah'dena-kattadeshou.

(E):W

illiamwasnotprobablyadoctor.


yarenotsimplecorrespondencetotheindicativesentences.Theycontain

courteousnuance.

ThePoliteImperativeandIntentMood

Thecopulasdonot

havethesetypesofinflections,althou

ghthesubjectofasentenceisamotionalobjectwhichhaswillslikehumanbeings,animalsandsoon.Whenyo

u

expressthesemoods,youuseordinaryverbs"naru"whic

hmeans"tobecome","suru"whichm

eans"todo",andsoon.

AdjectivalVerb

AdjectivalverbisauniquepartofspeechinJapanese.ThereisnocounterpartinEnglish.Adje

ctivalverbisregardedas"tobe"+ad

jectiveinEnglish.Ithasthetenseformsin

theinflections.Firstly,thischapterintroduceswholethetensesoftheadjectivalverbswhichprovidetheuniqueformsfortheaffirmative,whiletheyuse"-ku"+thenegativ

eofthe

verbsofexistenceforthenegative.Next,theadjectivalverbsprovideadjectivalusagesandadverbialusageswiththeirinflections.H

owever,Iskipexplanationaboutthem

.Iwill

explaintheminlaterchapters.

(*1)colloquia

lvariants(notusedinformalconversations)

ThePolitePresent

Achartofthetensesoftheadjectivalverbs[KanaTable]

tenses

m

oods

English

JapanesePolite

Ref.JapanesePlain

AFFIRMATIVEpresentindicativ

ecertain

am/are/isbright

kar-idesu

kar-i

uncertainam/are/isbrightprobably

kar-ideshou

kar-idarou

subjunctive

wouldbebright

past

indicativ

ecertain

was/werebright

kar-kattadesu

kar-katta

uncertainwas/werebrightprobably

kar-kattadeshou

kar-kattadarou

subjunctive

wouldhavebeenbright

futureindicativ

ecertain

willbebright

kar-idesu

kar-i

uncertainwillbebrightprobably

kar-ideshou

kar-idarou

NEGATIVEpresentindicativ

ecertain

am/are/isnotbright

karu-kuari-masn

karu-kun-idesu(*1)

karu-kun-i

uncertainam/are/isnotbrightprobably

karu-kun-ideshou

karu-kun-idarou

subjunctive

wouldnotbebright

past

indicativ

ecertain

was/werenotbright

karu-kuari-masndeshita

karu-kun-kattadesu(*1)

karu-kun-katta

uncertainwas/werenotbrightprobably

karu-kun-kattadeshou

karu-kun-kattadarou

subjunctive

wouldnothavebeenbright

futureindicativ

ecertain

willnotbebright

karu-kuari-masn

karu-kun-idesu(*1)

karu-kun-i

uncertainwillnotbebrightprobab

ly

karu-kun-ideshou

karu-kun-idarou


24/42

Howtousethepolitepresentforms

Case1a

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB*B

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-idesu.

(E):Thelampisbright.

Case1b

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNB:wBBMBABBV

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuarimasen.

(E):Thelampisnotbright.

Case1c

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB*BB

AB2BABBBNBB*BABBBABBBNB:wBBMBABBV

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-idesuka?Hai,akaru

-idesu.Iie,akaru-kuarimasen.

(E):Is

thelampbright?Yes,itis.No,itis

n't.

Case1d

(K):B-B.B:wBBBNBB*BBABBfiBB:wBB

BNBB*B

A:w

(J):Nanigaakaru-idesuka?Ranpugaakaru-idesu.

(E):W

hatisbright?Thelampis.

Case1e

(K):BBfiBB2:wB,BB*BB

ABBBNBB*BA:w

(J):Ranpu'wadoudesuka?Akaru-idesu.

(E):Howisthelump.Itisbright.

ThePolitePast

Howtousethepolitepastforms

Case1a

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB&B"B*B

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadesu.

(E):Thelampwasbright.

Case1b

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNB:wBBMBABBV

:wB*BB"

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuarimasendeshita.

(E):Thelampwasnotbright.

Case1c

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB&B"B*BB

AB2BABB

BNBB&B"B*BABBBABBBNB:wBB

MBABBV:wB*BB"

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadesuka?Hai,a

karu-kattadesu.Iie,akaru-kuarimasendeshita.

(E):W

asthelampbright?Yes,itwas.No

,itwasn't.

Case1d

(K):B-B.B:wBBBNBB&B"B*BB

ABBfiBB:w

BBBNBB&B"B*B

A:w

(J):Nanigaakaru-katadesuka?Ranpug

aakaru-kattadesu.

(E):W

hatwasbright?Thelampwas.

Case1e

(K):BBfiBB2:wB,BB*BB"B

ABBBNBB&B"B

*B

A

:w

(J):Ranpu'wadoudeshitaka?Akaru-kattadesu.

(E):Howwasthelump.Itwasbright.

ThePoliteSubjunctivePresent

Howtousethepolitesubjectivepresentforms

Case1a

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB*BBJB

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-ideshou.

(E):Thelampisprobablybright.

Case1b

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNB:wB-BB*BBJB

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuna-ideshou.

(E):Thelampisnotprobablybright.


yarenotsimplecorrespondencetoth

eindicativesentences.Theycontain

courteousnuance.

ThePoliteSubjunctivePast

Howtousethepolitesubjectivepastforms

Case1a

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNBB&B"B*BBJB

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kattadeshou.

(E):Thelampwasprobablybright.

Case1b

(K):BBfiBB:wBBBNB:wB-BB&B"B*B

BJB

A:w

(J):Ranpugaakaru-kuna-kattadeshou.

(E):Thelampwasnotprobablybright.


yarenotsimplecorrespondencetoth

eindicativesentences.Theycontain

courteousnuance.

ThePoliteImperativ

eandIntentMood

Theadjectivalverbs

donothavethesetypesofinflections,althoughthesubjectofasentenceisamotionalobjectwhichhaswillslikehumanbeings,animalsandsoon.W

hen

youexpressthesem

oods,youuseordinaryverbs"naru"

whichmeans"tobecome","suru"whichmeans"todo",andsoon.

Arelationbetweenexistenceverbs,thecopulaan

dadjectivalverbs

Arelationbetweenexistenceverb

s,thecopulaandadjectivalverbs[Kan

aTable]

English

theexistence

thecopula

adjectivalverbs

politeaffirmative

past

certain

was/were

ari-mashita

deshita

-kattadesu


attadeshou

dattadeshou

-kattadeshou

presentcertain

am/are/is

ari-masu

desu

-idesu


arudeshou

deshou

-ideshou


25/42

Verbs,Adje

ctivalVerbs,AuxiliaryV

erbs

Voices

Thischapterintrodu

cesJapanesevoices.Japanesehave

threevoices,thecausativevoice,the

passivevoice,thepotentialvoice.Althoughthecausativeandthepotentia

lare

notmembersofvoicesaccordingtoastrictdefinition,Log

icalJapaneseGrammardefinethemasmembersofvoices,becausethese

threevoicearederivedfromordinaryverbs

regularly.Thenthes

ederivativeverbschangetherulesofparticlesforcases.thesubjectivema

rker"ga",theobjectmarker"ni","o",comparingwiththeoriginalverbs,while

expressionsforthepoliteandthetensesdonotchangetherulesofparticlesforcases.Thederivativeverbsareuniquetotheverbs.

Theadjectivalverbsandthecopulad

onot

havethesederivatio

ns.Allthederivativeverbsareclassifiedintotheweakverbs.

negative

past

certain

was/werenot

ari-masendeshitadeari-masen

deshita-kuari-masendeshita

uncertainwas/werenotprobablyna-kattadeshou

dena-kattad

eshou

-kuna-kattadeshou

presentcertain

am/are/isnot

ari-masen

deari-masen

-kuari-masen

uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyna-ideshou

dena-ideshou

-kuna-ideshou

plain

affirmative

past

certain

was/were

atta

datta

-katta


attadarou

dattadarou

-kattadarou

presentcertain

am/are/is

aru

da

-i


arudarou

darou

-idarou

negative

past

certain

was/werenot

na-katta

dena-katta

-kuna-katta

uncertainwas/werenotprobablyna-kattadarou

dena-kattad

arou

-kuna-kattadarou

presentcertain

am/are/isnot

na-i

dena-i

-kuna-i

uncertainam/are/isnotprobablyna-idarou

dena-idarou

-kuna-idarou

HowToMakeCausativeForms

d

ictionary

causativeverbs

meaning

stem

derivative

>#>#>#>#

WeakVerb

En

eru

ne

+s+aseru>">">">"nesaserutoletsomebodysleep

Im

iru

mi

+s+aseru>">">">"misaserutoletsomebodysee

StrongVerb

Kk

iku

kik

+aseru>">">">"

kikaserutoletsomebodyhear

Rn

aru

nar+aseru>">">">"

naras

erutoletsomebodybecome

Sd

asu

das+aseru>">">">"

dasaserutoletsomebodyputout

Tm

atsu

mat+aseru>">">">"

mataserutoletsomebodywait

Wiu

iw

+aseru>">">">"

iwase

rutoletsomebodysay

By

obu

yob+aseru>">">">"

yobaserutoletsomebodycall

Gn

ugu

nug+aseru>">">">"

nugaserutoletsomebodyundress

Mn

omu

nom+aseru>">">">"

noma

serutoletsomebodydrink

Ns

hinu

shin+aseru>">">">"

shina

serutoletsomebodydie

IrregularVerbKk

uru

k

+os+aseru>">">">"kosaserutoletsomebodycome

Ss

uru

s

+aseru>">">">"

saser

utoletsomebodydo

HowToMak

ePassiveForms

d

ictionary

passiveverbs

meaning

stem

derivative

>#>#>#>#

WeakVerb

En

eru

ne

+r+areru>">">">"nerareru

toletsomebodysleepunwillingly

Im

iru

mi

+r+areru>">">">"mirareru

tobeseen

toletsomebodyseeunwillingly

StrongVerb

Kk

iku

kik

+areru>">">">"

kikareru

tobeheard

toletsomebodyhearunwillingly

Rn

aru

nar+areru>">">">"

narareru

toletsomebodybecomeunwillingly

Sd

asu

das+areru>">">">"

dasarerutobeputout

toletsomebodyputoutunwillingly

Tm

atsu

mat+areru>">">">"

matareru

toletsomebodywaitunwillingly

Wiu

iw

+areru>">">">"

iwareru

tobesaid

toletsomebodysayunwillingly

By

obu

yob+areru>">">">"

yobarerutobecalled

toletsomebodycallunwillingly

Gn

ugu

nug+areru>">">">"

nugarerutobeundressedtoletsomebodyundressunwillingly

Mn

omu

nom+areru>">">">"

nomare

rutobedrunk

toletsomebodydrinkunwillingly

Ns

hinu

shin+areru>">">">"

shinare

ru

toletsomebodydieunwillingly

IrregularVerbKk

uru

k

+orareru>">">">"korareru

toletsomebodycomeunwillingly

Ss

uru

s

+areru>">">">"

sareru

tobedone

toletsomebodydounwillingly

HowToMakePotentialForm

s

d

ictionary

potentialverbs

meaning

stem

derivative

>

#

>

#

>

#

>

#

WeakVerb

En

eru

ne

+(ra)r+eru>">">">"ne(ra

)rerutobeabletosleep

Im

iru

mi

+(ra)r+eru>">">">"mi(ra

)rerutobeabletosee

StrongVerb

Kk

iku

kik

+eru>">">">"

kikeru

tobeabletohear

Rn

aru

nar+eru>">">">"

nareru

tobeabletobecome

Sd

asu

das+eru>">">">"

dase

ru

tobeabletoputout

Tm

atsu

mat+eru>">">">"

mate

ru

tobeabletowait

Wiu

iw

+eru>">">">"

ieru(*1)

tobeabletosay

By

obu

yob+eru>">">">"

yobe

ru

tobeabletocall

Gn

ugu

nug+eru>">">">"

nuge

ru

tobeabletoundress

Mn

omu

nom+eru>">">">"

nomeru

tobeabletodrink

Ns

hinu

shin+eru>">">">"

shineru

tobeabletodie

Kk

uru

k

+o(ra)r+eru>">">">"ko(ra

)rerutobeabletocome


26/42

TheCausative

Thetableaboveshowsustypicaldiagramtochangeparticlesamongvoices.Whenthepredica

teintheactivevoiceisanintransitive

verb,Thesubjectintheactivevoicemoves

thedirectobjectinthecausativevoice.Whenthepredicateintheactivevoiceisatransitiveverb,Thesubjectintheactivevoicemovestheindirectobjectinthecausative

voice.

Howtousecausative

forms

Case1a

(K):B

BrBBB:wB]B

BfiB{BU:wBBBB

ABB"

A:w

(J):Masyuh'gaAmanda'okosase-mashita.

(E):MatthewletAmandacome.

Case2a

(K):B

BrBBB:wB]B

BfiB{B.:wBB_BfiBU:wB1BABBABB"

A:w

(J):Masyuh'gaAmandaniwain'onomase-mashita.

(E):MatthewletAmandadrinkwine.

Case3a

(K):B

BrBBB:wB]B

BfiB{B.:wBsBbBrB

fB.:wBB^BlB~BBU:wBBRBBABB

"

A:w

(J):Masyuh'gaAmandaniJesikanitiket

to'okawase-mashita.

(E):MatthewletAmandabuyJessicaaticket.

ThePassive

Thepassivehastwotypesofvoices.Oneistheindirectp

assivevoice,theotheristhedirectpa

ssivevoice.

IrregularVerbSs

uru

dekiru(*2)

tobeabletodo

(*1)asound

change:w+e>"e

(*2)"dekiru"

isapotentialverb.Thisisnotderived

from"suru".

TheCausative[KanaTable]

verb

voice

subject

indirectobjectdirectobject

predicate

meaning

intransitive

active

Amandaga

ki-mashita.

Amandacame.

causativeMasyuh'ga

Amanda'okosase-mashita.Matthewle

tAmandacome.

transitive

active

Amandaga

wain'o

nomi-mashita.

Amandadrankwine.

causativeMasyuh'gaAmandani

wain'o

nomase-mashita.Matthewle

tAmandadrinkwine.

transitive

active

AmandagaJesikani

tiketto

'o

kai-mashita.

AmandaboughtJessicaaticket.

causativeMasyuh'ga

Amandani

Jesikani

(*1)

tiketto

'o

kawase-mashita.Matthewle

tAmandabuyJessicaaticket.

(*1)Theorderof"Amandani"followedby"Jesikani"isveryimportant.Iftheorderisexchanged,themeaningischanged.

TheIndir

ectPassive[KanaTable]

verb

voice

subject


predicate

meaning

Thetableaboveshowsustypicaldiagramtochangeparticlesamongvoices.Thesubjectinthe

activevoicemovestheindirectobjectinthecausativevoice.

Asyoumaybeawareofit,theindirectpassivevoiceisakindofcausativevoicesinitsmeaning.Itindicatesregretfulfeelingsorunw

illingfeelingsbythesubjecttotheind

irect

object'saction.You

mayrarelyuseindirectpassiveforms

.However,theseformsareveryimpo

rtantforyoutounderstandJapanese

passivevoiceandpotentialvoicebec

ause

theyarederivedfromthisindirectpassivevoicehistorically.

Howtouseindirectpassiveforms

Case1a

(K):B

BrBB:wB]B

BfiB{B.:wBBLBOBA

BB"

A:w

(J):Masyuh'gaAmandanikorare-mashita.

(E):MatthewletAmandacomeunwillingly.

(Beca

usehewasverytiredandhewanted

tostayalone.)

Case2a

(K):B

BrBBB:wB]B

BfiB{B.:wBB_BfiBU:wB1BABOBABB"

A:w

(J):Masyuh'gaAmandaniwain'onomare-mashita.

(E):MatthewletAmandadrinkwineregre

tfully.

(Beca

usethewineisveryexpensiveandhedidnotwanttogiveittoanyone.)

Case3a

(K):B

BrBBB:wB]B

BfiB{B.:wBsBbBrB

fB.:wBB^BlB~BBU:wBBRBOBAB

B"

A:w

(J):Masyuh'gaAmandaniJesikanitiket

to'okikare-mashita.

(E):MatthewletAmandabuyJessicaaticketunwillingly.

(Beca

usethiswasthelastticketandMatthewcouldnotgetaticket.)

ThedirectpassiveisanordinarypassiveusedgenerallyinEnglish.Whenthepredicativeverbhastwoobjects,youmaychoosetwo

passivesentences.Onehasthesubject

intransitiveactive

Amandaga

ki-mashita.

Amandaca

me.

passive

Masyuh'gaAmandani

korare-mashita.

Mathewlet

Amandacome.

transitive

active

Amandaga

wain'o

nomi-mashita.

Amandadr

ankwine.

passive

Masyuh'gaAmandani

wain'o

momase-mashita.Mathewlet

Amandadrinkwine.

transitive

active

AmandagaJesikani

tiketto'o

kai-mashita.

Amandabo

ughtJessicaaticket.

passive

Masyuh'ga

Amandani

Jesikani

(*1)

tiketto'o

kaware-mashita.

MatthewletAmandabuyJessicaaticket.

(*1)Theorderof"Amandani"followedby"Jesikani"isveryimportant.Iftheorderisexchanged,themeaningischanged.

TheDirectPassive[KanaTable]

verb

voice

subject


predicate

meaning

transitiveactiveAmandaga

wain'o

nomi-mashita.

Amandadrankw

ine.

passiveW

ainga

Amandani

nomare-mashita.Amoviewasdru

nkbyAmanda.

transitiveactiveAmandagaJesikani

tiketto'o

kai-mashita.

Amandabought

Jessicaaticket.

passiveJesikaga

Amandani

tiketto'o

kaware-mashita.Jessicawasbou

ghtaticketbyAmanda.

passiveTikettoga

Amandani

kaware-mashita.Aticketwasbou

ghtbyAmanda.


27/42

whichcomesfromtheindirectobject,theotherhasthesu

bjectwhichcomesfromthedirectobject.Whenthepredicativeverbisanintransitiveverb,thereisnodirectpassive

form.

Howtousedirectpassiveforms

Case1a

(K):BB_BfiB:w

:B]B

BfiB{B.::wB1BABOBABB"

A:w

(J):Wainga(Amandani)nomare-mashita

.

(E):A

moviewasdrunk(byAmanda).

Case2a

(K):BsBbBrBfB:w:B]B

BfiB{B.::wB|BlB~BBU:wB

BRBOBABB"

A:w

(J):Je

sikaga(Amandani)tiketto'okawa

re-mashita.

(E):Je

ssicawasboughtaticket(byAmanda).

Case2b

(K):B

B^BlB~BB:w

:B]B

BfiB{B.::wBBRBOBABB

"

A:w

(J):Tikettoga(Amandani)kaware-mashita.

(E):A

ticketwasbought(byAmanda).

ThePotential

Thepotentialhastw

otypesofvoices.Oneisthedirectpo

tentialvoice.Therelationofparticles

forcasesdonotchangetheirposition

.Theotheristheindirectpotentialvoice.In

thisvoice,thedirectobjectchangeitscaseintothesubject.

Howtouseindirectpotentialforms

Case1a

(K):B]BBfiB{B:wB

:BL:BOBABB"A:w

(J):Am

andagako(ra)re-mashita.

(E):Amandawasabletocome.

Case2a

(K):B]BBfiB{B:wBB_BfiBU:wB1BDBAB

B"

A:w

(J):Am

andagawain'onome-mashita.

(E):Amandawasabletodrinkwine.

Case3a

(K):B]BBfiB{B:wBsBbBrBfB.:wBB^BlB~

BBU:wBBBABB"

A:w

(J):Am

andagaJesikanitiketto'okae-mashita.

(E):AmandawasabletobuyJessicaaticket.

TheIndirectPotential[KanaTable]

verb

voice

subject

indirectobjectdirectob

ject

predicate

meaning

intransitive

active

Amandaga

ki-mashita.

Amandacam

e.

potentia

lAmandaga

ko(ra)re-mashita.Amandawas

abletocome.

transitive

active

Amandaga

wain'o

nomi-mashita.

Amandadrinkwine.

potentia

lAmandaga

wain'o

nome-mashita.

Amandawas

abletodrinkwine.

transitive

active

AmandagaJesikani

tiketto'o

kai-mashita.


potentia

lAmandagaJesikani

tiketto'o

kae-mashita.

Amandawas

abletobuyJessicaaticket.

Howtousedirectpotentialforms

Case1a

(K)::B

]BBfiB{B.::wBB_BfiB:wB1BDBABB"

A:w

(J):(Amandani)wainganome-mashita.

(E):W

inewascapableofdrinking(forAm

anda).

Case2a

(K)::B

]BBfiB{B.::wBB^BlB~BB:wBBBAB

B"

A:w

(J):(Amandani)tikettogakae-mashita.

(E):A

ticketwascapableofbuying(forA

manda).

Verbs,AdjectivalVerbs,AuxiliaryV

erbs

AuxiliaryVerbs

Japanesehasseveralauxiliaryverbstoappendspecialm

eaningstoordinaryverbs.Theyhave

onlydependentusageandalwaysfo

llowindependentwordsorindependent

phrases.

Ilistuptheaulixiary

verbsasthefollowingtable Th

eDirectP

otential[KanaTable]

verb

voice

subject

indirectobjectdirectobje

ct

predicate

meaning

transitive

active

Amandaga

wain'o

nomi-mashita.Amandadrinkwine.

potentialWainga

Amandani

nome-mashita.WinewascapableofdrinkingforAmanda.

transitive

active

AmandagaJesikani

tiketto'o

kai-mashita.


potentialTikettog

Documents

A Logical Japanese Grammar