A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the Biophysical

Welcome to the online abstract book of the II LBA Scientific Conference.

The abstracts included here are those that were submitted and accepted priorto the conference.

• They are organized by subject (conference parallel session).

• Within each subject, abstracts are listed first by oral, then by posterpresentations.

• Within each each presentation type the abstracts are listedalphabetically by the first name of the first author.

• A listing of first author, presentation type, parrallel session and abstracttitle can be found in the beginning of this document.

Benvindo ao livro de resumos online da II Conferência Científica do LBA.

Os resumos incluídos aqui são aqueles que foram submetidos e aceitos antesdo início da conferência.

• Eles estão organizados por assunto (sessão paralela da conferência).

• Dentro de cada assunto, os resumos estão listados primeiro porapresentação oral e depois por pôster.

• Dentro de cada apresentação os resumos estão listados alfabeticamentepelo primeiro nome do primeiro autor.

• A lista de primeiro autor, tipo de apresentação, sessão paralela e títulodo resumo são encontrados no início deste documento.

PRIMARY AUTHOR Type of Session

PARALLEL_SESSION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Abel Silva Poster Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

COMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS IN THE UV-B BAND IN BIOMASS BURNING AND SEASHORE

Adam Hirsch Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

The Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestation and Re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparing Process-Based and

Adelaine Michela Figueira

Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Litterfall and leaf area index before and after selective logging in Tapajós National

Adilson Gandu Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Deforestation Impact in Eastern Amazônia : Climatic Simulations Using RAMS Model for the Local Dry Season

Alejandro Fonseca Duarte

Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

BLACK CARBON COMPARATIVE ASPECTS FOR CLIMATE CHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO -

Alessandro Araujo Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Long term measurements of carbon dioxide, water and energy combined with the fetch analysis in central Amazonia

Alex Guenther Oral Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

Influence of Amazônia Land-use Change On Reactive Carbon Fluxes and the Chemical Composition of the Troposphere

Alexandra Lima Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

THE UPPER LEVEL WIND DIVERGENCE THE ITS RELATIONSHIPWITH THE CLOUD COVER AND PRECIPITION,

Alexandre Correia Oral The Quaternary Climate of Amazonia

Evidence for Changes in Amazon Basin Aerosol Composition During 20th Century Inferred From the Illimani Ice-Core,

Alexandre Pinto Oral Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Effects of different pasture management in emissions of soil trace gases (N2O, NO

Alfredo Huete Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the Biophysical Products from the Terra-MODIS Sensor

Ali Tokay Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Comparison of three rain type classification algorithms in TRMM-LBA

Aline Procopio Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Observed changes in Aerosols Properties at the Amazon Basin caused by a "friagem" phenomena during the LBA-

Alvaro Ramon Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Transport of Particulate Carbon and Nitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, Rio

Ana Cristina Segalin de Andrade

Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

The contribution of pioneer tree species to above-ground biomass estimates in continuous and fragmented forests in

Ana Luisa Albernaz Poster Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION

Ana Maria Cordova Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Enhancements of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations associated with a Cold

Ana Maria Cordova Poster Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

Ozone continuous measurements in the Amazon

Andrea Silva Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Estimation of Tropical Forest Fractional Cover for Rondonia State

Andrré Monteiro Oral Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Impacts of logging and fire on the composition and structure of transitional

Ane Alencar Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Mapping Biomass Loss from Forest Fires in a Dense Forest of Western Pará

Ane Alencar Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Forest Disturbance by Logging and Fire in Eastern Amazonia

Annette Schloss Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

EOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imagery and Model Products in Support of LBA

Anthony Aufdenkampe

Oral River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Organic and inorganic carbon dynamics within waters of the Amazon Basin: Stable and radio-isotope constraints on sources of

Antonio Manzi Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

The long term measurements of energy and CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture and

Arlem Nascimento de Oliveira

Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

COMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE FLORÍSTICA DE UMA FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS,

Arlete Almeida Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Classifying Successional Forests Using Landsat Spectral Properties and Ecological Characteristics to Evaluate Recent Trends in Land Cover and Carbon Loss in Eastern

Aurelie Botta Oral Future climate of Amazonia Long-Term Variations of Climate and Carbon Fluxes Over the Amazon Basin

Aurélie Botta Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Fire Dynamics in the Amazon Basin

Azeneth Schuler Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

THE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSION EFFECTS ON SMALL CATCHMENT HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE

Balázs Fekete Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

High resolution, runoff and discharge fields of the Amazon basin

Bart Kruijt Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Estimation of Amazon night-time CO2 fluxes and flux losses and effects on inferring ecosystem physiology.

Benedita M. G. Esteves

Poster Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

Amazonia as a shared space: the case of “Brasivianos” along the frontier between Acre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia.

Bertha Koiffmann Becker

Oral Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

Local Responses to Global Changes Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-Environmental Model



A Conceptual Model for Interated Research on Humann Dimension in Amazonia

Bibiana Bilbao Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North Gran Sabana, Venezuela

Bim Graham Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Characterisation of the atmospheric aerosol collected at Balbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign

Bim Graham Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Microscopic images of atmospheric aerosol particles collected at Balbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign

Bobby Braswell Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Constructing Subpixel landcover characterizations in the Amazon basin by combining medium and high-resolution

Britaldo Soares-Filho Poster Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?

Simulating land cover change along the Cuiaba-Santarem highway under scenarios of high and low governance

Bruce Nelson Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Bamboo-dominated forests of the southwest Amazon

Caio Cesar Passianoto

Poster Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

Soil trace gas emissions influenced by pasture reformation systems in Rondônia,

Carlos Gomes Poster Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?

Deforestation Patterns and Household Determinants of Land Use Choices by Rubber Tapper in Amazonia: The Case of the Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre, Brazil

Carlos Alberto Quesada

Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Seasonal variations of soil moisture in an open savanna (campo sujo) in central Brazil.

CARLOS CLEMENTE CERRI

Oral Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OF DEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIA EXAMINING AGRONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC

Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri

Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63 ha low productivity Amazon pasture

Carlos Méndez Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Dynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savanna gradient, revealed by isotopic composition of soil organic matter.

Carlos Souza Oral Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Multi-temporal Analysis of Canopy Change due to Logging in Amazonian Transitional Forests with Green Vegetation Fraction

Carol Schwendener Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Green mulch applications affect mineral nitrogen beneath cupuaçu trees

Cassiano D'Almeida Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia on the Local Hydrological Cycle: The Scale-Dependence Issue

Celso von Randow Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Boundary-layer moisture regimes during wet and dry season above Rondonia forest

Charon Birkett Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Surface Water Dynamics in the Amazon Basin: Application of Satellite Radar

Chris Doughty Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

An investigation of the post-noontime decline in photosynthesis in tropical forests

Chris Huntingford Poster Future climate of Amazonia The use of a GCM analogue model to assess the impact of uncertainty in Amazônian land surface parameterisation on future atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Christienne Kuczak Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Phosphorus fractions in earthworm casts and soils of agroforestry systesms, pasture, and secondary forest in the Central

Christoph Steiner Oral Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Soil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertility and create a carbon sink.

Christopher Neill Oral River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Land use change alters the biogeochemistry and downstream movement of nitrogen in small drainage

Christopher Neill Poster Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

Control of N2O and N2 Emissions from Amazonian Pastures Under Intensified Use: Availability of Nitrogen, Carbon and

Christopher Potter Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Understanding global teleconnections of climate to regional satellite observations for Amazon ecosystem Invited processes

Christopher Potter Poster Future climate of Amazonia Global teleconnections of climate to regional model estimates of Amazon

Christopher S. Martens


FOREST CANOPY-TROPOSPHERE CO2 AND TRACE GAS EXCHANGE RATES IN THE FLONA TAPAJOS, PARA, BRAZIL, DETERMINED BY RADON-222 CANOPY AND SOIL FLUX MEASUREMENTS

Cintia Honorio Vasconcelos


The relationship between deforestation rates, precipitation and Malaria incidence rates

Cláudia Boian Aires Poster Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

An experiment to estimate CO concentrations from biomass burning and comparison with aircraft measurements

Claudio Barbosa Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Remote sensing for sampling station selection in the study of water circulation from river system to and Amazon

Cláudio Carvalho Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Mechanisms of conservation and cycling of N and P in a chronosequence of secondary vegetation in Eastern Amazonia

Cleber Salimon Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Autotrophic X Heterotrophic respiration in pastures in Western Amazonia, Acre-Brazil

Cleilim Albert de Sousa

Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Effect of selective logging on biomass and tree growth in Tapajos National Forest

Clemente A.S. Tanajura

Oral Future climate of Amazonia An experiment with the Eta/SSiB model to investigate the impact of the Amazon deforestation on the South American

Clóvis Lasta Fritzen Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Photosynthesis light curves of sun and shade plants of transitional tropical forest (cerradão) in Mato Grosso

Daniel Markewitz Oral River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Control of stream water cations by surface soil processes and land use effects on the exchange of nutrients between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Eastern

Daniel Nepstad Oral Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

Policy Relevance of the LBA: The Science of Sustainability

Daniel Victoria Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration and Water Balance through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote

Daniel Zarin Oral Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Moisture stress constrains carbon flux rates in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Dar Roberts Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Large Area Mapping in Rondônia using Spectral Mixture Analysis and Decision Tree Classifiers, an Update

Dar Roberts Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Standardized remote sensing methodology for land-cover mapping in support of LBA.

David Fitzjarrald Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

IS THE TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST ANOMALOUSLY CLOUDY?

David Mendes Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

VARIABILITY OF THE ONES OF EXTREME RAIN EVENTS IN THE ESTUARY OF THE RIVER AMAZON

David Skole Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Monitoring Land Cover Change for all of Amazonia Using Landsat TM

David Skole Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Carbon emissions from Land Cover Change in Amazonia

Deborah Clark Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Long-term data indicate a strong negative relation between ecosystem carbon balance and interannual temperatures in a Central American lowland rain forest

Diana Garcia-Montiel Oral Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

Effect of labile carbon additions on N2O emissions from forest soils in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon

Diogenes Alves Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF LAND USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA

Diogo Selhorst Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

A Comparison of Satellite Fire Products and In Situ Observations in Southwestern Amazonia: A Case Study in Acre, Brazil.

Dirceu Herdies Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Development of a High-resolution Assimilated Dataset for South America

dirceu herdies Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

THE MOISTURE BUDGET OF THE BIMODAL PATTERN OF THE SUMMER CIRCULATION OVER SOUTH AMERICA

Doug Alsdorf Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Measurements and Modeling of Water Storage Changes on the Central Amazon Floodplain

Douglas White Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

Riverine Agriculture of the Peruvian Amazon: Productive but Unprofitable?

Douglas White Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?

Introducing New Agricultural Technologies for the Amazon Frontier: Environmental-Economic Impacts or Tradeoffs?

Douglas Morton Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

A new method to detect forest fire scars in the transition forest zone of Mato Grosso using Landsat ETM+

E Shevliakova Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Analysis of Causes and Mechanisms of Interannual CO2-flux Variability in South

Earle Williams Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

The Drought of the Century in the Amazon Basin: An Analysis of the Regional Variation of Rainfall in South America

Eddie Lenza Poster Future climate of Amazonia Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants and the Effects of Experimental Rainfall

Edgard Tribuzy Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Response of photosynthesis to different high levels in the canopy forestry at

Eduardo Venticinque Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

THE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FORESTS

Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda

Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Light Response Curves of three plants in different strata in an ecoton tropical forest

Eduardo Venticinque Poster Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

Spatial diffusion of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon

Eleanor J. Burke Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Calibrating the carbon and energy-water exchange processes represented in the BATS2 model for a set of natural forest

Eleneide Sotta Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

DROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERN AMAZON – SOIL CO2 DYNAMICS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,

Eleneide Sotta Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

SOIL RESPIRATION IN THE TOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃ

Eliana Andrade Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Some characteristics of the temporal evolution of the atmospheric boundary

Elsa Mendoza Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

Forest susceptibility to fire during a one year El Niño period (1998-99); a case

Emilio Moran Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIES IN A FRONTIER REGION OF THE BRAZILIAN

Enir Salazar da Costa Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Fine root dynamics from radiocarbon measurements in primary forest, secondary forest, and managed pasture

Eraldo Matricardi Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

The Contribution of Selective Logging to Forest Degradation in the Brazilian

Eraldo Matricardi Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Conservation Units: The New Deforestation Frontier in the state of Rondonia, Brazil.

Eraldo Matricardi Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Multitemporal Assessment of Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon

Eric Davidson Oral Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus for biomass growth in a six-year-old secondary forest: results of a nutrient

Eric Smith Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Space-time Controls on Carbon Sequestration over Large-Scale Amazon

Erick Fernandes Oral Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Carbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace Gas Fluxes in Agroforestry Systems on Degraded Pastureland in the Central

Everaldo Telles Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Effect of Soil Texture on Carbon Dynamics and Storage Potential in Tropical Forest Soils of Amazonia.

Evilene Lopes Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Seasonality of Stem Respiration at the Tapajos National Forest

F. Kennedy A. de Souza


Carbon as an economic strategy to reduce deforestation in southwestern Amazonia: opportunities and limits for rural populations in Acre State, Brazil

Fabio Sanches Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

DOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE MODIFIES THE MICROCLIMATE? A CASE STUDY OF THE RAINFALL VARIATIONS AT TUCURUI ´s DAM IN PARA.

Fernando Ramos Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forest using Tsallis' generalized thermostatistics. II.

Flavio Luizao Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Seasonal changes of leaf litter nutrient concentrations and possible implications on nutrient cycling and plant growth

Florian Wittmann Oral Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Tree species distribution and community structure of Central Amazon varzea forests by remote-sensing techniques

Francis Mayle Oral The Quaternary Climate of Amazonia

50,000 year record of vegetation and climate change in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivian Amazon.

Francis Wagner Silva Correia

Poster Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

The meteorological conditions during the LBA CLAIRE - 2001 Mission

Francoise Ishida Poster Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

Emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NO in a chronosequence of secondary forests in eastern Amazonia

Gannabathula Prasad Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Comparison of the fast response instruments at C14 and K34 sites in the

Gannabathula Prasad Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Sensible heat flux height variation above the Rebiu Jaru Amazonian rain forest canopy during diurnal periods

Gannabathula Prasad Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral gap" in turbulent data measured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part II: Amazonian

George Hurtt Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

IKONOS Imagery for Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in

George Hurtt Oral Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Effects of Land-Use and Environmental Variability on the Carbon Balance of the

George Sanches Suli Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Estimate of the consumption of photosyntheticaly active radiation (PAR) for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI) from remote sensing, related with collected

George Vourlitis Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

The role of seasonal variations in meteorology on the net CO2 exchange of

German Poveda Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

SCALING PROPERTIES OF EXTREME VALUES, INTERMITTENCY, AND LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS OF

Gilberto Vicente Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

REAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALL ESTIMATION OVER THE AMAZON REGION FOR HYDROLOGICAL

Gilberto Fisch Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER OVER PASTURE AND FOREST IN


The intercomparison of radiosonde systems during the LBA/TRMM experiment


The modification of the ABL structure due to a Friagem event in Amazonia: a case

Goetz Schroth Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Can traditional agroforestry practices stabilize forest borders, reduce edge effects and fire hazards while increasing community wellbeing ? The case of rubber agroforests in the Tapajós National Forest,

Gregory Asner Oral Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Forest Canopy Damage from Selective Logging in Amazonia: Lessons Learned from Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETM

Guilherme Silva Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Litter standing crop and mycorrhizal infection in roots of agroforestry systems plantations in central Amazonia

Hans-F. Graf Oral Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

On the local and global effects of aerosol - cloud microphysics in deep convective

Henri Laurent Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEM ORGANIZATION DURING WETAMC/LBA - COMPARISON WITH WEST AFRICAN

Hillandia Cunha Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Precipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil.

Hudson Silva Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide in Undisturbed forest at the Flona Tapajos,

Humberto da Rocha Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a tropical forest in eastern Amazonia (Santarém km83).

I.F. Brown Poster Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

The broader impacts of LBA science: Examples from Acre, Brazil.

Iêda Leão do Amaral Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

FLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL

Igor Trosnikov Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

MODELLING OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF SPECIES EMITTED BY CONTROLLED BURNINGS IN AMAZÔNIA

Ilse Lieve Ackerman Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Nitrogen cycling in termite mounds in central Amazônia

Iván Cortés Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Diversity and vertical distribution of soil fauna functional groups in two agroforestry systems in Central Amazon

J. Vanderlei Martins Oral Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Direct Radiative Forcing by Aerosols and Cloud-Aerosol interactions in Amazonia

Jadson Dias Poster Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Measured Over Two Years on Sand and Clay Soils in Undisturbed Forest

Jair Maia Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Recuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água e energia em um cerrado sensu strict pós-

James Greenberg Oral Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from disturbed and undisturbed Amazonian landscapes

Janaina Braga Carmo Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

ALTERATIONS TO NITRATE AND AMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN PASTURE SOILS SUBJECTED TO

Jean Pierre Ometto Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Oxygen isotope ratio of CO2 in forest and pastures ecosystems in the Amazon Basin

Jeffrey Cardille Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Agricultural land use in 2000-2001 Amazonia using new methods for merging agricultural census data with satellite reflectances: obtaining land use data from

Jeffrey Chambers Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Respiration from a Tropical Forest Ecosystem: An Exception to a Constant Respiration/Photosynthesis Ratio?

Jeffrey Richey Oral River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Coupling of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems at Mesoscales: The Expression

Jessica Milgroom Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

The effect of lime and phosphorus on nodulation of the leguminous trees, Inga edulis and Gliricidia sepium in Amazonian

Jiaguo Qi Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Scaling of Biophysical Variables of Tropical Forests

Joanna Tucker Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Stem Recruitment and Mortality in an Eastern Amazonian Secondary Forest

Joao Andrade de Carvalho Jr. Carvalho

Oral Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

A forest clearing experiment conducted in the Amazonian arc of deforestation

Joel Schafer Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Atmospheric Attenuation Of Total Solar Flux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites:

Johannes Lehmann Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Organic nutrients in throughfall and soil solution of mixed tree cropping systems and forests of central Amazônia

John Melack Oral River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Linking seasonal inundation with ecological, hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the Amazon

John Browder Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

Land Use Patterns in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparative Farm-Level

John Roads Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

A Regional Model Intercomparison Over Brazil

Jon Lloyd Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Atmospheric boundary layer measurements belie the existence of a

Jonathan Evans Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Comparison of an Open-Path Mk3 Hydra Instrument for the Measurement of Surface Carbon Flux with a Closed-Path Eddy Correlation System over Amazonian

Jonathan Foley Oral Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

The El Niño / Southern Oscillation and the Climate, Ecosystems and Rivers of

Jorge Luis Enrique Gallardo Ordinola

Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

ROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENT STOCKS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN ABANDONED PASTURES AND

Jose Augusto Rocha Poster Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?

Committed carbon emissions from deforestation in three municipalities of Acre State, Brazil: a first approximation for

Jose Augusto Veiga Poster Future climate of Amazonia Contrasting conditions of atmospheric water balance and moisture transport in summertime in the Amazon basin during EL Niño 1997-98 and La Niña 1998-99.

José de Souza Nogueira


Relationship Between Litter Production and Reflected Photosynthetic Active Radiation by the Canopy of Transitional tropical

José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior

Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

THE DEEP CONVECTION THROUGH THE CAPE IN COMPARISON WITH RADAR DOPLER BAND-L IN THE

Jose Marengo Oral Future climate of Amazonia Regional aspects of the IPCC Third Assessment Report. Assessment of climate change scenarios due to increase in greenhouse gases in the Amazon Basin

Jose Maria Da Costa Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

CO2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN AN AMAZONIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

Jose Ricardo Souza Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Soil Temperature and Moisture Variability, Beneath Forest, Pasture and Mangrove Areas, in Eastern Amazonia.

Jose Ricardo Souza Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Thermal and Hydric Behavior of Soil Beneath Pasture, in Marajó Island

Josyane Ronchail Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Inundations in the Llanos de Mojos (Bolivia, south western Amazon) and associated atmospheric circulation features

Juarez Robinson Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEX USING THE GAP FRACTION METHOD: AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'S DEFINITION FOR CANOPIES OF TROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELAND

Julia Cohen Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

CONTINENTAL SQUALL LINE FORMATION OVER EASTERN

Julio Resende Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

The Influence of Prescribed Burning on the Nutrient Cycling of the Cerrado Savannas

Julio Tóta Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

A MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODEL CALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TEST OF AN INTEGRATED MODEL

Julio Tóta Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

EVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OF Eta REGIONAL MODEL DURING WET-AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATION OF

Karen Holmes Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Modeling regional soil patterns based on lithology and topographic attributes

Karine Cristina Augusti


Variability of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Pasture Restoration Systems in Rondônia, Brazil.

Keith Kisselle Poster Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

NOx and CO emissions from soil and surface litter in a Brazilian savanna

L. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves


Towards a South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS): Investigating Potential Precipitation

Laerte Ferreira Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Monitoring The Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of The Brazilian Cerrado Physiognomies With Spectral Vegetation Indices: An Assessment Within The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment

Laerte Ferreira Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

The Potential of Combined SAR Data and Optical VI´s for Vegetation Mapping in the

Laura Hess Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Amazonian Wetlands Mapping with Active Microwave Sensors

Laura Tillmann Viana Poster Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?

Structure of Microbial Communities in Native Areas and a Pasture in Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) of Central Brazil

Laurens Ganzeveld Oral Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

Impact of land cover and land use changes on surface trace gas exchanges.

Leland Pierce Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Regrowth Biomass Estimation in the Amazon using JERS/RADARSAT SAR

Leonardo Sá Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Coherent structures observed immediately above Amazonian forest canopy in Rebiu Jaru Reserve, Rondônia, Brazil

Liane Guild Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Effects of Interannual Climate Variability in Capoeira and Crops Under Traditional and Alternative Shifting Cultivation

Liliane Bezerra Passos da Silva


TDR triple-wire probes calibration for Cerrado soils

Lina Mercado Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

An attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 and Caixuana eddy covariance data with a big-leaf and sun/shade model

Lívia Vasconcelos Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Soil microbial biomass and respiration in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Lucerina Trujillo Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Nutrient use efficiency in abandoned pasture soils under organic and chemical

Luciana Gatti Poster Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

What we learned about trace gases in the Amazon Basin

Luciana Gatti Poster Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

Continuous Measurements of Fluxes of Biogenic VOCs in the Amazon Basin

Luciana M. Monaco Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Mapeando a inflamabilidade florestal na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós

Luciana Rizzo Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Modeling the influence of land use change on the concentration of organic aerosol and oxidant species concentrations in Amazon.

Luciana Valente Oral River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

The coming global freshwater scarcity: a project for the exportation of water from

Luciano Dutra Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Some Results from the 2000 P and X band Airborne Polarimetric INPE-DSG SAR Mission for Biomass Estimation, Land Cover Classification and Digital Elevation

Lucy Hutyra Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics in an old-growth Amazonian forest

Luis Marcelo Mattos Zeri


Some characteristics of the turbulence structure evolution in the atmospheric surface layer above Pantanal Wetland

Luitgard Schwendenmann


Dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in an old growth neotropical rain

Luiz Aragao Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS AT CAXIUANÃ FOREST AND AT BRAGANÇA MANGROVE IN PARÁ

Luiz Machado Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

THE DIURNAL MARCH OF THE CONVECTION OBSERVED DURING

Luiz A. T. Machado Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

THE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREA EXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TO THE LIFE CYCLE DURATION AND THE UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WIND DIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSIS USING

Luiz Eduardo Aragão Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY AND LAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARY PHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC AT

Luiz Fernando Charbel

Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Influences of land use in aquatic metabolism of streams-Fazenda Nova

Luz Adriana Cuartas-Pineda


Development of new Instrumentation for Accurate Measurement of Throughfall and Stemflow, and the Coupling of this in the study of Water Interception for an

Maarten J. Waterloo Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Water balance and carbon leaching of a rainforest catchment in Central Amazonia.

Manfred Verhaagh Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Wood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – a field experiment in central Amazonia

Manoel Cardoso Oral Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Fieldwork and Statistical Analyses for Enhanced Interpretation of Satellite Fire

Marc Simard Oral Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Interannual variability of Soil moisture and Vegetation Biomass In Amazonian Cerrado

Marcel Rocco Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SQUALL LINE IN THE AMAZON

Marcelo Bernardes Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Organic matter composition of rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin (southwest Amazon basin) as a function of land use changes.

Marcelo Cassiolato Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL SOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF IN PASTURE AND FOREST SYSTEMS IN

Marcelo Moreira Poster Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

Changes in land use in the city of Manaus and adjacent areas of the Br 174 highway

Marcelo Sestini Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Integration and update of cartographic information of Legal Amazon land cover

Marcia Yamasoe Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Effect of smoke aerosol particles from biomass burning on the PAR absorbed by a primary forest in the Amazon

Marco Rondon Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Carbon Storage in Soils from Degraded Pastures and Agroforestry Systems in Central Amazônia: The role of charcoal

Marco Sack Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Tree ring studies to estimate carbon-uptake in Amazonian lowland forests

Marcos Longo Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Horizontal vorticity budget associated to an Amazonian squall line during the CIRSAN/LBA experiment

Marcos Longo Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Dynamic and Synoptic Features of a Cold Outbreak during Wet-Season on South-

Marcus Bottino Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

The distribution of convective systems detected by satellite in the Tropics of South America and some relationships with the precipitation and the general circulation

Margarete Domingues Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral gap" in turbulent data measured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part I: Amazonian Forest

Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias

Oral Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Aerosols and Clouds in Amazonia: Dynamic and Microphysics aspects

Maria Assunção Silva Dias

Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Observation and numerical simulation of the river breeze circulation in the vicinity of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers

Maria Aurora Santos da Mota


Relationship between CAPE and Bolivian High during Wet-AMC-LBA

Maria Carvalho Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Soil carbon stocks influenced by litter and roots quality on pasture chronosequence in

Maria del Carmen Vera Diaz


The economic costs of fire in the Brazilian Amazon: a valuation study

Maria Ruivo Oral Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

MICROPEDOLOGY OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTH AND YELLOW LATOSSOL IN CAXIUANÃ SITE

Mario Siqueira Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange from Multilevel Ecophysiological and Turbulent Transport Models: A Symbiotic Approach

Maristela Farias Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Eco-physiology of three species in the Central Amazon floodplain

Mark Bush Oral The Quaternary Climate of Amazonia

Pleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lake level and orbital variation.

Mark Cochrane Oral Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Selective Logging, Forest Fragmentation and Fire Disturbance: Implications of

Mark Cochrane Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

Priority Areas for Establishing National Forests in the Brazilian Amazon

Mark Cochrane Oral Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Forest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapse and Carbon Flux in the Brazilian Amazon

Mark Johnson Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Soil water repellency and land use change in the Amazon

Martin Hodnett Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Processes of streamflow generation in a headwater catchment in central Amazonia.

Mateus Batistella Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?

HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICS OF LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN RONDÔNIA, BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Mauricio Bolzan Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forest using Tsallis' generalized thermostatistics. I. Wind

Mauro Massao Shiota Hayashi

Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Using Eddy Covariance and Bowen Ratio Methods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variation in Evapotranspiration of a Transition Tropical Forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Maycira Costa Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Estimate of net primary production of aquatic vegetation of the Amazon floodplain using radar satellite imagery.

Megan McGroddy Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Fate of phosphorus in a lowland Amazonian rainforest

Meinrat O. Andreae Oral Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate over the Amazon Basin

Michael Coe Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Long-term Simulations of Discharge and Floods in the Amazon Basin

Michael Goulden Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Physiological Controls on Tropical Forest CO2 Exchange

Michael Jasinski Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Feasibility of Applying Topex/Poseidon Altimetric Data to the Estimation of Amazon River Stage and Discharge

Michael Palace Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Coarse Woody Debris in Logged and Undisturbed Forests: Determination of Stocks Using a New Methodology for

Moacyr Dias-Filho Poster Future climate of Amazonia The effects of partial throughfall exclusion on the seasonal photosynthetic light response of trees in a forest area in

Mónica J. De Los Rios Maldonado


Challenges in the democratization of knowledge generated by LBA for Amazonian societies

Nadine Dessay Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Detecting deforested areas from NDVI series in Amazonia 1982-1999

Nei Leite Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Natural and athropogenic influences on the biogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000 km2) river undergoing deforestation in Southwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river,

Nicolau Priante Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Litter decomposition rate estimation by mass balance model in a transitional tropical forest –savanna in Mato Grosso -

Oscar Vega Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

OZONE AND AEROSOLS CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROM A TETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTS HEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZON

Osvaldo Moraes Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Wind, Temperature and Moisture Vertical Profiles at the FLONA Pasture Site

Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr


Estimating above ground biomass in Eastern Amazon: a comparison among old-growth, logged and logged & burned forest

Paolo Stefani Oral Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

ISOPRENOID FLUXES AND PHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBON MESURED OVER THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST NEAR MANAUS DURING

Pascal Kosuth Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Hydrological dynamics of the varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai : water and sediment balance, influence of river stage

Pascal Kosuth Oral River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Water surface and river bottom longitudinal profiles and characteristics along Amazon river mainstream in Brazil

Patricia Moreira-Turcq Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Carbon Accumulation in Amazon Várzeas

Patrick Crill Oral Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

Methane dynamics in undisturbed forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil

Patrick Meir Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on fluxes of water and carbon dioxide.

Paul Lefebvre Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

An improved soil water budget model for predicting drought stress-related forest flammability in the Amazon Basin

Paul Steudler Poster Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

ANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOIL CO2 EMISSIONS FROM BRAZILIAN

Paulo Moutinho Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Drought effects on net primary productivity and its allocation in an east-central Amazon forest: results from a throughfall

Paulo Artaxo Oral Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Aerosol, trace gases and climate linkages in Amazonia: What we learned so far?

PAULO CESAR NUNES


COMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATION IN FOREST, PASTURE AND AGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THE

Paulo Jorge Oliveira Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING A FRIAGEM EVENT OVER AMAZONIA : A STUDY OF CASE

Paulo Y. Kubota Kubota


THE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TO ANALISE THE INFLUENCE OF THE SURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPON

Pedro Correto Priante Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

WATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHT INTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAIN FOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OF

Percy Summers Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Coarse wood debris deposition, decomposition, and nutrient cycling in a selectively logged forest in central

Peter Harley Oral Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

Variations in Isoprene Emission Capacity among Neotropical Forest Sites

Peter Toledo Oral The Quaternary Climate of Amazonia

NEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARY LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIA BASED ON EXTINCT MAMMALS.

Petra Schmidt Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Experiments with legume mulch applications and its effects on macrofauna and decomposition in a highly degraded

Philip Fearnside Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

Deforestation control in Mato Grosso: a new model for slowing the loss of

Philip Harris Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Modelling fluxes from Amazonian rain forest using a land-surface scheme

Piccolo Marisa de Cassia

Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

CHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGEN IN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION FOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FOR

Plinio Alvala Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGION UNDER DRY AND FLOOD CONDITIONS

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht


WET-AMC/LBA campaign sounding data quality control

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht


TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-R RELATIONSHIPS OVER PRECIPITATING SYSTEMS DURING WETAMC/LBA &

RAFAEL FERREIRA DA COSTA


THE ROLE OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CARBON BUDGET - BRAGANCA,

Rafael FERREIRA da COSTA

Poster Future climate of Amazonia CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY IN THE SOIL WATER VOLUMETRIC CONTENTS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST,

Rafael Rosolem Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

VARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION OVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH (CERRADO) AND SUGAR CANE IN

Raimundo Cosme Oliveira Junior


CALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-615 WATER CONTENT REFLECTOMETER IN HIGH CLAY CONTENT YELLOW LATOSOL IN THE

Ralf Gielow Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACE AFTER THE SLASHING AND BURNING OF TWO "TERRA FIRME" FOREST

Raquel Vale Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on leaf gas exchange.

Rebecca Powell Oral Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

Mapping and monitoring urban land-cover change in Rondônia using spectral mixture analysis

Regina Alvalá Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Soil Thermal Properties Under Forest, Pasture and Mangrove in Eastern

Regina Luizao Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Soil properties and carbon sequestration along a toposequence in central Amazonia

Regina Luizao Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Nutrient dynamics through litterfall in an agroforestry system in Rondonia,

Reinaldo Correa Costa


Politicas Publicas em antiga área de fronteira: o eixo Transamazonica-Xingu.

Renata Marconato Poster Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?

Land Occupation and Use in the Ji-Paraná River Basin (Rondônia, Brazil). Social-Economics-Agricultural Survey

Renato Cordeiro Oral The Quaternary Climate of Amazonia

CHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROM TROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: A COMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONS

Renato Silva Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the Boundary Layer Evolution Over a Deforested Region of Rondonia (Brazil)

René Poccard-Chapuis


MILK PRODUCTION, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE EASTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Ricardo Dallarosa Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Radiation budget over the forest near Manaus, Amazonas - Brazil

Ricardo Figueiredo Poster Future climate of Amazonia Throughfall exclusion in a moist tropical forest: Impacts on solution nutrient fluxes

Ricardo Sakai Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

ASSESSING THE CHANGE FROM PASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCAL ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON BALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77

Richard Betts Oral Future climate of Amazonia Amazonian forest die-back in the Hadley Centre coupled climate-vegetation model

Richard Bilsborrow Oral Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

Population, Economy and Land Use in the Ecuadorian Amazon

RILDO MOURA Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

MODELING INTERCEPTED SOLAR RADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FOREST OF REBIO-JARU-RO AND MANGROVE

RILDO MOURA Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

COMPARISON AMONG TWO SIMPLE MODELS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF DAYS AS RESPECT TO CLOUDINESS

Robert Chatfield Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Rationalizing Burned Carbon with Carbon Monoxide Exported from South America

Robert Dickinson Oral Future climate of Amazonia Role of the Amazon in Global Carbon Robert Yokelson Oral Trace gas evolution with

landuse gradientsThe Emissions From Savanna Fires, Domestic Biofuel Use, and Residual Smoldering Combustion, and the Effects of Aging and Cloud﷓Processing on Smoke During SAFARI 2000

Roberto Aduan Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Effects of land use change and tree coverage decrease in key aspects of the carbon budget of the Brazilian Cerrado

Rodrigo O. P. Serrano Poster Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

Reliability of low-cost GPS data for ecological and land use studies in Amazonia

Romilda Paiva Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Relationship between soil nutrient availability and carbon fixation in seedlings and trees in central Amazonia

Rong Fu Oral Future climate of Amazonia The influence of land surface winds show how fluxes on the onset of Amazon rainy season and the influence of South American rainfall on the winter climate over North Atlantic, Europe and eastern

Rosa Maria N. Santos Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

THE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER: OBSERVACIONAL ASPECTS IN

Rosana Castillo Poster River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Relation between photosintesys and leaf morphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3 savannah-fernsland gradient, Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park,

Rosana Nieto Ferreira Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Variability of South American Convective Cloud Systems and Tropospheric Circulation during January-March 1998 and

Rosângela Cintra Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Statistical Evaluation of the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign – LBA and GTS Observations used in RPSAS with CPTEC Eta model

Sammya D'Angelo Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

PATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY IN FOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRAL

Samuel Almeida Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Fine litter fall and standing tree component contribution to the nutrient cycling in an amazonian rain forest, Caxiuanã, Pará,

Samuel Almeida Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on litterfall and tree growth.

Sanae Hyashi Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

Spatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in an ageing Amazon frontier: the case of

Sandra Patino Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

A comparison of the relationships between leaf area index, Huber value and above-ground biomass within Amazonian forests.

Sassan Saatchi Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Vegetation Types of Amazon Basin from Fusion of Optical and Microwave Remote

Sassan Saatchi Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Measuring Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness from Radar Interferometry

Sassan Saatchi Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution of Forest Biomass in Amazon Basin

Saulo Freitas Poster Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Explicitly Modeling the Vertical Transport of Biomass Burning Emissions by a Mesoscale Convective System on Amazon

Savio Ferreira Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

RAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BY SELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FOREST

Savio Ferreira Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTER SELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRAL

Scott Denning Oral Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia

Atmospheric Responses to Land and Water: Simulations and Observations of Mesoscale Circulations and CO2 Concentrations in the Santarém Mesoscale

Scott Hoefle Oral Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

Pro-Active Political Participation and Sustainable Development in the Central Amazon

Scott Miller Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Tower- and Biometry-based Measurements of Tropical Forest Carbon Balance

Scott Saleska Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Carbon balance and seasonal patterns via eddy covariance measurements in an old-growth Amazon foreest

Sérgio de Paulo Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE SINOP-MT TOWER AND OTHER LBA

Sergio Margulis Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

WHO ARE THE AGENTS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON,

Shozo Shiraiwa Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Study of water table’s top variation, under the interior of Amazonian tropical transitional forest, Sinop, MT, Brazil, -

Simone Pereira Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

LATERAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TERRA FIRME SOILS, ESECAFLOR EXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁ

Simone Vieira Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Where are the oldest of the forest? Radiocarbon use to determine the age and growth rate of trees from the Brazilian

Steel Vasconcelos Poster Future climate of Amazonia Water use efficiency increases in response to drought for Vismia guianensis in the overstory of an Eastern Amazonian

Stefanie Rottenberger Poster Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients

THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ON THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGENATED VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BETWEEN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN TREE SPECIES AND THE

Steven Wofsy Poster Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

Variations in carbon monoxide concentrations at a Central Amazonian site.

Sueli Oliveira Martins Oral Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon

Reflorestamento Econômico Consorciado Adensado-RECA: Um Estudo sobre Desenvolvimento Integrado na Amazônia.

Susan Laurance Poster Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging

PREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBON EMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATION OF AMAZONIAN FORESTS

Tatiana Sa Oral Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Fallow vegetation and agricultural sustainability in Eastern Amazonia: bringing out ecological features in the

Tatiana Sá Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

Assessment of biophysical and biogeochemical processes in traditional and alternative agriculture systems in

Ted Feldpausch Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Secondary forest recovery on degraded pastures in Central Amazonia: carbon, nutrients, and light-capture

Terezinha Monteiro Poster Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use

LITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLAND FOREST TOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRAL

Theotonio Pauliquevis Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Comparison of Rainwater composition at two sites in Amazonia for dry and wet

Thomas Dunne Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Modeling the effects of hydrogeology and land cover conversion on runoff processes and rates in Rondônia, Brazil.

Thomas Eck Poster Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia

Inter-annual variability of biomass burning aerosol optical depth in southern Amazonia, and the effects of these aerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar flux

Tibisay Perez Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Isotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dry season forest soils - implications for seasonal production of N2O

Tim Baker Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Climatic and edaphic control of regional-scale patterns of forest structure in

Tomas Domingues Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Ecophysiological characteristics related to gas-exchange in the Amazonian tropical

Tomoaki Miura Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Discriminating Land Cover Types and Conversions in the Brazilian Cerrado Using EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral Imagery

Toshiro Inoue Poster Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Characteristics of deep convection over the Amazonia during LBA using GOES and PR/TRMM data

Trent Biggs Oral River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia

Scaling up from pastures to watersheds: The spatial and temporal structure of human impacts on stream nutrients

Uwe Kuhn Oral Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia: from canopy process to the large scale

Concentration profiles of volatile organic compounds over Amazonia: Aircraft measurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001

Vanusa Pachêco Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Study of the mean wind speed profile above and within the canopy of the forest reserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.

Viviana Horna Poster C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots

Tree Growth History, Stand Structure, and Biomass of Premontane Forest Types at the Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, Northern

Viviana Horna Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Ecological Classification of Soils and Pristine Premontane Vegetation in the Alto Mayo Valley, Northern Peru

Viviana Horna Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

Carbon Release from Stems and Branches in a Seasonally Flooded Amazon Forest

Viviana Horna Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers

Flooding Regime Characterization with Multi-temporal JERS-1 Radar Imagery in the Peruvian Amazon Basin

Viviana Horna Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

Transpiration before and after Burning in Different “Cerrado” Vegetation Types of the Brazilian Savanna

William Laurance Oral Scenarios of land use change: what are the human

PREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

William Laurance Oral Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

BIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST FRAGMENTS

William Salas Poster Vegetation dynamics in Changing Ecosystems

VALIDATING, SCALING AND PARAMETERIZING A FOREST REGROWTH MODEL FOR THE AMAZON REGION USING AIRCRAFT AND

Xiangming Xiao Oral Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing

Satellite observations of inter-annual variation of vegetation productivity and water content in Legal Amazon Basin

Xiwu Zhan Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia

An analytical approach for estimating CO2 and heat fluxes over the Amazonian region

Yongkang Xue Oral Future climate of Amazonia Simulations of South American hydrometeorology and effects of land

Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing PRIMARY AUTHOR

ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE

Alfredo Huete Terrestrial Biophysics and Remote Sensing Lab, University of Arizona

Oral A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the Biophysical Products from the Terra-MODIS Sensor

Charon Birkett Goddard Space Flight Center Oral Surface Water Dynamics in the Amazon Basin: Application of Satellite Radar Altimetry

Christopher Potter NASA/ARC Oral Understanding global teleconnections of climate to regional satellite observations for Amazon ecosystem Invited processes

Dar Roberts University of California Oral Standardized remote sensing methodology for land-cover mapping in support of LBA.

Gilberto Vicente NASA/GSFC Oral REAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALL ESTIMATION OVER THE AMAZON REGION FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

Laerte Ferreira Federal University of Goias (UFG)

Oral Monitoring The Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of The Brazilian Cerrado Physiognomies With Spectral Vegetation Indices: An Assessment Within The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment In Amazonia (LBA)

Laura Hess University of California, Santa Barbara

Oral Amazonian Wetlands Mapping with Active Microwave Sensors

Sassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Oral Vegetation Types of Amazon Basin from Fusion of Optical and Microwave Remote Sensing Data

Andrea Silva Michigan State University Poster Estimation of Tropical Forest Fractional Cover for Rondonia State

Annette Schloss University of New Hampshire Poster EOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imagery and Model Products in Support of LBA Science

Bobby Braswell University of New Hampshire Poster Constructing Subpixel landcover characterizations in the Amazon basin by combining medium and high-resolution satellite data in a physical context

Dar Roberts University of California Poster Large Area Mapping in Rondônia using Spectral Mixture Analysis and Decision Tree Classifiers, an Update

David Skole Michigan State University Poster Monitoring Land Cover Change for all of Amazonia Using Landsat TM

David Skole Michigan State University Poster Carbon emissions from Land Cover Change in Amazonia

Diogo Selhorst UFAC Poster A Comparison of Satellite Fire Products and In Situ Observations in Southwestern Amazonia: A Case Study in Acre, Brazil.

Eraldo Matricardi Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative - BSRSI- MSU

Poster The Contribution of Selective Logging to Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon


Poster Conservation Units: The New Deforestation Frontier in the state of Rondonia, Brazil.

Eric Smith NASA/GSFC Poster Space-time Controls on Carbon Sequestration over Large-Scale Amazon Basin

George Hurtt University of New Hampshire Poster IKONOS Imagery for Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia

George Sanches Suli

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

Poster Estimate of the consumption of photosyntheticaly active radiation (PAR) for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI) from remote sensing, related with collected field data.

Jeffrey Cardille Federal University of Vicosa (UFV)

Poster Agricultural land use in 2000-2001 Amazonia using new methods for merging agricultural census data with satellite reflectances: obtaining land use data from satellite information

Jiaguo Qi Michigan State University Poster Scaling of Biophysical Variables of Tropical Forests

Luciano Dutra INPE Poster Some Results from the 2000 P and X band Airborne Polarimetric INPE-DSG SAR Mission for Biomass Estimation, Land Cover Classification and Digital Elevation and Surface Model Estimation

Marcelo Sestini INPE/CPTEC Poster Integration and update of cartographic information of Legal Amazon land cover

Maycira Costa INPE Poster Estimate of net primary production of aquatic vegetation of the Amazon floodplain using radar satellite imagery.

Sassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Poster Measuring Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness from Radar Interferometry

Tomoaki Miura Terrestrial Biophysics and Remote Sensing Lab, University of Arizona

Poster Discriminating Land Cover Types and Conversions in the Brazilian Cerrado Using EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral Imagery

Toshiro Inoue Meteorological Research Institute

Poster Characteristics of deep convection over the Amazonia during LBA using GOES and PR/TRMM data

Xiangming Xiao University of New Hampshire Poster Satellite observations of inter-annual variation of vegetation productivity and water content in Legal Amazon Basin during 1998-2001

A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the Biophysical

Products from the Terra-MODIS Sensor

Alfredo Huete1, Piyachat Ratana1, Laerte Ferreira2, Yosio Shimabukuro3, Kamel Didan1, Tomoaki Miura1

1Dept. Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1200 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, Arizona, 85721 USA [email protected]

2Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG [email protected] 3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE [email protected]

Abstract We evaluated the initial two years of satellite biophysical products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over the Amazon Basin and surrounding regions of Brazil. A suite of ecological MODIS products is currently available at spatial resolutions of 250 m to 1 km and 8- and 16-day temporal time intervals. These include atmospherically-corrected surface reflectances in 7 bands in the visible, near- and shortwave infrared; two vegetation indices (VI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI); a leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) product, and net primary production (NPP). We examined the usefulness of the MODIS data in characterizing the seasonal dynamics of the Amazon Basin along primary climate-based ecological transects as well as land cover and land use intensity gradients. An eco-climatic transect was more carefully examined along a gradient from the semiarid Brazilian cerrado to the seasonal tropical rainforests within the Amazon Basin. Multitemporal profiles of the MODIS data revealed well-defined seasonal patterns in the cerrado region with decreasing dry-wet seasonal patterns in the transitional areas near Araguaia National Park. Seasonality was observed to a small extent at the Tapajos National Forest site, however, it was unclear whether this was associated with seasonal changes in forest leaf area or temporal changes in understory vegetation. We further found MODIS VI seasonal patterns to significantly vary in land converted and land degraded areas. In comparison with AVHRR data, we found MODIS to be much more useful in characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of the Amazon Basin.

Surface Water Dynamics in the Amazon Basin: Application of Satellite Radar Altimetry

C.M. Birkett1, L.A.K. Mertes2, T. Dunne3, M.H. Costa4, M.J. Jasinski5

1Universities Space Research Association, NASA/GSFC, Maryland, USA

2Department of Geography and ICESS, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA 3Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and ICESS, University of California at

Santa Barbara, USA 4Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil

5Hydrological Sciences Branch, NASA/GSFC, Maryland, USA Abstract. Satellite radar altimetry has the ability to monitor variations in surface water height (stage) for large wetlands, rivers, and associated floodplains. A clear advantage is the provision of data where traditional gauges are absent. As part of an international programme a complete altimetric analysis of the Amazon Basin is being undertaken. Here, an updated and more rigorous evaluation of the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) dataset is presented for the first ~7.5 years of the mission. With an initial study group of 230 targets, height variability at many ungauged locations can be observed for 30-50%, the range reflecting the clarity of the variations in lieu of instrument limitations. An assessment of the instrument performance confirms that the minimum river width attainable is ~1 km in the presence of some inundated floodplain. This constraint does allow observation of the main stem (Solimões/Amazon) and the larger tributaries, but rugged terrain in the vicinity of the target additionally places severe limitations on data retrieval. First-order validation exercises with the deduced 1992-1999 time series of stage fluctuations reveal accuracies ranging from tens of centimeters to several metres (mean ~1.1 m rms). Altimetric water levels in the Solimões and Amazon are particularly well defined with amplitudes <13 m and variations in peak level timing from May to July. The water-surface gradient of the main stem is found to vary both spatially and temporally, with values ranging from 1.5 cm/km downstream, to 4.0 cm/km for more upstream reaches. In agreement with ground-based estimates, the seasonal variability of the gradients reveals that the hysteresis characteristic of the flood wave varies along the mainstem and the derived altimetric velocity of this flood wave is estimated to be ~0.35 ms-1. Overall, the altimetric results demonstrate that the T/P mission is successfully monitoring the transient flood waves of this continental-scale river basin.

Speaker: Chrisopher Potter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Title: Understanding global teleconnections of climate to regional satellite observations for Amazon ecosystem processes. Abstract. The influence of ocean surface patterns, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), on atmospheric circulation and land surface climate have been noted as significant global teleconnections. Teleconnection is a term used in meteorological studies to describe simultaneous variation in climate and related processes over widely separated areas. Our LBA-ECO research team is investigating global teleconnections of climate to regional satellite observations for Amazon ecosystem processes, mainly in the form of monthly FPAR (fraction absorbed of photosynthetically active radiation) over the period 1982-1999. Results from our analysis suggest that satellite FPAR anomalies over large areas of the Amazon region west of 60 degrees longitude are strongly and negatively correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), whereas FPAR anomalies over large areas of the region east of 60 degrees longitude are strongly and positively correlated with SOI. Certain areas of the region appear to have strong linkages in the satellite FPAR anomaly record to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. The implications of these significant teleconnections of ocean climate to predictions of Amazon carbon cycling are reviewed.

Standardized remote sensing methodology for land-cover mapping in support of LBA.

D.A. Roberts1

1 Dept of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060,

E-mail: [email protected] Considerable uncertainty remains in our knowledge of human impacts in Amazonia. Important research questions include determining the rates of forest conversion and agricultural abandonment, the age structure and area of regenerating forest and pasture and the area impacted by forest degradation due to selective logging, fragmentation and fire. Answers to these questions have regional and global implications in terms of biological diversity, hydrology, biogeochemistry and climate. Remote sensing, applied across multiple spatial and temporal scales, represents one of the most viable means of mapping human impacts in Amazonia. However, to be most effective, it is critical that standardized tools are used, thus providing a means of comparison through time and across regions. Here I present an example of a standardized approach. I describe a multistage process in which remotely sensed data are georectified to a common base map, intercalibrated to remove atmospheric, instrumental and lighting differences, then decomposed as mixtures of green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, shade and soil using spectral mixture analysis. Spectral fractions are used to train a decision tree classifier to map forest, pasture, second growth forest/crop and soil/urban using a single set of decision rules. Transitions from forest to non-forest classes are used to estimate rates of forest clearing and map the age structure of non-forest classes. Changes in forest structure associated with degradation are mapped at sub-pixel scales through the analysis of changes in shade, non-photosynthetic vegetation, green vegetation and soil following degradation. To illustrate the potential of such an approach I draw upon examples from research in Rondonia, Manaus and Maraba, Brazil, in which Landsat MSS and TM data are used to quantify land-cover dynamics over a period of up to 25 years. I discuss limitations of currently available data and the potential of new opportunities, such as the airborne deployment of AVIRIS as a means of improving interpretation of TM.

REAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALL ESTIMATION OVER THE AMAZON REGION FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

Gilberto Vicente, Marcos H. Costa

NASA/GSFC [email protected]

Abstract The main purpose of this research is the construction and maintenance of a system to provide reliable rainfall information to the current hydrological models covering the Amazon region. The presentation is an overview of the development and implementation of an automated satellite rainfall estimation scheme for the Amazonia area to provide real time rainfall rate free of cost to Internet users. The study is an extension of the automated satellite rainfall estimation technique (Auto-Estimator) developed for the USA at the request of the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS). It provides real-time, high spatial (4 by 4 km) and temporal resolution (half-hour) rainfall estimates using a similar multi-channel, multi-spectral methodology that has proved to be from 70% to 90% percent satisfactory over the US. The real time rainfall rate estimates are derived from the infrared channel carried by the GOES-8 geosynchronous satellite plus model-derived precipitable water and relative humidity. This technique has consistently generated rainfall estimates every half-hour over the whole South America region for over three years. It acknowledges the diurnal variation of precipitation and has better temporal and spatial coverage than the TRMM and DMSP(SSM/I) satellite estimates. The real time estimates are available in GRADS format through the NOAA/NESDIS web site http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/arad/ht/ff/gilberto.html.

mailto:[email protected]

http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/arad/ht/ff/gilberto.html

1

Monitoring The Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of The Brazilian Cerrado Physiognomies With Spectral Vegetation Indices: An Assessment Within The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment In Amazonia (LBA)

Laerte Ferreira1, Alfredo Huete2, Hiroki Yoshioka3, Edson Sano4

1Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Campus Samambaia, Caixa Postal 131, Goiania, GO, 74001-970, Brazil [email protected]

2Dept. Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona [email protected] 3Dept. of Applied Inf. Science and Tech., Aichi Prefectural University, [email protected]

pu.ac.jp 4Embrapa Cerrados, [email protected]

Abstract

The Brazilian Cerrado biome comprises a vertically structured mosaic of grassland, shrubland, and woodland physiognomies with distinct phenology patterns. In this study we investigated the utility of spectral vegetation indices in differentiating these physiognomies and in monitoring their seasonal dynamics. We obtained high spectral resolution reflectances, during the 2000 wet and dry seasons, over the major Cerrado types at Brasilia National Park (BNP) using the light aircraft-based, Modland Quick Airborne Looks (MQUALS) package, consisting of a spectroradiometer and digital camera. Site-intensive biophysical and canopy structural measurements were made simultaneously at each of the Cerrado types including Cerrado grassland, shrub Cerrado, wooded Cerrado, Cerrado woodland, and gallery forest. We analyzed the spectral reflectance signatures, their first derivative analogs, and convolved spectral vegetation indices (VI) over all the Cerrado physiognomies. The high spectral resolution data were convolved to the MODIS, AVHRR, and ETM+ bandpasses and converted to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) to simulate their respective sensors. Land cover discrimination was favored by the NDVI, while the EVI more strongly responded to the seasonal contrast of the vegetative cover. However, both indices displayed seasonal variations that were approximately one-half that found with the measured landscape green cover dynamics. Inter-sensor comparisons of seasonal dynamics, based on spectral bandpass properties, revealed the ETM+ simulated VI’s had the best seasonal discrimination capability, followed by MODIS and AVHRR. Differences between sensor bandpass-derived VI values, however, varied with Cerrado type and between dry and wet seasons, indicating the need for inter-sensor VI translation equations for effective multi-sensor applications.






Amazonian Wetlands Mapping with Active Microwave Sensors

Laura L. Hess University of California, Santa Barbara

[email protected] Abstract

Datasets from active microwave sensors are providing a new view of Amazonian wetlands,

with important implications for basin biogeochemistry and hydrology. Dual-season mapping of inundation and vegetation has been completed for a central Amazon quadrat extending from 72W,0S to 54W,8S. Imagery was acquired by the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) L-band, HH-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) during Sept.-Oct. 1995 and May-June 1996, and mosaicked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory into low- and high-water mosaics with pixel dimensions of approx.100 m. Image segmentation software developed at INPE was used to carry out a polygon-based classification of the co-registered mosaics into wetland and non-wetland classes. Wetland areas were classified by inundation state (flooded vs. non-flooded) and vegetation type (non-vegetated, woody, or herbaceous), and classification accuracy was assessed using geo-coded digital videography acquired during aerial surveys of the Brazilian Amazon. Seventeen percent of the central Amazon quadrat is occupied by wetlands, which are 96% inundated at high water and 26% inundated at low water, including river and stream channels. Flooded forest constitutes nearly 70% of the wetland area at high water. The inundation and vegetation mapping was combined with stream network data and field measurements to estimate regional CO2 evasion from waters of rivers and wetlands. This mapping methodology is being applied to the entire lowland portion of the basin using the dual-season JERS-1 mosaics. In order to map inundation extent at intermediate water stages, to increase classification accuracy in savanna regions, and to create habitat maps of intensive study sites, we are analyzing time series of high-resolution (25 m) JERS-1 and Radarsat data. Time series of JERS-1 data acquired at key times during the annual flood cycle were used to generate maps of vegetation, inundation, and elevation for the Cabaliana reach of the Solimões River. These high-resolution maps are being used to estimate methane emissions, assess fish habitat quality, and model floodplain hydrology.


Vegetation Types of Amazon Basin from Fusion of Optical and Microwave Remote Sensing Data

Sassan S. Saatchi1, Marc K. Steininger3, Tim Killeen3

Compton J. Tucker2, Bruce Nelson4, Marc Simard1

1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, California 91109, USA. [email protected]

2. Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

3. Conservation International, 1919 M Street, NW Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036 4. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araujo, 1756 69011-970,

Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Abstract This paper reports on the synergistic use of optical and microwave remote sensing data to map the vegetation types of the Amazon basin. The primary application of this map is to improve the land surface parameterization for surface-atmosphere interaction models. The vegetation types are divided in three categories based on their biomass, phenology, and flooding conditions. Terre firme forest and savanna are separated according to estimates of biomass and phenology from the radar and optical data. Floodplain vegetation is mapped according to high- and low-water signal responses of L-band radar data, canopy openness, and NDVI patterns of low-, medium-, and high-density vegetation. The radar data layers are the JERS-1 radar mosaics at 1 km resolution for high and low water seasons of the Amazon basin in 1995 and 1996, and two first order texture measures derived from the 100 meter resolution of radar mosaics at 1km resolution. The optical images are 12 monthly composite of NDVI images at 1 km resolution. The NDVI images produced as a result of several applications of cloud removal filters over three years of 10 day composite of SPOT VEGETATION NDVI images for 1998-2001 period. Fusion of the optical and microwave data is performed at pixel level with all images converted to the same projection and well registered to less than a pixel accuracy. Classification of optical and radar images are performed in a probabilistic decision tree algorithm developed for input layers with different signal statistics. A set of training and test areas are chosen based on existing maps and Landsat TM images. These data sets are used for both growing and prunning of decision trees to produce a set of optimum rules for the classifier and to assess the accuracy of the final thematic product. The result is a 1 km vegetation map with 18 land cover types and an overall accuracy of above 85%. The final map is also compared with existing 1 km resolution vegetation maps of the basin, the RADAMBRASIL map, and Landsat TM classified images to assess the classification accuracy and to produce the area estimate of each land cover type in the basin.

Estimation of Tropical Forest Fractional Cover for Rondonia State

A.M.S. e Silva1, E. Matricardi1, W. Chomentowski1, C. Wang1, D. Skole1 1 Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative

1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101

East Lansing, MI 48823

([email protected])

Tropical land use change is complex, with forests undergoing recovery as well as

degradation, logging, and conversion to shifting cultivation/forest fallow, permanent

agriculture, and urban lands. These changes respond to complex social, cultural, and

ecological conditions that vary with the region and need to be better understood. To assess

forest degradation and recovery, we can verify the measurement and monitoring of forest

fractional cover (fc). To estimate fc, the required inputs are vegetation indices, and we

assumed that the tropical forest areas consisted of two components: vegetation (tree canopies)

and bare soil. In this study, we used 16 Landsat images to derive fractional cover estimates

for Rondonia State. We used two models to calculate vegetation indices: the Normalized

Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

(MSAVI). NDVI can be derived directly from remote sensing images, but it is influenced by

external factors such as atmosphere and soil conditions. MSAVI incorporates a soil

adjustment factor, improving its use in extracting vegetation information. Two forest

fractional cover maps were derived from ETM+ images using the different models of

vegetation indices. Then, we validated these results comparing the fc maps with the thematic

classes obtained from image classification (forest, deforestation, regrowth and cerrado). We

also showed the differences between the vegetation indices models.

EOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imagery and Model Products in Support of LBA Science

Annette L. Schloss, George Hurtt, Rob Braswell, and Berrien Moore, III.

Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire

Dr. Annette Schloss, 446 Morse Hall, 39 College Rd., University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA [email protected]

Abstract The University of New Hampshire's WEB-based System for Terrestrial Ecosystem Research (EOS-WEBSTER) distributes a special collection of data and imagery products for the LBA community. This collection includes full regional coverage of soils, land cover, NDVI, GOES-8 imagery, and modeled estimates of terrestrial carbon. We also distribute IKONOS scenes acquired for the LBA tower and field sites. Through the leadership of UNH LBA investigators, EOS-WEBSTER has become the central request and distribution site for these important and very popular satellite images. Our newest addition is a set of MODIS products that cover the entire LBA region. These include 8-day reflectances (MOD09A1), daily fire products (MOD14A1), and 16-day NDVI products (MOD13Q1). The regional data sets were developed in cooperation with Eros Data Center to facilitate use of MODIS products by the LBA science community. Regional data can be clipped to smaller rectangular or irregular areas of interest, such as a field site, a political boundary, or a watershed. Selected data are available in several formats, including GrADS, and can be ordered by ftp or shipped on CD-ROM. This poster introduces the EOS-WEBSTER LBA collection, including how to select and order MODIS data, and highlights some applications using the data. Applications include mapping landcover distributions, studying secondary forest regrowth, and quantifying the spatial extent of logging. In the future, we plan to provide concurrent data from several sensors at various resolutions (MODIS, MISR, Landsat, IKONOS) for subpixel-level analysis. One of our main objectives is to serve the LBA community, and we invite suggestions for making available additional products of general use to the LBA community. EOS-WEBSTER (http://eos-webster.sr.unh.edu) is a member of the NASA's Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIPs). All data are registered with and searchable through Beija-flor.


http://eos-webster.sr.unh.edu/

Constructing Subpixel landcover characterizations in the Amazon basin by combining medium and high-resolution satellite data in a physical

context

B.H. Braswell, S.C. Hagen, X. Xiao, W.A. Salas, and J.P. Jenkins University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

[email protected]

Abstract The development of reliable databases describing the extent and quality of multiple natural and human-modified landcover types is crucial for ecological studies of the LBA region as a whole. However, regionalization of local and site-level ecosystem process information remains a challenge because of well-known nonlinearities and heterogeneity in terrestrial systems. Conversely, for the same reasons, verification of medium resolution terrestrial products based on global satellite instruments is a necessary but difficult problem. We present initial results of a multiscale synthesis of MODIS and MISR data with high spatial resolution imagery and canopy reflectance modeling. We utilize an unmixing scheme, together with the parameter sensitivity of a plant canopy reflectance model to provide a top-down analysis of sub-pixel canopy characteristics. The approach complements both vegetation-index based and more complex inverse-modeling based algorithms.


Large Area Mapping in Rondônia using Spectral Mixture Analysis and Decision Tree Classifiers, an Update

D.A. Roberts1, I. Numata2, C Souza3, B. Powell4, K. Holmes5, A. Monteiro6, G. Batista7, O.A. Chadwick8

1 Dept of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, E-mail: [email protected]; 2UC, E-mail: [email protected], 3 UC and Imazon, E-mail:

[email protected]; 4UC, Email: [email protected]; 5UC [email protected]; 6IMAZON, [email protected]; 7INPE, Sao Jose Dos Campos, E-mail: [email protected], 8UC, E-mail:

[email protected]

Abstract

In previous work we described spatiotemporal variation in land-cover over 80,000 km2 in central Rondônia. Land-cover change was mapped using a multistage process to map primary forest, pasture, second growth, urban, rock/savanna, and water in an area covered by three contiguous Landsat scenes acquired between 1975 and 1999. Based on this research, Rondônia can be characterized as highly fragmented, with the most intense forest clearing extending at least 50 km along the margins of BR364. Pastures in Rondônia persist over many years and are not typically abandoned to second growth which, when present, rarely remained unchanged longer than 8 years. Annual deforestation rates, pasture area and the ratio of second growth to cleared area varied spatially. Highest initial deforestation rates (2%) occurred in the southeast but increased to 3% by the late 1990s. In central Rondônia (Ji-Paraná) deforestation rates rose from 1.2% between 1978 and 1986 to a high of 4.2% in 1999. The lowest initial deforestation rates (0.5%), occurred in the northwest, in the vicinity of Ariquemes, but also increased in the late 1990s, peaking at 3% in 1998. The percentage of cleared lands abandoned to second growth varied substantially from southeast to northwest, ranging from 18% in the southeast to up to over 50% in the northwest for some years.

Accuracy of the 1999 land-cover map was assessed using digital videography and exceeded 85%. However, a number of systematic errors were also identified including: 1) primary forest mapped as second growth on sun lit slopes; 2) over mapping of second growth in early dry season images; 3) over mapping of land-clearing in smoke contaminated scenes. In this paper we present updated analysis for Rondônia. Changes include 1) improved methods for reducing smoke contaminated data; 2) a reduction of topographic errors (ie, overmapped second growth) and 3) expanded spatial and temporal coverage. We extend the spatial coverage analysis to include two additional Landsat scenes in Rondônia, one that includes PortoVelho (P233 R66), the other the city of Cacoal (P230 R68).



Monitoring Land Cover Change for all of Amazonia Using Landsat TM

, D. Skole 1, W. Chomentowski 1, E. Matricardi 1 , M. Pedlowski, 2. 1 Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative

2 LEEA/CCH/UENF Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ

Land cover change has been occurring in the Brazilian Amazon over the past 30 years at

an average rate of 18500 km2 per year from 1975 to 1999. In that time nearly 10 percent

(440 km2) of the Brazilian Amazon has been converted to pasture and other agricultural

uses. The patterns of land use change are intricate and occur over a 5 million square

kilometer area designated as the Amazon Legal. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)

and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) were used to capture spatial patterns of land

cover change over the whole region for three time periods. 700 Landsat scenes were

collected for three time periods 1992, 1996, and 1999. Each time period spanned three

years (i.e. 1992 data was collected in 1991, 1992, and 1993) in order to acquire images

with the least cloud cover. The data was digitally processed into data layers of forest,

deforestation, regenerating forest, water, clouds and Cerrado, co-registered to 1999 ETM

+ images and merged into regional land cover data set. Accuracy was assessed sby

ground truth comparison in, 1993, 1997, and 2000. A distance/probability model was

used on the mosaic to remove clouds, and make water and Cerrado boundaries consistent

over time. This data set and the images it was derived from are available on the World

Wide Web at the Tropical Rainforest Information Center (TRFIC) www.bsrsi.msu.edu.

http://www.bsrsi.msu.edu/

Carbon emissions from Land Cover Change in Amazonia

D. Skole 1, W. Chomentowski 1, M. Cochrane. 1. 1 Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative

Land cover change in ecosystems of dense biomass like the humid tropical forests of the

Amazon basin affects the carbon budget for the earth. Since the early 70’s nearly 10

percent (440 km2) of the Brazilian Amazon has been converted to pasture and other

agricultural uses. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper

(ETM+) were used to map land cover change over the region for three time periods,

1992, 1996 and 1999 at a scale of 1:250,000. During the last 30 years of land cover

change in Amazonia carbon has been released into the atmosphere from forest clearing,

logging and degradation. Carbon has also been sequestered by regenerating forests. The

Tropical Rainforest Information Center (TRFIC) Landsat TM land cover data set is used

in conjunction with an above ground carbon map developed from the RADAM

vegetation data set to spatially quantify sources and sinks of carbon in Amazonia over the

past 30 years.

A Comparison of Satellite Fire Products and In Situ Observations in Southwestern Amazonia: A Case Study in Acre, Brazil.

D. Selhorst1, I.F. Brown2, E.R.H. Mendoza3 E. Prins4 In southwestern Amazonia of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, fires have already caused environmental, social and economic problems. With the future axis of integration (Avança Brasil) implanted in the region, fire frequency will increase, if patterns in other parts of Amazonia serve as a guide. This study offers a preliminary analysis of the accuracy of fire monitoring in 2001 by GOES-8 and NOAA-12 satellites through the comparison with field data, digital imagery, and official data. The field data are from an enforcement campaign of PROARCO/IBAMA-Acre with georeferenced fire scars observed from helicopter over flights. An over flight with INPE/IBAMA continuous videography covered over 400 km2 where fire scars were counted and then extrapolated for the state. These data were also compared with official burn permits from IBAMA and IMAC, the State Environmental Agency. For 2001, 7100 permits for slash and burn were granted for the entire Acre State. Many fires, accidental and deliberate, are not associated with permits. Videographic data indicated > 6800 fires before 19 September. The number of fires extrapolated from the IBAMA enforcement flights is >2700. Hot pixels for the period of July to November 2001 from AVHRR/NOAA-12 indicate 830 (spring Web). A partial GOES-8 half-hourly fire pixel database for the period 15 September through 31 October reported 1700 processed fire pixels This analysis did not include saturated, cloudy, or other possible fires which account for a large fraction of the total number of GOES-8 detected fire pixels. During the traditional period of intense burning in Acre (1-11 September), two analyses of NOAA-12 showed <20 hot pixels for the entire State, inconsistent with personal observations. For the burning season of 2001, hot pixels from NOAA-12 and the GOES-8 partial data set are 2 to 9 times fewer than fires associated with burning permits. As the true number of fires is likely to be larger that indicated by the permits, the underestimate of fire frequency from hot pixel data may be significant. Additional analyses using more complete satellite fire product data sets will be done to further investigate this relationship and the possible impact on public policy to control fire frequency in this region 1 BIOMA Foundation and Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC [email protected] , [email protected] 2 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA, and Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, RJ Brazil 3 Institute of Environmental Research in Amazon–IPAM and Federal University of Acre 4 NOAA/NESDIS/ORA Advanced Satellite Products Team, Madison, WI



The Contribution of Selective Logging to Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon

E. Matricardi 1, C. Wang1, D. Skole 1, J. Qi1, W. Chomentoski 1,. M. Cochrane 1

1 Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative Department of Geography, Michigan State University

1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101 East Lansing, MI 48823

([email protected]; [email protected])

The impacts caused by logging in tropical forest are considered significant in terms of

forest degradation, varying according to the site, forest characteristics, and logging

intensity. The forest damages resulted from these impacts usually increase fire

susceptibility. Matricardi et all. (2001) detected and mapped selective logging areas in the

Amazon region using texture algorithm (automatic analysis) and visual interpretation of

Landsat 5 and 7 (TM and ETM+) scenes. They observed that selectively logged forest

areas have been significantly increased in the Brazilian Amazon, from 5.6 thousand

square kilometers by 1992 to 9.4 thousand square kilometers by 1996, and to 23.4

thousand square kilometers by 1999. Although it was possible to estimate the selectively

logged forest areas Amazon wide, the techniques to detect selective logging do not

estimate the intensity of canopy degradation by selective logging. The Modified Soil

Vegetation Index (MSAVI) was retrieve from three Landsat ETM+ scenes (path/row

226/068) acquired in 1992, 1996, and 2000, in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, where

selectively logged forests were detected in those years. The Fractional Coverage was

modeled from MSAVI to estimate green fractional percentage. With these multi-temporal

measurements of green fractional percentage, we could estimate canopy degradation by

selective logging and analyze the synergism between logging and deforestation in that

study area.



Conservation Units: The New Deforestation Frontier in the state of Rondonia, Brazil.

E. Matricardi 3, M.A. Pedlowski2, L.C. Fernandes1,

D. Skole 3, W. Chomentoski 3, N. Wiangwang3, A. M. Lisboa1

1Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento Ambiental, Porto Velho, Rondonia. 2Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro.

3Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative Department of Geography, Michigan State University



During the 1970s, the Brazilian federal government started a massive program of

colonization projects in the Amazon to decrease increasing population and political

tension in the middle south of Brazil. As a result of such colonization projects Rondonia,

a state located in the western portion of the Brazilian Amazon, faced an explosive

population growth that led to rapid deforestation due to logging, mining, farming and

cattle ranching. Deforestation increased significantly in Rondonia since the 1970s;

growing from 4,200 km2 in 1978 to 30,000 km2 in 1988, and has reached 53,300 km2 in

1998. On this study, we analyzed deforestation on conservation units located in Rondonia

using remotely sensed data and thematic covers provided by the Tropical Rainforest

Information Center of the Michigan State University and by the Rondonia Secretariat of

Environment. We measured deforestation for all protected areas located in Rondonia for

1992 and 1999. We also conducted analysis on the most impacted conservations units on

1992, 1996, and 1999. Moreover, we conducted a case study on the Bom Futuro National

Forest, which presented the highest deforestation in Rondonia, using satellite data for

1992, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000. On Bom Futuro we carried out a correlation analysis

of roads and soil types with deforestation totals and performed an approach to define risk

zones of deforestation. The results of this work provided useful information to agencies

involved in defining strategies to preclude the continuation of the present trends of

deforestation on conservation units in Rondonia.



Space-time Controls on Carbon Sequestration over Large-Scale Amazon Basin

Eric A. Smith 1, Harry J. Cooper 2, Jiujing Gu 2, Andrew Grose 2, John Norman 3, Humberto R. da Rocha 4, & Pedro Silva Dias 4

1 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 [301-286-5770; [email protected]]

2 Dept. of Meteorology, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306 [850-644-4253; [email protected]]

[850-644-7511; [email protected]] [850-644-2575; [email protected]]

3 Dept. of Soil Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 [608-262-4576; [email protected]]

4 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [55-11-818-4732; [email protected]] [55-11-818-4732; [email protected]]

For presentation at 2nd International LBA Scientific Conference [July 7-10, 2002; Manaus, Brazil]

Abstract

A major research focus of the LBA Ecology Program is an assessment of the carbon budget and the carbon sequestering capacity of the large scale forest-pasture system that dominates the Amazônia landscape, and its time-space heterogeneity manifest in carbon fluxes across the large scale Amazon basin ecosystem. Quantification of these processes requires a combination of in situ measurements, remotely sensed measurements from space, and a realistically forced hydrometeorological model coupled to a carbon assimilation model, capable of simulating details within the surface energy and water budgets along with the principle modes of photosynthesis and respiration.

Here we describe the results of an investigation concerning the space-time controls of

carbon sources and sinks distributed over the large scale Amazon basin. The results are derived from a carbon-water-energy budget retrieval system for the large scale Amazon basin, which uses a coupled carbon assimilation-hydrometeorological model as an integrating system, forced by both in situ meteorological measurements and remotely sensed radiation fluxes and precipitation retrieval retrieved from a combination of GOES, SSM/I, TOMS, and TRMM satellite measurements. Brief discussion concerning validation of (a) retrieved surface radiation fluxes and precipitation based on 30-min averaged surface measurements taken at Ji-Paraná in Rondônia and Manaus in Amazonas, and (b) modeled carbon fluxes based on tower CO2 flux measurements taken at Reserva Jaru, Manaus and Fazenda Nossa Senhora.

The space-time controls on carbon sequestration are partitioned into sets of factors

classified by: (1) above canopy meteorology, (2) incoming surface radiation, (3) precipitation interception, and (4) indigenous stomatal processes varied over the different land covers of pristine rainforest, partially, and fully logged rainforests, and pasture lands. These are the principle meteorological, thermodynamical, hydrological, and biophysical control paths which

perturb net carbon fluxes and sequestration, produce time-space switching of carbon sources and sinks, undergo modulation through atmospheric boundary layer feedbacks, and respond to any discontinuous intervention on the landscape itself such as produced by human intervention in converting rainforest to pasture or conducting selective/clearcut logging operations.

IKONOS Imagery for Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia

Hurtt G (1,2), Xiao X (1), Keller M (1), Palace M (1), Fearon M (1), Braswell R (1),

Hagen S (1), Cardoso M (1), Schloss A (1), Moore B (1), Nobre C (3)

Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA

[email protected]

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201 Brazil

Abstract

Scaling issues are of central importance to addressing LBA science questions. In addressing issues of spatial scaling, two key science questions arise: How important is fine-scale heterogeneity to large-scale questions? How should one interpret relatively coarse-resolution remote sensing data in light of known fine-scale heterogeneity on the land surface? To help bridge the gap between currently available remote-sensing data and the fine-scale spatial heterogeneity on the ground, high resolution (1-4m) IKONOS imagery are being collected at several LBA field and eddy-flux tower sites. All data are available to all LBA investigators free of charge via the NASA Earth Science Information Partner EOS-WEBSTER (http://www.eos-webster.sr.unh.edu).

Estimate of the consumption of photosyntheticaly active radiation (PAR) for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI) from remote sensing,

related with collected field data

George Sanches Suli (Rua França, n. 12, Jardim Europa – 78065-440, Cuiabá-MT Brasil - [email protected]), Peter Zeilhofer (([email protected]), Nicolau Priante Filho - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso.George Louis Vourlitis (California State

University San Marcos - [email protected])

Abstract Present work describes the development and validation of a methodology to

correlate and extrapolate field measurements of Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) and Leaf area index (LAI) of Transitional Forests and pastures stands with spectral reflection values of multisensoral digital satellite imagery. Field studies are being realized in Northern Mato Grosso, at the Sinop Tower test site. Reference micrometeorological data, PAR and LAI data are being acquired at the Tower site. Additional portable PAR sensors are being installed above the forest canopy in heights of more than 40 m using rappel techniques, scaling devices and rope stairs. For correlation with digital imagery, site locations are georreferenced by GPS measurements. LAI estimates are realized by the comparison of radiation measurements above the tree layer and in the stands. Geometric and radiometric pre-processing of Landsat ETM and MODIS have been initiated. Due to the lack of actual satellite imagery, there are being presented simulations of PAR values based on tower measurements from the period 2001-2002 and digital Landsat ETM and MODIS from 2001 and 2002 respectively. In the future, the study pretends to analyze the applicability of different original and calculated bands such as the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for the correlation with field measurements and to study the influence of different spatial and spectral resolution on data extrapolation.



Agricultural land use in 2000-2001 Amazonia using new methods for merging agricultural census data with satellite reflectances: obtaining

land use data from satellite information Jeffrey A. Cardille, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment and Environmental Monitoring Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA, Tel: +1-608-262-4775, Fax: +1-608-265-4113, E-mail: [email protected] Jonathan A. Foley, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA, Tel: +1-608-265-5144, Fax: +1-608-262-5964, E-mail: [email protected] Marcos Heil Costa, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Viçosa, MG, 36571-000. Brazil. Tel: +55-31-3899-1899. Fax: +55-31-3899-2735. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract As part of our research within the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), we are developing a time series of the spatial distribution and abundance of major agricultural activities within the large (6 million square km) Amazon and Tocantins basins. In earlier work, we described a new method for integrating remotely sensed land cover classifications with land use information from agricultural censuses. Here we present the preliminary results of merging unclassified satellite imagery and ancillary data with agricultural census data for Rondonia. In particular, we explore the ability of 16-day band information and NDVI composites from the 2000-2001 to identify areas of active agricultural land use. By investigating the statistical relationship between density of agricultural area, composite reflectance-based values, and ancillary data, we train a classifier algorithm to identify likely agricultural land use areas within Rondonia. The adopted technique differs from typical classification algorithms that identify “pure” pixels of desired classes and seek similar characteristics in the image. Instead, this method considers the similarity between sensor-based values and agricultural census totals across administrative units, and optimizes the relation between them to produce the classification. This new method of fusing data sources will be of likely use in areas too inaccessible for adequate ground truthing, but where occasional comprehensive information (like that in agricultural censuses in developing nations) is collected.


Scaling of Biophysical Variables of Tropical Forests

Jiaguo Qi, Cuizhen Wang, Eraldo Matricardi and David Skole

Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of Geography Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The tropical forest ecosystems are being altered by both human-induced and natural disturbances. Logging, wildfires and land cover/use conversions are major mechanisms by which the ecosystems are being modified, and eventually lead to substantial negative impacts on human environment. To better understand these processes and interactions among all agents, efforts have been made to observe the dynamics of the tropical forest ecosystems via intensive ground experiments and satellite observations. One of the key issues is to scale up results at plot or local scale to regional scale, i.e., can we extrapolate the findings at plot scale to understand the regional process? Although there are many issues to be addressed in order to answer this question, in this study, we analyzed a set of biophysical variables derived from remote sensing images at varying spatial scales, ranging from 1m (IKONOS), 30m (ETM+), to 250m, 500m, and 1000m (MODIS and VEGETATION) spatial resolutions. We used signal-unmixing and improved classification techniques to examine the scaling properties of some of the key biophysical variables such as cover dynamics that are functionally related to tropical ecosystem interactions with atmosphere and are major manifestations of human disturbances. The local study sites near Rondonia have been selected as starting point and are scaled up to the entire Brazilian Amazon.

Some Results from the 2000 P and X band Airborne Polarimetric INPE-DSG SAR Mission for Biomass Estimation, Land Cover

Classification and Digital Elevation and Surface Model Estimation. Luciano V. Dutra1, Corina C. Freitas1, João R. Santos1 , José C. Mura1, Pedro Hernandez1 F., Luciana S. Araújo1, Marcos Timbó Elmiro2, Pedro R. Vieira3 , Sérgio M. Soares3, Paulo César

Gurgel de Albuquerque1, Fábio F. Gama1, Leonardo S. Bins1, Britaldo Silveira Soares2

1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais– INPE Av. dos Astronautas, 1758 CP. 515 email: [email protected]

12.227-010 São José dos Campos, SP. - Brazil 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG

Departamento de Cartografia. 3Diretoria do Serviço Geográfico do Exército Brasileiro

ABSTRACT A joint INPE-DSG (Diretoria do Serviço Geográfico do Exército) airborne mission in September of 2000 over the Tapajós National Forest, has acquired P and X band interferometric data over a region which comprises primary forest, secondary succession in several stages of regrowth, pasture, crop plantations, bare soil, water and other land use classes. The AeS-1 polarimetric system, from AeroSensing Radarsysteme GmbH, Germany, provided P band polarimetric data for two pass interferometry and X band single polarization, single pass interferometric data. During the radar mission, ground survey was carried out for target identification, collection of tri-dimensional differential GPS data for P and X band corner reflectors and collection of vegetation parameters, like species, DBH, count and height for several primary and regenerations transects. Biomass data was calculated for the mentioned transects using allometric equations based in the dendrometric parameters. Full polarimetric calibrated P band SAR imagery was generated and a model of the transects biomass data as a function of the backscatter established. Georeferenced Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), with spatial resolution of 2.5 meters, were generated considering X and P bands interferograms. X band DEM generally shows higher altitude than the P band DEM, especially over forested areas, because the considerably higher penetration of P band towards the forest floor, while X Band DEM reflects the canopy altitude. X band DEM is called here a Digital Surface Model (DSM), because it is related mainly with the top of the land cover. The difference between the DSM and the DEM (P band) potentially gives the forest height. Actual internal average height of forest and regeneration transects was compared with the DSM-DEM difference. The results showed that the DSM-DEM difference tends to underestimate the forest height under secondary sucessions stages, probably due higher volume scattering (derived from interactions with trunk, branches, twigs) of P band emission. The DSM-DEM difference over primary forest is closely related to the average height, in the transects, standing between the global average tree height and the average height of the upper store trees of the forests transects. The full polarimetric P band data was used for land cover classification. From a initial set of 10 classes, a derived set comprising only three classes was found to have an adequate mapping precision, but enough to detect deforestation areas. For the future we will be experimenting new models for biomass estimation for overcoming the 200 ton/ ha saturation point, using simultaneously the backscatter and the interferometric data and seeking integration with other Remote Sensing instrumentation, particularly the LVIS instrument.

Integration and update of cartographic information of Legal Amazon land cover

Marcelo Francisco Sestini1 Regina Celia dos Santos Alvala 2

Eliana Maria Kalil Mello3 Dalton de Morisson Valeriano4

Erica da Silva Reimer5 Chou Sin Chan 6

Carlos Afonso Nobre7

1 INPE, CPTEC, Rodov Pres Dutra km 40 Cachoeira Paulista, São Paulo, Brasil, 12630 000, [email protected]

2 INPE, [email protected] 3 INPE, [email protected] 4 INPE, [email protected] 5 INPE, [email protected]

6 INPE [email protected] 7 INPE [email protected]

Abstract

Accurate estimation of continental surface biophysical properties is fundamental for climate studies and weather forecast through numerical models. An increasing effort is being dedicated to the production of land cover maps to be applied to climate models in order to improve the understanding of the complex interactions that occur between land surface and the atmosphere. The objective of this work is improve and update land cover cartography to be applied to climate models. The study area is the Brazilian Legal Amazon, with approximately 5,000,000 km². The first task was the improvement of the available 1:5,000,000 cartography of the vegetation cover for the area (IBGE, 1993). In this map ecotone areas are not resolved and are described as a combination of two or more vegetation classes. Georreferenced TM-Landsat data of these ecotone areas for the year 2000 were stratified into spectrally homogeneous fields by image segmentation. The fields were then classified into spectral classes with an unsupervised region based image classifier. The spectral classes were mapped onto a land cover classification system and the results were edited to correct minor misclassifications. Next it was added to this product the deforested area in Legal Amazon which is being regularly surveyed by INPE since 1978. The deforested area included in this map is the accumulated registered deforestation up to the year 1997. Following tasks in this project will be the discrimination of secondary vegetation within the deforested areas and TM-Landsat derived map of Savanna areas that were converted into agricultural land use, which are not assessed in the mentioned deforestation survey.






Estimate of net primary production of aquatic vegetation of the Amazon floodplain using radar satellite imagery. Maycira Costa Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais Av. dos Astronautas, 1758 12227-010 São José dos Campos, SP email: [email protected] Abstract. The Amazonian research community acknowledges that a better understanding of the regional carbon cycle of the Amazon floodplain will only be possible when the biogeochemical processes become understood on a regional scale. To help achieve this understanding, a method using satellite SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery for seasonal mapping and assessment of the net primary production (NPP) of aquatic vegetation of the Amazonian floodplain is proposed. The input data for the NPP model are (i) total biomass of aquatic vegetation determined by RADARSAT and JERS-1 imagery and (ii) spatial area occupied by aquatic vegetation determined by RADARSAT and JERS-1 imagery. Inversion of radar imagery into total biomass of aquatic vegetation was performed. After correction for monthly biomass losses, the NPP of one growth cycle of aquatic vegetation was calculated in the image domain. The total mean net primary productivity of Hymenachne amplexicaules, the dominant aquatic vegetation in the area, was on average 2920 g C m-2 or a total carbon uptake of 1.9x1012 g C yr-1 for the entire area (395 km2). Spatially, the lower values of produced organic carbon (< 900 g C m-2) are in regions where the plants only developed in the beginning of hydrological cycle; generally, values are higher (>5000 g C m-2) in regions closer to the Amazon River where the influence of the nutrient rich water is stronger. The productivity of this largely spread C3 species is about four times the productivity assumed for the Amazon floodplain in some process-based global models. Therefore, the productivity of a diverse and complex wetland such as the Amazon floodplain can undoubtedly be underestimated by using these models. The results of this study are promising to provide large-scale NPP estimates of aquatic vegetation in wetlands, such as the Amazon floodplain.

Measuring Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness Over the Amazon Basin

Sassan Saatchi and Ernesto Rodriguez

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

Scott Denning & Lixin Lu Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523

Regina Célia dos Santos Alvalá

Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia -LMO/CPTEC Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE

(12201-970) São José dos Campos, BRAZIL

Ralph Dubayah Dept. of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Abstract The aerodynamic roughness length (Z0) is an important parameter to determine the vertical gradients of mean wind speed and the conditions for momentum transfer over a vegetated or bare rough surface. Over vegetated surfaces, the aerodynamic roughness length has a simple one-to-one relationship with the rms height of the vegetation at the top of the canopy. Once this roughness length is determined for a surface, it does not change with wind speed, stability or stress. During the LBA experiment the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with flexible horizontal and vertical resolution will be used in conjunction with other models to simulate the atmospheric circulation and trace gas concentration and transport at various scales. This model is suitable to determine the effect of surface roughness parameter at trace gas transport both at local level for LBA study areas and on at the regional level for the entire Amazon basin. In this paper, we present the estimation of this parameter from two sources:

1) From a sample SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data over one of the LBA study areas. The cross correlation between two interferometric SRTM images will be used to estimate the rms height of the vegetation at 90 m resolution and relate that to aerodynamic roughness. This methodology will be applied to the entire SRTM data (when it becomes available) to estimate the roughness length over the basin.

2) Various statistical moments of the JERS-1 image mosaic in fusion with other regional data sets will be used in a semi-empirical model to estimate the vegetation roughness length over the entire basin at 1 km resolution.

Both parameters will be integrated into the RAMS model to demonstrate the effect of spatially explicit roughness length on trace gas transport simulations and to test the impact of errors associated with the estimation process.

Discriminating Land Cover Types and Conversions in the Brazilian Cerrado Using EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral Imagery

T. Miura1*, A. Huete1, and L. Ferreira2

1Terrestrial Biophysics and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Soil, Water and

Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A. Tel.: +1-520-626-2086, Fax: +1-520-621-1791, *Email: [email protected]

2Universidade Federal de Goias, Instituto de Estudos Socio-Ambientais, Campus Samambaia - Cx Postal 131, Goiania, GO, 74.001-970, Brazil

Abstract The savanna, typically found in the sub-tropics and seasonal tropics, are the dominant vegetation biome type in the southern hemisphere, covering approximately 45 % of the South America. In Brazil, the savanna, locally known as "cerrado", is the most intensely stressed biome with rapid and aggressive land use conversions. Better characterization and discrimination of cerrado land cover types are needed in order to improve assessments of the impact of these land cover conversions on carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, and the prospect for sustainable land use in the Amazon region. In this study, we explored the utility of hyperspectral remote sensing in improving discrimination and biophysical/biochemical characterization of the cerrado land cover types by taking an advantage of a newly available satellite hyperspectral imaging sensor, "EO-1 Hyperion". A Hyperion image was acquired over study sites located in the Brasilia National Park and surrounding areas on July 20, 2001. The study sites included cerrado grassland, shrub cerrado, cerrado woodland, and gallery forest as undisturbed vegetation cover types, and pasture as a converted land cover. The high resolution spectral signatures clearly depicted the differences between pasture, gallery forest, and other cerrado land cover types. The pasture spectral signatures exhibited an overall high reflectance with a red absorption peak shifted toward shorter wavelengths which is associated with yellowing of pasture leaves. Spectral signatures in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions for undisturbed cerrado vegetation types (physiognomies) showed small differences, rendering the discrimination or classification among these land cover types based on the red-NIR reflectance contrast. On the other hand, the reflectance values at the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) region (1400 – 2500nm) and the ligno-cellulose absorptions at 2090nm and around 2300nm wavelengths showed larger differences among these land cover types. Cerrado land cover types with less arboreous cover showed higher SWIR reflectances and deeper ligno-cellulouse absorptions. These preliminary analyses showed a great potential of hyperspectral data in biophysical/biochemical characterization as well as discrimination of the land cover types in the Brazilian cerrado.

Characteristics of deep convection over the Amazon during LBA using GOES and PR/TRMM data

T. Inoue

Meteorological Research Institute

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Life cycle of deep convection and diurnal variation of deep convection

over the Amazon are studied using the GOES-8 split window (11 and 12

micron) data. Using the split window data we can classify optically thick

cumulus type cloud and optically thin cirrus type cloud. The life cycle

of deep convection is characterized as cumulus type cloud is dominant

during the developing stage and optically thin cirrus type cloud (anvil)

is dominant during the decaying stage. Considering the cloud amount of

cumulus type cloud and cirrus type cloud within the cloud area defined

by the brightness temperature colder than 253K, we tried to define the

stage of deep convection. Using the coincident and collocated GOES and

TRMM data, we compared the rain type observed by PR/TRMM and life stage

of deep convection. There is a tendency that convective rain is dominant

during the developing stage and stratiform rain is dominant during the

decaying stage. The diurnal variation of deep convection is also studied

using the cloud type classified by the split window. The cloud amount

peak of cumulonimbus type cloud appears earlier than that of cloud colder

than 253K. The local time of the peak of cumulonimbus cloud is closer

to the peak of rainfall observation by surface radar than the peak of

cloud colder than 253K.

Satellite observations of inter-annual variation of vegetation productivity and water content in Legal Amazon Basin during 1998-2001

Xiangming Xiao, Qingyuang Zhang, Rob Braswell, Stephen Frolking, Stephen Boles, and

Berrien Moore III

University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Mailing address of corresponding author: Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space,

University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Email addresses: [email protected]

Abstract Climate and land use change are two major factors that drive spatial and temporal variations of vegetation in the Legal Amazon Basin. In an effort to characterize interannual variation of vegetation in the basin, we have assembled the 10-day composite images from the SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor (VGT) over the period of April 1-10, 1998 to November 11- 20, 2001 for the entire basin. The VGT sensor has 4 spectral bands (blue, red, near infrared and short-wave infrared) and provides daily observation of the globe at 1-km spatial resolution. In this study our objective is to develop better understanding of vegetation indices in relation to climate variation. Three remote sensing proxies were calculated and compared: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The NDVI and EVI are the proxies for vegetation productivity. The EVI includes information from the blue band to account for residual atmospheric contamination (e.g., aerosols and water vapor) and soil/vegetation background, while the NDVI does not. The NDWI is the proxy for vegetation water content. Anomalies of NDWI, NDVI and EVI over 1998-2001 were calculated and compared with anomalies of precipitation and temperature from the National Climate Data Center Global History Climate Network. At the basin scale, the NDWI anomaly is correlated well with the precipitation anomaly, indicating that NDWI has a potential for assessing vegetation water content in the tropical ecosystems. The temporal pattern of EVI anomaly is different from the NDVI anomaly, particularly in 1998 and 1999. Consistent with the earlier studies, this basin-scale study also suggests EVI might be a more useful alternative vegetation index than NDVI for vegetation monitoring.


Aerosols & Climate interactions in Amazonia PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Alejandro Fonseca Duarte UFAC/CNPq Oral BLACK CARBON COMPARATIVE

ASPECTS FOR CLIMATE CHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO - AC, BRAZIL

Hans-F. Graf Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology

Oral On the local and global effects of aerosol - cloud microphysics in deep convective clouds

J. Vanderlei Martins JCET/UMBC - USP Oral Direct Radiative Forcing by Aerosols and Cloud-Aerosol interactions in Amazonia


USP Oral Aerosols and Clouds in Amazonia: Dinamic and Microphysics Aspects

Meinrat O. Andreae Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry

Oral Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate over the Amazon Basin

Thomas Eck NASA/GSFC Oral Inter-annual variability of biomass burning aerosol optical depth in southern Amazonia, and the effects of these aerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar flux reduction

Ana Maria Cordova IPEN/University of Sao Paulo

Poster Enhancements of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations associated with a Cold Front in an Amazon Site

Bim Graham Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry

Poster Characterisation of the atmospheric aerosol collected at Balbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign

Bim Graham Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry

Poster Microscopic images of atmospheric aerosol particles collected at Balbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign

Hillandia Cunha Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA

Poster Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Precipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil.

Joel Schafer NASA/GSFC Poster Atmospheric Attenuation Of Total Solar Flux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites: 1999-2001

Luciana Rizzo USP Poster Modeling the influence of land use change on the concentration of organic aerosol and oxidant species concentrations in Amazon.

Marcia Yamasoe Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmofericas da USP

Poster Effect of smoke aerosol particles from biomass burning on the PAR absorbed by a primary forest in the Amazon

Oscar Vega Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-SP

Poster OZONE AND AEROSOLS CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROM A TETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTS HEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZON REGION

Theotonio Pauliquevis University of Sao Paulo

Poster Comparison of Rainwater composition at two sites in Amazonia for dry and wet seasons

BLACK CARBON COMPARATIVE ASPECTS FOR CLIMATE

CHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO - AC, BRAZIL

A. Fonseca Duarte1, P. Artaxo2, B. N. Holben3, J. S. Schafer3, I.F. Brown4 1Federal University of Acre – UFAC, Campus Universitário, BR-64, km 4, Distrito Industrial,

CEP: 69.915-900, Rio Branco - AC, Brazil, [email protected] 2University of São Paulo – USP [email protected]

3Goddard Space Flight Center – GSFC/NASA [email protected] 4Woods Hole Research Center – WHRC (UFAC and UFF) [email protected]

Abstract

The State of Acre is located in Northwestern Brazil. The climate of this region, Tropical Forest, must be observed throughout environmental disturbances such as the increased biomass burning, deforestation and the highway construction (BR-317) opening traffic to the Pacific Ocean. The objective of the present work consists in an evaluation of atmospheric black carbon concentration (BC) related to other variables of the conventional meteorology. The meteorological data analysis (1970- 2002) reveals a correlated seasonal behavior between rainfalls, temperatures, evaporation, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity. Recent measurements (2000- 2002) of the smoke concentration (BC) in the local atmosphere reveal values up to (5 - 10) µg m-3, for the rainy station, and up to (15- 30) µg m-3, for the dry season. Comparable results were observed in Rondônia. Daily, the highest concentrations occur at night, approximately between 17:00 and 09:00 hours. The concentrations are comparable to those calculated by INPE, based on the regional model of gas and aerosol transportation ETA. Assuming, on average, that about 6 % of the atmospheric aerosols corresponds to BC, the total aerosol concentration in Rio Branco's atmosphere, in dry season - the period of intense biomas burnings in Amazonia- reaches 300 - 500 µg m-3. Similar values has been recorded in Alta Floresta in the past decade. This fact indicates that, probably, the local biomass burning in different places and the smoke transportation across atmosphere contribute affecting all Amazonian regions. Irradiance and insolation measurements, however, show that PAR fraction for Rio Branco is practically the same all the year (0,40 ± 0,02), a different behavior than that of Alta Floresta.





On the local and global effects of aerosol - cloud microphysics in deep convective clouds. Hans-F. Graf and Frank J. Nober, MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany Abstract: From recent satellite observations it is evident that an increase in cloud condensation nuclei, for instance due to biomass burning, can substantially reduce rain efficiency of convective clouds. This is potentially important for the global climate since the release of latent heat due to condensation of water vapour and fallout of rain from cumulus convection is the most important source for available potential energy in the free troposphere. Beyond this, cumulus convection is a key process in controlling the water vapour content of the atmosphere. The sensitivity of the global climate to alteration of rain efficiency of convective clouds due to the suppression of drop coalescence by anthropogenic aerosols is studied by using the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4 for a 15 year sensitivity study considering the aerosol effect on warm precipitation formation. Effects on ice processes are not included yet, and therefore the results likely are conservative regarding the magnitude of the full effects due to suppression of precipitation. The main 15 year experiment allows the global dynamics to respond to the modified convective forcing, and an additional experiment with single time step analysis was performed which allows to locate and to measure the origin effect of aerosols on convective clouds. We found a definite perturbation of the global circulation, showing distinct sensitivity to the impact of aerosols on suppressing rainfall.

Abstract submitted to LBA Meeting – Manaus 2002.

Direct Radiative Forcing by Aerosols and Cloud-Aerosol interactions in Amazonia

J. Vanderlei Martins123, Paulo Artaxo2, Yoram Kaufman3

JCET-University of Maryland Baltimore County1, Institute of Physics of the

University of Sao Paulo2, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center3

Correspodent author; J. Vanderlei Martins, code 913, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

Aerosol particles in Amazonia proved to be very efficient absorbers of solar

radiation during the dry and wet seasons. New in situ approaches and improved

techniques are used to provide quantitative aerosol absorption efficiency measurements

of biogenic, biomass burning, and long range-transported particles found in the Amazon

region. Absorption by soil dust is also often observed in the absorption efficiency spectral

dependence. Measurements between the UV to the near infrared (350 to 2500nm)

indicate significant absorption by biogenic aerosols and important effects of the internal

mixture between large particles and relatively small size absorbers in Amazonia. The

overall effect of this internal mixture is a flatter spectral dependence of the aerosol

absorption efficiency. Size resolved measurements provide the relative absorption

properties of coarse and fine mode particles. Higher resolution size separation of the

absorption efficiency is provided by MOUDI cascade impactor samples.

Remote sensing techniques using the MODIS sensor on the Terra satellite are also

used for the retrieval of aerosol absorption properties over Amazonia. MODIS data is

used in combination with AERONET sunphotometers and other ground based

measurements in order to address the aerosol direct radiative forcing over the area. A

large variation in the radiative forcing (ranging from heating to cooling effects) is showed

due to the variability of the surface properties in certain areas of the Amazon region.

Significant differences in the radiative forcing between the top of the atmosphere

and the surface affect the vertical structure of the atmosphere potentially changing the

cloud formation properties in the region. Biogenic particles in Amazonia also show

unique properties that can affect significantly the cloud microphysics.

Aerosols and Clouds in Amazonia: Dynamic and Microphysics aspects

Maria A. F. Silva Dias, Saulo R. Freitas, Karla M. Longo.

Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of São Paulo

The cloud dynamics and microphysics is represented in numerical models in a parameterized way. In very high resolution models (500 m to 1-2 km) the clouds are resolved and the subgrid scale processes are introduced to take into account the cloud dropplet population and microphysics processes . In low resolution models (> 20 km), whole clouds are subgrid processes. In the two approaches the effect of convective transports of aerosols may be examined but with different scale framework. The data from the several LBA campaigns are helping us understand the particular features of clouds that are observed over the Amazon Basin and give us validation data for models of different scales. Of particular interest is the cloud cycle and vertical development of clouds in different thermodynamic environments with different aerosol concentration and origin, and the dynamic implication of these features from the point of view of local and regional transport of aerosols.

Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate over the Amazon Basin M. O. Andreae, M. Ebert, B. Graham, P. Guyon, J. Huth, S. Matthias-Maser, O. Mayol-Bracero, G. Roberts, J. Sciare Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany P. Artaxo, M. A. Silva-Dias University of São Paulo, Brazil M. Claeys University of Antwerp, Belgium S. Decesari, M. C. Facchini, S. Fuzzi ISAC-CNR, Bologna, Italy H.-F. Graf Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany W. Maenhaut University of Gent, Belgium D. Rosenfeld Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel E. Swietlicki University of Lund, Sweden

Under unpolluted conditions, biogenic processes dominate the aerosol population over the Amazon Basin. A large fraction of coarse and fine particles are of primary biogenic origin, and consist of spores, pollen-related material, microbes, plant debris, etc. Secondary biogenic materials, including organic condensates from VOC oxidation and biogenic sulfate account for much of the rest. Superimposed on this background are inputs of dust and marine particles from long-range transport. Aerosol number concentrations and CCN concentrations are low, in the range usually considered typical of remote marine locations. The fraction of aerosol particles acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) varies from 0.3 to 0.6, depending on composition, size and supersaturation values. Under these low-CCN conditions, cloud droplets can grow rapidly to the size where precipitation occurs and rain production by warm clouds is an important process.

During the dry season, large-scale burning due to deforestation and clearing fires in the Amazon Basin and the surrounding regions leads to a dramatic increase of aerosol and CCN number concentrations. These smoke aerosols consist mostly of organic matter, and include light-absorbing organic and near-elemental carbon species. The presence of water-soluble organic substances and inorganic salts makes these smoke aerosols efficient CCN. The result of the increased CCN abundance is a major shift towards clouds with high droplet number concentration, and thus increased colloidal stability of the cloud and a lower probability of rainfall from warm clouds. This favors rainfall

mechanisms involving ice particles, which has substantial effects for the redistribution of energy and chemical species in the tropical atmosphere. These effects are likely to reach far beyond the Amazon Basin and the tropics.

Inter-annual variability of biomass burning aerosol optical depth in southern Amazonia, and the effects of these aerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar flux reduction T.F. Eck1,2, B.N. Holben2, J.S. Schafer3,2, P. Artaxo4, M.A. Yamasoe5, A.S. Procopio4, E. Prins6, O. Dubovik1,2, and A. Smirnov1,2 1Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland – Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland. Mailing address: T.F. Eck, Code 923, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA e-mail: [email protected] 2Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. 3Science Systems and Applications Inc., Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. 4 Instituto de Fisica, Departmento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 5Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 6National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/NESDIS/ORA, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin The inter-annual variability of the magnitude of biomass burning in southern Amazonia has been relatively large over the last decade. The extent of the burning in the latter half of a given dry season (July-October) depends largely on the rainfall amount and timing, with drought years exhibiting many more fires and smoke than average. Additionally, new regulations aimed at controlling burning may also affect inter-annual variability. We present measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from biomass burning smoke as measured by AERONET sites in Rondonia and Mato Grosso from 1993-2001. These AOD measurements are shown to follow similar inter-annual variability as the fire counts determined by the 3.9 micron radiance measurements of the GOES east satellites. In order to quantify the changes in the diurnal cycle of solar flux reduction as a result of aerosol attenuation at the peak of the burning season, we model the diurnal cycle of total shortwave (SW; 300-4000 nm), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400-700 nm), and Ultraviolet- A (UVA; 320-400 nm) fluxes in mid-September using the AERONET monthly average AOD measurements (AOD550=1.11). These average diurnal cycle flux reductions show significant temporal delays in the morning for equivalent flux levels in all three spectral bands, of ~50 min to 2 hr 15 min at mid-morning (midpoint between sunrise and solar noon). The largest time delays in flux occur in the UVA band and the smallest in the total SW broadband due to a rapid decrease in AOD as wavelength increases for the accumulation mode smoke aerosols. The time delays in solar flux have implications for possible delay of the onset of cumulus convection, the shortening of the photo-period when plants photosynthesize, and reduced time interval for UVA fluxes which may have implications for survival of airborne bacteria, insect activity, and plant responses.

Abstract submitted for presentation at the 2nd International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002

Enhancements of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations associated

with a Cold Front in an Amazon Site

A. M. Cordova1,2, L. V. Gatti1, K. Longo2, S. Freitas2, P. Artaxo3, A. Procópio3, M.A.F. Silva Dias2, E.D. Freitas2

1 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 400, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 05508-900 e-mail: [email protected]

2 Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil 3 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.

Intensive atmospheric chemistry study was performed in Balbina (1º 55.20’ S 59º 28.07’ W), located 150 km north of Manaus, in the State of Amazon, Brazil, in June and July 2001, as part of the CLAIRE 2001 campaign. Trace gases measurements, including nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were performed simultaneously with aerosol particles number, total mass and black carbon concentrations. Meteorological parameters, such as total solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were also measured. The NO and NO2 were measured 12 meters above the surface at each 1 minute. The NO and NO2 average concentrations during daytime were 0.05 (± 0.07) ppb and 0.26 (± 0.19) ppb, respectively. At nighttime, NO average concentration was 0.15 (± 0.18) ppb and NO2 0.40 (± 0.36) ppb. These observed low concentration levels of NO and NO2 are characteristic of the Amazonian pristine conditions. At nighttime of June, 20 and 21, a large increase of 4 ppb in the NO2 concentration was observed. An enhancement of the aerosol particle concentration was also observed in the same period, especially in the fine mode. In order to understand this change of the NO2 and particle concentrations pattern, an atmospheric numerical simulation of the period was carried out using the RAMS regional atmospheric model. The simulation results showed a transport event from the South of Amazonia due to an approach of a mid-latitude cold front. Backward air mass trajectories from the measurement site suggested southward biomass burning as the possible source of pollutants.

Research project financed by FAPESP


Characterisation of the atmospheric aerosol collected at

Balbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign

Bim Graham,1 Pascal Guyon,1 Olga L. Mayol-Bracero,1 Paulo Artaxo,2 Ana Lucia Rodrigues Antonio do Nascimento,2 Alcides Carmago,2 Sabine Matthias-Maser,3

Martin Ebert,4 Joachim Huth,5 Willy Maenhaut,6 Philip Taylor,7 Ricardo H. M. Godoi,8 René Van Grieken,8 Meinrat O. Andreae1,*

1 Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany. 2 Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 3 Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany. 4 Institute of Mineralogy, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. 5 Cosmochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany. 6 Institute for Nuclear Sciences, Gent University, Gent, Belgium. 7 Department of Chemical Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA. 8 Micro and Trace Analysis Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. * Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060,

D-55020 Mainz, Germany, [email protected].

As part of the recent CLAIRE 2001 campaign in Balbina, Amazonia, aerosol samples

were collected and analysed using a variety of techniques (PIXE, INAA, IC, GC-MS,

EPXMA, EGA, SEM, ESEM and light microscopy) in order to try to better characterise

the composition and temporal variability of the aerosol under near-background

conditions. Our results indicate that biogenic particles emitted by the rainforest make up

the major fraction of the aerosol. These particles, and the elements, ions and compounds

associated with them (P, S, K, Cu, Zn, ammonium, sugars and sugar alcohols), are

abundant in both the coarse and fine aerosol fractions, with the highest mass

concentrations generally occurring in the coarse fraction. There is a distinct increase in

their concentrations at ground level at night. This is probably due to the formation of a

shallow nocturnal inversion, which reduces dispersion of the aerosol. Sodium - a tracer

for marine aerosol - is more concentrated at ground level during the daytime, which may

be attributed to intense convective downward mixing of air from aloft. Only very low

levels of chlorine are observed, suggesting that much of the marine aerosol undergoes

reaction with acidic species emitted by the rainforest during its transport from the

Atlantic Ocean to the measurement site. Soot particles and levoglucosan - tracers for

biomass burning - are present in relatively small amounts and are confined primarily to

the fine aerosol fraction.

Microscopic images of atmospheric aerosol particles collected at

Balbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaign Bim Graham,1 Pascal Guyon,1 Paulo Artaxo,2 Sabine Matthias-Maser,3 Joachim Huth,4

Martin Ebert,5 Philip Taylor,6 Meinrat O. Andreae1,*

1 Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany. 2 Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 3 Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany. 4 Cosmochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany. 5 Institute of Mineralogy, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. 6 Department of Chemical Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA. * Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060,

D-55020 Mainz, Germany, [email protected].

The atmospheric aerosol over Amazonia is composed largely of particles emitted

naturally by the tropical rainforest, with smoke, mineral dust and sea salt providing

varying contributions to the total aerosol loading. In order to better understand the

composition of the aerosol found under near-background conditions, aerosol samples

were collected at Balbina, Amazonia, during the recent CLAIRE 2001 campaign, and

analysed using a combination of SEM, Environmental SEM and light microscopy. This

poster presents a selection of micrographs that illustrate the diverse range of particles

observed. These include fungal and fern spores, pollen, microorganisms, vegetation

detritus, insect fragments, soot, crystalline salts and silicate minerals.

Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Precipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil. Hillandia Brandao da Cunha, Coord. de Pesquisas em Geociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM 69,083, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected] and Elen M. C. Cutrim, Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008. E-mail: [email protected]. The chemical composition of the precipitation varies geographically and it depends on the sources of the chemical elements emitted from the surface and the chemical transformations within the atmosphere. The objective of this work is to determine the chemical composition of the atmosphere over Manaus, to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities. The rain sampling was conducted during one month of the rain season and one month of the dry season in Manaus. The chemical analysis showed larger concentrations of Na+ during the dry season than that in the wet season. These results are consistent with the slash an burning activities of the dry season, which increase the concentration of Na+ . Concentration values of Potassium (K+) were lower during the wet season. Because the K ion sources in the atmosphere are surface biogenic emissions and soil dust, the lower concentration values will occur during the wet season where dilution will occur due to the high precipitation volume. During the wet season concentration values of Ca++ were below the detection threshold of the method utilized and the concentration values Mg++ presented oscillations according to the frequency and duration of non-precipitating periods within the season. These preliminary results do not show that the atmospheric chemical composition has been altered by man, as it is comparable with the precipitation analysis over pristine areas in the Amazonia. Further chemical analysis of additional elements will be performed to verify these results. Keywords: Rainfall, Water, Amazonia, Biosphere/Atmosphere.



Atmospheric Attenuation Of Total Solar Flux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites: 1999-2001 J.S. Schafer1,2, B.N. Holben2 T.F. Eck2,3, P. Artaxo4, M.A. Yamasoe5, A.S. Procopio4 1Science Systems and Applications Inc., Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 e-mail: [email protected] 2Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. 3Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland – Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland. 4Instituto de Física Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 5Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

In Brazil, we now have a data set of pyranometer measurements at several sites distributed across the Amazon basin, with a record spanning more than 3 years at some locations. This network provides an opportunity to characterize the nature of atmospheric effects on surface, broadband irradiance. Sufficient data are now available to assess trends in cloud attenuation on a range of timescales (diurnally, seasonally, and interannually).

Cloud-induced fractional and absolute total flux reductions at the surface were evaluated for all years and sites. The fractional reduction, ƒB was computed as the ratio of received irradiance to the modeled clear-sky irradiance for background (low) aerosol conditions. A distinct difference was found between cloud attenuation in the wet and dry seasons, particularly in the southern Amazon.

Histograms of ƒB for typical wet season months reveal a bi-modal distribution with a reduction peak (when the solar beam is obstructed) and an enhancement peak (produced by edge reflections from broken cloud cover). This phenomenon has been noted previously at the Abracos Hill sites during a 2 month study in 1999 (Gu et al., 2001). Our multi-year, multi-site data now suggest this is a fairly consistent feature of wet season months in the southern sites in Rondônia and northern Mato Grosso, and of most or all months at the equatorial sites (Balbina, Belterra) in Pará and Amazonas. The average reduction by clouds observed at one site was 54% for February and only 15% for June. Such dramatic differences in available surface insolation (due to seasonal cloud variation) need to be quantified for climate modeling applications.

Modeling the influence of land use change on the concentration of organic aerosol and oxidant species concentrations in Amazon.

Luciana Varanda Rizzo (1), Paulo Artaxo (1), Ana Maria Cordova (2)

and Luciana V.Gatti (2)

(1) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa R, 187, CEP 05508-900, Sao Paulo, S.P., Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

(2) Laboratório de Química Atmosférica, IPEN, São Paulo, Brazil.

Tropical forests are one of the most important sources of volatile organic

compounds (VOCs), which directly influence the atmospheric concentration of oxidative

species, and also can act as gas phase precursors on the productions of new organic

particles. Biogenic VOC emission depends highly on the surface covering. Making use of

the model MAPS – Model for Aerosol Processes Studies, an one-dimensional box model

developed by NCAR – National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA), the influence of

land use change in Amazon over the secondary organic aerosol concentrations was

simulated. For forest, the program generated 2.1 µg/m3 of new organic particles from gas to

particle conversion, in 24 hours of model simulation. The fine to coarse mode ratio of

organic aerosol obtained by the model fits the observed concentrations. Varying the land

use from forest to pasture, there is an alteration of monoterpene emissions, and, as a result,

the secondary organic aerosol concentration changes. The variation of the organic aerosol

concentration can affect the population of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The model

also indicates that land use changes affect significantly the hydroxyl radical concentration.

This result could be an evidence that the VOCs concentrations greatly influence the

oxidative capacity of the atmosphere in Amazonia.

Financial support by FAPESP.


Effect of smoke aerosol particles from biomass burning on the PAR absorbed by a primary forest in the Amazon Marcia Yamasoe1 ([email protected]), Pierre Guillevic2, Brent Holben3, Joel Schafer3, Tom Eck3, Paulo Artaxo4 1 Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, CEP 05508-900; 2 CETP – CNRS, 10 Avenue de l’Europe, Vélizy, France; 3 NASA GSFC, Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD, USA; 4 Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R, 187, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. A study of the influence of aerosol particles from biomass burning on the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the surface is being conducted in the Amazon region. The response of the vegetation for such forcing is also analyzed, through numerical calculations of the fraction of absorbed PAR inside the canopy. Experimental results showed a reduction of about 27% of PAR in the presence of the smoke layer, with an aerosol optical depth of about 0.85 at 500 nm. Numerically calculated results showed also that for such value of aerosol optical depth, the fraction of diffuse radiation in the PAR region increases from 0.16 (for a clear atmosphere) to 0.54, for a solar zenith angle of 30 degrees. The combined effect on the PAR distribution within the cover of the decrease of total and increase of diffuse incoming radiation at the surface due to the smoke layer is evaluated using a 3D radiative transfer model. The DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer) model simulates radiative transfer within heterogeneous vegetation covers characterized by a three-dimensional structure. In the visible domain, the model predicts the surface directional reflectance and the 3D distribution of absorbed PAR within the canopy. Simulations are performed for a tropical primary forest at Jaru, in Rondonia state.

OZONE AND AEROSOLS CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROM A TETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTS HEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZON

REGION Oscar Vega1, André Sassine1, Sergio Moura1, Jim Greenberg4, Julio Tota2, Paulo

Artaxo3 e Alex Guenther4.

1Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN, São Paulo, Brasil. 2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, São Paulo, Brasil.

3Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo - IFUSP, São Paulo, Brasil. 4Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, Colorado, USA.

The biogenetic VOCs emittions and its photochemistry in the Amazon region are responsible for the ozone produced in this region. The budged of the ozone production is important to atmospheric chemistry study. This data is important also to feed computer-modeling systems aiming atmospheric chemistry studies. The measurement of the ozone and particulate aerosols concentrations relative to with height is one of the aims of the atmospheric chemistry study. The scope of this work is to describe the experience done in Balbina, Amazon region, in a wet season, with a tethered balloon carrying on a set of instruments that measure the ozone concentration and the aerosols, fine and gross particulated matter. An electronic device collects the pressure, humidity and temperature data of each flight. The meteorology airborne, such as wind direction and speed, clouds interference and sun incidence, was monitored during each flight to observe the correlation with the data colleted. The data shows a correlation between the aerosols and the heights, aerosols and the cloud interference, ozone concentration and heights, ozone concentrations and cloud interference. The ozone concentration range from 5 to 18 ppb was measured at maximum height. The experiment was done with a Helium tethered balloon driven by a winch. The maximum flight height was 1000 meters. Details of the experiment and analytical procedures are presented in this work as well.

Comparison of Rainwater composition at two sites in Amazonia for dry and wet seasons

Theotonio Pauliquevis 1, Paulo Artaxo 1, Luciene L. Lara 2, Norbert. Miekeley 3, Eduardo T. Fernandes 1. 1 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa R, 187, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil. [email protected], [email protected] 2 Isotopic Ecology Lab - CENA/USP, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenario, 303, CEP 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, [email protected] 3 Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [email protected] .

Rainwater samples from two sites in Amazonia were collected as part of the LBA Experiment. The first site, Rondonia, is located in the western part of Amazonia, and is a heavily disturbed site with significant land use changes. The rainwater sampling was performed from February 1999 to May 1999. The second sampling site, named Balbina is located in Central Amazonia, about 150 Km North of Manaus. In Balbina, rainwater sampling was performed from April 1998 to May 1999, and is a pristine region, relatively free from biomass burning impacts, representative of natural Amazonian conditions. Samples were analyzed by Ion Chromatography for major cations and anions, and for about 50 trace elements by Induced Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

The results show that, even in Central Amazonia, about 2,000 Km from the sea coast, the influence of marine emissions is significant, given the large amounts of Na+ and Cl-. The acidity of the rainwater on each site has different origins: in Rondônia, there is a predominance of mineral acids, such as sulfate and nitrate, in opposition to Balbina, where there is no correlation between mineral acids and H+. Organic acids should dominates the acidity in pristine areas in Amazonia, while in deforested areas, mineral acids dominates rainwater acidity. The pH values of the Balbina site showed higher acidity during the dry season (<pHdry> = 4.75, <pHwet> = 5.50). The deposition rates shows higher values for Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ in the wet season, and for NO3

- - in the dry season. Wet deposition rates for the wet season are higher in Balbina than Rondonia for most of the ionic components, with the exception of NO3

2-.





Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in Amazonia PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Antonio Manzi CPTEC/INPE Oral The long term measurements of energy

and CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture and forest sites in Rondônia

Deborah Clark University of Missouri-St. Louis & Estacion Biologica La Selva

Oral Long-term data indicate a strong negative relation between ecosystem carbon balance and interannual temperatures in a Central American lowland rain forest

Jair Maia Universidade de Brasília

Oral Recuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água e energia em um cerrado sensu strict pós-fogo

Jon Lloyd Max Planck Institut fuer Biogeochemie

Oral Atmospheric boundary layer measurements belie the existence of a strong Amazonian carbon sink

Michael Goulden University of California

Oral Physiological Controls on Tropical Forest CO2 Exchange

Viviana Horna Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry

Oral Carbon Release from Stems and Branches in a Seasonally Flooded Amazon Forest

Alessandro Araujo INPA Poster Long term measurements of carbon dioxide, water and energy combined with the fetch analysis in central Amazonia

Bart Kruijt Alterra Poster Estimation of Amazon night-time CO2 fluxes and flux losses and effects on inferring ecosystem physiology.

Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri

CENA-USP Poster Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63 ha low productivity Amazon pasture

Chris Doughty U. C. Irvine Poster An investigation of the post-noontime decline in photosynthesis in tropical forests

Christopher S. Martens University of North Carolina

Poster FOREST CANOPY-TROPOSPHERE CO2 AND TRACE GAS EXCHANGE RATES IN THE FLONA TAPAJOS, PARA, BRAZIL, DETERMINED BY RADON-222 CANOPY AND SOIL FLUX MEASUREMENTS

Clóvis Lasta Fritzen Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

Poster Photosynthesis light curves of sun and shade plants of transitional tropical forest (cerradão) in Mato Grosso

Eleanor J. Burke University of Arizona

Poster Calibrating the carbon and energy-water exchange processes represented in the BATS2 model for a set of natural forest ecosystems within the Amazon

Evilene Lopes University of New Hampshire

Poster Seasonality of Stem Respiration at the Tapajos National Forest

Gannabathula Prasad INPE Poster Comparison of the fast response instruments at C14 and K34 sites in the Amazon rain forest.

George Vourlitis California State University

Poster The role of seasonal variations in meteorology on the net CO2 exchange of Brazilian Cerradão

Hudson Silva Universidade Federal do Para - Campus de Santarem

Poster Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide in Undisturbed forest at the Flona Tapajos, Brazil

Jean Pierre Ometto University of Utah Poster Oxygen isotope ratio of CO2 in forest and pastures ecosystems in the Amazon Basin

Jonathan Evans Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford

Poster Comparison of an Open-Path Mk3 Hydra Instrument for the Measurement of Surface Carbon Flux with a Closed-Path Eddy Correlation System over Amazonian Rainforest

Juarez Robinson IAG-USP Poster ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEX USING THE GAP FRACTION METHOD: AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'S DEFINITION FOR CANOPIES OF TROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELAND AND SAVANNAH .

Julio Tóta INPE Poster A MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODEL CALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TEST OF AN INTEGRATED MODEL

Lina Mercado Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena-Germany

Poster An attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 and Caixuana eddy covariance data with a big-leaf and sun/shade model

Luitgard Schwendenmann Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, University of Goettingen, Germany

Poster Dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in an old growth neotropical rain forest

Luiz Aragao INPE Poster LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS AT CAXIUANÃ FOREST AND AT BRAGANÇA MANGROVE IN PARÁ STATE

Luiz Eduardo Aragão Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

Poster INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY AND LAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARY PHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC AT TAPAJÓS REGION

Mario Siqueira Duke University Poster Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange from Multilevel Ecophysiological and Turbulent Transport Models: A Symbiotic Approach

Mauro Massao Shiota Hayashi


Poster Using Eddy Covariance and Bowen Ratio Methods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variation in Evapotranspiration of a Transition Tropical Forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr IPAM - Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia

Poster Estimating above ground biomass in Eastern Amazon: a comparison among old-growth, logged and logged & burned forest

PAULO CESAR NUNES INSTITUTO PRO NATURA

Poster COMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATION IN FOREST, PASTURE AND AGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THE SOUTH AMAZON

Paulo Y. Kubota Kubota CPTEC/INPE Poster THE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TO ANALISE THE INFLUENCE OF THE SURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPON OBSERVED FLUX

Pedro Correto Priante Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT

Poster WATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHT INTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAIN FOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OF MATO GROSSO

Philip Harris Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

Poster Modelling fluxes from Amazonian rain forest using a land-surface scheme

Plinio Alvala INPE Poster CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGION UNDER DRY AND FLOOD CONDITIONS

RAFAEL FERREIRA DA COSTA

MPEG Poster THE ROLE OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CARBON BUDGET - BRAGANCA, AMAZONIAN COASTAL REGION.

Ricardo Dallarosa Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia - INPA

Poster Radiation budget over the forest near Manaus, Amazonas - Brazil

Ricardo Sakai State University of New York, Albany

Poster ASSESSING THE CHANGE FROM PASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCAL ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON BALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77 SITE

RILDO MOURA CENTRO DE PREVISÕES DE TEMPO E ESTUDOS CLIMÁTICOS - CPTEC

Poster MODELING INTERCEPTED SOLAR RADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FOREST OF REBIO-JARU-RO AND MANGROVE FOREST -PA)

Sassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Poster Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution of Forest Biomass in Amazon Basin

Scott Miller University of California at Irvine

Poster Tower- and Biometry-based Measurements of Tropical Forest Carbon Balance

Scott Saleska Harvard University Poster Carbon balance and seasonal patterns via eddy covariance measurements in an old-growth Amazon foreest

Sérgio de Paulo Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

Poster A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE SINOP-MT TOWER AND OTHER LBA TOWERS

Tim Baker School of Geography, University of Leeds

Poster Climatic and edaphic control of regional-scale patterns of forest structure in Amazonia

Tomas Domingues University of Utah Poster Ecophysiological characteristics related to gas-exchange in the Amazonian tropical rain forest

Vanusa Pachêco Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPA

Poster Study of the mean wind speed profile above and within the canopy of the forest reserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.


Poster Ecological Classification of Soils and Pristine Premontane Vegetation in the Alto Mayo Valley, Northern Peru

Xiwu Zhan University of California, Los Angeles

Poster An analytical approach for estimating CO2 and heat fluxes over the Amazonian region

The long term measurements of energy and CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture and forest sites in Rondônia

Antonio O. Manzi1, B. Kruijt2, C. von Randow1, J. Elbers2, P. J. Oliveira3, Jorge L.

M. Nogueira1, F. B. Zanchi4,5, R. L. Silva4,5, F. L. Cardoso4, R. G. Aguiar4, M. Waterloo6, P. Kabat2, B. M. Gomes4

1 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, INPE, SP, Brazil 2 Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3 Universidade Federal do Pará, PA, Brazil 4 Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Campus de Ji-Paraná, RO, Brazil 5 Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, USP 6 Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands On the scope of BR/EU LBA Flux Tower Consortium, the turbulent fluxes of

sensible and latent heat, CO2 fluxes and general meteorological variables have been measured continuously in a forest site (Rebio Jaru, 10.08o S, 61.93o W) and in a pasture site (Fazenda Nossa Senhora, 10.75º S; 62.37º W) in state of Rondonia, since February 1999. The technique used to measure the fluxes is the eddy covariance technique. On this work, results from these three-year measurements are presented. Seasonal variations of energy and CO2 fluxes are analyzed at both sites. Due to the higher reflectivity and net long wave loss at pasture than at the forest, the net radiation is 16 – 22 % lower in the pasture, with the larger differences occurring during dry seasons. The partition of this energy in sensible and latent heat is also different in the two vegetation covers and sensitive to the season. Three-month averaged Bowen ratios (ratio between sensible and latent heat fluxes) ranged from 0.21 during wet seasons to 0.28 during dry seasons at forest and from 0.33 (wet season) to 0.81 (dry season) at the pasture. The major differences between CO2 fluxes at the two sites also occur during dry seasons, when the humidity of the top layers of soil is severely reduced. Both the daytime-averaged Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), which is mainly influenced by photosynthesis activity, and nighttime-averaged NEE, which is dominated by respiration, show clear variations between the seasons, especially at the pasture site, being higher (more negative in the case of daytime) at the wet seasons. The daily NEE values, which represent the difference between photosynthesis and respiration, are negative throughout the year, leading to a high annual uptake at both sites. At the forest, the annual uptake ranges from 4 to 6 ton C / ha / year. In the pasture, the preliminary values are similar, however, a recent analysis indicate that fluxes might be underestimated in calm nights at this site. After applying an appropriate filter for underestimation at low turbulence conditions, final values for the pasture site will be presented. At the forest, apparently there is no underestimation of nighttime fluxes in calm nights.

Long-term data indicate a strong negative relation between ecosystem carbon balance and interannual temperatures in a Central American lowland rain forest Deborah A. Clark (U. Missouri-St. Louis), David B. Clark(U. Missouri-St. Louis), Steven F. Oberbauer (Florida International U.), and Hank Loescher (U. Florida) Mailing address (DAC): INTERLINK-341, POB 02-5635, Miami FL 33102, USA E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected] In tropical wet forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, long-term datasets from two on-going studies have linked interannual variation in forest carbon (C) balance to yearly temperature variation. In the TREES Project, a comparative study of ecologically-diverse species, >3,000 trees in 250 ha of old-growth have been measured annually since 1984. In the CARBONO Project, a multi-investigator study of forest C cycling, activities since 1997 include 3 yr of eddy covariance estimation of forest NEE, and annual measurement of all trees (> 10 cm diameter) in 18 0.5-ha edaphically-stratified forest plots. Findings from both studies indicate a strong negative relation between annual temperatures and annual forest C balance. Annual tree growth varied more than 2-fold over the 16-yr period 1984-2000. The annual growth deviations were significantly negatively correlated with annual means for daily minimum temperatures (and were unrelated to annual rainfall or irradiance). Similar trends occur in the CARBONO data. Estimated aboveground biomass increment (EAGBI) strongly varied among years; it was 39% lower in the record–hot 1997/8 El Niño year than in the two cooler years that followed, and this El Niño depression of EAGBI was forest-wide (18 of 18 plots). NEE as estimated from the eddy flux data varied strongly among years, in parallel with the EAGBI data. For the mega-Niño 97/98 year, estimated NEE was close to 0 (-0.4 Mg C ha-1yr-1); in strong contrast, significant uptake was estimated for the two cooler years that followed (-3.7 and -5.5 Mg C ha-1yr-1, respectively). These findings point to significantly depressed forest P:R ratios with small increases in temperature.





Recuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água e energia em um cerrado sensu strict pós-fogo Maia, J.M.F.¹; Paixão, A.D.¹; Santos, A.J.B.¹; Miranda, A.C.¹; Miranda; H.S.¹; Lloyd J. ² 1. Departamento de Ecologia – IB – Universidade de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro. Brasília – DF. CEP: 70.000-000. [email protected] 2. Instituto Max Plank - Alemanha O Cerrado ocupa cerca de 25% do território brasileiro e além de sua rica diversidade teve a sua importância comprovada como sorvedouro de CO2. Entretanto, o uso de queimadas como forma de manejo tem aumentado a freqüência de fogo na região, o que pode, via impactos na vegetação, alterar substancialmente os fluxos de CO2, H2O e energia. Embora a vegetação do Cerrado se comporte como um forte sorvedouro de CO2, no período da seca ela é uma fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera. Todavia, ainda não foi determinada para todas as fisionomias de Cerrado a duração e a quantidade de carbono emitida para a atmosfera durante esse período. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido na Reserva Ecológica do IBGE (Brasília, DF), e teve como objetivo determinara a quantidade de carbono emitida para a atmosfera por uma área de cerado sensu stricto que sofreu queima acidental no final da estação seca de 1999. Foram mensurados fluxos de CO2, H2O e energia através da técnica de “eddy correlation”. Foi observado no ano de 2000 que esta área funcionou como fonte de CO2 durante 64 dias, entre o meio e o final da estação seca, sendo de 65,15 Kg C/ ha a quantidade de carbono emitida para a atmosfera durante o período. Observou-se também que a vegetação voltou a atuar como sorvedouro de CO2 antes mesmo do início da estação chuvosa, 1511,58 Kg C /ha. Para o ano de 2001, observou-se que nos primeiros 75 dias da estação seca a área ainda manteve-se como sorvedouro, acumulando 582,09 kg C /ha. A partir do meio da seca (final de julho, início de agosto) a área passou a funcionar como fonte, liberando 623,22 kg C /ha, durante os 63 dias que vieram do meio até o final da seca. A fitomassa no estrato herbáceo para este ano foi de 2.416,03 g/m² enquanto que o estrato arbóreo apresentou cobertura média flutuando entre 15 % na época de chuva e 11% na época da seca. Tais resultados são semelhantes aos relatados na literatura para campo sujo e cerrado sensu stricto e podem estar associado a relação de dominância entre as populações de plantas herbáceas e lenhosas e/ou entre as plantas C3 e C4.

Atmospheric boundary layer measurements belie the existence of a strong

Amazonian carbon sink

Jon Lloyd, Olaf Kolle, Holger Fritsch, Maria A. F. da Silva Dias, Paulo Artaxo, Antonio

D. Nobre, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Bart Kruijt, Larissa Sogacheva, Axel Thielmann &

Meinrat O. Andreae

Max Planck Institut fuer Biogeochemie

Some high estimates of a tropical forest sink in the Amazon Basin have recently

emerged1,2,3,4. These higher estimates, based on eddy covariance measurements, suggest a

net carbon sink of 40-60 mol C m-2 a-1 which if occurring for all forests across the

Amazon Basin would give rise to a sink of around 0.25 Pmol C a-1; equal to about 50% of

global fossil fuel emissions. Here we use atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) budgetting

techniques5,6,7,8 to show that these eddy covariance measurements almost certainly

overestimate the magnitude of the Amazonian carbon sink at a regional scale. Although

perhaps partly due to unaccounted for losses of carbon from forests in the form of volatile

organic compound (VOC) emissions9 or being caused by nearby rivers being a substantial

source of CO2 to the atmosphere10, failure of the eddy covariance methodology at night

appears mostly responsible. This may be attributable to an in appropriateness of the

underlying assumptions under conditions of stable but intermittent turbulence11,12 and/or

shallow drainage flows of nocturnally released CO2 towards rivers and away from

measurement towers13,14. Our results do not, however exclude, the Amazon Basin and

other tropical rainforest areas being modest sinks for anthropogenically released carbon

dioxide of order 10 mol C m-2 a-1 as has been previously suggested from earlier studies.

15

1. Malhi, Y. et al. Carbon dioxide transfer over a Central Amazonian rain forest. J.

Geophys. Res. 103, 31,593-31,612 (1998).

2. Malhi, Y. & Grace, J. Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Trends Ecol.

Evol. 15, 332-337 (2000).

3. Arajúo, A. C. et al. Dual long-term tower study of carbon dioxide fluxes for a central

Amazonian rainforest: The Manaus LBA site. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press)

4. Carswell, F. et al. Seasonality in CO2 and H2O flux at an eastern Amazonian

rainforest. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press)

5. Raupach, M. R., Denmead, O. T. & Dunin, F. X. Challenges in linking atmospheric

CO2 concentrations at local and regional scales. Aust. J. Bot. 40, 697-716 (1992).

6. Lloyd, J. et al. Vertical profiles, boundary layer budgets and regional flux estimates

for CO2, its13C/12C ratio and for water vapour above a forest/bog mosaic in central

Siberia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 267-284 . (2001).

7. Styles, J. et al. Estimates of regional surface carbon and oxygen isotope

discrimination during photosynthesis from profiles of CO2 concentration and its

isotopic composition in the convective boundary layer. Tellus 51B, (in the press)

8. Laubach, J. & Fritsch, H. Convective boundary layer budgets derived from aircraft

data. Agric. For. Meteorol. (in the press)

9. Kesselmeier, J. et al. Volatile organic compound emissions in relation to plant

carbon fixation and the terrestrial carbon budget. Global Biogeochem. Cycles (in the

press).

10. Richey, J. E., Melack, J. M., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Ballester, V. M. & Hess, L. L..

Outgasing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of

atmopsheric CO2. Nature 416, 617-620 (2002).

11. Mahrt, L. Stratified atmospheric boundary layers. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90, 375

– 396 (1999).

12. Finnigan, J. J., Clements, R., Malhi, Y., Leuning, R. & Cleugh, H. A. A re-

evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques Part I. Averaging and

coordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteor. (in the press).

13. Mahrt, L. et al. Shallow drainage flows. Boundary-Layer Meterol. 243, 243-260

(2001).

14. Grace, J. & Malhi, Y. Carbon dioxide goes with the flow. Nature 416, 594-595.

(2002).

15

Physiological Controls on Tropical Forest CO2 Exchange M.Goulden1, H.da Rocha2, S. Miller1, H.C. Freitas2, M.Menton1, A.M.Figueira3, C.A.de Sousa4, C. Doughty1, J. Elliot1, E. Read1 1University of California, Irvine

2Universidade de S. Paulo

3Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA

4Iniciação Científica CNPq/LBA

Author address: Michael L. Goulden ,Department of Earth System Science University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA Author email: [email protected] We used eddy covariance to measure the net exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and a primary tropical forest in Para, Brazil from June 20, 2000 to July 1, 2001. The mean air temperature and daily temperature range varied little year round, and the rainy season lasted from late December to late June. Daytime maximum CO2 uptake was ~20 µmol m-2 s-1 and nocturnal CO2 efflux was 6 to 7 µmol m-2 s-1. The year-round growing season and high rate of canopy photosynthesis (~25 µmol m-2 s-1) resulted in an annual Gross Primary Production of ~26 tC ha-1 yr-1. Light intensity was the main controller of diel CO2 exchange, explaining 48% of the variance. CO2 uptake increased with an initial slope of 0.045 µmol CO2 µmol PAR-1 before saturating partially at 500 to 1000 µmol PAR m-2 s-1. CO2 uptake at a given light intensity was ~3 µmol m-2 s-1 lower in the afternoon than in the morning, possibly due to stomatal closure. The seasonal pattern of daily carbon balance was the opposite of what we expected, with greater carbon accumulation during the dry season. Nocturnal CO2 efflux was 2.1 µmol m-2 s-1 lower in the dry season than the wet season. The surface litter became quite dry in the dry season, and we believe the seasonal pattern of respiration was a direct effect of reduced forest floor decomposition caused by desiccation. CO2 uptake at a given light intensity was 3.3 µmol m-2 s-1 greater from October to April than from May to September. We believe the seasonal pattern of CO2 uptake was a result of seasonal changes in leaf area or leaf-level photosynthetic capacity, rather than a direct effect of drought stress. The trees at the site were apparently sufficiently deeply rooted to escape drought stress, whereas litter decomposition was curtailed by desiccation, resulting in an increase in daily carbon uptake during the dry season.

Carbon Release from Stems and Branches in a Seasonally Flooded Amazon Forest

Viviana Horna 1,2) and Reiner Zimmermann 1,2) 1) Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, D-07701 Jena Germany 2) Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany

[email protected] Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710

Release of CO2 from woody tree tissue was measured in eight major tree species of a central Amazonian “Varzea” white water inundation forest. Varzea forests are believed to have a high carbon release since net wood productivity is low in spite of favorable nutrient supply and climate. Consecutive daily courses of carbon release were measured starting in March 1999, using stem and branch chambers in an open system with an integrated infrared gas analyzer running in differential mode. Deciduous tree species (Albizia multiflora, Tabebuia barbata, Pseudobombax munguba, Crataeva benthamii, Vitex cymosa) and evergreen tree species (Nectandra amazonum, Laetia corymbulosa, Pouteria glomerata) were compared. The results were analyzed for different flooding conditions of increasing water level (February-April), maximum water level (May-July), decreasing water level (August-October) and under conditions of no flooding (November-January). Trees showed maximum rates of woody tissue CO2 release during early flooding and varied from 2 to 14 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in the lower part of the main stem during the day. These values are higher than those reported in the literature for broad-leaved species. The highest values of carbon release were observed in the main stem of the evergreen Nectandra amazonum. For the remaining seasons daily variation of main stem CO2 release was smaller with a maximum of 4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 between night and midday hours. CO2 release rates in the upper stem were rather constant throughout the year. Branch CO2 release was high during new leaf development indicating a tight relationship with leaf phenology. The up-scaled values of CO2 release from above-ground woody parts per season showed a linear relationship with tree basal area: lowest correlation (r2 =0.53) was found for the season of increasing water level and highest correlation (r2 =0.68) during the season of decreasing water level. Annual stand carbon release from above-ground tree woody biomass was estimated to be 1870 g C ha-1 a-1. This value is 5 to 6 times higher than stand carbon release values reported for other non-flooded neotropical forest (Odum, 1970, Ryan et al. 1994, Meir 1996). The results of this study support the hypothesis of a high respiration in seasonally flooded tropical forests. A close relationship exists between apparent carbon release in branches and tree leaf phenology.


Long term measurements of carbon dioxide, water and energy combined with the fetch analysis in central Amazonia.

Araujo, A. C. de1, Nobre, A. D.1, Kruijt, B.2, Dallarosa, R. G.1, Von Randow, C.3, Manzi, A., Xavier, H. B.1, A. O.3, Dolman, A. J.4, Waterloo, M. J.4, Evans, J. G.5, Gash, J. H.C.5, Hodnett, M. G.5, Pacheco, V. B.1, Kabat, P.2

1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil 2Alterra, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 3Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC, São Paulo, Brazil 4Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 5Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – CEH, Wallingford, United Kingdom

Av. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, Petropólis, Aloj 09, Projeto LBA - ManausFlux, CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3255

E-mail: [email protected]

Studies by Grace et al. (1996) and Malhi et al. (1998) show high rates of net CO2 uptake by Amazon rain forest, suggesting that such forests may represent the “missing” carbon sink that is required to close the Earth's carbon budget. In contrast, atmospheric inversion models and analyses of satellite images suggest that important terrestrial sinks are located in the northern hemisphere (Schulze & Schimel, 2001). Therefore, much uncertainty exists about the real location of the missing carbon sink. Araújo et al. (2002) and Aubinet et al. (2001) revealed variation in carbon uptake rates, distributed over different areas in the same ecosystem. Such differences could be related to the topography, associated with variation in soil water content and the depth to which water is available to plants, leading to contrasting edaphic conditions for the functioning of the vegetation (Chauvel et al., 1987 e Hodnett et al., 1997). Fluxes of CO2, water and energy have been measured by the eddy correlation technique for several years near Manaus. An investigation of the location of sources responsible for the measured fluxes was performed using footprint models in the context of such landscape. Analysis of fetch related to availability of energy has shown that when the wind blows from the northwest and southwest quadrants less radiation is available than in the others, with consequently lower net carbon uptake rates. Also, the respiration rates are higher suggesting that the CO2 respired from the valleys or drained from the plateaus is being captured by the eddy covariance system.

http://us.f95.mail.yahoo.com/ym/[email protected]

Estimation of Amazon night-time CO2 fluxes and flux losses and effects on inferring ecosystem physiology

B. Kruijt1), A. Araújo2), J.A. Elbers1).A.D. Nobre2), C. Von Randow3), P.J. Oliveira3)4),

1) Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands;2) INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil); 3) INPE, Caxioeira Paulista, SP, Brazil; 4) Universidade Federal de Para, PA, Brazil. Several years of CO2 flux data now exist for four flux towers in the Brazilian Amazon, collected within the scope of the international LBA project. These data sets show many similarities in the diurnal and seasonal behaviour of fluxes, as well as in the physiological responses of NEE to radiation, VPD and CO2 concentration. Clear differences exist, however, in seasonality. One overriding aspect of the results is the very high rates of carbon uptake on an annual scale, and these rates are subject to much skepticism. Nevertheless, despite rigorous sensitivity tests we cannot identify the reason for this discrepancy in eddy correlation methodology. It is often found in eddy correlation studies that the system seems to underestimate CO2 emission fluxes during the night, if turbulent mixing is reduced. Even if properly corrected for storage of CO2 inside the canopy, ecosystem exchange in these conditions appears lower than expected from values measured during windy nights. If we apply such analysis to the data collected in some of the Amazon sites, this effect is present to such a large extent, that it could take away the full annual carbon uptake if it were corrected for. For another Amazon forest site, with equally high uptake, the effect is completely absent. We here subject the data to some alternative analysis, shedding a rather different light on Amazon night-time flux losses. For example, if we consider 24-hour totals of NEE, there is only little dependence of these totals on night-time turbulence. Also, there often is a consistent high emission peak during early morning which is NOT compensated for by storage fluxes. We analyse these morning fluxes in more detail by comparing them with the expected light response during these hours, and find that light response is significantly 'stalled' at low light. Also we attempt to interpret respiration, photosynthesis and night-time leakage from a simple combined mass balance-turbulence model. This observation may be used to construct a more realistic method to assess the real total night-time losses. Also, this may be used to correct day-time values to determine real canopy photosynthesis. We will explore this approach and investigate how this affects analysis of canopy physiology through, for example, canopy-scale light response and A-Ci curves.

Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63 ha low productivity Amazon pasture

C.E.P. Cerri a,*, M. Bernoux b, V. Chaplot c, R.L. Victoria a, J. M. Mellilo d, B.J. Feigl a,

M.C.Piccolo a, C.C. Cerri a

aCentro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP.96.

13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil bInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), URO41-SeqC, at CENA cIRD at Ambassade de France, BP06, Ventiane, RPD Laos dThe Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,

USA. *Corresponding author: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de Sao

Paulo, CP.96. Piracicaba, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]; fax: +55 19-3429-

4610.

The present study investigates the spatial variation of soil chemical and physical

properties in a 63 ha pasture area located at Nova Vida Ranch, Rondonia, Brazil. A

regular 25 m grid was used for collecting a total of 2,955 soil samples at the 0 to10, 10 to

20 and 20 to 30 cm layers. Soil samples were analyzed for total carbon and nitrogen, δ

13C and δ 15N, pH in H2O, pH in KCl, clay, silt, and sand contents. Conventional

statistical methods and geostatistics were performed in order to analyze soil properties

spatial dependence. Mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis for all measured

variables were evaluated. All variograms generally were well structured with a relatively

large nugget effect. Total C, total N, pH in H2O, pH in KCl, δ13C and δ15N

semivariograms were best fitted by spherical models, while clay and sand contents were

best fitted by exponential models. Two types of validation (�Jackknife� or cross-

validation and external validation) were conducted, indicating a lack of bias for the used

prediction models. Models were used to interpolate the values at unmeasured locations

using block kriging. Data were overlaid using Geographic Information System (GIS),

generating maps. Within these maps we defined areas containing a degree of

homogeneity, used to selected specific locations to install an experiment of pasture

rehabilitation.

Keywords: spatial variation; physical soil properties; chemical soil properties;

geostatistics; geographical information system.

Abstract Chris Doughty UC Irvine LBA-ecology group CD-04 Conference registration # - CDOU-0502 Email – [email protected] Address – Projeto LBA Componente- ecologia Rua 24 de Outubro, 3707 – Mapiri Santarem – Para – Brasil Cep. 68.040-010 Title - An investigation of the post-noontime decline in photosynthesis in tropical forests Using the eddy covariance technique over a tropical rainforest in Santarem, Brazil, a continuous decline in photosynthesis in the afternoon has been noted even after light differences have been eliminated. This study attempts to understand what causes this post-noontime decline in photosynthesis. Although there are many possibilities, this study focuses on the decline either being caused by water stress of the tree or an internal circadian rhythm. Using the platform tower at site 83 in the Tapajos national forest, leaves of several tree species were continually lit with 1000 micromoles of light and kept at constant temperature and humidity levels for a period of 24 hours as photosynthesis measurements were taken every 20 minutes using a Licor 6400. In addition, water potential measurements using a pressure chamber were taken every 2 hours. These two measurements will determine if photosynthesis changes over the course of a day despite constant conditions and also how water potential changes over the course of a day. If under constant conditions photosynthesis is lowest at night when water potential is also likely to be lowest then this indicates the decline may be due to a circadian rhythm. If however, photosynthesis is highest at night, this indicates that the decline is likely due to water stress in the tree.

FOREST CANOPY-TROPOSPHERE CO2 AND TRACE GAS EXCHANGE RATES IN THE FLONA TAPAJOS, PARA, BRAZIL, DETERMINED BY RADON-222 CANOPY AND SOIL FLUX MEASUREMENTS C.S. Martens1, H.P. Mendlovitz1, T.J. Shay1, M.C. Menton1, J.M.S. Moura1, O.L.L. Moraes2, R.L. Lima1 and P.M. Crill3

1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 3University of New Hampshire Primary author address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3300 USA Email addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

ABSTRACT

Continuous canopy air and soil-air flux measurements of radon-222 have been

combined to quantify canopy air exchange rate coefficients, eddy diffusivities, and CO2 plus trace gas fluxes with the troposphere in old growth and selectively logged forests in the Amazonian terre firme forest and pasture sites near Santarém, Pará, Brazil. The radon canopy air and soil flux measurements, when fully integrated with LBA-ECO tower eddy covariance flux, forest canopy gas inventory and soil gas flux studies led by other teams including Keller et al, (TG-07), Goulden and Rocha (CD-04), and Wofsy et al., (CD-10) can provide quantification of gas production, consumption and net fluxes that is independent of eddy covariance measurements. Arrays of custom designed flow-through radon detectors have been deployed since April, 2000 at 65 meter tower sites at both primary forest (km 67) and selectively logged (km 83) sites in the Tapajos National Forest. A solar powered array has been utilized at the km 77 pasture site to help quantify the development of nocturnal and convective boundary layers in collaboration with Fitzjarrald and Moraes (CD-03). The detectors can accurately resolve 0.01 pCi/l/m radon activity gradients within the forest canopy using 15 minute counting intervals. Canopy and above-canopy air radon activities at up to ten tower elevations at both sites decrease systematically with height above the soil surface and range from over 1.0 pCi/l (0.3 meter elevation) to less than 0.05 pCi/l (64 meter elevation). Diel radon activity variations in the Tapajos forest canopy at both sites are characterized by dual maxima peaking near approximately 0900 and 1730 local time that occur respectively as a result of nocturnal stratification and late afternoon stratification during the early evening transition. Radon inventories within the lower 10m of the forest canopy typically range by over 200 percent over a diel cycle. Soil-air radon fluxes have been determined using portable radon fluxometers capable of repeated thirty-minute flux measurements on soil collars installed around the tower sites. Changes in the canopy air radon inventory combined with radon soil flux measurements have been utilized to determine forest canopy-troposphere exchange rates that are combined with CO2 and other trace gas concentration data to determine their net forest canopy-troposphere fluxes.








Photosynthesis light curves of sun and shade plants of transitional tropical forest (cerradão) in Mato Grosso

Clóvis Lasta Fritzen - UFMS - Campus de Corumbá; DEX - Departamento de Ciências Exatas Av. Rio Branco, N. 1270 Cx. Postal 252 Corumbá – MS CEP: 79304-020 ([email protected]) Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda, José Holanda Campelo Jr., José de Souza Nogueira, Nicolau Priante Filho -Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo de Física e Meio Ambiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MT Brasil. George Louis Vourlitis ([email protected]) Biological Sciences Program- California State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA The photosynthesis light response curves for several sun and shade plants of Quiina pteridophylla and D. exelcia were measured during portions of the wet and dry seasons in the transitional tropical forest of northern Mato Grosso. Although the photosynthesis curves of sun and shade plants show the same qualitative trend, plants growing in full sun had a higher rate of light-saturated photosynthesis (Pmax) than the plants growing in shade. In measurements made during the peak of the dry season (July), Q. pteridohylla plants growing in full sun had a Pmax value of on average of 5 µmol m-2 s-1, while plants growing in shade had a Pmax value of around 4 µmol m-2 s-1. During the wet season (December), Q. pteridohylla plants growing in full sun had a Pmax value of 9 µmol m-2 s-1 while shade plants had a Pmax of 7 µmol m-2 s-1. Similarly, measurements during the wet season of D. exelcia individuals growing in full sun had Pmax values of on average 13 µmol m-2 s-1, while individuals growing in shade had Pmax values of 10 µmol m-2 s-1. During the dry season, however, Pmax values were approximately 40% lower for plants growing in sun and shade, indicating that seasonal declines in precipitation led to corresponding declines in Pmax. Plants growing in sun also exhibited dark respiration rates that were approximately 1.5 times higher than plants growing in shade. These data indicate that spatial variations in sun exposure to plants growing in the sub-canopy of transitional tropical forests have important implications for the maximum rates of leaf photosynthesis, and these differences appear to be consistent over seasonal variations in rainfall. Our data also indicate that the seasonal variation in rainfall also cause substantial variation in the rate of maximum photosynthesis, as there is a significant increase in the photosynthesis for all the plants as the water availability increases.


Calibrating the carbon and energy-water exchange processes represented in the BATS2 model for a set of natural forest ecosystems within the Amazon

Eleanor J. Burke1, Phil Harris3, Antonio D Nobre3, W. James Shuttleworth1,

Luis A. Bastidas1, Celso von Randow4, and L. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves1,4

1Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona,

Tucson, AZ 85721, [email protected]

2INPA, Alameda Cosme Ferreira 1756, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

3Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK

4CPTEC-INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Over the last decade, carbon exchange processes have been introduced into some of the more realistic and important land-surface models used in General Circulation Models (GCMs). In particular, carbon exchange is now calculated (albeit in an appropriately simple way) in the second-generation Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS2). This paper discusses automatic calibration of the description of the carbon and energy-water exchange processes represented in BATS2 using state-of-the-art multi-parameter estimation techniques and long-term measurements of fluxes over several undisturbed Amazon forest sites. Optimization of the parameters in BATS2 was made by simultaneously minimizing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between time series of observed and modeled latent- and sensible-heat fluxes and CO2 exchange. This procedure provides values of preferred sets of the many model parameters used in BATS2 in the different conditions for which extended time series of undisturbed forest data are available through the LBA Experiment. In most cases the optimization algorithm defines preferred parameters that lie comfortably within the predefined range of plausible values, but in some cases the preferred values are close to the edge of this range. The RMSE between modeled and measured fluxes was significantly reduced when the optimized parameters were used over the “default” values of parameters that would otherwise be assigned in BATS for the tropical forest biome. Investigations were carried out as to how preferred sets of model parameters change with site and season. It should be noted that model calibration also (implicitly) provides an extra level of quality control on the LBA data by flagging times when individual data points are inconsistent with the remainder of the data.


Seasonality of Stem Respiration at the Tapajos National Forest

Evilene Lopes1, Patrick Crill1, Michael Keller1,2, Rosenildes Guimaraes3 and Willey Machado4

1Complex System Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA 2USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 3Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA

4Iniciacao cientifica CNPq/LBA

Email addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Stem respiration is one of the four major components of ecosystem respiration in the forest environment. Previous studies in temperate and boreal forest have estimated that stem respiration contributes only 5% of ecosystem respiration. Based on recent estimates of ecosystem respiration from eddy covariance flux measurements and soil respiration from chambers at the Tapajos National Forest (TNF), Para State, Brazil, it appears that soils emit less CO2 than expected. The remaining CO2 emission must be from foliage, live and dead wood respiration. We have been measuring stem respiration manually and discontinuously at the TNF since July 2002 and bi-weekly since November 2001 at two sites at TNF. CO2 is measured using an infrared gas analyzer (LI-6251). Both sites have towers, which continuously measure NEE by eddy covariance and soil respiration by an automatic chamber system. The undisturbed forest site is located near the km 67 of the BR-163 (Cuiaba-Santarem Highway). The logged forest site is located near the km 83 of the same road. At km 83, the forest was selectively logged between August 2001 and January 2002. Stem respiration fluxes varied between 0.11 and 3.95 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, with an average of 1.2 (+ 0.81) µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The fluxes at the logged site increased with increasing precipitation at the beginning of 2002 while the opposite trend was observed at the undisturbed site.






Comparison of the fast response instruments at C14 and K34 sites in the Amazon rain forest.

Gannabathula S.S.D.Prasad1*, A. O. Manzi 2, L.D.A. Sá1, C. von Randow2, A.C.Araujo3,

A.D.Nobre 3

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de

Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil.

2. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista Brazil.

3. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

Abstract Wavelet and Fourier analysis was performed to study and compare the spectral characterstics, the fluxes of the wind velocity (u,v,w components), temperature and humidity concentrations using two different instruments and on two different towers in the Amazon rain forest at Manaus in 2000. The comparison was made of the spectra and fluxes estimated from the Gill (Solent A1012R) and Campbell sonic anemometers, H2O measurements of the LiCor and Krypton instruments for the days, 216 to 248 at the C14 site (02°35’21’’S , 60°06’53’’ W) and for days 252 to 267 at site K34(02°36’33’’S , 60°12’34’’ W). The sampling frequency for Gill is 10.42 Hz while for the Campbell it is 16Hz. In the first stage of the analysis no attempt has been made to reduce to a common sampling frequency. Since the sampling frequencies are not the same the data sets were aligned using the minimum of the temperature. After adjusting for calibrations it was found that there is good agreement in only the w component and the w spectra in both the instruments at both the sites. The temperature measured by the Campell instrument is always higher and the fluctuations smaller than those measured by Gill. The actual differences vary with the time of the day. There are also differences between the water vapour measurements. The Krypton appears to be much more sensitive to small changes in humidity compared to LiCor. At the K34 site, at low wind speeds, there are significant differences in u and v between the Gill and Campbell. We are now examining the differences between the two sites and the instruments after reducing to a common sampling frequency of 2Hz. ___________________ *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

The role of seasonal variations in meteorology on the net CO2 exchange of Brazilian Cerradão

George L. Vourlitis, Nicolau Priante Filho, Mauro M. S. Hayashi, José de S.Nogueira, Fernando T. Caseiro, Fernando Raiter and José Holanda Campelo Jr. California State University The net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of a 28-30 m tall transitional (ecotonal) tropical forest of the Brazilian Amazon was quantified using tower-based eddy covariance. Measurements were made between August 1999 and July 2001 and were used to develop non-linear statistical models to assess daily variations in ecophysiological parameters and provide annual estimates of NEE, gross ecosystem CO2 exchange (GEE), and respiration (Re). Diurnal trends in NEE were correlated with variations in photosynthetic photon flux density (Q), vapor pressure deficit (V), and temperature. Seasonal trends in the CO2 flux components estimated from non-linear regression (Amax and R0) were highly correlated with soil water availability and canopy structural properties (LAI and litter production). These results suggest that variations in soil water content can affect rates of canopy photosynthesis and whole forest respiration by altering both physiological processes and canopy structural properties. Estimates of the annual NEE suggest that the forest was in balance with respect to CO2 during the study period, which in terms of rainfall, was a relatively typical period compared to the 30-year average rainfall regime. Our results also suggest that the warmer and dryer microclimate and decline in LAI that accompany land cover change will cause transitional forests to be sources of CO2 to the atmosphere.

Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide in Undisturbed Forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil

Hudson Silva1, Patrick M. Crill1, Michael Keller1,2, Jadson Dias3, Peter Czepiel1, Michael Palace1, Eraclito Sousa Neto3, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior4

1University of New Hampshire, Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, Durham, N.H., USA 03824-3525; (603)862-0297; Fax (603) 862-0188 2USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 3 Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil 4 EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, Brazil E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] In forests, the respiration of roots and soil dwelling organisms accounts for a large part of ecosystem respiration. We installed an automated chamber system for measurement of the soil-atmosphere flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil in April 2001. This is a mature forest site that is relatively undisturbed. Soils are clay textured oxisols. Mean annual temperature is 25oC and mean annual precipitation is 2000 mm of rain per year. A set of 18 aluminum chambers were installed in a 0.5 ha area close to the flux tower at the km 67 LBA site. Green surface was excluded. Eight of these chambers are closed individually and sampled for approximately 21 minutes about 5 times per day (closed 7% of the day). The other 10 chambers are sampled individually approximately once per day (closed 1.5% of the day). We measured CO2 concentration with an IRGA (Campbell 6262). The IRGA response for zero and span gases was measured at 5 hour intervals. We found that during the late wet season (April – June 2001) CO2 fluxes for the 8 frequently sampled chambers averaged about 3.2 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. Fluxes decreased slowly from the end of the wet season in June through the end of the dry season (November-December) when CO2 flux averaged only about 1.8 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. With the onset of the rain in January 2002, fluxes increased rapidly to approximately 3.0 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1

.









Oxygen isotope ratio of CO2 in forest and pastures ecosystems in the Amazon Basin

Ometto, J.P.H.B.(1)(2), Ehleringer, J.R.(2), Martinelli, L.A.(1), Domingues, T.F.(2), Flanagan, L.(3)

(1)CENA/USP, Brasil (2)University of Utah, USA. (3)University of Lethbridge, Canada The Amazon Basin in South America represents the largest extent of tropical forest in the world, with high species diversity and an estimate forest stock of carbon over 169Mg C ha-1. Forest-to-pasture conversions and logging activities are expected to have an impact on the carbon balance within the Amazonian Basin, resulting in landscapes consisting of primary forest, logged forest, and pasture ecosystems. Stable isotope ratio analyses of atmospheric CO2 provide useful information regarding the balance between photosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon loss in each of these ecosystem types. The oxygen isotope ratio of the CO2 emitted by the biosphere is entirely dependent on the 18O/16O of the water associated to soil and plants within that ecosystem and on relative humidity. Our studies over the past 2 years have shown that there was an enrichment on 18O of leaf water above source water in leaves from all ecosystems, with upper canopy leaves being more 18O enriched than lower canopy leaves. A seasonal shift of 5 to 10 ‰ has been observed between wet and dry seasons, which was not due to a change in the source water but instead to changes in humidity. The leaf water 18O enrichment can be accurately modeled and a permanent record of this labile signal was reflected in the 18O signal of cellulose through the canopy profile. We have not identified a strong difference between the nighttime 18O of respired CO2 between adjacent forests and pasture ecosystems, although daytime values are different between these ecosystem types.

CENA/USP Av. Centenário, 303

Piracicaba, SP, Brasil 13416-970

[email protected]


Comparison of an Open-Path Mk3 Hydra Instrument for the Measurement of Surface Carbon Flux with a Closed-

Path Eddy Correlation System over Amazonian Rainforest

J.G. Evans, D.D. McNeil, A. Carioca de Araujo*, and J.A.Elbers**

Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK

* Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia – INPA, Manaus, Brasil ** Alterra, Green World Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The Mk3 Hydra, a fast response open-path infra-red gas analyser, measuring water vapour and carbon dioxide concentrations, integrated into a Solent three-axis sonic anemometer, was tested over pristine rainforest on the ‘K34’ tower near Manaus, AM. Eddy correlation flux measurements from the Mk3 Hydra were compared to an existing Li6262/R2 closed-path eddy-correlation system. Both systems showed very good energy closure (within 5%), with little difference in the latent & sensible heat fluxes. Most of the CO2 flux data agreed well, but with larger open-path fluxes during peak daytime CO2 uptake. These larger than expected fluxes may in part be due to the open-path calibration being affected by high solar radiation levels. The comparison shows how an open-path instrument can be successfully deployed in Amazonian conditions, with the advantages, compared to a closed path system, of a much simpler, lower maintenance and lower power system.

ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEX USING THE GAP FRACTION METHOD: AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'S DEFINITION FOR CANOPIES OF TROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELAND AND SAVANNAH

Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez and Humberto da Rocha

IAG-USP The Leaf Area Index (LAI) estimated using hemispherical photographs can use the

gap fraction method. We used the CID-110 digital canopy imager under three different canopies of tropical forest (Santarém km 83) and pastureland (Santarém km 77) and a woodland savannah (Cerrado sensu strictu) in São Paulo during May to June 2001. It uses the non-linear estimation method (Norman and Campbell, 1989), which has however appeared to underestimate the observations (destructive mesurements or tipical literature’s values) under heterogeneous canopies. The algorithm varies with the threshold’s selection, which in turn depends on sky’s brightness and the local canopy’s architecture. We introduced on the calculations the entropy crossover method (Sahoo et al. 1997) and an mutually exclusive hypothesis to select the optimal threshold. The optimal threshold is initially based on the minium histogram entropy’s difference, and the final decision to accept/neglect the threshold is taken by the mutually exclusive hypothesis. The clumping factor was assumed as equal to 1. The mutually exclusive hypothesis computes the mean square error (MSE) between the transmitted light fraction (predicted by Norman and Campbell method) and that one absolutely accounted over the image’s pixels. Thresholds associated to values of MSE greater than 1 are disregarded. We have calculated average LAI values equal to 4.7 and 1.1 for the tropical forest (wet season) and the cerrado (early dry season), respectively. At the pasture areas, LAI was estimated at three 1m2 plots on a destructive basis, and the calculated LAI using the above method showed errors lower than 5%.

A MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODEL CALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TEST OF AN INTEGRATED MODEL

Julio Tóta 1, [email protected]

Lianhong Gu 2, [email protected] Jose D. Fuentes 3, [email protected] Gilberto F. Fisch 4, [email protected]

Rildo G. Moura 1, [email protected]

1 Inst. Nac. de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), SJ dos Campos, 122201-970, Brazil 2 Uc Berkeley Biometeorology Lab, DESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, US

3 University of Virginia (UVA), Charlotesville, VA 22903, US 4 Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE), São José dos Campos, 12228-904, Brazil

Abstract

An integrated model of canopy micrometeorology and exchanges of mass and energy was tested for an Amazonian rain forest. In this model, plant canopies are divided vertically into multiple layers. After obtaining profiles of air temperature, water vapor and CO2 partial pressures inside plant canopies using the Localized Near-Field (LNF) theory, canopy-scale fluxes were obtained by integrating these exchanges over the canopy depth. The model was tested against of diurnal measurements of canopy net radiation, sensible heat flux, water vapor flux, CO2 flux, friction velocity, and profiles of air temperature, water vapor partial pressure and CO2 concentration. The NEEs output was decomposed into contributions from different ecosystem elements and analyzed. The results showed that daytime exchanges of energy and mass in this tropical forest were largely controlled by its LAI. However, the degree of dominance varied for sensible heat, water vapor and CO2 from daytime to nighttime. Relative contributions of different ecosystem elements to NEEs of sensible heat and water vapor remained largely unchanged from day to day during the testing period. In contrast, relative contributions of different ecosystem elements to NEE of CO2 fluctuated significantly from day to day in responses to changes in environmental conditions. The role of the understory was most significant for the CO2 exchange and least significant for the sensible heat exchange with the water vapor exchange being intermediate. The soil and stem respiration balanced much of the foliage CO2 absorption during the daytime while during the nighttime they dominated the CO2 exchange.






An attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 and Caixuana eddy covariance data with a big-leaf and sun/shade model Lina Mercado 1*, Jon Lloyd 2, Bart Kruijt 3, Yadvinder Mahli 4 and Antonio Nobre5. 1,2 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena,Germany. Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany *Author for correspondence: [email protected] 2 e-mail : [email protected] 3Alterra, University of Wageningen Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands e-mail : [email protected] 4University of Edinburgh, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, Edinburgh, Scotland e-mail: [email protected] 5 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] Eddy covariance data from the Manaus K34 (1999-2000), K14 (1995-1996) and Caixuana (1999) towers in the Brazilian Amazon have been used in an intent of parameterization of two ecosystem gas exchange models. Those models use the big- leaf (Lloyd et al, 1995) and a sun and shade (De Pury and Farquhar, 1997) approaches for canopy photosynthesis modeling. The main difference between these two models lays in the way they represent the response of canopy photosynthesis to irradiance. The big leaf model assumes that the distribution of photosynthetic capacity is proportional to the profile of absorbed irradiance. In the sun/shade model, the sunlit and shaded fractions of the canopy change during the day making the irradiance absorption and the photosynthetic capacity of both fractions to change as well. However, the goodness of fit with the sun/shade model did not improve very much compared to the big-leaf model using the Manaus K14 data. Parameterization of the models for the Manaus K14 data during 1995-1996 seem to indicate seasonality of the photosynthetic parameters for canopy rubisco activity (Vmax ) and the light-saturated electron transport capacity (Jmax ). Vmax and Jmax present a decrease during the dry season. But it is not clear if this is attributable to changes in leaf area, photosynthetic capacity or both. Calibration of the models against Manaus K34 data has been problematic due to a lot of scatter in the data together with some none yet explainable measurements of very low values of Net ecosystem exchange at high irradiances. Caixuana data fit well to both model types without requiring any seasonality in the photosynthetic parameters observed for the Manaus K14 data. References Lloyd, J., Grace, J., Wong, S.-C., Miranda, A.C., Meir, P., Miranda, H.S., Wright, I.R.C., and MacIntyre, J.A.(1995). A simple calibrated model of Amazon rain forest productivity based on leaf biochemical properties. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1129-1145. De Pury, D.G.G., and Farquhar, G.D.(1997). Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models. Plant, Cell and Environment, 20, 537-557.




Dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in an old growth neotropical rain forest

Luitgard Schwendenmann ([email protected]) 1, Edzo Veldkamp ([email protected]) 1, Anja Becker1, Markus Kleber2

1 Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, University of Goettingen, Germany 2 Institute of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany

Luitgard Schwendenmann Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 2 37077 Goettingen Germany Tel.: ++49-551-3912294 Fax: ++49-551-393310 Dissolved organic matter in soil contributes to the C and N cycles in ecosystems, may influence nutrient availability and is a source of energy for microorganisms. However, little is known about the dynamics and controls of dissolved organic matter in tropical soils. Between April 2000 and April 2001 we have studied DOC and DON dynamics as part of a cross scale analysis on carbon stocks and fluxes in a lowland neotropical rain forest (La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica). The objectives of this study were (i) to measure concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) along vertical profiles of two different soil types, (ii) to determine depthwise changes of DOC composition and (iii) to identify parameters that control DOC concentrations. DOC and DON concentration increased as rainfall passed through the canopy. The highest level of DOC (average: 10 mg C/l) and DON (0.5 mg N/l) was determined under the leaf litter layer. Significantly lower DOC (2 - 3 mg C/l) and DON (0.05 – 0.2 mg N/l) concentrations were measured throughout the soil profile between 20 and 350 cm depth and in stream water. No differences were found between the two soil types studied. DOC composition changed as DOC percolated through the soil profile. Soil water collected under the leaf litter layer contained a high amount of humic substances. However, below 20 cm depth mainly low molecular weight acids were identified. The sorption capacity of both soil types were high (partition coefficient: around 0.9). DOC concentration is influenced by soil-nutrient related parameters (surface layer) and sorption/decomposition processes (subsoil).



LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS AT CAXIUANÃ FOREST AND AT BRAGANÇA MANGROVE IN PARÁ STATE

Luiz Eduardo Aragão1 and Mathew Williams2 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE/DSR), Av. dos Astronautas 1758-12227-

010; São José dos Campos-São Paulo-Brazil 2 Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JU, UK.

[email protected] Leaf area index (LAI) is a major control on land surface exchange rates of energy and carbon. Field measurement of LAI is critical both for parametrizing models for scaling up leaf gas exchange to the canopy level and for use in calibrating remote sensing information on canopy structure. In this study, we characterized LAI in three sites in the primary rain forest of Caxiuanã National Forest, and at a mangrove forest on the coast near Bragança, Pará State. The data collection occurred during a field campaign in November 2001. We collected data with a pair of LAI-2000 canopy analyzers (LI-COR). In Caxiuanã forest, we sampled two 1 ha plots (a Control and a dry-down or ‘Esecaflor’ site) on a 10 m × 10 m grid. We also sampled four 100 m transects at 10 m spacing near the eddy flux tower. We obtained the vertical distribution of LAI for each Caxiuanã forest site by recording LAI at successive levels on canopy access towers. In the mangrove forest, we collected forty samples at 5 m spacing near the eddy flux tower. Results from Caxiuanã showed that mean LAI was similar for Control (5.41) and Esecaflor (5.46). The LAI profile in the Control plot varied linearly from 4.64 at 2 m to 2.57 at 30 m height. There was a similar pattern at the Esecaflor plot, which varied from 4.58 at 2 m to 2.01 at 30 m. The tower site had higher LAI values than the first two plots, with a LAI average of 5.70. The LAI profile at the tower site varied non-linearly, from 5.57 at 2 m to 1.1 at 30 m height. Compared to the rain forest, the mangrove site had low LAI values (2.73), reflecting the lower density of trees, and also the occurrence of tide channels. The two experimental plots at Caxiuanã forest have similar patterns of horizontal and vertical LAI distribution and these patterns seem to be different from tower site. The mangrove forest site had distinctly different characteristics from the rain forest, reflected in low LAI values. With these data, we can now examine how differences in C and energy exchange in mangrove and rain forest, as recorded by eddy covariance, are related to differences in canopy structure.

INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY AND LAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARY PHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC AT TAPAJÓS REGION

Luiz Eduardo Aragão1; Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro1 & Mathew Williams2 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE-DSR), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758-12227-

010; São José dos Campos-SP-Brazil 2University of Edinburgh (IERM), Scotland

[email protected] Amazon region is the focus of the research works related with the global changes. In Brazil, the great contribution for the increase of atmospheric CO2 is the land use changes (70% of total emission). Due to the uncertainties about the productivity of Amazon biome and the consequences of climatic changes and of land use changes in the Amazon forest productivity, this work propose to supply the lack of detail regional analyses for Amazon region. Present abstract is an overview of our project that will explain the way that we will carry the study about primary productivity at Tapajós. We pretend to emphasize methodological aspects to access gross primary photosynthesis (GPP). The general aim of this research is to model the GPP process in a forest ecosystem in Alto Tapajós-PA, to evaluate the effects of the land use changes and of the atmospheric CO2 increase. This approach will consider the spatial and temporal variability of the environmental variables (soils, vegetation, temperature, precipitation, irradiance, etc). A multi-scale methodology using field, meteorological and remote sensing data will be apply to scaling up local to regional GPP at 1km grid with the Aggregate Canopy Model from Williams et al. (1997). We will use a map integration routine to define land units according land use, vegetation, soils and relief patterns to collect field data about leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nitrogen concentration in the dry and wet season. To access land use we will carry an analysis of MODIS image. With field and microclimate data, and remote sensing estimations of land use and irradiance it will be possible to set the parameters for Tapajós environmental conditions. To validate model results we will carry a comparison with eddy flux data and an error analysis. So, we intend to generate results that make possible the quantitative analysis of GPP in the regional scale. We began project activities on May. At the moment, we are digitalizing thematic maps (soil and vegetation) from the region and working to acquire data and build a database about vegetation information. Fieldwork will be carried in August. Previous field data collect at Tapajós showed differences in forest structure between sites in primary forest. Mainly associate with species composition, so characterize also LAI and N pattern from these vegetation type, will be helpful for GPP spatial analysis in that ecosystem. The present studied will contribute to the knowledge of biological processes in the Amazon, and the effects of climate and land use changes. This information will clearly help the elaboration of management plans resulting in the conservation of Amazon forest through sustainable development of North region of Brazil.

Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange from Multilevel Ecophysiological and Turbulent Transport Models: A Symbiotic Approach

Mario Siqueira1,2,*, Antonio C. Brasil Jr.3,4, Chun Ta Lai5, Gabriel Katul1,2

1Nicholas School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. 2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. 3Center for Sustainable Development (CDS), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. 5Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT *Corresponding Author: Mario Siqueira Duke University, 328 LSRC, Box 90328 Durham, NC, 27708 USA Phone: 01-919-613-8068 Fax: 01-919-684-8741 e-mail:[email protected]

Abstract In forested ecosystems, the complex vertical structure of the canopy plays a critical role in CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE). To quantify the contribution of different canopy layers on NEE, multiple approaches are developed and compared. The first approach is based on a one-dimensional ecophysiological-radiative transfer and turbulent transport model (hereafter referred to as forward model) that solve conservation equations for mean scalar mass and heat. It explicitly incorporates biophysical and ecophysiological mechanisms responsible for stomatal opening and carbon assimilation. The forward model is compared with three inverse methods, which rely on mean concentration profiles as input. To assess the performance of the models individually, they were compared to above-canopy eddy-covariance CO2 flux measurements conducted at the Duke Forest AmeriFlux site. This study is the first to rigorously compare such a broad range of multi-level methods for the same stand and for a wide range of environmental conditions. The results show that the forward method outperformed the inverse methods for unstable and neutral conditions. Poor agreement was obtained under stable conditions for all models. However, in ensemble sense, all methods performed comparably. Since the forward method requires detailed knowledge of the canopy ecophysiological and radiative transfer properties, which are difficult to obtain on routine basis, a symbiotic use of these approaches is advantageous. An optimization procedure for the ecophysiological parameters of the forward method using results from inverse calculation to be used in second growth Amazon Forest is proposed.

Using Eddy Covariance and Bowen Ratio Methods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variation in Evapotranspiration of a Transition Tropical Forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil Mauro Massao Shiota Hayashi, Nicolau Priante Filho, José de Souza Nogueira, Marta Cristina Jesus de Albuquerque Nogueira, Fernando Raiter, José Holanda Campelo Junior, Sérgio Roberto de Paulo Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n 78060-900, Cuiabá – MT – BRAZIL. ([email protected]) George Louis Vourlitis ([email protected]) Biological Sciences Program- California State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA The inter-annual variation in evapotranspiration (expressed as latent heat flux, Qe) for a 30m tall tropical transitional (ecotonal) forest was quantified over January until April period using eddy covariance and micrometeorological measurements from 2001 until 2002. The study was conducted near the city of Sinop in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, which is located within the ecotone of tropical wet evergreen rain forest and savanna (cerrado). Because the eddy covariance system failed we installed in 2002 one psychrometer at 41m and one at 36m on the tower and calculate the evapotranspiration by the Bowen ratio method. The majority (60-80%) of net radiation (Q*) was consumed by Qe and the seasonal variations in Qe were not significant during January-April period. The evapotranspiration inter-annual variations were not significant in that period when we compared 2001 and 2002 average data. For 2001 January and February data, the Priestley-Taylor method estimated significantly larger rates of evapotranspiration than the eddy covariance values. For the same months in 2002 the Priestley-Taylor method overestimated the evapotranspiration rates estimated by the Bowen ratio method. Thus, estimates of evapotranspiration derived from the Bowen ratio method followed the eddy covariance results closely. The Bowen ratio methods are relatively cheap and easy, and to ensure continuous data collection and provide an additional check, we feel that it is good suggestion to use both eddy covariance and Bowen ratio methods in tower studies of energy balance in the LBA towers.


Estimating above ground biomass in Eastern Amazon: a comparison among old-growth, logged and logged & burned forest Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr1 Daniel Nepstad 1, 2

1Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia 2 Woods Hole Research Center IPAM - Av. Nazaré, 669, Nazaré, Belém, Pará, Brasil. CEP 66035-170 [email protected] Logging activities and forest fires alter above ground biomass and increase forest flammability. In order to evaluate the impacts of logging and fire on forest biomass, we measured different types of vegetation in 6 different sites: 3 old growth forest sites and 3 other sites with logged and logged & burned forest areas located in Paragominas region, Eastern Brazilian Amazon. Above ground biomass estimations included litter, small (0-2 cm diameter); medium (2-10 cm diameter) and large trees (>=10 cm diameter). The plots size was 0,00016 ha; 0,0012 ha; 0,03 ha and1,2 ha, to litter, small, medium and large trees respectively. Total live biomass ranged from 360-423 Mg C/-1 in old growth forests, from 204-470 Mg C/-1 in logged forests, and from 96-216 Mg C/-1 in logged & burned forest. When comparing the sites with logged and logged & burned areas the total above ground biomass in later decreased from 13 to 61%. As forests in Amazon are being disturbed by human activities this ecosystem is being impoverished, thus resulting in negative ecological and economic impacts to the region and also influencing the global climate system.

COMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATION IN FOREST, PASTURE AND

AGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THE SOUTH AMAZON

Paulo César Nunes1 (Av. 04 de Julho n. 53, Centro – 78340-000 Juruena MT- Brazil; [email protected])

José Holanda Campelo Jr. 2, Nicolau Priante Filho 2, Linda Akiko Yamamura1, Elke Leite Bezerra 3

1. Instituto Pro Natura –IPN 2 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-UFMT 3 Universidade de Varzea Grande -UNIVAG

The aim of this work was to compare the soil respiration of an area of primary forest cover, with an extensive pasture system and an agrosilvopastoral system, in the plane dystrophic dark Argissolo Red soil. We used an infrared gas analyzer (the Environment Gas Monitor, EGM-1/WMA-2: GAS ANALYSERS), attached to a container able to retain 1170 cm3 CO2. The experimental area is located in the Experimental Center of Agroforestry of the Instituto Pró Natura, in the municipality of Juruena, Northwest Mato Grosso - Brazil. The treatments consisted of three areas under different uses: an area of primary forest, a seven years old agrosilvipastoral system and a five years old extensive pasture system. The plots have 10m x 10 m, with 1 m measurement network executed between January 2001 and February 2002. The results showed that in wet season during in the morning, the soil respiration and soil temperature, measured at 1 cm depth, was significant different in three areas, with means 7.9 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 27.2ºC to pasture, 5.4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 26.3 ºC to agrosilvipastoral system and 4.4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 24.8 ºC to jungle. In wet season in the afternoon the soil temperature was significant different for the three places, but the soil respiration showed significant differences only between forest with pasture and forest with agrosilvipastoral. The average during wet season in the afternoon ranged by 5.8 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 30.8 ºC to the pasture, 5.38 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1at 28.5 ºC to the agrosilvipastoral system and 4,13 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 at 25.84 ºC to the forest.


THE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TO ANALISE THE INFLUENCE OF THE SURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPON OBSERVED FLUX

Paulo Y. Kubota1, Antonio Manzi1, C. von Randow1, B. Kruijt2, J. Elbers3. 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciail – INPE 2Alterra, Holanda author : Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40, SP-RJ cep 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brasil e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Around the globe punctual measurements of momentum, energy, water vapor, and CO2 fluxes made by micrometeorological towers have become very common. Since the quantities measured are punctual, they are influenced by the air advection, atmospheric instability and the distribution of their sources and sinks that are related to the surface characteristics as relief, and vegetal cover, which depends on the wind direction. It was used for this study a footprint model parameterized with three-year flux measurements (1999, 2000 and 2001) made at the Biological Reserve of Jaru, in Ji-Parana, Rondonia, on the scope of the Brazil / European Union Tower Consortium of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere in Amazonia (LBA) experiment. The footprint model shows that, for stable conditions, around 78% of the measured fluxes are mostly related to an area around the tower with up to 10 km radius, but with a maximum contribution from about 600 m. For unstable conditions, more than 95 % of measurements are related to the same area, and the maximum contribution radius is around 300 m. The variation in flow direction shows little influence on CO2 fluxes and net radiation. However, the intensity of sensible and latent heat fluxes vary with wind direction, possibly associated with the presence of deforestation areas at the neighborhood of the site and of Machado River, that is less than 1 km west from the tower.

WATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHT INTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAIN FOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OF MATO

GROSSO Pedro Correto Priante1 (Rua dos Eucaliptos, n. 7 Quadra 15, J. das Palmeiras – Cuiabá-MT – Brazil [email protected]), Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda1, Clóvis Lasta Fritzen2, Nicolau Priante Filho1, José de Souza Nogueira1 and George Louis Vourlitis3 1Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; 2Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; 3California State University San Marcos Measurements of the water potential of transitional tropical forest understorey plants were made seasonally to determine the effect of seasonal variations in rainfall on plant-water status. The study was conducted in an intact transitional forest stand located near Sinop, Mato Grosso, and we chose plants that were common to the region, Quiina pteridophylla and Dinizia excelsa, in different conditions of luminosity (plants located in gap and shaded areas). The measurements were made in 2 young and 3 adult individuals per species during the wet season, transition wet-dry season, dry season, and transition dry-wet season. The Q. pteridophylla individuals presented large season variation in water potential. The Q. pteridophylla in the wet season had an average water potential of –0.5MPa, 1.7 MPa in the transition from the wet-dry season, -2.7 MPa in the dry season and, –1.7MPa in the transition between the dry-wet season. Adult trees had an average water potential of –0.9MPa in the wet season;-1.2 MPa during the wet-dry season transition, and a –3.8MPa water potential at the end dry season. The location of plants beneath the canopy (gap vs. shaded areas) had a strong influence on the water potential of D. excelsa and Q. pteridophylla individuals. For example, D. excelsa plants growing in shaded areas had a water potential of -1.1 MPa in the transition wet-dry season while D exelsa individuals growing in gaps had a water potential of –1.5MPa. Following the same tendency, Q. pteridophylla plants growing in shade had an average water potential of –2.1MPa while plants growing in gaps had a water potential of –3.4MPa during the dry season. These data suggest that plant water potential is strongly controlled by seasonal variations in rainfall and the canopy light regime. These spatial and temporal trends have important implications for the seasonal variations in leaf and canopy gas exchange.

MODELLING FLUXES FROM AMAZONIAN RAIN FOREST USING A LAND-SURFACE SCHEME P.P. Harris [[email protected]], C. Huntingford [[email protected]], J.H.C. Gash [[email protected]] [CEH Wallingford, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxon., OX10 8BB, UK.] P.M. Cox [[email protected]] [Met Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berks., UK.] Y. Malhi [[email protected]] [Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.] A.D. Nobre [[email protected]] [Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.] The land-surface scheme (MOSES) currently used in the Met Office/Hadley Centre General Circulation Model (HadCM3) simulates the fluxes of energy, momentum, heat, moisture and carbon dioxide between land and atmosphere for a range of surface types. Until now the ability of MOSES to simulate the fluxes of Amazonian rain forest has not been tested against observations. Using default parameters, MOSES is able to simulate satisfactorily the measurements of long-term evaporation and heat flux from a rain forest site near Manaus, Amazonas. However, the modelled daytime net carbon exchange for this site is approximately 52% of the observed sink. Observed fluxes of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide are used to calibrate the model through photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and soil parameters. The model is able to make an adequate simulation of either the evaporation or net carbon fluxes, but not both simultaneously. It is suggested that this may indicate a problem with way the model relates transpiration to photosynthesis through stomatal conductance. The calibrated model is also tested against an independent set of flux data from a nearby site.

CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGION UNDER DRY AND FLOOD CONDITIONS Plinio Alvalá1, Celso von Randow2,*, Antonio Manzi2, Amaury de Souza3 1 Laboratório de Ozônio, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 2 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (CPTEC/INPE) 3 Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul *Corresponding author: Celso von Randow, CPTEC/INPE, Rod. Pres. Dutra, km 40, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, 12630-000 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Pantanal area, covering a large part of the center-western region of Brazil, is

characterized by a strong seasonality throughout the year, with quite dry periods in the

dry season and frequently flooded areas at the wet season. In May and June 2001, and in

the period from late November 2001 to April 2002, turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide

(CO2) were measured at the micrometeorological tower of IPE project, using the eddy

covariance technique. During the transition period from wet to dry season, the daily

average net ecosystem exchange (NEE) rate ranged from a sink of –1.0 ± 0.5 g

C/m2/day in May to a situation close to the balance in June, with NEE of 0.1 ± 0.9 g

C/m2/day. In the wet season, just before the flooding of the area around the tower,

which happened on December 17, 2001, the daily NEE rate observed was –0.6 ± 1.1 g

C/m2/day (carbon fixation). With a water layer of about 0.5 m height, the surface turned

into a source of carbon, presenting a NEE average rate of +1.1 ± 0.5 g C/m2/day. This

condition lasted about 30 days, resulting on a carbon release of about 300 kg C / m2.

After this period of large emission of carbon dioxide, the daily NEE rates were close to

zero (daily uptake offset by nighttime losses) after some cold front passages when

emissions were lower and the water layer started to reduce. However, still there were

days with large emissions, leading to a release of about 50 kg C / m2 on the next 30

days. The daily NEE rates turn to negative values after that and the surface turns back to

a sink of CO2, as the water layer dries out.


Submitted to: IISCLBA – 2ND SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGE SCALE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA)

MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002. THE ROLE OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CARBON

BUDGET - BRAGANCA, AMAZONIAN COASTAL REGION.

Rafael FERREIRA da COSTA1; R. B. SILVA2; Paulo J. OLIVEIRA3; Y. MALHI3; P. MEIR3; A. C. L. COSTA2; J. M. N. COSTA4; M. L. P. RUIVO1 and V. ANDRADE2. 1MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil. Contact; e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] 2UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil. 3 IERM/UEdin, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. 4UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted near of old small city of Braganca distant about 200 km

east-northeast of Belém, Pará, Brazil (00°51´S, 46°38´W), at the estuary of the Caete river into the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazônia (LBA). The mangrove ecosystem are constituted by a wet forest kind in the coastal region, the major part of the tropical coastline, between latitudes of 30o N and 30o S, is edged by mangroves. The mean height of Braganca’s canopy is about 20m. The tree species predominant in the landscape of mangrove are Rhizophora mangle (red mangue), Avicennia germinans (siriuba) and Laguncularia racemosa (white mangue), some reach around 25m high. The CO2 fluxes measurements were made in an aluminium tower with 30m high, where was installed an eddy covariance system (Edisol software, University of Edinburgh), using a infrared gas analyser LI-6262 (Li-Cor, Nebraska, USA), the sonic anemometer was mounted in a metallic arm with 3m length at the top of tower, in the easterly side minimising flow distortion for the prevailing wind direction. The CO2 fluxes were measured during a period in the beginning of rainy season (2-15 January 2001). The total rain registered was 253.3mm with events in 13 of 14 days. The mean daily cycle of CO2 fluxes were +4.1µmolm-2s-1 at 4 a.m. and –11.4µmol m-2s-1 at 1 p.m. The daily carbon budget reached –0.17 gCm-2day-1 (day 6, with 19.1mm of rain), and –3.13 gCm-

2day-1 in January 7, with 1.9mm of rain. For all the period, the mean of carbon release to the atmosphere was 1.8 gCm-2day-1 (between 7p.m. until 7a.m) and the atmospheric carbon sequestrated (between 8a.m and 6p.m.) was –3.2 gCm-2day-1. If extended for one year, the carbon budget will be –4.9 MgCha-1year-1. For that period, the mangrove ecosystem functioned like a significant atmospheric carbon sink. Key words: Mangrove ecosystem, Carbon budget, Amazônia, Atmosphere.



Radiation Budget over the forest near Manaus, Amazonas – Brazil Dallarosa¹, R.L.G.; Marques Filho¹, A. de O.; Araújo¹, A. C. de; Nobre¹, A. D.;

Pacheco¹, V. B.; Oliveira¹, J. A. D. de ¹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia CEP 69083-000, Manaus/AM–Brasil. Cx Postal 478, CPGC, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT

A study of the radiation budget over the forest of Reserva Biológica do Cuieiras (ZF-2) was carried out, using data from the k34 micrometeorological tower. Further details of this site and the instrumentation used can be obtained in Araújo et al. (2002). The atmospheric cloudiness modulated the behavior of the shortwave and the longwave fluxes near the surface. The longwave descending fluxes (Li) showed to be similar during the day, in both seasons. However, during the night, they showed higher values in the rainy season possibly due to the heating and reemission from the base of the clouds. The longwave ascending fluxes (Lo), showed to be similar in both seasons during the night, but showing higher values during the day, in response to a greater heating of the surface. The seasonal budget showed higher values during the wet season, when a greater amount of cloudiness “trapped” the heat in the lower troposphere. The incoming solar radiation (Si) and the reflected solar radiation (So) were also modulated by the cloudiness, having shown higher values during the dry season. The mean albedo was around 0.13, in both seasons, agreeing with the results of the ABRACOS Project, having shown a greater daily variation in the early morning period.


ASSESSING THE CHANGE FROM PASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCAL ENERGY, WATER AND

CARBON BALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77 SITE

Ricardo K. Sakai (1), D.R. Fitzjarrald (1), O.L.L. Moraes (2), O. C. Acevedo(2), M. Czilowsky (1), R. Silva(2), and R. Staebler(1),

(1) State University of New York at Albany (2) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria

1. Introduction: LBA-ECO Group CD-03 has been measuring heat, water vapor, radiation, and carbon dioxide fluxes at

the km-77 site since Sepetember 2000. On November 14, 2001, this pasture site was burned, plowed, and put into the cultivation of dry land rice. This sequence of events is becoming typical of the region. Observations were made nearly continuously during this drastic change in the surface type. When grass was present, December 2001 to October 2002, the net exchange ecosystem (NEE) is –0.082 mg /(m2 s-1) and increases to –0.052 mg/(m2 s-1) if bare period is considered. We track the initial release of large amounts of CO2 following the burning and cultivation and the eventual return to a strong sink during crop growth. We discuss the impact of changing agricultural practices on net carbon exchange in cleared areas in the Santarém region. 2. Methodology: Site location

The LBA-ECO km-77 site is about 12 years old, and the tower flux coordinates are 3.01190° S and 54.53652° W. At this site the topography presents a gentle slope from West to East. The principal type of vegetation is Brachiara brizanta. Instruments

A 20 m tower was installed to monitor micrometeorological and trace gases measurements. An eddy covariance system was installed at 8.75 m, including a 3D sonic anemometer (SATI/3K), and a CO2/H2O gas analyzer (licor 6262). Wind (CATI/2 - 12.25, 5.73, and 3.12 m), temperature and humidity (Vaysala Humitter, CS500, at 6.09, 4.14, 2.20 m), and CO2 (licor 6262 at 11.81, 5.29, 2.71, and 0.5 m) profiles are also measured. At the 17.76 m tower level, upward and downward solar (Kipp and Zonen, CM11/14) and terrestrial (CG2) radiation is collected. Soil temperatures (Campbell 108 at 0.10, 0.24, 0.50,1.50, and 2.0 m), soil heat flux (Campbell HFT3 at 0.30 m), and soil moisture (Campbell CS615 at 0.30 m) have also been installed. The site has been collecting data since September 2000.

All instruments and data acquisition are powered by a solar panel that can provide, at least, continuous 500 W of power. The sonic anemometers and the IRGAs send a serial stream outputs, analog signals are digitalized by a datalogger (Campbell Sci., model 23x). In real time, a linux based computer synchronizes all serial streams, and process the data as well. Turbulent fluxes are calculated from deviations derived from a 30 minute running mean removal. A 3D wind rotation has been applied to the wind components, as well as the webb correction, and a tube attenuation correction.

Energy Budget: Preliminary estimates of seasonal changes in the diurnal surface energy budget and carbon uptake

are encouraging. In the day there is a good agreement between the eddy correlation system and the net radiation measurements. There is a serious energy imbalance at nighttime. There is too little wind mixing at night to apply the eddy covariance method alone; budgets are completed using the layer accumulation method. Fog forms regularly at this site.

CO2 exchange: Hourly averaged curves for the several periods show that there is only a noticeable CO2 flux from

the eddy correlation system during the wet season at night. During the day, there is a more uptake during the wet season. Since there is no littlenocturnal turbulence, we cannot apply any u* criterion (Goulden et al., 1996). Only 12.5% of the night cases have u* > 0.2 ms-1, where u* is the friction velocity, but we can achieve reasonable estimates but looking at the “storage” term. On many mornings there is a morning “flush” of CO2, a phenomenon previously thought to be more common in forest canopies. 3. Acknowledgements:

This work was entirely supported by NASA as a part of the LBA-ECO program, grant NCC5-283. 4. References: Goulden, M.L., J.W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, B.C. Daube, and S.C. Wofsy, 1996. Measurements of carbon storage by long term eddy correlation. Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Global Change Biology, 2, 169-182.

MODELING INTERCEPTED SOLAR RADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FOREST OF REBIO-JARU-RO AND

MANGROVE FOREST -PA)

Moura1, R. G.; Tota1, J.; Manzi1, A. O.; Gu2, L.

1CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista-SP, Brasil 2Uc Berkeley Biometeorology Lab, DESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, US

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Measurements of solar radiation were made over a terra firme forest, at the Biological Reserve of Jaru-RO, as part of the LBA and over a mangrove area in the City of Bragança-PA, as part of the MADAM project. Data of short wave radiation flux were collected with Kipp & Zonen pyranometers, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) flux, with LICOR quantum sensor, in the top of the towers installed at each site, and in the ground of the forests. In the first site, information regarding the leaf area index (LAI) was also collected, using a digital photographic camera, model CID-110, with fish-eye lens of 8mm. The results show that, on average, the fraction of short wave radiation and PAR fluxes that reach the ground are smaller at the rain forest than at the mangrove. In this work the observations of short wave radiation and PAR at the top of the forests of terra firme and mangrove are used to evaluate the performance of the radiative transfer model proposed initially by Sellers (1985) and modified by Gu (1998). The results of the model showed that he is capable to reproduce the radiation fluxes that reach the ground at both sites reasonably well, when forced with the average values of the incident short wave radiation and PAR observed at the top of the towers.

Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution of Forest Biomass in Amazon

Basin

S. Saatchi1 and R. Houghton2

1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109.

2. Woods Hole Research Center, P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543

Abstract The amount and spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Amazon basin is a major source of uncertainty in estimating the flux of carbon released from land-cover and land-use changes. Direct measurements of above ground biomass are limited to small areas of forest inventory plots, and site-specific allometric regression equations that cannot be readily generalized for the entire basin. Furthermore, there is no spaceborne remote sensing instrument that can measure tropical forest biomass directly. To determine the spatial distribution of forest biomass of the Amazon basin, we introduce a methodology based on a combination of land cover map, remote sensing derived metrics, and more than 500 forest plots distributed over the basin. These metrics are derived from radar backscatter and texture measures, and monthly composite NDVI from optical data that correlate with biomass through other structural attributes such as canopy roughness, homogeneity, percentage of forest cover, and leaf density. These metrics and plot data were included in a bootstrapping approach to derive a multivariate parametric expression to extrapolate the forest plot data over the entire basin at 1 km spatial resolution. The bootstrapping methodology provided a performance accuracy of estimation that increased with forest biomass to a maximum of 70 tons/ha for undisturbed forests of approximately 400 tons/ha. The results are compared with forest biomass maps derived from interpolation of plot data, ecosystem modeling, and RADAM data, and the sources of error, the problems and caveats in the methodology are discussed. The results are also used to sketch a road map for improving the estimation of forest biomass distribution over the basin during the LBA experiment.

Tower- and Biometry-based Measurements of Tropical Forest Carbon Balance Scott D. Miller, Michael L. Goulden, Mary C. Menton Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine Humberto R. da Rocha, Helber C. Freitas, Adelaine Michela Silva e Figueira, Cleilim Albert Dias de Sousa Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao Paulo Corresponding author: Scott D. Miller Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine, CA 92697-3100 [email protected] Voice 949 824-2314 Fax 949 824-3256

We used two independent approaches, micrometeorology and biometry, to determine the Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of a primary forest in Para, Brazil. Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 exchange were made during 93% of the time from July 2000 to July 2001 using both open and closed-path gas analyzers. The annual sum (NEP) was calculated using 12 different combinations of hardware and software to gauge the sensitivity to methodology. The annual sum calculated using the closed-path gas analyzer and 30-minute averaging was –4.0 T C ha-1yr-1, consistent with tower measurements in other Amazonian forests. We directly show that this result is not significantly affected by hardware configurations and flux-calculation methods. This tower-based result is significantly different from three inventories of forest biomass at the site over a 16-year period that indicate the forest has not been accumulating a large amount of carbon (0 ± 1.5 T C ha-1 yr-1). The tower-based measurements indicated nocturnal respiration was underestimated during calm conditions. The annual sum changed by ~4 T C ha-1yr-1, and became consistent with the biometric measurements, when the NEE during periods with u* < 0.2 ms-1 were replaced with observations from more turbulent periods. We conclude that this u* filter provides the best estimate of annual CO2 exchange, resulting in a NEP of +0.1 T C ha-1yr-1, such that the forest neither gained nor lost large amounts of carbon during the study interval. The high Gross Primary Production and calm nights characteristic of tropical forest amplify the uncertainty in tower-based annual sums compared to temperate and boreal forest sites, and hence we attach a confidence interval to the tower-based NEP of –5.2 and +1.2 T C ha-1yr-1. Key words: biosphere-atmosphere exchange, tropical forest, CO2 exchange, Net Ecosystem Production, eddy covariance, LBA

Carbon balance and seasonal patterns via eddy covariance measurements in an old-growth Amazon foreest Scott R. Saleska1, J. William Munger1, Daniel M. Matross1, Bruce C. Daube1, V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff2, Plinio B. de Camargo3, Steven C. Wofsy1 1Harvard University, Earth and Planetary Sciences 20 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 USA [email protected] 2 INPE 3CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SP To assess the role of Amazon forests as a source or a sink for atmospheric CO2, we used ground-based biometry measurements together with whole-system CO2 fluxes (via eddy covariance) to explore the ecological and climatic controls on the carbon balance at an old-growth Amazon forest (Tapajos National Forest, Santarem, Para, Brazil). The initial year (April 2001 – April 2002) of eddy covariance measurements suggest that the forest was a modest source to the atmosphere during this period (net ecosystem exchange, NEE = +0.9 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 to the atmosphere, after correcting for “lost flux” during periods of weak mixing when friction velocity was <0.2 m/sec). The magnitude of this correction was significant (+ 1.6 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) but not as large as at many sites, and even without it the forest would be close to carbon balance, with an NEE of -0.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. The corrected NEE estimate was consistent with the biometry-based estimate of fluxes from aboveground biomass (0.3 to 4.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) during an overlapping two-year period (July 1999 – July 2001). There was marked seasonal variation in NEE that was opposite in phase to what would have been predicted from tree growth rates alone: net ecosystem loss to the atmosphere was observed during the rainy season (January-May), even though wood increment was high during this period; and conversely, net ecosystem uptake was observed in the dry season (August-November) when wood increment was generally low. These patterns appear to be explained by variations in ecosystem respiration losses, which were strongly reduced during the dry season, presumably due to drier soil and litter layer. These results are in contrast to the large uptake and lack of seasonality reported for a site near Manaus, and to the nearly opposite seasonal pattern observed in a southeastern Amazon transitional tropical forest (cerradão) in Mato Grosso, which gained carbon in the rainy season and became carbon-neutral in the dry season.


A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE SINOP-MT TOWER AND

OTHER LBA TOWERS

Sérgio Roberto de Paulo ([email protected]), Nicolau Priante Filho, José de Souza Nogueira, Franklin Anderson de Oliveira Souza, Marcelo Sacardi Biudes e Mauro

Massao Shiota Hayashi Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n 78060-900

George Louis Vourlitis ([email protected]) Biological Sciences Program- California

State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA

Data concerning micrometeorological measurements obtained from towers installed in the Amazon Forest have indicated a mean carbon absorption rate of 1-6 tC ha-1 yr-1. The tower situated in Sinop-MT is an exception. Data from Sinop tower have indicated equilibrium of carbon flux when a whole year period is considered. The explanation for the difference between Sinop tower data and the data from the other towers can possibly be found in the differences of the local ecosystem (the Sinop tower is situated in a transition forest), differences of the methodological procedures employed in Sinop (a different running mean, for example), or both. Here we consider a methodological procedure to study these differences applying it for 6 days Sinop data. This procedure is based on three main analyses of the Sinop tower data that basically is constituted by methodological approaches employed by other LBA research groups in analyzing their data. The three analyses are the following: 1) The application of an “u* filter” on the data in order to find some regularity between the carbon and energy balance closure and the level of turbulence of the air and wind velocity; 2) the recalculation, from the raw data available when all equipment was running well, the micrometeorological variables by employing a 800 s running mean, which is a value normally used by other eddy flux measurement groups; and 3) the application of a Fourier analysis of the data in order to know the diurnal and nocturnal low and high frequency of the variability of the data. The application of the three analyses possibly should improve the knowledge of the researchers of the LBA program on some open questions involved in the theoretical and experimental procedures employed in the towers.


Climatic and edaphic control of regional-scale patterns of forest structure in

Amazonia

Baker, T.R.1,2,a, Phillips, O.L.1, Malhi, Y.M.3, Almeida, S.4, Killeen, T.5, Laurance, W.F.6, Neill,

D.7, Salomão, R.4, Silva, N.8, Silveira, M.9, Vásquez Martínez, R.10, Vieira, I4 & 22 others.

1. Dept of Geography, University of Leeds, UK, 2. Max-Planck-Institut fur Biogeochemie, Postfach

100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany. 3. Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of

Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 4. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brasil, 4. Proyecto

BOLFOR, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 5. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A., and

Conservation International, Washington D.C., U.S.A., 6. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,

Balboa, Republic of Panama, and Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National

Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brasil. 7. Fundacion Jatun Sacha, Quito,

Ecuador, and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A. 8. CIFOR, Tapajos, PA, Brasil,

and EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Belem, PA, Brasil, 9. Universidade Nacional de Brasilia,

Brasilia, DF, Brasil, and Universidade Federal do Acre, AC, Brasil, 10. Proyecto Flora del Perú,

Jardin Botanico de Missouri, Jaen, Cajamarca, Perú.

a. Corresponding author: Dept of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.

[email protected]

Understanding the relationship between forest structure, and climatic and edaphic factors at

large spatial scales is critical for obtaining accurate estimates of tropical forest biomass, and

biomass change. The RAINFOR project brings together researchers that maintain permanent sample

plots across Amazonia, to help monitor long term changes in forest structure and dynamics at large

scales. We have collated data on basal area, stem number and mean tree size from more than 200

hectares of inventoried forest. Here, we analyse the relationships between these variables and

climatic and edaphic data derived from global datasets. Basal area is broadly conserved between 25-

35 m2 ha-1 across the Amazon basin, although it declines in the driest areas. However, stem number

increases, and mean tree size decreases, in the wettest, most aseasonal forests in western Amazonia.

The implications of contrasting structural signatures for the ecology, dynamics and biomass of these

diverse forests are discussed.

Ecophysiological characteristics related to gas-exchange in the Amazonian tropical rain forest Domingues, T.F.1; Larry B. Flanagan2; Luiz A. Martinelli3; Jean P.H.B. Ometto1,3 & James R. Ehleringer1

1 University of Utah - USA 2 University of Lethbridge - Canada 3 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - Universidade de São Paulo - Brazil University of Utah - Dept. of Biology 1400 East 257 South Salt Lake City - Utah 84112-0840 [email protected] Forest-to-pasture conversions and logging activities are expected to have an impact on the carbon balance within the Amazonian Basin. Considerable effort is being made to develop models that accurately describe the carbon-cycle interactions between the Amazonian ecosystems and the atmosphere. As part of the LBA effort, we have measured photosynthetic gas exchange and leaf structural parameters that will be useful in parameterization of carbon-cycle process models at both primary forest and pasture sites in Santarém, Brazil. We have measured functional relationships, including the responses of photosynthesis and respiration to light, CO2 concentration, and relative humidity, in upper and lower canopy leaves of trees and of upper canopy leaves of lianas. These sets of measurements have been made in both wet and dry season conditions. We also measured carbon isotope ratio, nitrogen content, and specific leaf area values as a function of canopy height. When comparing functional relationships among different life forms and canopy height positions, most gas exchange characteristics appear to follow a single functional relationship. The exception to an overall pattern is that upper canopy liana leaves appear to be more water-use efficient than adjacent upper canopy tree leaves. These results suggest a functional separation of the upper canopy, where most of the carbon is gained, into two components that respond differently to short-term and long-term water stresses.

Study of the mean wind speed profile above and within the canopy of the forest reserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.

Vanusa Bezerra Pachêco1, Arí Marques Filho1, Antônio Donato Nobre1, Alessandro Carioca de Araujo1, Bart Kruijt2, Ricardo G. Dallarosa1, Celso von Randow3, Antônio Ocimar Manzi3, Hermes Braga Xavier1, Albertos Johannes Dolman4, Maarten Johannes Waterloo4, Jan Albert Elbers5, John Handescombe C. Gash5, Martin George Hodnett5, Eddy Johannes Moors2, Pavel Kabat2

1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil 2Alterra, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 3Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC, São Paulo, Brazil 4Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

5Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – CEH, Wallingford, United Kingdom

Av. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, Petropólis, Aloj 09, Projeto LBA - ManausFlux, CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3255


The vertical mean wind speed profile was studied utilizing data measured from a 50 m micrometeorological tower in forest reserve Cuieiras – ZF2, km 34 (2o36’32, 67”S, 60o12’33,48”W) some 60 km north of Manaus, in Central Amazonia. The measurements of wind speed were made at four heights (two above the canopy and two within the canopy) using cup anemometers logged at 30 seconds intervals. The data represent the period from June to November 2001. To perform the vertical mean wind speed profile analysis of 30 min averages were used. The mean wind speed profile data obtained during early morning (00:00 to 06:30 local time (LT)), day (07:00 to 17:30 LT) and night (18:00 to 23:30 LT) were compared with the vertical temperature and CO2 concentration profiles. A least squares fitting technique was used to fit polynomial curves to the vertical mean wind speed profile using Matlab-5 computer code. For the mean wind speed profile data the best fit was obtained using third degree polynomial functions. The highest wind speeds occur between 10:00 and 16:00 LT, which corresponds well with the maximum air temperatures, usually between 12:00 and 15:00 LT. CO2 concentrations begin to decrease soon after 08:00 LT and increase soon after 17:30 LT. The period from 10:00 to 16:00 HL, when the maximum values of mean wind speed occur is also the period of major convective activity, caused by atmospheric instability associated with the diurnal solar cycle. The rate of decrease in mean wind below the canopy was shown to be related to the density profile of the foliage.


Ecological Classification of Soils and Pristine Premontane Vegetation in the Alto Mayo Valley, Northern Peru Viviana Horna 1,2), Johannes Dietz 1), Tobias Mette 1), Annett Börner 1,2), Jan Dempewolf 1,3), Reiner Zimmermann 1,2) 1 Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany 2 Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry MPI-BGC, Jena, Germany 3 University of Maryland, U.S.A. [email protected] Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710 Abstract

An ecological classification method for pristine vegetation at the eastern slopes of the North Peruvian Andes has been developed. Emphasis was on forest structure, biomass and soil properties and interrelations with the topographic and geologic situation.

Forest plots for intensive structural measurements and soil description (currently > 200) were taken along

transects and typical catenae in the Río Avisado and upper Río Tioyacu watersheds. Study plots reach from 800 m to > 1600 m a.s.l. and cover different topographic and geologic situations. The stand structural, topographic, and soil parameters which were obtained in the field were analyzed by principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. The vegetation types were characterized by topographic position, soil organic layers, mineral soil, tree size, stand density, life forms, canopy density as well as dead and living biomass. Water use by contrasting vegetation types was analyzed using site climate data and tree sap flow measurements.

The classification resulted in a statistically significant separation of major vegetation types:

(a) Palm forests (Aguajales), (b) Ficus ssp. swamps (Renacales) and (c) alluvial plain forest in seasonally inundated areas of the lower watersheds, (d) Valley forest, (e) hill forest, (f) montane rain forest, and (g) three types of heath forest (Chamizales) in the upper parts of the watersheds. All vegetation types showed significant differences in soil and plant nutrient status, growth patterns, and/or in site climate. Stand structural properties were used for subsequent biomass calculation of all vegetation types. Biomass ranged from 14 ± 6 tons per hectare in open heath forests to 245 ± 147 t ha-1 in montane rain forests.

By overlaying stereoscopic aerial photographs, satellite imagery, a digital elevation model and geologic

information using a geographic information system, a reliable forest type map for the study area was obtained. The classification of the present vegetation of both watersheds provides the basis for an ecological sensitivity analysis of forests and soils and the development and implementation of an environmental monitoring system at the Margen Izquierda (Bosque de Protección) of the Alto Mayo Region.


An analytical approach for estimating CO2 and heat fluxes over the Amazonian region

Xiwu Zhan, Yongkang Xue, and G. James Collatz

University of California, Los Angeles Accurate assessments of the CO2 fluxes between the terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere are pressingly needed for the climate change and carbon cycle studies. The Collatz et al. parameterization of leaf photosynthesis-stomotal conductance has been widely applied in land surface parameterization schemes for simulating the land surface CO2 fluxes. The study in this paper developed an analytical solution approach for the Collatz et al’s parameterization for stable solution and computational efficiency. This analytical approach is then applied to the Simplified Biosphere Model (SSiB), enhancing its capability of simulating land surface CO2 fluxes. The enhanced SSiB model is tested with field observation data sets from two Amazonian field experiments (ABRACOS missions and Manaus Eddy Covariance Study). Simulations of the land surface fluxes of latent heat, sensible heat and soil heat by the enhanced SSiB agree very well with observations with correlation coefficients being larger than 0.80. However, the correlation coefficient for the daily means of CO2 fluxes is only 0.42 for the Manaus data set although the model simulates the diurnal cycle generally well. A day-time “square wave” in the simulated CO2 flux diurnal curves is found. The discrepancies between simulation and observation may be the results of incorrect parameter setup or improper leaf to canopy scaling strategy. To improve the accuracy of land surface CO2 flux modeling, further investigation on the coupled stomatal conductance-photosynthesis model is suggested.

C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and Roots PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Jeffrey Chambers University of

California Oral Respiration from a Tropical Forest

Ecosystem: An Exception to a Constant Respiration/Photosynthesis Ratio?

Roberto Aduan Universidade de Brasília

Oral Effects of land use change and tree coverage decrease in key aspects of the carbon budget of the Brazilian Cerrado savanna

Adam Hirsch Woods Hole Research Center

Poster The Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestation and Re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparing Process-Based and Bookkeeping Approaches

Ana Cristina Segalin de Andrade

INPA / PDBFF Poster The contribution of pioneer tree species to above-ground biomass estimates in continuous and fragmented forests in central Amazonia

Cleber Salimon CENA/USP Poster Autotrophic X Heterotrophic respiration in pastures in Western Amazonia, Acre-Brazil

Edgard Tribuzy ESALQ/INPA Poster Response of photosynthesis to different high levels in the canopy forestry at Central Amazon

Eleneide Sotta Universidade de Goettingen

Poster DROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERN AMAZON – SOIL CO2 DYNAMICS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.

Enir Salazar da Costa University of California

Poster Fine root dynamics from radiocarbon measurements in primary forest, secondary forest, and managed pasture ecosystems

Everaldo Telles Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - Universidade de Sao Paulo

Poster Effect of Soil Texture on Carbon Dynamics and Storage Potential in Tropical Forest Soils of Amazonia.

Flavio Luizao INPA Poster Seasonal changes of leaf litter nutrient concentrations and possible implications on nutrient cycling and plant growth

José de Souza Nogueira


Poster Relationship Between Litter Production and Reflected Photosynthetic Active Radiation by the Canopy of Transitional tropical forest

Karine Cristina Augusti Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA- USP)

Poster Variability of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Pasture Restoration Systems in Rondônia, Brazil.

Leland Pierce University of Michigan

Poster Regrowth Biomass Estimation in the Amazon using JERS/RADARSAT SAR Composites

Liane Guild NASA Ames Research Center

Poster Effects of Interannual Climate Variability in Capoeira and Crops Under Traditional and Alternative Shifting Cultivation

Lívia Vasconcelos Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará

Poster Soil microbial biomass and respiration in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Lucy Hutyra Harvard University Poster Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics in an old-growth Amazonian forest

Marco Sack Max Planck / INPA Poster Tree ring studies to estimate carbon-uptake in Amazonian lowland forests

Maria Carvalho Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" / Universidade de São Paulo

Poster Soil carbon stocks influenced by litter and roots quality on pasture chronosequence in Rondônia

Nicolau Priante Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

Poster Litter decomposition rate estimation by mass balance model in a transitional tropical forest –savanna in Mato Grosso - Brazil

Paulo Moutinho WHRC Poster Drought effects on net primary productivity and its allocation in an east-central Amazon forest: results from a throughfall exclusion experiment.

Percy Summers INPA Poster Coarse wood debris deposition, decomposition, and nutrient cycling in a selectively logged forest in central Amazonia

Rafael Rosolem IAG-USP Poster VARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION OVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH (CERRADO) AND SUGAR CANE IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL.

Regina Luizao INPA Poster Soil properties and carbon sequestration along a toposequence in central Amazonia forest

Samuel Almeida Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

Poster Fine litter fall and standing tree component contribution to the nutrient cycling in an amazonian rain forest, Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil.

Sandra Patino Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt

Poster A comparison of the relationships between leaf area index, Huber value and above-ground biomass within Amazonian forests.

Simone Pereira Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

Poster LATERAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TERRA FIRME SOILS, ESECAFLOR EXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁ STATE)

Simone Vieira CENA/USP Poster Where are the oldest of the forest? Radiocarbon use to determine the age and growth rate of trees from the Brazilian Amazonian Forest

Tibisay Perez University of California

Poster Isotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dry season forest soils - implications for seasonal production of N2O


Poster Tree Growth History, Stand Structure, and Biomass of Premontane Forest Types at the Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, Northern Peru

Respiration from a Tropical Forest Ecosystem: An Exception to a

Constant Respiration/Photosynthesis Ratio? Jeffrey Q. Chambers1,2, ([email protected]), Edgard S. Tribuzy2, Ligia Toledo2,

Bianca Crispim2, Niro Higuchi2, Joaquim dos Santos2, Antonio D. Nobre2, Yadviner

Malhi3, Susan E. Trumbore1 1University of California, Earth System Sciences, Irvine CA 92697-3100, USA

2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 3University of Edinburgh

To understand how tropical forest carbon balance will respond to global changes will

require knowledge of individual heterotrophic and autotrophic respiratory sources, along

with environmental factors that control variability. We measured leaf (Rleaf), live wood

(Rwood), and soil (Rsoil) respiration and additional environmental factors over a one-year

period in a Central Amazon forest. Seasonal variability was evident in Rwood and Rsoil,

and diurnal variability was demonstrated for Rleaf. Rwood was positively correlated with

tree diameter and growth rate, Rleaf was positively correlated with leaf temperature, and

Rsoil was curvilinearly correlated with soil water content. An ecosystem flux for Rleaf and

Rwood was estimated by calculating a leaf area index (LAI) and stem area index (SAI)

using allometric relationships derived from tree harvest data and published models.

Combining these estimates with literature values for missing fluxes gave an average

ecosystem respiratory flux (Reco) of 8.5 µmol m-2 s-1. This estimate was compared with

the above-canopy flux (Fac) derived from eddy covariance data. Multiple regression and

ANOVA demonstrated that about 70% of the variability in Fac was accounted for by

friction velocity (u*) variables and the above-canopy CO2 concentration. Defined

sustained high turbulence (SHT) conditions that may permit Fac to approximate Reco were

rare, accounting for only 3.3% of nighttime hours. Fac during SHT conditions was 6.5

µmol m-2 s-1, with a large 95% CI of 2.9-13.4. Using published leaf and wood production

estimates, we estimated a carbon use efficiency (CUEag) of 0.28. Our CUE estimate

indicates a Ra to gross photosynthesis (Ra/Pg) ratio of 0.72, which is considerably higher

than the relative constant ratio of about 0.50 found for temperature forests. It appears

that Central Amazon forests have a high capacity for capturing atmospheric carbon, but

only a small fraction of that carbon becomes incorporated into new tissues.

mailto:*[email protected]

Effects of land use change and tree coverage decrease in key aspects of the carbon

budget of the Brazilian Cerrado savanna.

Authors: Roberto E. Aduan*; Carlos A. Klink*,& Eric A. Davidson** Adress: Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Ecologia; Campus Universitário, ICC,

Ala Sul; Brasília, DF; Cep: 70910-900 e-mail: [email protected]

* Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Ecologia; ** Woods Hole Research Center The aim of this study is to evaluate differences in ecosystem carbon budgets among Cerrado vegetation with abundant trees, Cerrado vegetation dominated by native grasses, and formerly Cerrado areas converted to pasture. The work is being conducted in two Cerrado areas (with contrasting tree densities), in the Reserva Ecologica do Roncador (RECOR-IBGE) and in one area converted to pasture, in the Centro de Pesquisas Agropecuarias do Cerrado (CPAC-EMBRAPA), both located near Brasilia. We monitored key processes related to the carbon dynamics: soil respiration (using the dynamic chamber IRGA technique), litterfall (litterfall collectors) and decomposition (litter decomposition bags). In the woody area, soil respiration rates were similar to other tropical savannas(0.7-0.22gC m-2 h-1). The area with lower tree density had similar soil respiration, but with sharper seasonal variation (0.6-0.25gC m-2 h-1), lower litterfall (1,5x106gC ha-1 yr-1versus 3.0x106gC ha-1 yr-1 in the woody plot) and lower decomposition rates. The planted pasture showed higher soil respiration fluxes, with more intense seasonal variation compared to the Cerrado plots. The peak of soil respiration activity in the pasture occurred in the beginning of the rainy season, while in the Cerrado areas the peak occurred in the end of this season. The decrease of the arboreal component seems to decrease the carbon cycling in this ecosystem, while the conversion to pasture seems to accelerate the carbon cycling, switching to a less conservative and more seasonably variable ecosystem.

The Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestation and Re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparing Process-Based and Bookkeeping Approaches

Authors: Adam Hirscha*, William S. Littleb, and Richard A. Houghtona aThe Woods Hole Research Center, P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA bThe Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA *Corresponding Author. Email: [email protected] Abstract: Recent work (Houghton et al., Nature 2000) suggests that the net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from deforestation and forest re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon averaged approximately 0.2 Pg C (1 Pg = 1 billion metric tons) per year from 1989-1998. That study assumed a linear biomass accumulation for forests growing on abandoned agricultural land and a constant ratio of agricultural area abandoned to primary forest area cleared each year. We test the impact of these assumptions on the land-use carbon flux by changing the model used in the Houghton et al. (2000) study in two ways. First, we predict mature forest biomass and re-growth rates across the Brazilian Amazon using a process-based ecosystem model that is driven by observed radiation, climate, and soil characteristics. Second, we calculate rates of agricultural abandonment and re-clearing of secondary forest from temporal changes in land-cover derived from satellite data. For the 1990s, the process-based model yields slower re-growth rates than the Houghton et al. (2000) study, but a much larger area of re-growing forest. The net impact of these changes is to lower the predicted net source of carbon due to deforestation and re-growth during the period 1989-1998 from 0.2 Pg C per year to 0.15 Pg C per year.

The contribution of pioneer tree species to above-ground biomass estimates in continuous and fragmented forests in central Amazonia

Ana Cristina S. de Andrade1, Sammya A. D’Angelo1; Susan Laurance1,2; William Laurance2

and Rita Mesquita1

1Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil – [email protected] 2Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panamá

The floristic composition of rainforests will affect estimates of total above-ground biomass, as

trees differ in stature, architecture and wood density. In this study, we used three different

allometric equations to assess the effect of floristic composition on estimates of above-ground

biomass in interior and edge plots. Of the 55 plots (1ha) examined, 28 were located near edge

(less than 300m from the nearest forest edge) and 27 in interior forest (further than 300m from

the edge), all trees (DBH>10cm) were sampled. We determined the biomass of trees using three

separate allometrics equations: (1) primary forest species; (2) pioneer genera Bellucia, Croton,

Goupia, Laetia, Pourouma, Trema and Vismia.; (3) the genus Cecropia.

Using equation 1, biomass estimates for all plots was 18,290.6ton., however when genera

specific equations were included total biomass was only 18,128.5ton. The estimates differed by

0.9% and were significant (t=5,817; df=54; p<0,001). Allometric equations for primary

rainforest species (equation 1) significantly overestimated the biomass of pioneer species (listed

in equation 2) by 25% (t=11,986; df=941; p<0,001), and for Cecropia sp. (3) by 61% (t=17,275;

df=417; p<0,001). Biomass values did not differ significantly between edge (321.8ton/ha +

37.9) and interior (337.2ton/ha + 32.7) plots. Although pioneer species represent only 3.9%

(1360) of all individuals in this study, we were able to demonstrate that by not considering their

lower above-ground biomass, total biomass estimates will be significantly inflated.


Autotrophic X heterotrophic respiration in Western Amazonia, Acre-Brazil

CI Salimon; JW Pereira; Victoria, RL; EA Davidson; AWF Melo; IF Brown Conversion of forest to cattle pastures and subsequent abandonment of those pastures is occurring throughout the Amazon Basin, and although there is a lot of research on the consequences that come from this land cover change, there are still many questions to be answered about biogeochemical processes associated with them. In this study we try to determine the effects of land-use change on soil respiration in pastures, secondary forests and mature forests near Rio Branco, Acre. Data analyses from June/99 to July/00 shows that the greatest CO2 fluxes are observed in pastures and not in mature forests. In search of a better understanding of these results, we sampled soils for carbon stocks down to 60cm depth and conducted some respirometry essays, and also sampled CO2 for determination of its δ13C value, by using keeling plots. Carbon stocks are higher in pastures than in mature and secondary forests. Heterotrophic respiration is lower or equal in pasture compared to primary and secondary forests, showing that autotrophic respiration is probably the main cause of higher fluxes in pastures. δ13C of heterotrophic respired CO2 in pasture was -15‰. Since δ13C from pasture soil is -21‰, microorganisms in the pasture soil are feeding basically on carbon from grasses and not from remaining forest carbon.

Response of photosynthesis to different high levels in the canopy forestry at Central Amazon Edgard S. Tribuzy 1,3, Niro Higuchi, Joaquim dos Santos, Alberto C. M. Pinto, Erika V. de Miranda, Roseana P. da Silva, Rosana de M. Rocha, Bianca C. Felix 1; Susan E. Trumbore, Jeffrey Q. Chambers 2; Plinio B. de Camargo 3. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].

1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia /Brasil, 2University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3100 USA, 3CENA, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brasil Our goal in this work was identify photosynthesis patterns at canopy of rain tropical forestry. The activities was developed at two sites at Central Amazon, the first one was at Experimental Station of Rain Tropical Forestry of INPA (ZF2), at 50 km north of Manaus, the other one is 67 km south of Santarem. Infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), model Li-cor 6400, quantified the photosynthesis. The photosynthesis potential maxim (Amax) was higher in wet season as dry season and we find correlation between height levels of canopy and Amax with r2=0.94, P<3,766E-23 and a equation y=0.094x-0.183.












Submitted to: II_ISC_LBA – 2ND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGE SCALE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA),

MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002. DROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERN AMAZON – SOIL CO2 DYNAMICS IN

CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.

Eleneide Doff SOTTA1; Edzo VELDKAMP1; M. L. P. RUIVO2. 1IBW/University of Goettingen, Germany Contact; e-mail: [email protected] 2MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

Temperature and precipitation variations coupled with increases in atmospheric

CO2 concentration may affect terrestrial carbon storage. Forest soils may release of ~1,4

Pg of carbon in the first year after 0,5° C temperature increase, with most of the response

occurring in the tropics1. Low rainfall reduces soil microbial and root activity and may

result in unknown feedback mechanisms in the soil carbon dynamics. The Eastern

Amazon is susceptible to seasonal drought and the El Niño events can make seasonal

drought effects severe. To advance understanding of forest soil response to low rainfall

we are simulating a drought by excluding rain from the soil of an Eastern Amazon forest,

Caxiuanã.

Our objective was to find out how soil respiration will be affected by climate

change? Is there a critical value at which small changes in soil moisture strongly affect

soil respiration?

The preliminary data on soil respiration did not show any difference between

control (4.4 ± 0.2 µmol CO2. m-2.s-1, n=10) and treatment plot (4.2 ± 0.2 µmol CO2. m-2.s-

1, n=10) after two months of water exclusion. No significant difference was measured for

soil temperature in control (21.8 ± 0.3 °C) and treatment (21.2 ± 0.3 °C). However soil

moisture had a significant difference, 0.20 ± 0.04 m3.m-3 (n=10) for the control and 0.08

± 0.02 (n=10) for the treatment.

We will report the first six months of soil respiration of the drought experiment.


1 Trumbore et al., 1996

Fine root dynamics from radiocarbon measurements in primary forest, secondary forest, and managed pasture ecosystems. Enir Salazar da Costa, Susan Trumbore, Plinio Camargo, Daniel Nepstad, Daniel Markewitz We used radiocarbon to estimate the age of carbon in live fine roots in several Amazonian land cover types, including primary and secondary forests, and managed pasture. The radiocarbon signatures of fine (<2mm diameter) roots in primary forests are consistent with an average elapsed time of 5-17 years since the fixation of C making up root structural tissues from the atmosphere. These values are similar to those found previously in temperate forests. We found large spatial variation of ∆14C values in fine root samples, but no consistent patterns of ∆14C with root size or the depth from which roots were sampled in primary forests. Secondary forest fine roots had ∆14C values similar to those found in primary forest (equivalent to 3-10 years since original fixation of C from the atmosphere), while roots in the managed pasture were made from C fixed from the atmosphere ≤1 year before.

There are two potential explanations for the high ∆14C values we observe in forest fine roots: (1) the roots live for many years, and (2) roots are constructed from carbon that is already high in ∆14C. Observations of root growth and mortality suggest that the mean age of live roots is <5 (and in many cases <2) years. We tested these hypotheses by placing root screens in the soils and measuring ∆14C of fine roots observed to grow through the screens in the following year. Preliminary results suggest that the carbon allocated to growth of root structural tissue was fixed from the atmosphere on average ~3 years previously. Further investigation is underway to see if we obtain the same results in soils with sand (as opposed to clay) parent material, and in secondary forest and managed pastures. These results, together with observations of 2-4 year mean ages of C in surface leaf litter, help explain high ∆14C values (10-40‰ greater than the ∆14C of atmospheric CO2, the value expected for recent phosynthetic products) observed in the soil atmosphere and in the surface CO2 emission from primary forest floors. The overall implication is that the mean age of carbon respired from soils in forested ecosystems is several years, with much of the time lag occurring between photosynthesis and respiration/decomposition occurring in the living plant.

Effect of Soil Texture on Carbon Dynamics and Storage Potential in Tropical Forest Soils of Amazonia. Everaldo de C. C. Telles, Plinio B. de Camargo e Luis A. Martinelli1; Susan E. Trumbore e Enir S. Costa 2 ; Joaquim dos Santos e Niro Higuchi 3 , Raimundo Cosme Oliveira Junior e Elder Campos4. [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected], [email protected] 1CENA, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP 13416-000 – Brazil; 2University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3100 USA ; 3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia /Brasil; 4 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental/Brazil. We investigated the role of soil clay content in the storage and dynamics of soil carbon at primary tropical forest sites spanning a range of soil texture by combining stable and radiocarbon isotope measurements of bulk and fractionated soil organic matter. Clay content is a major control of the amount of refractory carbon in soils and therefore strongly influences the storage and dynamics of carbon in tropical forest soils. Soils in primary tropical forest have been proposed as a potentially large sink for carbon at a site near Manaus, in the central Amazon. Comparison of carbon contents of Oxisols sampled near Manaus, Brazil, over the past 20 years shows no measurable change in organic carbon stocks with time. Simple models estimating the response of soil carbon pools to a 25% increase in productivity indicate that storage rates in soils averaging 0.4 to 0.7 MgC ha-1 yr-1 in soil organic matter and 0.3 to 0.4 MgC ha-1 yr-1 in litter and roots are possible in the first decade following the increase. Export of carbon in dissolved form from terra firme soils can account for <0.1 MgC ha-1 yr-1, but more work is required to assess the export potential for Spodosols.











SEASONAL CHANGES IN LEAF LITTER NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS, AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PLANT GROWTH Flávio J. Luizão, Heraldo Vasconcelos, Claudio Yano E-mail: [email protected] Several studies in central Amazonia have shown litter production to be seasonal, with higher litterfall during the dry season, when decomposition is slower. That leads to a temporary accumulation and growth of the litter layer on forest floor. However, it is not known the behavior of behavior of mineral nutrients in litter along the year. The present study aim to assess if litter concentrations change considerably between seasons, and to suggest possible implications of such changes. Two set of data from central Amazonia were used: (1) a 1-year series, gathered in 1999-2000 at ZF-3 INPA-Smithsonian Institute Reserves; and (2) a 3-year data set from ZF-2 INPA Reserve, collected from 1979 to 1982. Nutrient concentrations were determined monthly for the ZF-2 samples and each 2-3 months for the ZF-3 samples. Concentrations of most nutrients were higher in the dry season than in the wet season. For the 3-years period (1979-82), concentrations of dry season were: N=19-22 g kg-1; P=0.36 g kg-1; K=1.5-2.0 g kg-1; Ca=3.8-4.9 g kg-1; S=2.1-2.3 g kg-1; Na=1105-1619 mg kg-1; B=44-64 mg kg-1. In the wet season, these concentrations were: N= 14-16 g kg-1; P=0.28 g kg-1; S=1.1 g kg-1; K=0.9-1.5 g kg-1; Ca=3.2-3.4 g kg-1; Na=922-943 mg kg-1; B= 28-37 g kg-1. Within the same season, nutrients wich are more leachable, such as K and, especially, Na had their lowest concentrations in the first months (December-Febrruary) of the wet season. Thus, higher nutrient concentrations coincided with higher litter production, and the opposite was also true. The lower concentrations in the wet season is likely a result of stronger leaching by rain water percolating forest canopy (internal precipitation) and washing mature, pre-senescent leaves. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be a result of strong nutrient retranslocation from mature leaves, which would allow a subsequent nutrient allocation to the young leaves, woody parts, or in the root system of the trees. That would imply in either crown, root or trunk growth, or all of them, during the wet season.


Relationship Between Litter Production and Reflected Photosynthetic Active Radiation by the Canopy of Transitional tropical forest Jose de Souza Nogueira, Fernando Raiter ([email protected]); Nicolau Priante Filho; Wander Hoeger; Mauro Massao Shiota Hayashi; José Holanda Campelo Jr.; George Sanches Suli Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo de Física e Meio Ambiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MT Brasil. George Louis Vourlitis ([email protected]) Biological Sciences Program- California State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA In the present work we studied the litter production in a forest of transition in Sinop-MT - BRAZIL and its relationship to the ratio of the photosynthetic active radiation reflected (PARr) and incident (PARi) on the canopy. In this region of ecotone tropical rain forest-savanna, a 40m tall tower equipped with micrometeorological and eddy covariance measurement systems have been running since August 1999. The annual average precipitation of the region is of 2000 mm, with a dry season between June and September and a rainy season between December the February. The measurement of litterfall was made using 20-1 m2 collectors installed in a parcel 1 ha located near of the tower. The litter of each one of these collectors was collected monthly, separated into leaves, twigs, flowers and fruits, dried in oven to 70ºC for 72h, and weighed. The micrometeorological data are sampled every 60 s and stored as 30 minute averages in memory modules. The annual average litterfall was of 1340g.m-2 year-1 and the minimum production of litter occurred in the February month (44g m-2 month-1). The ratio of PARr/PARi followed the trend in litter production closely during the wet season but not during the dry season. Although unknown, the divergence between the ratio of incident and reflected PAR and litterfall may be due to seasonal differences in canopy structure and reflective properties. This result can be important for future studies in the area of remote sensing relating measured micrometeorological of towers with space characteristics of the structure of the canopy.

Variability of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Pasture Restoration Systems in Rondônia, Brazil.

Karine Cristina Augusti 1, Marisa de Cássia Piccolo 1, Brigitte Josefine Feigl 1, Carlos Clemente Cerri 1, Christopher Neill 2, Jerry Michael Melillo 2, Paul Andrew Steudler 2, Diana

Garcia Montiel 2

1 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303, cep:13416.000, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: (19) 34294750, Fax:19 34294610, E-mail: [email protected]; 2

The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

Pastures make up the principal use of cleared land in the Brazilian Amazon. Observations show that in the long run after they are formed, pastures generally begin a process of degradation characterized by a decline in grass productivity and an increase in the cover of weeds. Soil microbial biomass is the living component of soil organic matter and plays an important role in decomposition and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in soil. Our objectives were to quantify the microbial biomass carbon (C) variation, as a function of time in pastures subjected to different restoration treatments (1- Control; 2- Plowing + fertilizer; 3- Herbicide; 4- Herbicide followed by planting soybean under no-tillage + fertilizer, and 5- Herbicide followed by planting rice under no-tillage + fertilizer). Soil sampling (0-5 and 5-10 cm depths) for microbial biomass C accompanied each management procedure in each treatment: application of herbicide, fertilizer, and plowing). Microbial biomass C was estimated by fumigation-extraction. Soil microbial biomass C decreased after a second plowing in the plowing + fertilizer treatment. But increased in the long run after the planting of Brachiaria brizantha. Microbial biomass C increased after fertilizing and planting in the soybean and rice treatments. Soil microbial biomass C decreased three days after the herbicide application in the herbicide treatment, but then recovered.

Regrowth Biomass Estimation in the Amazon using JERS/RADARSAT SAR Composites

Leland Pierce, Pan Liang, M. Craig Dobson

Radiation Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122

Phone: (734) 763-3157, FAX: (734) 647-2106


Abstract

Synthetic Aperture Radar is known to have a response that is directly related to the amount of living material that it interacts with. It is this property that our research seeks to exploit in order to better understand Carbon Dynamics in the Amazon. Complicating factors include a dependency on vegetation moisture, vegetation species, and vegetation density. Geometry, due to species diversity, causes subtle differences that can be exploited for monocultures, but in the case of the Amazon is a source of noise. The vegetation density causes the radar response to saturate such that vegetation that is more dense than some threshhold is indistinguishable from each other. What this means for this study is that the undisturbed forest will likely fall in this saturated region, and hence radar cannot be used to assess the biomass of those regions, beyond classifying it as large. However, the areas of regrowth are likely to have a low enough biomass during the first 10 years of regrowth to be accurately assessed using radar. It is in this area where we expect our study to be useful.

Our efforts involve obtaining appropriate pairs of radar images from several sites and for both seasons. These data are then orthorectified using a map and elevation data of the area. Once orthorectified, the data overlay one another sufficiently accurately to allow accurate calibration and incidence angle correction. Without these corrections the terrain effects would make our analysis too noisy and inaccurate to be useful. The seasonality of the data is used to deal with the moisture sensitivity of the data, and the different frequency data is used to help classify the data into several classes for use in class-specific biomass estimates.

We have chosen the following sites in Brazil for our study: Manaus, Rio Branco, Tapajos, Rondonia. In order to classify, as a first step to biomass estimation, we use the JERS (L-band) and RADARSAT (C-band) data at the 2 different seasons to create a 4-channel

composite. We can also use several texture measures (lacunarity, entropy, etc..) to further increase the number of channels. This data is then classified into the following classes: water, bare soil, short vegetation, regrowth, and trees. We report on the accuracy of both our classification and biomass estimation efforts.

Effects of Interannual Climate Variability in Capoeira and Crops Under Traditional and Alternative Shifting Cultivation

Liane S. Guild1, Tatiana D. A. Sá2, Claudio J. R. Carvalho2, Christopher S. Potter1, Albert

J. Wickel3, Silvio Brienza Jr.2, Maria do Socorro A. Kato2, and Osvaldo Kato2

1 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA 2 EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil 3 ZEF/University of Bonn, Germany Abstract

Regenerating forests play an important role in long-term carbon sequestration and sustainable landuse as they act as potentially important carbon and nutrient sinks during the shifting agriculture fallow period. The long-term functioning of capoeira is increasingly threatened by a shortening fallow period during shifting cultivation due to demographic pressures and associated increased vulnerability to severe climatic events. Declining productivity and functioning of fallow forests of shifting cultivation combined with progressive loss of nutrients by successive burning and cropping activities has resulted in declining agricultural productivity. In addition to the effects of intense land use practices, droughts associated with El Niño events are becoming more frequent and severe in moist tropical forests and negative effects on capoeira productivity could be considerable. In Igarapé-Açu (near Belém, Pará), we hypothesize that experimental alternative landuse/clearing practices (mulching and fallow vegetation improvement by planting with fast-growing leguminous tree species) may make capoeira and agriculture more resilient to the effects of agricultural pressures and drought through 1) increased biomass, soil organic matter and associated increase in soil water storage, and nutrient retention and 2) greater rooting depth of trees planted for fallow improvement. This experimental practice (moto mechanized chop-and-mulch with fallow improvement) has resulted in increased soil moisture during the cropping phase, reduced loss of nutrients and organic matter, and higher rates of secondary-forest biomass accumulation. We present preliminary data on water relations during the dry season of 2001 in capoeira and crops for both traditional slash-and-burn and alternative chop-and-mulch practices. These data will be used to test IKONOS data for the detection of moisture status differences. The principal goal of the research is to determine the extent to which capoeira and agricultural fields are susceptible to extreme climate events (drought) under contrasting landuse/clearing practices.

Soil microbial biomass and respiration in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Lívia G. T. R. Vasconcelos1, Daniel J. Zarin2, Claudio José R. de Carvalho3, Steel S.

Vasconcelos4, Maria M. de L. S. Santos1

1 Department of Soil Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará (FCAP), P. O. Box

917, Belém, PA, 66077-530, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected]; 2 University of

Florida, USA, E-mail: [email protected]; 3 EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Brazil, E-mail:

[email protected]; 4 Projeto MANFLORA, FCAP, Brazil, E-mail:

[email protected]

Soil microbial biomass is an important component in forest ecosystems and its

measurement provides an estimate of the size of the most dynamic fraction of soil organic

matter and associated nutrients. We measured soil microbial biomass in a fourteen-year-old

regrowth forest in Eastern Amazonia (Pará, Brazil) during early November 2000 (dry

season) and late April 2001 (wet season). Microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and respiration

were determined using the fumigation-extraction method and an adaptation of the

fumigation-incubation method, respectively. We also calculated the metabolic quotient

(respiration:Cmic ratio, qCO2) and the soil microbial carbon:soil organic carbon ratio

(Cmic:Corg). During the dry season, soil moisture was significantly lower (12.9 ± 0.3 %) than

in the wet season (28.5 ± 0.8 %). Cmic was significantly higher in the dry (937 ± 55 µg g-1)

than in the rainy season (454 ± 26 µg g-1); Cmic:Corg showed the same pattern. However,

microbial respiration was significantly higher in the rainy than in the dry season (2.74 ±

0.15 vs. 1.61 ± 0.06 µg C-CO2 g-1 soil hr-1), and rainy season qCO2 values (0.006 ± 0.0004)

were also significantly higher than dry season values (0.002 ± 0.0001). Our results indicate

that soil moisture influences soil microbial biomass which was more efficient during the

dry season due to substantial carbon immobilization during this period. The increase in

qCO2 in the rainy season suggests a higher carbon mineralization by the soil microbial

biomass, resulting in less efficiency in this period.


Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics in an old-growth Amazonian forest Lucy Hutyra1, Amy H. Rice1, Elizabeth Hammond Pyle1, Scott R. Saleska1, Kleber Portilho2, Dulcyana F. Marques3, Plínio B. de Camargo4, and Steven C. Wofsy1

1Harvard University, Earth and Planetary Sciences 20 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 USA [email protected] 2Universidade Federal do Para, Santarém, PA 3FIT, Santarém, PA 4CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SP Amazon forests could be globally significant sinks or sources for atmospheric carbon dioxide, but carbon balance of these forests remains poorly quantified. We surveyed 20 ha of well-drained old-growth upland forest near the km 67 access road of the Tapajós National Forest near Santarém, Pará, Brazil (54°58’W, 2°51’S) in order to assess carbon pool sizes, fluxes, and climatic controls on carbon balance. Live trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) >10 cm had a stem frequency of 467 ha-1 and accounted for 142.5 ± 6.5 Mg C ha-1 in 1999 while coarse woody debris (CWD) accounted for 32.6 ± 2.9 Mg C ha-1. Net flux to live wood biomass, estimated by resurvey after two years, was 1.44 ± 0.57 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, the net result of high growth rate (3.23 ± 0.20 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 from a mean bole increment of 0.36 cm yr-1), recruitment of new trees (0.61 ± 0.02 Mg C ha-1 yr-1), and high mortality (-2.4 ± 0.51 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 due to individual stem mortality of 1.8% yr-1) . The measured net gain in live wood biomass was exceeded, however, by estimated net loss (1.7 to 5.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) from the large stock of CWD, resulting in an overall aboveground carbon balance that was negative (estimated flux: -0.3 to -4.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Tree growth and litterfall were highly seasonal and correlated strongly with variations in precipitation, suggesting that climatic variations exert a strong influence on short-term carbon balance. Three observations – (i) the stock of CWD is large, (ii) all of the net gain in live biomass is due to small-tree growth and recruitment, and (iii) the distribution of stem density is piecewise log-linear with a notable steeper slope for trees < 40 cm DBH – suggest that an episode of high mortality (possibly caused by the strong El Niño Southern Oscillation event of 1997-98) preceded study initiation. This hypothesis suggests that variations in medium- to long-term carbon balances are also strongly influenced by climate changes, and that such variations may overwhelm the relatively smaller carbon balance effects predicted from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Tree ring studies to estimate carbon-uptake in Amazonian lowland forests Sack, M.1 , Worbes, M.1 & Piedade, M. T. F.2 1Forstbotanisches Institut, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Caixa Postal 478, CEP: 69011-970, Manaus/AM, Brasil e-mail: [email protected] Contribution to Carbonsink – LBA / WP5 - Historical and spatial trends in Amazon forests Proposal No: EVK4-1999- 00191 Project Coordinator: Kabat, P. The measurement of forest increment by conventional methods (e.g. repeated diameter measurements) is widely used. From Amazonian lowland and adjacent regions several long-term observation plots in forests have been evaluated previously. The data indicate a net increase of wood biomass in the last decades. However, the method is not appropriate to analyze the influencing factors nor to explain this finding. Tree ring analysis allows the estimation of annual wood increment by ring-width measurements and helps to clarify the structural dynamics in wood formation and growth variation over the complete lifespan of individual trees. Together with the measure of wood density and allometric functions of bole volume, the wood biomass increment can be calculated. This method is appropriate for examining the inter-annual variability in wood formation and its relation to climatic factors, to estimate the age of the investigated individual trees, and to quantify long-term historical trends in forest productivity and carbon stocks. Most of the dendroecological investigations between extrinsic and intrinsic factors and the cambial growth dynamics of tropical trees were carried out with a strong emphasis on the influence of climatic factors and the significance of soil water supply for the cambial activity of the trees. According to recent investigations, we can show that repeated cambial wounding (“pinning”) is an appropriate method for growth rate determination, the characterization of the cambial activity, and the proof of annual tree rings in tropical trees. We found in our experimental plots in a forest 90 km north of Manaus a high diversity of about 150 tree species per hectare. Congruent with species diversity there is a high diversity in wood structure. Most of the investigated overstorey trees show a distinct tree ring structure. First results indicate a seasonal growth rhythm of many trees of the Amazonian terra firme. This serves for age determination of the trees and the estimation of current and long term growth increments.




SOIL CARBON STOCKS INFLUENCED BY LITTER AND ROOTS QUALITY ON PASTURE CHRONOSEQUENCE IN RONDÔNIA

Maria Conceição Santana Carvalho1, Cristiano Alberto de Andrade2,

Adolfo José Melfi3, Carlos Clemente Cerri4. 1 Researcher of Embrapa Algodão, Goiânia-GO, Brazil. 2 Doctoral student of ESALQ/USP; Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental (CENA/USP),

Avenida Centenário no 303, caixa postal 96, CEP 13416-000, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

3 Professor of ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. 4 Researcher of CENA/USP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. The quality of litter and root inputs to soils may be one factor that contributes to increased total soil carbon stocks in pastures following deforestation in some locations. We evaluated changes to litter and roots carbon quality when a tropical forest is converted to pasture. We examined a chronosequence locate in Rondônia that included a natural tropical forest and Brachiaria brizantha pastures introduced in years 1987, 1983, 1972 and 1911. Litter, roots and soil samples were taken in July 2001. In litter and roots samples we measured C and N concentrations through dry combustion and lignin, cellulose and lignocellulose index (LCI) using a series of plant samples digestions. Pastures of all ages had had lower concentrations of N and lignin, larger C/N ratios and lower LCI than forest. Pastures of different ages were similar. These values suggest that pastures plants tissues are less available for microbial decomposition than forest tissues. Total soil C stocks were larger in pastures. Until 30 cm soil depth, the average C stocks was about 50 Mg ha-1 in pasture and 30 Mg ha-1 in forest. The larger pastures soil C stocks occurred by increase of both soil C concentration and soil bulk density. Litter and roots N contents correlated negatively with soil C stocks, while litter and root C/N ratio correlated positively with soil C stock. These results suggest that litter and roots quality are important for the establishment of soil C stock after forest removal and pasture installation.


Litter decomposition rate estimation by mass balance model in a transitional tropical forest –savanna

in Mato Grosso - Brazil

Nicolau Priante Filho ([email protected]), Fernando Raiter, Wander Hoeger, Clóvis Lasta

Fritzen, Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda, José de Souza Nogueira, Moacir Lacerda

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Depto. De Física/ICET - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n

78060-900-Cuiabá-MT-BRAZIL

George Louis Vourlitis

In the present study we measured the litter production and decomposition in a transition forest to

determine the role played by the litter decomposition in the overall carbon emission. The experiments were carried out near the city of Sinop in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, a region of transition between the Amazon rainforest and the savanna (“cerrado”). That region presents an average rainfall of 2000 mm, with a dry season from June to September, and a very wet season in the period between December-February, when approximately a half of the total rainfall is received. Decomposition studies follow a common procedure, using 20-1m2 litter traps installed in a 1 ha plot. Fallen litter was collected monthly sorted and dry mass of leaves, twigs, flowers and fruits determined. We used a mass balance model proposed by Wieder and Wright, 1995 to quantify litter decomposition. In this work we show preliminary results for the period between January and February 2002. For the fallen litter, the exponential decay k value for January in Sinop was around 0.02 d-1. This value was similar to the wet season value obtained in Panama by Wieder and Wright, 1995 and is substantially larger than the annual average value 0.0089d-1. The Sinop average litterfall was 13 g m-2 wk-1 to January and 9 g m-2 wk-1 to February. In the same area an experiment using the litterbag method have been conducting to estimate the litter decomposition rate. We continue collecting data until June 2002 and the results of both methods will be compared and showed.

Drought effects on net primary productivity and its allocation in an east-central Amazon forest: results from a throughfall exclusion experiment P MOUTINHO1, NEPSTAD, D C1 2, M DIAS-FILHO3, D RAY2, L SOLORZANO2, G CARDINOT1, I TOHVER1. Institutional Affiliations: Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia1, Brasil, Woods Hole Research Center2, USA, Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Belém, Brasil3. Large areas of Amazon forest are exposed to severe drought stress, and may experience greater drought stress in the future through the interacting effects of global warming, ENSO, and deforestation-inhibition of rainfall. We established a partial throughfall exclusion experiment (one-hectare treatment and control plots) in east-central Amazonia (FLONA Tapajós) in 1998 to help provide a more integrated understanding of forest responses to drought. During the first year of the experiment, partial (40%) throughfall exclusion induced a decline in both leaf photosynthetic capacity and diameter growth of small trees. During the second year of throughfall exclusion, when deep soil depletion occurred, stem growth of trees up to 50 cm dbh was suppressed at the rate of 2 Mg biomass ha-1 yr-1. It was only after excluding a total of 1600 mm of throughfall, during the second post-treatment dry season, that pre-dawn leaf water potential declined, inhibiting leaf production and lowering LAI by 1.5 units. Hence, leaf fall responded to drought only after 2 years of treatment; the mortality of understory trees (<2 cm dbh) increased three-fold after two years. In sum, this Amazon forest effectively avoided drought-induced leaf shedding and mortality of adult trees during two years of partial throughfall exclusion by tapping soil moisture to 20 m depth. Carbon accumulation in stems—the aboveground C pool with the slowest turnover rate—was the most sensitive to drought. Address of corresponding author (Moutinho): Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – IPAM Sede Belém Av. Nazare 669, Centro. 66035-170 Belém, PA, Brasil emails: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]






[email protected] [email protected]



COARSE WOOD DEBRIS DEPOSITION, DECOMPOSITION, AND NUTRIENT RELEASE IN A SELECTIVELY LOGGED FOREST IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA Percy M. Summers; Flávio J. Luizão & Niro Higuchi. INPA-Ecology and Forestry. E-mail: [email protected]

The study aimed to assess the possible consequences of large inputs of new coarse

woody debris (CWD) to the current stocks in “terra-firme” forests in Central Amazonia as a

result of selective logging. It focuses on nutrient and carbon cycles, in three permanent

plots (4 ha each) of undisturbed forest and four permanent plots that were selectively

logged, all located 80 km north of Manaus, Brazil. Dry necromass stocks, decomposition,

and nutrient stocks and fluxes were determined for all dead wood in the undisturbed plots.

The use of permanent plots that have been measured since 1980 allowed to determine the

species and decomposition time (in years) for the different logs. The mean stock of dead

wood mass in the undisturbed forest was 29.7 ± 12.2 Mg ha-1, increasing up to 80 Mg ha-1

after logging. Decomposition rates were estimated using a simple exponential model

(OLSON, 1963) for density, kd = 0.074 and for mass, km = 0.020. Among the factors

affecting decomposition rates, species, initial density and soil contact were significant

(p<0.05). The combination size-initial density was also significant. A model was designed

to estimate the decomposition rate constant (k) of a tree from its initial density (Di) and its

size, represented by the diameter at breast height (DBH): k = (0.7 – 0.0152 * (log(DBH)) -

0.25 * (Di))2 – 0.1. The decomposition rate for logs in contact with soil surface was 40%

higher than for those without contact. Nutrient concentrations in coarse woody litter (mg

kg-1) were mostly low in relation to living wood and fine litter: P = 28.5 ± 2.4; K = 148 ± 20;

Ca = 1221± 127; Mg = 333 ± 28, and all decreased with time, except Ca, which was stable

through time. In the first 4 years after logging, most of the P (71.8%) and K (78.5%) were

lost. Ca and Mg had similar losses only 10 years after logging. Large scale selective

logging can have a significant effect on the global carbon cycle due to the increase in dead

wood stocks that enter decomposition state and the respiration rates associated with them.

Selective logging of 50 m3 ha-1 of wood, using traditional techniques of harvesting and

skidding, results in the mortality of 100 Mg ha-1 of biomass of which 80% is left in the forest

as CWD. This larger stocks of dead wood result in an increment of the respiration levels of

the forest that can reach up to 19.9 Mg ha-1 of carbon during the first 5 years and an

additional 20 Mg ha-1 of carbon in the next 15 years.


VARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION OVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH (CERRADO) AND SUGAR CANE IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL

Rafael Rosolem, Humberto da Rocha, Helber Freitas Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências

Atmosféricas Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brasil

We report a time series of soil CO2 efflux observations, monitored at ecosystems of Cerrado (woodland savannah) and Sugar Cane crop, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during April 2001 to March 2002. The data was collected using a static soil chamber (PPSystem) with EGM-2 infra-red gas analyser, over 17 (seventeen) rings each site, on a weekly basis. Measurements of soil temperature (Campbell 107) at 1 cm and soil moisture (10 and 20 cm) (Campbell frequency domain reflectomere CS615-G) were measured automatically using a CR10X datallogger (Campbell Systems). The data has shown the average carbon emissions were substantially larger at the Cerrado site (4,75 ± 2,18 µmol m2 s-) than at the sugar cane (2,23 ± 1,59 µmol m2 s-). The correlation between soil respiration and temperature appeared to be well fitted on an exponential curve at the Cerrado, as opposed to the sugar cane, where the statistical variation appeared larger. The seasonality is strong and the soil moisture is substantially well correlated (on a near-linear mode) at both sites. While it appears the correlations at the undisturbed Cerrado are easier to fit mathematically, the modelling at crop sites (sugar cane) faces several resistances, as of radical changes in phenology and canopy cover, and others of management (e.g. plowing).

Soil properties and carbon sequestration along a toposequence in central Amazonia forest

Regina C. C. Luizão; Lucinéia S. Souza, Fabiane L. Oliveira & Flávio J. Luizão

Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Caixa Postal 478, 69011-970, Manaus, AM. [email protected]

Abstract Recent studies suggest that soil topography and texture might be influencing the amount of C being sequestred by the forest as measured by eddy flux. Carbon dioxide measured by that technique also does not identify the gas source, wether from soil or from plants. Aiming to contribute in filling this gap, the present study made a physical-chemical and biological characterization of the soil along a toposequence in the surrounds of the climatological tower in order to relate them with the CO2 measurements from the tower. The study was carried out in the ZF-2 Reserve, located 60 km north of Manaus. Along the toposequence, three replicate plots were selected in each topographic position: plateau, slope and valley. In each plot, three composite samples made up of five soil cores were collected from the topsoil (0-12 cm). Soil measurements included texture, pH, soil organic matter, moisture, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen transformation rates. Clay content was the most distinct factor varying along the toposequence with 65% in the plateau, 43% in the slope and 5% in the valley, a pattern followed by the soil organic matter with 6%, 3% and 1,5% and soil moisture with 28%, 21% and 15% respectively in these positions. Despite these differences, soil biological properties such as soil respiration, microbial carbon and nitrogen did not change significantly along the toposequence. For soil pH and microbial transformations of nitrogen the differences were only related to the valley position, with significantly lower nitrate and rates of nitrification even though the soil pH was higher when compared with the other two topographic positions. Relationship between these soil properties and carbon sequestration by the forest measured by eddy flux will be dicussed.


Fine litter fall and standing tree component contribution to the nutrient cycling in an amazonian rain forest, Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil. Almeida, Samuel Soares & Silva, Rosecélia Moreira. MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, Nazaré, Belém-PA ([email protected], [email protected]). The most important and efficient mechanism of nutrients cycling in tropical forests is related to the litter fall. This panel presents the results of litter fall and organic matter decomposition in a dense amazonian rain forest, at the “Ferreira Penna” Scientific Station, Caxiuanã, Pará. The experiments had been carried out in 2 plots (A and B) of 1 hectar each. During 12 months litter fall was collected, composed by foliage, reproductive fraction and fine branchs. The total production of litter fall was 9.63 Mg.ha-1.ano-1, divided into 5.65 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 of leaves; 1.68 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 of fine branchs and 1.39 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 of reproductive fraction. These values are among more highly obtained to the amazonian forests, reflecting the elevated biomass of the Caxiuanã forest. Annually this forest can be recycling about 4,820 kg.ha-1 of C; 132.6 kg.ha-1 of N; 3.7 kg.ha-1 of P and 23.93 kg.ha-1 of K. The organic matter decomposition experiment consisted of 360 plastic bags (180 by hectare). The decomposition rate in the first 180 days has been about 50 % of the decomposed material. To relate with the primary production the floristic inventory in the parcels studied was carried out, recording all trees and lianas with DAP ≥ 10 cm, its respective species, trunk and total height. The A and B parcels included about 180 and 185 species respectively, with considerable diversity of big trees that present an single or few individuals by hectare. The contribution of tree species for the litter fall and the recycling is changeable during the year, being that plants that lose leaves during the dry period can contribute massivelly to overall biomass decayed. (Research carried through with support of the MCT/Museu Goeldi, Project Esecaflor/UEdin and Instituto of the Milênio/LBA).


Patiño, S.1,2,a, Mercado, L.2, Paiva, R.3, Quesada, A.4, Schmerler, J.2, Baker T.R.2,4,

Phillips, O.L.5, Malhi, Y.6 & Lloyd, J.2

1. Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt,

Bogota, Colombia, 2. Max-Planck-Institut fur Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany. 3.

INPA, Manaus, Brasil. 4. Universidade Nacional de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil. 5. Dept

of Geography, University of Leeds, UK. 6. Institute of Ecology and Resource

Management, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.

a. Corresponding author: Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biologicos

Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 37, #8-40 Mezzaine, Bogota, Colombia.

[email protected]

A comparison of the relationships between leaf area index, Huber value and

above-ground biomass within Amazonian forests.

The Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR) has been established to monitor

the biomass and dynamics of Amazonian forests. An important aim is to understand

the physiological mechanisms that underlie observed differences in forest structure

along resource gradients. Here, we report results from 1 ha plots in Ecuador, Peru,

Brazil and Bolivia. For each plot, leaf area index (LAI) was measured using

hemispherical photographs, and above-ground biomass estimated using allometric

equations. Huber values (wood cross sectional area per unit leaf area) were calculated

for branches sampled from 20 - 45 trees per plot. We examine how LAI varies

between forests that are growing under different climatic and edaphic conditions. We

compare Huber values between different forests and examine whether there are

correlations between physiological functional groups and phylogeny. We discuss the

significance of our results in relation to the ecological and physiological

characteristics of species within diverse forest stands and predict how global climate

change might influence forest structure.

LATERAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TERRA

FIRM SOILS, ESECAFLOR EXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁ STATE)

Simone Baía Pereira (MPEG/LBA)

Maria de Lourdes Ruivo (MPEG/LBA)

The relationships between water exclusion, properties of soil and forest cycle are

investigated by “The Impact of drought on water and carbon dioxide fluxes from brazilian

rain forest – ESECAFLOR project, located in Ferreira Penna Scientific Station (Caxiuanã,

Pará). Treatment (B) and control (A) plots were established in the forest. Each plot had four

trenches (A1, A2, A3, A4 and B1, B2, B3, B4). In A and B plots there are not lateral

appreciable changes. In this study were evaluate the seasonal variability from the selected

chemical properties in the surface soils (0-25 cm) the samples were collected the early rainy

season (January /2000) and dry season (Jane/2001). The organic carbon content (plot A)

was significantly higher in the rain season, increased diagonally in the both plots. In the dry

season, the organic carbon content is smaller compared with rain season. The observations

in dry period indicate small increase in the pH values. The increase tendency of

exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ and pH is contrary between the A and B plots. In dry season,

A1 trench showed the low valor of organic carbon (7.05 g/Kg), exchangeables Ca2+ (0.112

cmolc/dm3) and Mg2+ (0.112 cmolc/dm3) and high value pH (4.7); and B3 trench exhibited

organic carbon content near to minimal value (5.04 g/Kg) and pH is maximum (4.4).

Clearly indicate an association with minimal percentage of humid, 18.6 and 14.7%, to A

and B plots, respectively. These observations, probably, indicate the A1 and B3 trenches

has major altitude, in relation to other trenches, cause higher weathering and aeration.

Consequently, fast decomposition of organic matter. The increase pH may be due to the

retreat weak acids of the environment, and decrease of the exchangeables cations.

Where are the oldest of the forest? Radiocarbon use to determine the age and growth rate of trees from the Brazilian Amazonian Forest Simone A. Vieira

1, Plínio B. de Camargo

1, Susan E. Trumbore2, Diogo Selhorst3,

Niro Higuchi4, Luiz A. Martinelli1, John Southon5

[email protected],[email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (1)

Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/USP, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP 13416-000 – Brazil

(2)University of Califórnia, Irvine, CA, USA

(3)

Parque Zoobotânico-UFAC-Brazil (4)

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – Manaus - Brasil

(5) Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA It has been reported that trees can survive over 1000 years in the Amazonian tropical forest. This fact apparently contradicts the idea that tropical rain forests are highly dynamic systems. This contradiction can be clarified by determining the age structure of the forest through the residence time of the Carbon in the vegetation. The first step to estimate the C residence time in the forest is to determine the amount of 14C of trees. We followed the diameter tree growth at three sites in the Amazonian tropical forest in order to provide a better understanding of the carbon dynamics in this region and its variations according to the climate gradient. We also collected trunk samples from 100 individuals and the radiocarbon measurements of tree cores purified cellulose were used to determine the ages and radial growth rates of various species of trees with different diameter classes. The studied sites were located in the Tapajós forest (FLONA) near Santarém (PA), the EEST-ZF2 site near Manaus (AM) and the Catuaba Experimental Farm near Rio Branco (AC). The amount and distribution of the precipitation, the tree diameter distribution and the aboveground biomass are different among the studied areas. The dry biomass is 360 t.ha-1, 281 t.ha-1 and 244 t.ha-1 in Manaus, Santarém and Rio Branco, respectively. The DHB of the sampled trees ranged from 11 to 143 cm. The maximum age obtained from radiocarbon was 760 years and the minimum was 20 years. The annual diameter growth rate ranged between 0.01 and 0.9 cm.year-1. It seems that the bigger trees tend to have higher growth rates than smaller trees in all studied sites.








Isotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dry season forest soils - implications for seasonal production of N2O

Tibisay Perez

Susan Trumbore, Plinio Barbosa de Camargo, Enir Salazar da Costa, Stanly Tyler, Michael Keller, Patrick Crill and Eric Davidson

University of California

Measurements of stable isotopes in N2O provide useful constraints for the global

N2O. Tropical rain forest soils are the largest natural source of N2O to the atmosphere. Variations in the flux and isotopic signature of N2O from tropical soils reflect microbiological processes that produce and consume N2O, and physical controls of the rate at which N2O escapes from the soil pore space to the overlying atmosphere. Our previous work in the Amazon basin and in a Costa Rican forest suggested that soil texture affects the isotopic composition of the N2O emitted from the soil surface. We present here measurements of N2O isotopic composition across a soil texture gradient during the dry season of 2001 in the N2O Tapajós National Forest (TNF), Para State, Brazil. We selected three soil types within the TNF (km 83 site) for study: sandy, transitional (sand + clay) and clay soils. Soil pits (0 to 2 m) were dug at each site and sampled for soil characteristics, and tubes for sampling soil gases were installed in each pit. We also collected samples at a dry down experiment (TNF, km 67) at 4 pits (0-11 m depth) to compare variability in the N2O isotopic composition affected by drought and at greater depths. During the dry season at all sites the N2O mixing ratio in soil air increased with depth from ~340 ppb near the surface to ~600 ppb in the sandy soil (2 m depth) and to ~2000 ppb in the transition and clay soils (2 m depth) of the km 83 site. At the km 67 site the mixing ratio increased to 1000 ppb at 11 m. The isotopic signature of δ15N and δ18O of N2O and became more depleted in heavy isotopes with depth at all sites. The δ15N2O values ranged from 3 to 4 � in the surface to ~2 at 2 m depth in the sandy soil and to ~-4 � in the transition and clay soils at 2m depth. We suggest that little is N2O is produced in these soils during the dry season and that most of the N2O emitted during this time was produced during the wet season and is being slowly released from the large soil column to the atmosphere. Modeling of the diffusion of gases from the soil column supports this hypothesis, as do the N2O isotopic differences observed between soils with different texture. Soils with higher overall effective diffusivity (sandy soil) release the N2O faster than the more compacted soils (e.g. clay and transitional) and therefore have lower N2O concentrations at depth and N2O with an isotopic value closer to that of the atmospheric N2O compared to the soils that have less effective diffusivity.

Tree Growth History, Stand Structure, and Biomass of Premontane Forest Types at the Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, Northern Peru Viviana Horna 1,2), Reiner Zimmermann 1,2), Henry Soplin 1), Annett Börner 1,2), Tobias Mette 1) 1) Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany 2) Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany. [email protected] Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710 Abstract Tree growth and biomass accumulation were studied for two structurally contrasting premontane forest types occuring from 1200 -1600 m a.s.l. at the Cerro Tambo, Region Alto Mayo in Peru. The premontane vegetation at the Cerro Tambo consists of a mosaic of poor heath forests and well developed premontane rain forests. Within each forest type, the variation in species composition and aboveground biomass is small compared to the dramatic differences apparent between the heath and rain forests. Edaphic variations and severe drought damage during prolonged dry seasons as agent for such differences was excluded by studies on soils and water consumption by vegetation. Mosaic type heath forest establishment in a zone with potential dense rain forest cover can be the result of recurring destructive events like natural fires or landslides, occuring on a decadal to secular scale. Such events may trigger a series of successional stages which lead to irreversible deterioration of site quality under current conditions. Stand structure, tree growth rates, and tree age was measured to describe the growth dynamics of the contrasting forests and to detect stand growth depressions within the life span of old growth individuals. Tree ring analysis of 106 trees showed that all forests of the Cerro Tambo area have low annual tree growth rates. Heath forests and tall rain forests show no pronounced difference in growth rates. However, heath forests are young and no individuals older than 45 years were found. Tall rain forests trees of more than 150 years in age were found. We conclude that heath forests are most likely successional stages after fairly recent disturbance. A slight and linear positive increase in rainforest tree growth in all forest plots was found for the past century and may be attributed to the globally increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. A further observed increase in tree growth in all forest plots during the last two decades may be attributed to atmospheric deposition of nutrients due to massive deforestation followed by rural development in this region.


Ecosystem degradation due to fire & logging PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Carlos Souza IMAZON Oral Multi-temporal Analysis of Canopy Change

due to Logging in Amazonian Transitional Forests with Green Vegetation Fraction Images.

Mark Cochrane Michigan State University

Oral Selective Logging, Forest Fragmentation and Fire Disturbance: Implications of Interaction and Synergy

Adelaine Michela Figueira IAG-USP Poster Litterfall and leaf area index before and after selective logging in Tapajós National Forest

André Monteiro IMAZON Poster Impacts of logging and fire on the composition and structure of transitional forests in Mato Grosso

Ane Alencar IPAM - Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia

Poster Mapping Biomass Loss from Forest Fires in a Dense Forest of Western Pará

Ane Alencar IPAM - Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia

Poster Forest Disturbance by Logging and Fire in Eastern Amazonia

Aurélie Botta University of Wisconsin Poster Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Fire Dynamics in the Amazon Basin

Cleilim Albert de Sousa UFPA Poster Effect of selective logging on biomass and tree growth in Tapajos National Forest

Douglas Morton WHRC Poster A new method to detect forest fire scars in the transition forest zone of Mato Grosso using Landsat ETM+


Poster Multitemporal Assessment of Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon

Gregory Asner Carnegie Institution Poster Forest Canopy Damage from Selective Logging in Amazonia: Lessons Learned from Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETM and EO-1 Hyperion

Joao Andrade de Carvalho Jr. Carvalho

Instituto Nac. de Pesquisas Espaciais

Poster A forest clearing experiment conducted in the Amazonian arc of deforestation

Manoel Cardoso University of New Hampshire

Poster Fieldwork and Statistical Analyses for Enhanced Interpretation of Satellite Fire Data

Marco Rondon CGIAR Poster Carbon Storage in Soils from Degraded Pastures and Agroforestry Systems in Central Amazônia: The role of charcoal

Michael Palace Complex Systems Research Center

Poster Coarse Woody Debris in Logged and Undisturbed Forests: Determination of Stocks Using a New Methodology for Wood Density and Void Estimation

Paul Lefebvre The Woods Hole Research Center

Poster An improved soil water budget model for predicting drought stress-related forest flammability in the Amazon Basin

Regina Alvalá INPE - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

Poster Soil Thermal Properties Under Forest, Pasture and Mangrove in Eastern Amazonia

Sammya D'Angelo INPA / PDBFF Poster PATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY IN FOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Sanae Hyashi Instuto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia

Poster Spatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in an ageing Amazon frontier: the case of eastern Pará

Savio Ferreira INPA - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Poster RAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BY SELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FOREST IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Savio Ferreira INPA - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Poster SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTER SELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Susan Laurance Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Poster PREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBON EMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATION OF AMAZONIAN FORESTS

Multi-temporal Analysis of Canopy Change due to Logging in Amazonian Transitional Forests with Green Vegetation Fraction Images.

Carlos Souza Jr.1,2, Dar Roberts2

1. Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia – Imazon Caixa Postal 5101, Belém, PA, Brasil. 66613-397

2. Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara Department of Geography EH3601, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

Abstract

We conducted a time series analysis to evaluate the appropriate temporal resolution of Landsat TM/ETM to map canopy change due to selective logging in transitional forests, and to compare the rates of deforestation and selective logging in Central Mato Grosso, Brazil. We used a subset (2,800 x 2,800 pixels) of 13 Landsat Thematic TM/ETM (orbit/path = 226/68) images acquired between 1987 and 2000.

Spectral mixture models were applied to radiometrically inter-calibrated Landsat images to estimate the proportion of green vegetation (GV), soil, non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV) and shade. Of the four fraction images, the GV fraction images showed to be less affected by smoke interference and, for this reason, were selected to detect forest canopy changes over time. An image differencing technique was applied to every pair of GV images to compute the percent of changes in vegetation proportion (∆GV) between the old date and the recent date. Thresholds values were defined empirically using image scatter plots associated with GV images and field information to map the following land cover classes: i) no change in forest canopy: -10%<∆GV<10%; ii) canopy change: -25%< ∆GV<-10%; iii) deforestation (∆GV<-25%); iv) canopy closure (10%< ∆GV< 25%); and v) regeneration in deforested areas (∆GV>25%). A post-classification change detection analysis was then conducted to quantify the changes over time among the classes above mapped with the GV differencing technique.

An important finding is that single date image classification dramatically underestimates the area affected by logging due to rapid canopy closure of logged forests. On average, 65% of the forested areas that showed a decrease in GV fraction value due to selective logging returned to its initial GV value within one year. We estimate that the total area affected by canopy change due to selective logging in 2000 (1,455 km2), using temporal information of old logged forests, is 2.3 times greater than the area estimated using the GV differencing technique with the images acquired in 1999 and 2000 (614km2). In the late 1980’s, the rate of forest conversion to new logged areas was about 2%. In the mid 1990’s the logging rate decrease to less than 1%, then increased to 8% in 2000. Deforestation rates followed the same trend as logging until 1998 when it reached its maximum value (2.7%), but was on average 3.5 times lower than the rate of logging.

We are currently comparing our initial results to other change detection techniques, and performing atmospheric haze corrections to use the whole Landsat TM/ETM scene area and all fraction images in the time series analysis. In addition, our final results will be assessed using aerial videography and field data.

Selective Logging, Forest Fragmentation and Fire Disturbance: Implications of Interaction and Synergy

Mark A. Cochrane, David L. Skole, Eraldo A.T. Matricardi, Christopher Barber and Walter Chomentowski. Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of Geography, East Lansing, MI, USA Working forests are premised upon sustainable management, however, ecosystems are mandated by disturbance. Therefore, conservation and management of forests requires knowledge of past, present and, to the extent possible, future disturbances. Tropical forests are increasingly impacted by degrading activities as well as outright deforestation. Landscapes have been transformed from continuous tracts of unbroken forest into mosaics of pastures, agricultural plots and forest fragments that have often been subjected to varying degrees of increased disturbance from sun, wind, fire and logging operations. Multitemporal case studies from within the Brazilian Amazon are used to illustrate the linkages and synergy between forest fragmentation, selective logging and forest fire. A geographic information system is then used to quantitatively and spatially relate disturbance across the landscape so that spatially articulated disturbance regimes can be mapped. These maps provide both knowledge of the current state of existing forests as well as the likely future of given parcels of forest. Preliminary results have shown that forest fragmentation and forest fire are directly linked, with fires becoming edge effects that penetrate kilometers into standing forests. Selective logging also exacerbates fire probability but with effects at larger distances from forest edges. In typical anthropogenic landscapes, fragmentation effects, fire and logging can involve nearly all of the remaining forests and pose special challenges for sustainable management of these resources.

ABSTRACT – Second International LBA Science Conference

Litterfall and leaf area index before and after selective logging in Tapajós National Forest A.M.Figueira1, C.A.de Sousa2, M.Goulden3, H.da Rocha4, M.Menton3, S. Miller3, R.Juarez4, A. Maia5



3University of California, Irvine


5Universidade Federal do Para Author adress: Rua Uruara 185. Santana.CEP: 68015220. Santarem – Para – Brazil Email: [email protected]

We are using measurements of litterfall to study the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the selectively logged site in the Tapajos National Forest, Santarém, Pará. The surface fluxes of water, energy and CO2 between the atmosphere and ecosystems are largely controlled by the physical structure of the canopy and the amount of green biomass (the LAI). The effect of perturbations such as logging on these processes is not well understood. We installed 30 1-m2 litter traps in an 18-ha block upwind of the eddy covariance tower and collected litter bi-weekly beginning in September 2000. The site was selectively logged in September 2001, and observations prior to this point indicate the litterfall dynamics of undisturbed forest. Litterfall varied seasonally from September 2000 to September 2001, with comparatively high rates beginning in May and continuing through the dry season. The May leaf drop preceded the beginning of the dry season, implying that it was not a direct result of drought. The May increase coincided with a decline in daytime CO2 uptake measured by eddy covariance, indicating that both LAI and canopy photosynthesis decreased beginning in May. The integrated litterfall observations prior to logging suggest an overall LAI of 5 m2m2, which agrees with independent assessments of LAI made by fisheye photography during the 2000 wet season.

Impacts of logging and fire on the composition and structure of transitional forests in Mato Grosso

André Monteiro1, Jeffrey Gerwing1, 2, Carlos Souza Jr.1, Paulo Barreto1, Frank

Pantoja1

1. Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia � Imazon Caixa Postal 5101, Belém, PA, Brasil. 66613-397, E-mail address: [email protected]

2. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA, E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract We quantified the impacts of varying intensities of logging and fire on tree stem density, liana density, canopy cover, soil disturbance, and above ground live biomass in transitional forests in the region surrounding Cláudia, Mato Grosso, Brazil. We based this study on field inventories conducted on 12 properties. Based on logging and fire histories, we grouped the study sites into five disturbance classes: i) intact forest, ii) logged forest (10m3 ha-1 removed); iii) logged and burned forest (forest that burned once); iv) logged and heavily burned forest (forest that burned more than once); and v) heavily logged and burned forest (forest that was logged and burned multiple times with a total of > 25m3 ha-1 removed). Aboveground live biomass in logged and burned forests was consistently less than that of intact forest (326t ha-1). Compared to intact forest, there was a 15 � 20% reduction in logged and logged and burned forests, a 29% reduction in heavily logged and burned forests, and a 49% reduction in logged and heavily burned forests. Given our small sample sizes, only the later of these differences was statistically significant. Similar to total aboveground live biomass, the total density of large trees (DBH ≥ 10cm) for each class of disturbed forest was less than that of intact forest. The lowest mean density of large trees was found in the logged and heavily burned forests where the difference from intact forests was statistically significant. This significant reduction in large tree density occurred in spite of a substantially higher density of large stems of pioneer tree species (37 stems ha-1) compared to intact forest (12 stems ha-1). Compared to intact forest, the density of small trees (5 � 10 cm DBH) was 19% higher in heavily logged and burned forests and 73% higher in logged and burned forest but 14% lower than intact forest in logged forest and 74% lower in logged and heavily burned forest. These values suggest that small tree density can be highly variable. The total density of climbing lianas increased substantially following forest disturbance from 2685 stems ha-1 intact forest to high values of 4583 stems ha-1 in logged and heavily burned forest and 6115 stems ha-1 in heavily logged and burned forests. In addition, the reduction of mean canopy cover to 69% and the increase of ground area covered by slash to 39% in logged and heavily burned forests suggest that these forests may be highly vulnerable to future repeat burns. If this cycle of logging and repeat burning continues unchecked the forests of the region are likely to become increasingly degraded in terms of reduced biomass, species diversity, and forest structure.

Mapping Biomass Loss from Forest Fires in a Dense Forest of Western Pará

Ane Alencar, Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr., Daniel Nepstad, Richard Houghton, Sanae Hyashi

During dry years, carbon emissions from Amazon forest understory fires may exceed those associated with deforestation, but remote detection mechanisms for fire-induced biomass loss are yet to be developed. Little is known about the spectral properties of forest fire scars and their relationship to changes in ground-level biomass. In this study, remote sensing transformation techniques were used to determine spectrally fire disturbance levels and response to biomass loss. The study site was a ~250 km2 forest understory fire scar resulting from the1997/1998 El Nino event, located 100 km south of Santarém, Western Pará. Field interviews were conducted to determine the burning and logging history of the fire scar, and showed three levels of burning and logging intensity. Subsequently, biomass, fuel load, and LAI were measured in four 500x 500 m plots - three burning intensity levels and a primary forest control plot. Aboveground biomass was 170, 184, 370, and 423 Mg ha-1 in forests with heavy, moderate, light, and no fire history, respectively. A multi-date analysis using Landsat TM and ETM images from 1997, 1999 and 2001 identified changes in the spectral signal before, during and after the burning event. Preliminary results indicate that, when compared to field measures of biomass and LAI, Landsat bands 4 and 5 provided the most accurate detection of burn intensity. This method reveals the potential for monitoring fire effects on dense forest biomass in Amazonia using remote sensing techniques. 1Instituto de Pesquisa Ambietal da Amazônia 2Woods Hole Research Center * Corresponding author: Avenida Nazare 669. Belem, PA - Brazil 66035-170

Email:

[email protected]


Forest Disturbance by Logging and Fire in Eastern Amazonia

Ane Alencar, Daniel Nepstad, Luis Solorzano, Sanae Hyashi

The Amazon dense forest becomes susceptible to understory fire events if disturbed by logging, when fragmented, and if stressed by severe drought. Predictive models of forest fire therefore depend upon quantifying the interaction among these variables. In this study, the relationship between logging and burn events was measured to identify the disturbance intensity of each forest fragment in the landscape. A 17-year sequence of forest understory fire and logging maps was created for the Paragominas landscape - a 35-yr-old ranching and logging center in Eastern Amazonia - based on field interviews (n=148) and Landsat image classification. The disturbance intensity was defined by logging and burning frequency and then related to the size of the fragment. The results show that approximately half of the area affected by forest fires had been logged once or twice prior to burning. Most of this burned area was located in small forest fragments partially surrounded by cattle pasture – a common source of ignition. Forest understory fires were significantly correlated with the percentage of the forest fragment that had previously been logged or burned, demonstrating a positive relationship between logging and forest fires in the Amazon.

Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Fire Dynamics in the Amazon Basin Aurélie Botta(1), Jeff Cardille(1), Elaine Prins(2), Joleen Feltz(3), and Kirsten Thonicke(4) 1) Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of

Wisconsin-Madison, USA 2) NOAA/NESDIS/ORA Advanced Satellite Products Team, University of Wisconsin-

Madison, USA 3) Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of

Wisconsin – Madison, USA 4) Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany SAGE - Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin 1710 University Avenue Madison, WI 53706 USA [email protected] Fire occurrence is likely to increase with the deforestation of the Amazon basin. Understanding and being able to predict fire dynamics is even more important considering its impact on vegetation dynamics, carbon and nutrient cycles, and atmospheric composition. This paper proposes to examine the processes explaining the current spatial and temporal distribution of fires in the Amazon Basin by combining mid-1990’s observations of fire derived from the GOES satellite with ecosystem modeling results incorporating both agricultural land-use and changes in flammability due to climate and fuel load variations. In several states, we found a significant correlation between the spatial distributions of observed fires and land use. Nevertheless, when considering the entire basin this relationship is not as pronounced due to land use data set biases and inadequate satellite spatial and temporal resolution needed to detect all fires. When comparing the spatial distributions of fires in 1995 to the different land use types maps, planted pasture shows the best agreement with fire occurrence; cropland is often not a significant predictor, and natural pasture has an intermediate correlation. The main features of the 1997 minus 1995 differences of fire distribution can be explained by climatic anomalies. The strong 1997 El Niño event had a significant impact on the numbers and patterns of fire, especially in Bolivia and around Manaus where the associated precipitation changes were large. The 1997 minus 1995 differences in fire dynamics in regions with small changes in climate are probably the result of anthropogenic factors. Inter-annual differences in climate factors, coupled with maps of land use, provide a strong basis for understanding and potentially predicting fire dynamics in this rapidly changing region.

Effect of selective logging on biomass and tree growth in Tapajos National Forest

C.A.de Sousa1, A.M.Figueira2, M.Goulden3, H.da Rocha4, M.Menton3, S. Miller3, R.Juarez4,

A. Maia5



3University of California, Irvine


5Universidade Federal do Para Author address: Rua 24 de Outubro, 3707. Caixa Postal 31.CEP: 68040010. Santarem – Para – Brazil Email: [email protected] Selective logging creates a mosaic of gaps in a forest and alters species composition, forest microclimate, and water and carbon cycling. We are using biometry and dendrometry to determine the biomass and tree growth before, during, and after selective logging in a tropical forest. We inventoried a 600 by 300-m block in an undisturbed stand in the Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, south of Santarém, PA during April 2000. The block contained 1036 trees with DBH > 35 cm and 784 trees with DBH between 10 and 35 cm. All of the trees were identified to species and tagged, and a subset of 400 trees were equipped with stainless steel dendrometers. The stand was subsequently logged in September 2001, resulting in a mosaic of gaps and relatively intact forest. After logging, we installed an additional 400 dendrometers near gaps created by the logging. The dendrometers were measured at 6 week intervals, and we plan to continue these measurements for several more years. The dendrometer observations prior to the logging are being used to determine the seasonal pattern of stem increment in the absence of disturbance. The dendrometer observations following the logging are being used to gauge the regrowth of the forest, and to determine the relative impact of logging on tree growth in patches of intact forest vs gaps vs the edges of gaps.

Keywords: biomass, carbon, primary tropical forest, selective logging

A new method to detect forest fire scars in the transition forest zone of Mato Grosso using Landsat ETM+ Douglas Mortona,b, Ane Alencarc, Daniel Nepstada,c*, Britaldo Silveira Soares Filhod Abstract: One of the major obstacles to closing the Amazon carbon balance is the lack of information on the areal extent of forest surface fires. Burn scars from low to moderate intensity surface fires are a temporary feature of the tropical forest landscape; regrowing vegetation rapidly obscures the burn scar signature in remotely sensed data. The transition forest region of northern Mato Grosso is particularly susceptible to forest fires due to an extended seasonal dry period and presence of ignition sources from land use activities. In this study, we develop a new method to accurately identify forest burn scars in Landsat ETM+ imagery. This new methodology is derived from field data collected in August 2001 and two ETM+ images from the same time period (226/67 and 227/67). The resulting Normalized Burn Scar Index (NBSI) shows a high degree of promise for distinguishing recent (<1-year-old) burn scars from older burn scars (p<0.001) and unburned areas (p<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the NBSI for recent burns are high (0.84 and 0.93, respectively). Older burn scars are more difficult to differentiate from other landscape features such as semi-deciduous forest areas. Continuing analyses should allow for the improvement of the NBSI sensitivity for older burn scars. Preliminary results using the NBSI suggest that roughly 640 km2 of forest burned in these two Landsat scenes in 2001, or 1.5% of the total forest area. This method of burn scar detection is currently being applied to 1999 ETM+ data throughout the transition forest zone to estimate the area of burned forest and the biomass loss over the entire region. aWoods Hole Research Center bYale University cInstituto de Pesquisa Ambietal da Amazônia dUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais * Corresponding author. P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543, U.S.A. [email protected] Emails: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Multitemporal Assessment of Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon

E. Matricardi 1, D. Skole 1, W. Chomentoski 1, D.J. Janeczek 1, M.A. Cochrane 1.

1 Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative Department of Geography, Michigan State University



Selective logging is becoming an increasingly important activity in the Amazon Region.

According to IBGE (2000), between 1990 and 1997, more than 380 million cubic meters

of round wood, an average of almost 48 million cubic meters of round wood per year,

was extracted from the Amazon Region. Although selective logging has been occurring

in Brazil’s tropical forests for several years and is visible in some Landsat TM images,

generally, it cannot be detected by most Landsat TM classification techniques. The

crowns of residual trees frequently camouflage logging activity and these logged areas

can be misclassified as undisturbed forest. The estimates of deforestation for Brazil’s

Legal Amazon, reported by Michigan State University - MSU and Instituto Nacional de

Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, do not included most selectively logged areas. We have

developed and applied methodologies to identify and map selective logging throughout

the Brazilian Amazon. We used an automated model based on texture analysis of TM

band 5 to detect logging patios from within the forest canopy. Additional visual

interpretation and a supervised image classification were then applied to obtain a

measurement of the selectively logged forests. We estimated that selectively logged

forests have been increasing in the Brazilian Amazon, from 5.6 thousand square

kilometers by 1992 to 9.4 thousand square kilometers by 1996, and to 23.4 thousand

square kilometers by 1999. We also compared results of detecting selective logging using

Landsat with Ikonos images. This work is extending current image classification to

include selectively logged forests as well as common thematic classes such as forest,

deforestation, regrowth, cerrado, cloud, cloud shadow, and water, supporting analyses

and evaluations of land cover and land use changes as well as carbon studies.



Forest Canopy Damage from Selective Logging in Amazonia: Lessons Learned from Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETM and EO-1 Hyperion Gregory P. Asner1, Michael Keller2, Jose N. Silva3, Johan C. Zweede4, Rodrigo Pereira, Jr.4

1Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford University, 220 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305; Tel: (650) 325-1521; Fax: (650) 325-6857; Email: [email protected] 2CSRC – Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824; Tel: (603) 862-4193; E-mail: [email protected] 3EMBRAPA AMAZONIA ORIENTAL, Trav. Dr Eneas Pinheiro SN, 66.095-100 Belem, Brazil; Tel: 55-91-276-6333; E-mail: [email protected] 4Servicos Tecnicos Florestais e Planejamento (STF&P), Belem, PA, Brazil; Tel: 55-91-453-0848; Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Major uncertainties exist regarding the rate and intensity of logging in Amazon forests; these uncertainties limit economic, ecological, and biogeochemical analyses of the region. Recent sawmill surveys in the Brazilian Amazon show that the area logged is nearly equal to total area deforested annually, but conversion of survey data to forest area, forest structural damage, and biomass estimates requires multiple assumptions about logging practices. Remote sensing could provide a means to monitor logging activity and to estimate the biophysical and carbon cycle consequences of this land use. Previous studies have demonstrated the difficulties in detecting selective logging in Amazon forests. No studies have developed either the quantitative physical basis or remote sensing approaches needed to estimate the effects of various logging regimes on forest structure and carbon losses. Our work focuses on the detection of canopy structural changes associated with selective logging using Landsat 7 ETM+ and EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral remote sensing observations. We developed a large-scale detailed field study of canopy damage and ground infrastructure associated with selective logging at different intensitie s and recovery stages (0-5 years post-harvest). We then analyzed calibrated Landsat ETM+ data with spatially explicit field data on canopy gap fraction. We found that the commonly employed band-reflectance and textural analysis methods are only sensitive to the upper 50% of canopy damage encountered in selectively logged forests in the eastern Amazon. We then applied an automated spectral mixture analysis approach over a time-series of Landsat ETM+ observations of our intensive field study sites. We found this method to be highly sensitive to selective logging down to approximately the lowest 20-25% of canopy damage values that occur. The spectral mixture method also provided pixel-by-pixel quantification of uncertainty, which is key for application of the data to carbon budget, biogeochemical modeling, and forest management efforts. We are now taking the method to the larger state-wide regional scale for annual estimates of canopy damage associated with land-use transitions, fire occurrence, and carbon and nutrient cycling. We have used similar techniques to estimate the accuracy and utility of spaceborne hyperspectral measurements provided by the EO-1 Hyperion sensor for assessment of selective logging damage in the eastern and central Amazon. The Hyperion-based results have proven highly sensitive to canopy damage, down to the lowest 3-10% of all disturbance levels encountered. These results indicate the value of continued spaceborne hyperspectral measurements for monitoring selective logging and regrowth rates following timber harvests in Amazonia.

A forest clearing experiment conducted in the Amazonian arc of deforestation J.A. Carvalho Jr.1, C.A.G. Veras2, R. Gielow3, E.C. Alvarado4, D.V. Sandberg5, E.R. Carvalho1, J.C. Santos3 1UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333 12516-410, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil 2UnB, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil

3INPE, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil

4University of Washington, CFR-UW Mail Box 352100 Seattle, WA 98195, USA

5United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Abstract This paper describes the characteristics of fire spread around a forest clearing site located in the Amazonian arc of deforestation. The experiment was carried out in 2001 at the Caiabi Farm, near the town of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as part of a set of tests that have been performed in the same area since 1997. So far, six test plots were burned. The main goal in the experiments of the first five plots was to determine biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates under different conditions of size of burned area and period of curing. The results regarding these tests were already published (Carvalho et al., 2001). Special care had to be taken to prevent fire from escaping the clearing site into the adjacent forest in all five experiments. This procedure had not been necessary in previous experiments conducted by the group in Manaus, state of Amazonas (Carvalho et al., 1995, 1998), and in Tomé Açu, state of Pará (Araújo et al., 1999). Therefore, during 2001 a site was prepared and burned to investigate under-story fire generated by the forest clearing process, and results of this work are presented here. The experiments reported by Carvalho et al. (2001) were conducted in five plots, denominated A, B, C, D, and E. Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates were determined in the central 1-hectare area of each plot. In 2001, plot F was felled in May and burned on August 20.

Acknowledgements Support of this research is acknowledged to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP, Brazil (project 98/00104-9), to the United States Department of Agriculture - USDA (project PNW 99-5147-1-CA), to Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas – CNPq, Brazil (project CMC-005/001), and to Instituto Nacional do Meio Ambiente – IBAMA, Brazil. References Araújo, T.M.; Carvalho, J.A.; Higuchi, N.; Brasil, A.C.P.; Mesquita, A.L.A., A tropical rainforest clearing experiment by biomass burning in the state of Pará, Atmospheric Environment., 33(13), 1991-1998, 1999. Carvalho, J.A.; Santos, J.M.; Santos, J.C.; Leitão, M.M.; Higuchi, N., A tropical rainforest clearing experiment by biomass burning in the Manaus region, Atmospheric Environment, 29, 2301-2309, 1995. Carvalho J.A.; Higuchi, N.; Araújo, T.M.; Santos, J.C., Combustion completeness in a rainforest clearing experiment in Manaus, Brazil, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D11), 13,195-13,200, 1998. Carvalho, J.A.; Costa, F.S.; Veras, C.A.G.; Sandberg, D.V.; Alvarado, E.C.; Gielow, R.; Serra, A.M.; Santos, J.C., Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates of rainforest-clearing experiments conducted in Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2001.

Manoel Cardoso, George Hurtt, Berrien Moore, Carlos Nobre(*) and Alberto Setzer(*) Complex Systems Research Center - University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. (*) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201 Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] Fieldwork and Statistical Analyses for Enhanced Interpretation of Satellite Fire Data Data from satellites are very important for providing information on vegetation fires worldwide. Despite of the broad spatial and temporal coverage, there are several factors that complicate the interpretation of these data. Examples of these factors include fires occurring at times different than the satellite overpasses, the presence of clouds, fires occurring under plant canopies, small fires, and very reflective surfaces. In order to enhance the interpretation of satellite fire data, we are in the process of collecting ground-based data on fires, and relating these data to corresponding information from satellite fire products. Ground-based data are collected using a simple and passive method that allows for a large sample size. One method for data analysis is the construction of error matrixes, which can provide statistics on inclusion (commission) and exclusion (omission) errors in satellite fire data. In this work we present results from fieldwork in areas close to Marabá, Brazil, where about 90 fires were observed during November 3 to 5, 2001. These results include fires position, time, size, type of vegetation burned, cloud-cover, and statistics on inclusion and exclusion errors in related remote-sensing fire data. Preliminary analyses suggest that errors of omission are larger than errors of commission, and are dominated by satellite overpass times, cloud-coverage and fire size. Potential strategies to correct for these errors are discussed.

CCaarrbboonn SSttoorraaggee iinn SSooiillss ffrroomm DDeeggrraaddeedd PPaassttuurreess aanndd AAggrrooffoorreessttrryy SSyysstteemmss iinn CCeennttrraall AAmmaazzôônniiaa:: TThhee rroollee ooff cchhaarrccooaall Marco A. Rondon1, Erick C.M. Fernandes1, Rubenildo Lima2, Elisa Wandelli2 1Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; 2EMBRAPA - CPAA, Manaus, AM Brazil 1Cornell University - Ithaca, NY 14853 USA; email: [email protected] Vast areas of the Amazon are at various stages of degradation after being converted from forest to pastures. Abandoned lands have very low storage of nutrients and reduced stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC). Some alternatives to recuperate degraded land, such as Agroforestry (AFS) and Silvopastoral (SPS) systems can restore soil nutrients and allow net C gains, both in biomass and soils. Charcoal from incomplete biomass combustion is ubiquitous in Amazonian soils and its contribution to total SOC has to be determined to allow proper comparison of soil C stocks between land uses. A methodology was developed to quantify charcoal in different soil size fractions. Information is presented on C storage in soils under 10 year old silvopastoral and agroforestry systems and secondary vegetation, as well as on primary forest at the EMBRAPA-CPAA research station near Manaus. Variability in charcoal content in the medium (0.5-2 mm) and gross size (>2 mm) classes was high indicating non-homogeneous distribution of charcoal in soils. The contribution of the fine fraction (<0.5 mm) is more homogeneously distributed through the soil profile. Charcoal accounts for between 5 and 15% of total soil C, with higher proportions found in the top soil layers. Forest soils store the highest amount of C (121 Mg.ha-1), followed by the AFS system with 116 Mg.ha-1. On the other extreme, soils under secondary vegetation and SPS presented the lowest stock (106 Mg.ha-1). Results in this study indicate that agroforestry systems permit a moderate recovery of soil C stock relative to the control under secondary vegetation. Rates of C increase are in the order of 1.8 Mg.ha-1.y-1.

Coarse Woody Debris in Logged and Undisturbed Forests: Determination of Stocks Using a New Methodology for Wood Density and Void Estimation

Michael Palace 1, Michael Keller 1,2, Gregory P. Asner 3, Rodrigo Pereira Jr. 4, and Jose Natalino Silva 5 1 Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH , 03824, USA, 603-862-4193 2 USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR, USA 3 Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Tel: 650-325-1521 4 Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Trv. 14 Abril, Bairro Sao Braz, Belem CEP. 66063-140 Para, Brazil 5 EMBRAPA-Amazonia Oriental, Trv. Dr Eneas Pinheiro SN, Belem CEP. 66095-100, Para, Brazil E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Coarse woody debris (CWD) can make up a large proportion of carbon stocks in tropical forests. Knowledge of the stocks and fluxes of CWD is needed for modeling carbon budgets in these forests. We measured the CWD stock in two Amazonian forests in Para, Brazil: the Tapajos National Forest, (3.08ΕS, 54.94ΕW) and the Fazenda Cauaxi, (3.75ΕS, 48.37ΕW). Measurements were conducted under two logging practices (reduced-impact and conventional logging) and a relatively undisturbed forest. We sampled CWD volume by line-intersect sampling. Wood density was determined using a unique plug extraction technique for 5 wood decay classes for diameters greater than 10 cm. All samples less than 10 cm diameter were lumped into two smaller classes, 2-5cm and 5-10 cm. We analyzed digitized photographs of radial log sections in order to estimate void spaces for all density samples. Wood density for five decay classes from fresh to rotten were 0.62, 0.72, 0.63, 0.58, and 0.29 g cm-3. Densities for smaller classes were 0.36 g cm-3 and 0.45 g cm-3 for 2-5 cm and 5-10 cm diameter classes respectively. The proportion of void space for decay classes 1 to 5 were 0.02, 0.01, 0.09, 0.19 and 0.27. Total CWD volume and preliminary mass estimation at Cauaxi was 110 m3 ha-1 and 55 Mg ha-1 for undisturbed forest, 191 m3 ha-1 and 109 Mg ha-1 for conventional logging, and 144 m3 ha-1 and 75 Mg ha-1 for reduced-impact logging. Total volume and mass estimation for Tapajos was 117 m3 ha-1 and 52 Mg ha-1 for undisturbed forest, and 116 m3 ha-1 and 54 Mg ha-1 for reduced-impact logging.


An improved soil water budget model for predicting drought stress-related forest flammability in the Amazon Basin. Paul Lefebvre, Daniel Nepstad, Luis Solorzano, Javier Tomasella, Urbano Silva, and Peter Schlesinger The RisQue (Risco de Queimadas) spatial model of flammability based on soil moisture stocks, under development since 1998, continues to evolve. The soil map of maximum Plant Available Water (PAW), based on soil texture information from over 1,500 field samples, has been expanded from the Brazilian Legal Amazon region to cover the entire Amazon hydrographic basin. Enhanced meteorological data provided by CPTEC now cover this same region, and Penman-Monteith estimated Potential Evapotranspiration has superseded previous estimates calculated after Thornthwaite, using GOES-derived radiation fields. All spatial interpolation is now done via Kriging. The vegetation mask, used to constrain deep soil water estimations for forests only, has been updated to reflect recent deforestation, and the spatial resolution has improved. Sensitivity of the model to Penman-Monteith Evapotranspiration estimates were analyzed by running the model with ET at –15%, -5%, +5% and +15% of actual estimates. A 5% reduction in ET resulted in a 60% decrease in the area of depleted soil moisture stocks, and a 38% decrease in the area of stocks diminished to less than 250mm of water in a 10m column of soil. 5% increase in ET resulted in a two-fold increase in area of depleted soil moisture stocks, and a 38% increase in the are suffering depletion to less than 250mm. We find fair agreement between model output and field measurements of plant-available soil water to 10 m depth, with actual soil moisture measured using TDR at our field stations in the FLONA Tapajós and in Paragominas; average model estimates of soil water stocks averaged19% lower than field measurements for the FLONA Tapajós, and 8% lower for Paragominas.

SOIL THERMAL PROPERTIES UNDER FOREST, PASTURE AND MANGROVE IN EASTERN AMAZONIA

Regina C. S. Alvalá1, Ralf Gielow1, Júlia C. P. Cohen2, José Ricardo S. de

Souza2 1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia (LMO) / Centro

de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC)/ Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Av. dos Astronautas, 1758 São José dos Campos, SP E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

2. Departamento de Meteorologia, Centro de Geociências

Universidade Federal do Pará Belém, PA

The deforestation and the subsequent land use change may result in significant alterations in the energy and water balances in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum. The soil thermal properties, that is, the diffusivity, the conductivity and the volumetric heat capacity, specially as a function of the water content, are currently not readily available. Notwithstanding, the demand for these data is increasing due to requirements in, e. g., coupled models of heat and moisture transport in the soil near its surface, which are part of numerical weather and climate models. Thus, measured soil moisture content at the 30cm depth and temperature profiles at the 5, 20 and 50 cm depths were used to obtain thermal soil properties at four different sites in the state of Pará, Eastern Amazonia, during the wet season of 2002: (i) forest (Caxiunã Reserve, Melgaço - 01°42'30''S; 51°31'45'' W); (ii) pasture (Soure, Marajó Island - 00°43'25''S; 48°30'29'' W); (iii) natural mangrove (Tracuateua, Bragança - 00°50'31''S; 46°38'56''W); and (iv) degraded mangrove (Tracuateua, Bragança - 00°55'31''S; 46°42'13''W ). The thermal diffusivity is obtained through the numerical method described by Alvalá et al. (1996).The impact of changing moisture conditions on the thermal soil properties is also investigated. Reference: Alvalá, R.C.S.; Gielow, R.; Wright, I.R.; Hodnett, M.G. Thermal diffusivity of Amazonian soils. In Gash, J.H.C; Nobre, C.A.; Roberts, J.M.; Victoria R.L. (eds.) Amazonian Deforestation and Climate. Chichester, Wiley, 1996. pp. 139-150.


PATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY IN FOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA D’Angelo, S. A. 1; Andrade, A.C.S.1; Laurance, S.G. 2; Laurance, W.F. 2; Mesquita, R. 1

1 Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil. [email protected] 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panamá Rainforests that persist in a fragmented landscape frequently suffer increased tree mortality. We examined tree mortality patterns in a long-term tree demography study, in order to distinguish mechanisms leading to tree death. All trees (>10cm DBH) in 16 permanent (1 ha) plots, 8 near the forest edge and 8 in continuous forest, were studied over 22 years. In total 13,229 individual trees were grouped initially into diameter class and classified by four mortality types: fallen dead, broken trunk, standing dead and other kinds of mortality. Total tree mortality on forest edges (16.1%) was significantly higher than in forest interiors (5.2%) (χ² = 510.05; df=1 p<0.0001). Mortality patterns of trees were also significantly different on forest edges compared to interiors. Tree mortality seem to be independent of tree size. We found that on edges 25.5% of dead trees had broken trunks compared to 8.9% in interior plots. Fallen trees were 19.3% on edges and 4.4% in interiors, whereas standing dead were 12.2% on edges and 5.5% (other kinds of mortality were 18.5% on edges and 5.7% on interiors). Forest edges had proportionally more standing dead trees than interior sites (χ² = 24.88; df=3 p<0.0001). In addition to increased tree mortality, we have found that edge effects also appear to change the pattern of tree death. Changing climatic conditions near edges, such as increased wind shear may be partly responsible for the higher frequency of fallen trees found there.

Fontes Financiadoras: LBA – Grupo LC-05 Co-responsável brasileiro: Dra. Rita Mesquita – Depto. Ecologia/INPA

Co-responsável estrangeiro: Dr. William F. Laurance – Smithsonian Institution Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF/INPA/Smithsonian)

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas – CNPq

Spatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in an ageing Amazon frontier: the case of eastern Pará

Sanae Hyashi, Ane Alencar, Daniel Nepstad

Spatial determinants of logging activity in Amazon landscapes are important for predicting changes in the forest sector, for estimating forest fire probability, and for improving enforcement of logging regulations. To identify the spatial determinants of logging, a multi-temporal analysis of logging scars was conducted using Landsat ETM scenes (path/row 223/62) for an area of 32,340 km2 in eastern Pará between Paragominas and Tailândia, two important logging centers in eastern Amazon. Three consecutive years (1999-2001) of selectively logged areas were mapped using a screen visual interpretation method for intercalibrated Landsat band five images. The annual logging scars were defined by a strong soil response from the active wood decks. The logging scar maps were then overlaid to quantify the areas under consecutive logging, abandonment, and logged areas converted to pasture or agriculture. The spatial pattern of the logging patches was identified based on the distance to paved and secondary roads, the prescence of sawmills and previously logged areas. In this old logging frontier, an average of 52% of the area logged was abandoned to forest regrowth from 1999 to 2001, while 46% was re-logged, and only 1 % was deforested in the following years. Most of the logged areas were located from one to five kilometers from secondary roads, and extended an average of three kilometers per year away from the nearby logging centers. The results of the study show a strong tendency for logging to take place within a one to three kilometers of the old logging scars.

RAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BY SELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FOREST IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA Sávio J. F. Ferreira; Flávio J. Luizão; Ricardo G. Dallarosa. INPA - Geociências e Ecologia. E-mail: [email protected] Rainfall, internal precipitation, and rain interception were studied over 2 years in selectively logged plots (logged in 1993) and control forest located 80 km North of Manaus, in Central Amazonia. During the first year, measurements were continuous and frequent; in the following period, several intensive campaigns were made at selected climatic periods of the year: dry, wet and transitional periods. The internal precipitation reached 86.9-92.9 % in the selectively logged plots, against 74.2-87.1 % in the untouched forest. Thus, an increase in the internal precipitation, together with a lower rain water interception, occurred soon after timber extraction. Also, lower variability of data was observed in the plots subject to selective logging, when compared to the control forest. The older managed plots (selectively logged in 1987) presented higher rain interception and lower internal precipitation than plots logged in 1993, showing values (72.0-89.5% of internal precipitation) similar to the untouched forest. It is concluded that moderate selective logging changes rain water interception and internal precipitation during the first years after timber extration, but that is recovered when forest structure is recomposed, within a few years, by the secondary regrowth in the gaps.


SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTER SELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Sávio J. F. Ferreira, Flávio J. Luizão, Walane Mello-Ivo, Sheila M. Ross, Yvan Biot INPA - Geociências e Ecologia. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - Soil physical variables were investigated in forest plots submitted to selective logging in Central Amazonia. After logging, soil samples were collected to asses soil water retention curves, available soil water to the plants, bulk or apparent density, and total porosity. Temperature measurements were carried out for 13 months, considering six treatments: control, center of the gaps, edge of the gaps, edge of the remaining forest, remaining forest and tractor tracks. Hydraulic condutivity measurements on saturated soil were conducted both on the control forest as well as on the logged plots, with no treatment distinction. The soil showed low water storage capacity: only 11 to 18% of soil water can be available to the plants, up to 1 a low meter depht. The temperature of the soil was influenced by logging, i. e., through the opening of the gaps, light reaches the soil strongly in the center and edge of gaps, increasing temperatures in relation to control and the remaining forest.


PREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBON EMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATION OF AMAZONIAN FORESTS

Susan G. W. Laurance1, Henrique E. M. Nascimento1, William F. Laurance2,1,

Sammya D’Angelo1 and Ana Andrade1

1Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil

2Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panamá

Edge effects in fragmented landscapes alter aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests, with potentially important implications for carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions. We studied edge-related biomass dynamics in 50 1-ha plots in fragmented and continuous Amazonian forests by integrating long-term data on mortality, damage, growth, recruitment, and floristic composition of large (>10 cm dbh) trees with measurements of nearly all other live and dead plant material above the soil surface. Carbon flux to the atmosphere was estimated by determining the mean loss of aboveground biomass near forest edges from large-tree mortality and damage and from increases in the density of light-wooded pioneer species, subtracting observed increases in necromass and understory biomass, and then determining the fraction of decomposing necromass that is likely to be emitted as carbon emissions. For 29 plots that were located within 300 m of edges, live biomass of large trees declined by an average of 22.7 (+31.8) Mg ha-1 during the first 10-19 years after fragmentation. These same plots averaged 1.7 and 10.1 Mg ha-1 more understory biomass and necromass, respectively, than did plots further from edges. These values suggest a net biomass decline of 10.9 Mg ha-1 within 300 m of edges. Assuming that 50% of biomass is carbon and that at least 75% of decompositional loss results from wood respiration (principally from fungal and microbial decomposers) that directly produces C emissions, this implies a net flux of at least 4.1 Mg C ha-1 to the atmosphere within 300 m of forest edges. The remaining biomass (about 1.4 Mg C ha-1) would be exported to soils and streams in the form of wood particles and leachates, and a significant fraction of this is likely to be quickly respired to the atmosphere. The overall C emissions are thus predicted to be on the order of 4-5 Mg ha-1 within 300 m of forest edges.

Because tree mortality is elevated within roughly 300 m of edges, our findings suggest that an average of 12-15 Mg C are released for every 100 m of forest edge that is created. Given that many tens of thousands of kilometers of forest edge have been created in Amazonia, the carbon emissions from edge effects could be considerable.

Future Climate of Amazonia PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Aurelie Botta University of

Wisconsin Oral Long-Term Variations of Climate and Carbon

Fluxes Over the Amazon Basin

Clemente A.S. Tanajura Laboratorio Nacional de Computacao Cientifica (LNCC/MCT)

Oral An experiment with the Eta/SSiB model to investigate the impact of the Amazon deforestation on the South American climate

Jose Marengo CPTEC/INPE Oral Regional aspects of the IPCC Third Assessment Report. Assessment of climate change scenarios due to increase in greenhouse gases in the Amazon Basin

Richard Betts Hadley Centre Oral Amazonian forest die-back in the Hadley Centre coupled climate-vegetation model

Robert Dickinson Georgia Institute of Technology

Oral Role of the Amazon in Global Carbon Cycling

Yongkang Xue University of California, Los Angeles

Oral Simulations of South American hydrometeorology and effects of land surface processes

Chris Huntingford Government Research Laboratory

Poster The use of a GCM analogue model to assess the impact of uncertainty in Amazônian land surface parameterisation on future atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Christopher Potter NASA/ARC Poster Global teleconnections of climate to regional model estimates of Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes

Eddie Lenza UnB Poster Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants and the Effects of Experimental Rainfall Reduction

Jose Augusto Veiga LMO/CPTEC Poster Contrasting conditions of atmospheric water balance and moisture transport in summertime in the Amazon basin during EL Niño 1997-98 and La Niña 1998-99.

Moacyr Dias-Filho Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia - IPAM

Poster The effects of partial throughfall exclusion on the seasonal photosynthetic light response of trees in a forest area in eastern Brazilian Amazonia.

Patrick Meir University of Edinburgh

Poster Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on fluxes of water and carbon dioxide.

Rafael FERREIRA da COSTA

MPEG Poster CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY IN THE SOIL WATER VOLUMETRIC CONTENTS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL

Raquel Vale University of Edinburgh

Poster Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on leaf gas exchange.

Ricardo Figueiredo IPAM - Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia

Poster Throughfall exclusion in a moist tropical forest: Impacts on solution nutrient fluxes

Rong Fu Georgia Institute of Technology

Poster The influence of land surface winds show how fluxes on the onset of Amazon rainy season and the influence of South American rainfall on the winter climate over North Atlantic, Europe and eastern North America

Samuel Almeida University of Edinburgh

Poster Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on litterfall and tree growth.

Steel Vasconcelos Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias do Para

Poster Water use efficiency increases in response to drought for Vismia guianensis in the overstory of an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Long-Term Variations of Climate and Carbon Fluxes Over the Amazon Basin Aurélie Botta, Navin Ramankutty and Jonathan A. Foley Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA SAGE - Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin 1710 University Avenue Madison, WI 53706 USA [email protected] The Amazon basin contains some of the most productive ecosystems on the planet; yet we have little understanding of their long-term behavior, and their response to climatic variations. We have identified a dominant long-term mode of variability (of ~24-28 year period) within a newly available climate record of the Amazon basin. Using a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model, we have examined how climatic variations affect the carbon balance of the basin. Our simulations show that temperature and precipitation variability, ranging from short-term mode (3-4 years, related to El Niño / Southern Oscillation) to long-term (24-28 year) mode, generate similar modes of variability in terrestrial carbon fluxes. The variability in climate, net primary production (NPP) and decomposition (RH) are dominated by the long-term mode; however, the variability of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE=NPP-RH) is dominated by the short-term mode. This is because time-lags between NPP and RH appear to enhance the short-term variations in NEE, while slightly dampening the long-term variations. The magnitudes of the long-term and short-term modes of carbon flux variability are comparable. Given the worldwide attention on terrestrial carbon cycling and the potential for “carbon sinks”, we suggest that an improved understanding of long-term climatic and ecosystem processes is crucial to put in perspective observations of current carbon balance of the Amazon basin and to predict its future evolution. Other regions should be examined for potential long-term carbon cycle variations

An experiment with the Eta/SSiB model to simulate the impact of the Amazon deforestation on the South American climate

Clemente A. S. Tanajura1

Sin Chan Chou2

Yong Kang Xue3

Carlos A. Nobre2

1Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC/MCT)

Av Getúlio Vargas 333, Petrópolis, RJ, 25651-70, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected]

2Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC/INPE/MCT), Brazil

3Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA

Abstract

An experiment to investigate the impact of the Amazon deforestation on the South American climate was performed with the regional Eta model coupled to the simplified version of Simple Biosphere model (SSiB). The model domain covered all South America up to 50 oS. The initial and lateral boundary conditions were provided by NCEP analyses. Three one-month integrations during November 1997 were done. The first integration had realistic vegetation mask. The others had the vegetation type over the Amazon changed from rain forest to savannah and grassland. All other variables, including initial soil moisture and boundary conditions, were kept the same as in the control run.

Changing rainforest to savannah produced large decrease of precipitation in central and eastern Amazon. It also increased the canopy air temperature by more than 1 oC in the whole Amazon basin, with values of more than 5 oC in eastern Amazon.. The differences also show increase of precipitation over the Rio de Janeiro area around 22 oS. This region is located to the south of the area with decreased precipitation. The stationary and transient moisture transports were affected by the vegetation change, not only over the continent but also over the Southwestern Atlantic. This affected the simulated South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), which depends on the Amazon precipitation and is responsible for the precipitation maximum over southeast Brazil during the austral summer. The upper level circulation was influenced by the reduction of precipitation and the Bolivian High was not formed. Changing vegetation type from rainforest to grassland lead to patterns similar to those found previously, but the precipitation decrease in most of the Amazon region was smaller. This is due to the higher bare soil moisture flux provided by the grassland in relation to the savannah. The experiment shows that modifications in the climate of the Amazon and other areas over South American may occur in Amazon deforestation scenarios.

Regional aspects of the IPCC Third Assessment Report. Assessment of climate change scenarios due to increase n greenhouse gases in the Amazon Basin.

J. A. Marengo, Carlos A. Nobre CPTEC/INPE, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The release of the IPCC Third Assessment Report has brought to attention the possible impacts of the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in climate change in the Amazon basin, beside the possible effect of regional deforestation on climate. New models and new developments have allowed some new insight on climate change scenarios in the Amazon region, as compared to the Second Assessment report of IPCC released in 1996. The four emissions scenarios were combined with low, medium and high levels of “climate sensitivity” for all climate model projections from the IPCC-DDC. The combination of ‘low emissions + low climate sensitivity’ (B1) through to ‘high emissions + high climate sensitivity’ (A2) produce a range of future global warming and sea-level rise curves that span perhaps 90 per cent of likely future climates. Projected regional changes include for A2 increases in temperature between 3 to 4C while B1 suggest changes in 1-3 C, with the warming being more pronounced during winter than in summer. Changes in precipitation are inconsistent for A2, showing increases of 5-10% during summer, while all year long the changes vary from 0+10% whole for B1 changes in projected rainfall varies from 0+5%. It is expected than rainfall reductions forecasted by the IPCC would be in addition to those expected possible due to deforestation, as proposed by numerical experiments of deforestation. For the Amazon basin, changes in temperature, precipitation and sea-level rise for Century XXI, would affect the hydrological cycle (especially evaporation) in the region, affecting biodiversity and natural ecosystems, and agricultural activities, as well as extreme weather events in the region, such as the passage of cold fronts and the presence of dry spells and rainy days. These projections exhibit a degree of uncertainty due the differences between models, since some of them exhibit problems in representing the summer-autumn rainfall maximum in northern-central Amazonia, and the fact that these projections are at regional scale, with some regional details missing since there is not an availability of downscaled climate change scenarios valid for the different sections of the basin.

Amazonian forest die-back in the Hadley Centre coupled climate-vegetation model Richard A. Betts*, Peter M. Cox*, Matthew Collins†, John H. C. Gash‡, Philip P. Harris‡, Chris Huntingford‡, Chris D. Jones* and Keith D. Williams* *Hadley Centre, Met Office, UK †Department of Meteorology, Reading University, UK ‡ Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK The Hadley Centre General Circulation Model HadCM3 simulates severe precipitation reductions over a large part of the Amazon region as a consequence of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In a version of HadCM3 incorporating the TRIFFID dynamic global vegetation model, this drying leads to a major loss of forest cover. The simulated Amazonian ecosystems therefore undergo radical changes in character, and the region becomes a significant source of CO2. Consequently, the regional-scale climate and ecosystem changes in Amazonia provide a positive feedback on global warming. The mechanisms of drying and die-back are complex and involve a number of feedbacks between CO2 concentration, the atmospheric circulation, sea surface temperatures, surface hydrology and vegetation. This paper presents current understanding of the simulated climate and vegetation changes, and discusses investigations into the robustness of the model result. Richard A. Betts Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research London Road Bracknell Berkshire RG12 2SY UK Tel: +44 1344 856877 Fax: +44 1344 854898 Email: [email protected]


ABSTRACT - Second International LBA Science Conference Robert E. Dickinson, Georgia Institute of Technology: 221 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta Ga, 30332, USA: [email protected] Role of the Amazon in global carbon cycling. This paper reviews knowledge of the contributions of the Amazon to global carbon budgets as determined by growth and decay of its vegetation. Linkages are made to evapotranspiration and seasonal and diurnal precipitation and temperature. These linkages in turn determine the vulnerability of the Amazon ecosystems to global environmental change. Biophysical and biogeochemical aspects of this coupling between vegetation and climate are illustrated with climate model simulations.


Simulations of South American hydrometeorology and effects of land surface processes

Yongkang Xue, Fernando de Sales, Weiping Li, and Chou Sin Chan This paper presents our studies using the NCEP GCM and the Eta regional. In both atmospheric models, SSiB has been used to simulate the surface conditions. In the Eta/SSiB study, a climate version has been used for three-months continuous simulations through a dry season. This version includes updating surface boundary conditions, e.g., sea surface temperature, the distance between sun and earth, and other conditions. A vegetation map developed at the CPTEC has also been introduced. The observational data of precipitation and surface temperature from CPTEC have been used to verify the model output. The results show realistic simulations in the temporal and spatial variations of precipitation. The influence of land surface processes to the precipitation is through the atmospheric circulation and moisture flow.

A coupled NCEP GCM/SSiB has also been used to investigate the interactions between land surface processes and hydrometeorology, in particular the interactions between land and monsoon system. Several sets of experiments are designed to investigate the role of the land surface process. Impacts of different surface models, initial soil moisture, and leaf area index are tested. In one experiment initial soil moisture is provided by the global soil moisture project. In another experiment, the leaf area index is from the satellite observation. In the third one, no explicit vegetation scheme but only soil model is used. These experiments show that the importance of the land surface parameterization and vegetation and soil condition in the simulations of hydro-meteorological variability. In addition to the impact on the continent, the effect also extends to the East Pacific Ocean through the circulation. The impact on the Atlantic Ocean is relatively small.

The use of a GCM analogue model to assess the impact of uncertainty in Amazônian land surface parameterisation on future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. C. Huntingford [[email protected]], P.P. Harris [[email protected]], J.H.C. Gash [[email protected]] [CEH Wallingford, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxon., OX10 8BB, UK.] P.M. Cox [[email protected]], R.A. Betts [[email protected]] [Met Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berks., UK.] J. Marengo [[email protected]] [Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.] Based on Hadley Centre GCM simulations, propagating patterns exist in the way that surface climatology is predicted to vary within a changing climate. Such patterns are observed for surface temperature, humidity, solar forcing and rainfall, which all influence land-surface response. The derived spatial patterns are indexed by the global mean land temperature, which, within the resultant “GCM analogue model”, depends upon modelled atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. The analogue model has been extended to incorporate an interactive global carbon cycle. The model generates a surface climate, consistent with atmospheric CO2 concentration, which is used to drive a land-surface scheme (MOSES) coupled to a dynamic terrestrial carbon cycle model (TRIFFID). Changes in terrestrial carbon are allowed to feedback onto atmospheric CO2 concentration, and a “single point” sub-model represents global atmosphere-ocean CO2 fluxes. Such inclusion of land and ocean carbon dioxide feedbacks means that a model is available that may be driven by a range of carbon emissions scenarios, is based upon the latest GCM simulations and places high physical representation within the land surface component. Using this computationally quick methodology, the sensitivity of the global carbon cycle to uncertainty in the land-surface parameterisation for Amazônia is investigated. Such uncertainty is directly related to the trajectory in atmospheric CO2 concentration for a “business as usual” emissions scenario. As such, some measure of “error bars” on predictions of future climate change can be related directly to uncertainty in Amazônian land-surface response.

Poster title: Global teleconnections of climate to regional model estimates of Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes. Authors: Christopher Potter, NASA Ames Research Center Steven Klooster, California State University Monterey Bay Vipin Kumar, University of Minnesota Ranga Myneni, Boston University Abstract: Our LBA-ECO research team is investigating global teleconnections of ocean climate to regional satellite-driven observations for Amazon ecosystem production, mainly in the form of monthly predictions of net carbon exchange over the period 1982-1999 from the NASA-CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford) Biosphere model. This model is driven by observed surface climate and monthly estimates of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed PAR (FPAR) generated at 0.5 degree spatial resolution from the NOAA satellite Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Land surface AVHRR data processing using modified MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) radiative transfer algorithms includes improved calibration for intra- and inter-sensor variations, partial atmospheric correction for gaseous absorption and scattering, and correction for stratospheric aerosol effects associated with volcanic eruptions. .Results from our analysis suggest that anomalies of net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) predicted from the NASA-CASA model over large areas of the Amazon region west of 60 degrees longitude are strongly (and negatively) correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), whereas NPP and NEP anomalies over large areas of the region east of 60 degrees longitude are strongly (and positively) correlated with SOI. Certain areas of the region appear to have strong linkages of the NASA-CASA NPP anomaly record to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Geophysical processes are investigated for these global teleconnections of ocean climate to Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes and land surface climate.

1

Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants and the Effects of Experimental Rainfall Reduction Eddie Lenza ([email protected]); Carlos Augusto Klink ([email protected])) Universidade de Brasília (UnB) SCRN 714/15, Bloco G, Ent. 35, Kit 01, Brasília-DF, Fone: 0xx61 274-9132 Rapid changes in land use are bringing important modifications to ecosystem processes in the Cerrado savanna of central Brazil. Land cover change models anticipate a decrease in precipitation and a concomitant increase in the frequency of dry spells during the wet season in the Cerrado. This research aims to test the effects of experimental rainfall reduction on the phenology of woody plants in Cerrado vegetation. Our approach was to classify plants into functional types according to their foliage phenology (evergreen and brevideciduous). 256 plants belonging to 19 woody species were tagged in two adjacent plots (“control” and “treatment”), each with 20m X 20m, located in the Reserva Ecologica do Roncador (RECOR-IBGE) located in Brasilia. Here we report on the one-year observation (pre-treatment). Rainfall exclusion will start in the coming wet season (September/October). No strong difference in phenology between the two plots has been observed. At the community level more than 50% of plants maintained full canopy for 9 months. Plants shed leaves during the dry season (August and September 2000 and July and August 2001). For both the evergreen Roupala montana and the brevideciduous Dalbergia miscolobium more than 50% of plants with complete canopy have been found in the two plots during 10 months. Plants of the first species were never completely leafless, while almost 50% of plants of the second species were leafless at the end of August 2001.


Contrasting conditions of atmospheric water balance and moisture transport in summertime in the Amazon basin during EL Niño 1997-98 and La Niña 1998-99.

J. A. Veiga 1, J. A. Marengo 2, J. F. Oliveira. 1

LMO/CPTEC/INPE, São José dos Campos Sp, Brazil. 1 CPTEC/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista Sp, Brazil. 1 Nº inscrição JVEI-0154 Rua avião tangara 71, bairro Jd Souto. CEP: 12227160 Cidade São Jose dos Campos. Fone: 0XX12 3945-6660 José Augusto Paixão Veiga E-mails: [email protected] In this study we study and assess the components of the atmospheric water balance and the moisture transport in the Amazon basin, using the NCEP-NCAR reanalyses and focusing on the 1997-98 and 1998-99 extremes of the Southern Oscillation. The summer of 1998 was characterized as rainfall deficient, with large negative rainfall departures in southern Amazonia, which persisted during the autumn peak of the rainy season in northern Amazonia. On the other hand, the summer of 1999 was considered between normal and moderately rainy in northern and central Amazonia. Moisture fluxes indicate the weak moisture input from the tropical Atlantic into the Amazon region during the 1998 El Niño summer, generating large rainfall departures in most of the region. In fact, the vertical cross sections tend to show a weak moisture input into the Amazon, while the exportation of moisture outside the Amazon by the Low Level Jet east of the Andes (LLJ) during 1998 was very intense, showing that besides the Amazon basin receiving less moisture from the tropical North Atlantic, this little amount was exported outside the region. Situation in 1999 was not much different from the normal, showing that rainfall and moisture transport into and outside the Amazon basin is more sensitive to El Nino and its related circulation anomalies that to La Nina. Previous studies using upper air observations and modeling have shown that the summer of 1998 exhibited more frequent and intense LLJ than the summer of 1999, consistent with the circulation and rainfall composites 1998-1999 presented in here.


The effects of partial throughfall exclusion on the seasonal photosynthetic light response of trees in a forest area in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. M. B. DIAS-FILHO, J. B. GUERRERO and D. C. NEPSTAD Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, 66017-970, Belém, PA, Brazil, [email protected] We studied the effect of partial throughfall exclusion on the photosynthetic capacity (Amax) of seven tree species in a primary forest area, in the State of Pará, Brazil. Light response curves were measured, during the peak of the dry season (Dec 2001) and in the middle of the wet season (Mar 2002), on undamaged, mature leaves, using an infrared gas analyzer with an attached red LED light source. Measurements were made on species from three different groups: 1) canopy species: Sclerolobium chrysophyllum (Fabaceae) and Erisma uncinatum; 2) low-canopy species: Coussarea racemosa (Rubiaceae), Guatteria poeppigiana (Annonaceae) and Poecilanthe effusa (Fabaceae), and 3) pioneer species: Aparisthmium cordatum (Euphorbiaceae) and Miconia ruficalyx (Melastomataceae). For each group, curves were measured for attached leaves, between 8 and 12 h local time, at around 25, 12 and 10 m, respectively. Amax was lowest in the throughfall exclusion treatment, during the peak of the dry season, for all groups. This difference was highest for the pioneer (4.92 ± 1.99 vs. 2.66 ± 0.76 µmol m-2 s-1, mean ± standard deviation) and the canopy (10.07 ± 1.63 vs. 5.51 ± 2.32) species and lowest for the low canopy species (6.03 ± 0.77 vs. 4.28 ± 0.81). S. chrysophyllum and A. cordatum were the most affected species, with reductions in Amax of 73 and 72 %, respectively. In March 2002, recovery in the photosynthetic capacity was already evident for the low-canopy (7.05 ± 0.76 vs. 7.11 ± 0.84) and pioneer (8.14 ± 2.65 vs. 7.47 ± 1.61) species, but less apparent for the canopy (12.15 ± 0.95 vs. 8.18 ± 0.56) species.

1) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on fluxes of water and carbon dioxide. P Meir8, E. Sotta2,7, R da Costa2, PJ de Oliveira1,8, L Aragao5, R Fisher8,JMN Costa3, Y Malhi8, M Williams8, J Grace8, ACL Costa1. 1. Universidade Federal de Pará (Brazil).2. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Brazil).3. Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Brazil). 4. EMBRAPA, Brazil. 5. INPE, Brazil. 6.Instituto de Agronomia Superior, Portugal. 7. University of Goettingen. 8. University of Edinburgh (UK). Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Para using transparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of sap flow in trees and soil carbon efflux before and after installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Comparisons were made between adjacent control and treatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a third plot 2km away, where weather and ecosystem flux measurements were also made. The exclusion of rainfall resulted in a reduction in soil water volume content by more than 30% in comparison to the control measurements. The effects of reduced soil moisture content on water use by trees (sap flow) and soil respiration rates are presented.


MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY IN THE SOIL WATER VOLUMETRIC CONTENTS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,

BRAZIL.

Rafael FERREIRA da COSTA1; Patrick MEIR2; P.J. OLIVEIRA2; R. B. SILVA3; A. C. L. COSTA3; Y. MALHI2; J. M. N. COSTA4; M. L. P. RUIVO1 and V. ANDRADE3. 1MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil. Contact; e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] 2 IERM/UEdin, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. 3UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil. 4UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

The Caxiuanã National Forest, with an area of 330,000 hectares (1º43’ S; 51º32’ W) belonging to the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), far from approximately 400 km West of city of Belém, Para, Brazil. The experimental site was separated in three different areas; Plot A, Plot B (with 1 ha each) and Plot T, where is installed the micrometeorological LBA’s tower. In the Plots A and B were made four trenches in each one (with 1x2x5 meters width/length/depth each) where were installed the soil water probes, in two sides, at different levels, from surface to 5 meters deep. The Plot B is being used for the ESECAFLOR Experiment, and was covered by plastics panels, to simulate a drought period in the forest for analysis of them influences. In the Plot T were made two trenches like the others. The preliminary analysis indicated large variation in the soil water volumetric contents among the plots A, B and T. The soils at Caxiuanã are well drained to moderately drained, sandy to clay, acidic and poor of nutrients, with a pH ranging from highly acidic (3.5) to moderately acidic (5.5). For the soil water content measurements was used the TDR (Time-Domain Reflectometer) system, using Tektronic 1502B/C equipment with WATTDR 3.11 software (Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research). Monthly measurements are being made since September’2000. The Plot A showed values between 7.8% (Oct’2001) and 15.3% (May’2001). Plot B registered 6.5% (Oct’2001) and 15.7% (Jun’2001). The plot T showed 19.5 and 20% to Nov’2000 and Nov’2001 respectively for minimums values and 27.3% (Mar’2001), 29.2% (Mar’2002). After to closed, in December of 2001, the plastic cover in the Plot B, this Plot reached –35.1% soil water content, when compared with Plot A. This characterisation is important for assessment of the soil in view of the expected changes in soil characteristics during and after the ESECAFLOR Experiment. It is very important to assess the impact of drought on water balance, carbon dioxide fluxes and carbon stock in the soil to investigate future sustainability of the Amazon forest ecosystem. Key words: Soil Water Content, Amazônia and Forest.



3) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on leaf gas exchange. R Vale1, MM Chaves1,2, CJR Carvalho3, J Maroco2, S Almeida4, J Grace5, JS Pereira1, P Meir5 1-Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Lisboa. Portugal. 2-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica. Oeiras. Portugal. 3-Lab. Ecofisiologia Vegetal. Embrapa Amazonia Oriental. Belém. Brasil. 4-Museu Goeldi. Belém. Brasil. 5-University of Edinburgh. UK. Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Para using transparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of leaf gas exchange before and after installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Measurements of stomatal conductance and the maximum rate of carboxylation and electron transport were measured on leaves at different levels throughout the vertical profile of the canopy. Comparisons were made between adjacent control and treatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a third plot 2km away, where weather and ecosystem flux measurements were also made. The exclusion of rainfall resulted in a reduction in soil water volume content by more than 30% in comparison to the control measurements. Before the experimental exclusion of rainfall no statistical differences could be discerned between leaves in the canopy profile at the different sites. The effect of the experimental reduction in soil moisture on canopy physiology is discussed.

Throughfall exclusion in a moist tropical forest: Impacts on solution nutrient fluxes. Ricardo de O. Figueiredo and Wanderley Rocha da Silva Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia Daniel Markewitz and Elizabeth L. Belk The University of Georgia Eric A. Davidson and Daniel Nepstad The Woods Hole Research Center Alex V. Krusche Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – USP Luciana Pimentel da Silva Universidade Federal do Pará – Bolsista ITI, CNPq/LBA Address of corresponding author: Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia Av. Nazaré, 669 - Belém - PA - 66035-170 - Brazil Email: [email protected] In recent years, the world’s major moist tropical forest have experienced increasingly severe and prolonged droughts associated with the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). If this current trend is sustained due to changing climatic conditions the effects on tropical forest could be dramatic. To investigate the effect of prolonged drought on tropical forest nutrient fluxes in solution we established a throughfall exclusion experiment in the Tapajos National Forest. The experiment consists of paired one-hectare plots that are trenched to >1.5m depth and a network of plastic panels excluding ~50% of throughfall in the treatment plot. After nine months of pre-treatment measurements the throughfall exclusion panels were installed in February 2000. Panels are removed in the dry season (June-Nov.) and re-installed in the rainy season (Dec.-May) every year. Here we report solution chemical results from bulk precipitation, throughfall, litter leachate, and 25 and 200 cm soil solutions for the period May 1999 to July 2001. During the pretreatment period few significant differences were apparent in solution chemical concentrations. During the following two wet seasons of throughfall exclusion no changes in throughfall chemistry were observed, but increases in litter leachate and soil solution concentrations in the exclusion plot were apparent, particularly for NO3, K, and Ca. Because this effect was not observed for all elements, we do not think it is due only to the concentration of nutrients in a smaller volume of soil water, but rather is also due to effects of drought on nutrient cycling processes. We are currently developing a soil hydrologic model to calculate the rate of movement of these nutrients through the soil profile.

1

TThhee iinnfflluueennccee ooff llaanndd ssuurrffaaccee wwiinnddss sshhooww hhooww fflluuxxeess oonn tthhee oonnsseett ooff AAmmaazzoonn rraaiinnyy

sseeaassoonn aanndd tthhee iinnfflluueennccee ooff SSoouutthh AAmmeerriiccaann rraaiinnffaallll oonn tthhee wwiinntteerr cclliimmaattee oovveerr NNoorrtthh AAttllaannttiicc,, EEuurrooppee aanndd eeaasstteerrnn NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaa

Rong Fu

Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology 221 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340

Tel: 404-385-0670; Fax: 404-385-1512; Email: [email protected] Abstract:

Our analysis of satellite observations and reanalyses products has suggested that

the transition from dry to wet season over Amazon is initiated by an increase of land

surface fluxes, whereas the dynamic responses to the increase of the surface flux, such as

an increasing moisture transport, accelerate the transition. A delayed onset could either

by caused by abnormally preseasonal dryness, or by a slower increase of the surface

fluxes, in addition to a weaker large-scale moisture transport.

We have also observed that during boreal winter, decreases of South American

rainfall are correlated with enhanced anticyclonic surface winds over the mid-latitude

North Atlantic and cyclonic flow over the Northeastern North Atlantic a few days later.

The latter also increases cyclonic weather activity over Western and Northern Europe and

eastern United States, and decreases precipitation over the Mediterranean region.

Comparison with simulations by a time-dependent barotropic model suggests that the

prevailing weak westerly winds in the upper tropospheric tropical Atlantic during boreal

winter allow latitudinal propagation of a Rossby wave disturbance that leads to the

observed remote influence of South American rainfall on winds over the North Atlantic.

2

2) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on litterfall and tree growth. S. Almeida1, R. Santos1, ACL Costa2, J. Grace3, Y. Malhi3, P. Meir3 1. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Brazil) 2. Universidade Federal de Pará (Brazil). 3. University of Edinburgh (UK). Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Para using transparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of litterfall and tree growth before and after installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Comparisons were made between adjacent control and treatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a third plot 2km away, where weather and ecosystem flux measurements were also made. The effects of reduced soil moisture on the seasonality in litterfall and the annual tree growth rate are discussed in the context of seasonality in the forest carbon cycle.

Water use efficiency increases in response to drought for Vismia guianensis in the

overstory of an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Steel S. Vasconcelos1, Daniel J. Zarin2, Stephen S. Mulkey2, Claudio José R. de Carvalho3,

Lucas B. Fortini2

1 Projeto MANFLORA, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, P. O. Box 917, Belém,

PA, 66077-530, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected]; 2 University of Florida, USA,

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 3 EMBRAPA

Amazônia Oriental, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected]

We assessed the impact of drought on an abundant overstory species (V. guianensis) by

measuring leaf water potential and leaf gas exchange in irrigated and control plots in an

Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest during the 2001 dry-season. Light-saturated CO2

assimilation rates (Amax) under PPFD of 1500 µmol m-2 s-1 and light response curves were

performed with a portable photosynthesis system on young, fully developed leaves. Pre-

dawn and midday leaf water potential were measured with a pressure chamber. Irrigated

plants maintained higher leaf water potential in relation to control plants. Amax values

showed a decreasing trend during the dry season and were similar between treatments on

five of six measurement dates; on one measurement date, irrigated plants showed higher

Amax than non-irrigated plants (16.4 ± 1.5 vs. 10.8 ± 4.6 µmol m-2 s-1). Stomatal

conductance (gs) values of irrigated plants were relatively constant during the whole dry

season; control plants were consistently lower and showed a very sharp decrease in

stomatal conductance from the mid to the end of the dry season. Instantaneous water-use

efficiency (Amax/gs) values increased in control plants as the dry season progressed, while

remaining constant in irrigated plants. Light response curves obtained near the end of the

dry season showed a trend of higher light compensation and saturation points in control

plants than in irrigated plants. These results suggest that V. guianensis is able to maintain

gas exchange during moderate drought through regulation of stomatal water loss.

Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in Amazon PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Benedita M. G. Esteves

Federal University of Acre Oral Amazonia as a shared space: the case of “Brasivianos” along the frontier between Acre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia.


UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro)

Oral Local Responses to Global Changes Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-Environmental Model

Reinaldo Correa Costa

Departamento de Geografia-FFLCH/USP

Oral Politicas Publicas em antiga área de fronteira: o eixo Transamazonica-Xingu.

Richard Bilsborrow University of North Carolina

Oral Population, Economy and Land Use in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Scott Hoefle Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Oral Pro-Active Political Participation and Sustainable Development in the Central Amazon


UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro)

Poster A Conceptual Model for Interated Research on Humann Dimension in Amazonia

Cintia Honorio Vasconcelos

INPE/DSR Poster The relationship between deforestation rates, precipitation and Malaria incidence rates

F. Kennedy A. de Souza

Federal University of Acre (UFAC)

Poster Carbon as an economic strategy to reduce deforestation in southwestern Amazonia: opportunities and limits for rural populations in Acre State, Brazil

I.F. Brown WHRC-UFF-UFAC Poster The broader impacts of LBA science: Examples from Acre, Brazil.

Maria del Carmen Vera Diaz

WHRC Poster The economic costs of fire in the Brazilian Amazon: a valuation study

Maria Ruivo Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

Poster MICROPEDOLOGY OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTH AND YELLOW LATOSSOL IN CAXIUANÃ SITE

Mónica J. De Los Rios Maldonado

Federal University of Acre (UFAC)

Poster Challenges in the democratization of knowledge generated by LBA for Amazonian societies

Rebecca Powell University of California, Santa Barbara

Poster Mapping and monitoring urban land-cover change in Rondônia using spectral mixture analysis

René Poccard-Chapuis

CIRAD-Ecopol - USP-FEA-PROCAM

Poster MILK PRODUCTION, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE EASTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Rodrigo O. P. Serrano Federal University of Acre Poster Reliability of low-cost GPS data for ecological and land use studies in Amazonia

Sueli Oliveira Martins Istituto de Estudos Avançados DA universidade de S. Paulo

Poster Reflorestamento Econômico Consorciado Adensado-RECA: Um Estudo sobre Desenvolvimento Integrado na Amazônia.

Amazonia as a shared space: the case of “Brasivianos” along the frontier between Acre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia. Benedita M.G. Esteves1, Paulo R.N. Ferreira2, and Hudisley. S. de Oliveira2. 1 Coordinator of the research group Society and Environment and professor of the History Department of the Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil. [email protected] 2 Student research intern of the History Department, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil This research is part of a set of studies on migrations in the frontier regions of southwestern Amazonia, specifically in extractive regions of Acre State/Brazil, Pando Department/Bolivia and Madre de Dios Department/Peru. The results of our case study of Brazilians that migrate to Pando alters the current perception of Amazonia, one where geopolitical definitions of space define national territories but are without socio-environmental content. The manner that the concept of the Amazonian region has been used reduces one of the basic notions of social sciences -- that of space – to a locality, as if Amazonia was a restricted region of Brazil, omitting the extensive area of contiguous forests that occur in neighboring countries. Such a geopolitical appropriation does not take into account the network of relations within the region established among resident populations. Amerindians, caboclos, river bank dwellers, and extractivists define their territories using existing natural resources. These populations create their proper nations. The rubber tapper nation is one of them, defined by the relationship of man and nature. This study focuses on Brazilian rubber tappers as they seek land and work in the Pando-Acre region and their migrations between extractive areas and urban peripheries. Approximately 6000 Brazilian families have resided in the Bolivian Pando. Recent geopolitical decisions and economic trends have resulted in a migration to urban environments with three families a day arriving in the urban center of Brasileia on the Bolivian border. The reality of this situation has great importance for regional public policy, particularly for municipal education programs.


1

Session: Human Dimension, of Global Environmental Change Abstract: Local Responses to Global Changes Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-Environmental Model Bertha K. Becker Department of Geography Laboratory on Management – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Av. Atlântica, 1896/1301 – Copacabana – CEP. 22021-001 – Rio de Janeiro - Brasil E-mail: [email protected] ou [email protected] Local Responses to Global Changes Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-Environmental

Model

The complexity of Human Dimensions of global changes implies recognizing diverse interests and underlying factors in the analysis of situations. Emphasis in scientiphic analysis is usually given to the impacts of local processes on global changes. There are, however global changes impacts on local processes. Impacts that are not merely environmental and cannot be dissociated from economic and geopolitical interests, and Science must be aware of these complex conditions of global change.

Important structural changes took place in the Amazon since the 1970’s, such as: connectivy, industrialization, urbanization and particularly, change in the social structure, which are expressed in the diversification of territorial occupation and use in five major patterns (Becker, 2002). The focus of this paper, based mainly on field research, is the socio-environmental pattern. It is the one that better expresses local responses to global changes impacts, and is the less studied and diffused in international scientiphic literature.

Hundreds of community experiments are beeing developed in the Amazon configuring a new socio-environmental model. The landmark of its emergence is 1985, with the creation of the National Council of Rubbertappers, a symbol of the organization of local social movements against their land and resources expropriation. Conflicts of the 1970’s and 1980’s changed into organized demands expressed in alternative bottom-up development projects. They are experiments associated to bio-sociodiversity. Each of them develops in a certain ecossistem, with populations of different ethnic or geographic origin – Indians, rubbertappers, riverains, and peasants -, as well as different socio-economic and political structure, techniques and alliances (Becker, 1995).

The Catholic Church gave the basic support for community fights and organizations throughout the region. As global concerns with regional environmental protection increased, new national and particularly international partners became the crucial support for these movements. Technical and financial support, given by religions organizations, ngos, development agencies, banks.

Telecommunications networks are the basic strategy used for communities to relate with actors at the global scale, aiming to get support for their survival. Global motivations are complex. They include environmental protection concerns, economic and geopolitical interests of having access to information and control of the region’s natural capital, as well as scientiphic motivations.

The socio-environmental model represents an important local contribution for the solution of global problems: biodiversity loss, deforestation and it effects on climate. But, if it is a relatively political and environmental success, the economic conditions of the populations involved are far from being satisfactory, challenging research, public policies and international cooperation to search and develop conditions for its sustainability.



Políticas públicas em antiga área de fronteira:o eixo Transamazônica -Xingu

Reinaldo Corrêa Costa*

Neste estudo analisarei o atual processo que está ocorrendo na área de Altamira (PA),

localizada no centro do estado do Pará, e é atravessada pelo rio Xingu no sentido norte-

sul e pela rodovia Transamazônica (BR 230) no sentido leste-oeste. Essa é uma das

antigas áreas de fronteira dos anos de 1970 e 1980, este estudo de caso analisará porque

com a chegada de energia elétrica vinda da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, começou uma

“efervescência” territorial na área de empreendimentos, como madereiras, laticínios e

serrarias. No contexto, há os que especulam que a chegada de energia elétrica é para

proporcionar a construção da hidrelétrica do rio Xingu, denominada de complexo

hidrelétrico de Belo Monte e, por isso temem que se repita em Altamira o que aconteceu

em Tucuruí. Dentro desse processo existem as cicatrizes dos projetos anteriores, como a

colonização oficial às margens da BR-230; alguns questionamentos são necessários:

como estão essas pessoas agora? O quê mudou? Como está a situação dos índios?,

principalmente daqueles que poderão perder suas terras, caso seja construída a

hidrelétrica. Esses são os pontos de observação/reflexão para estudar o espaço

geográfico e as territorialidades nele existentes após a fronteira em uma área da

Amazônia brasileira

*Doutorando em Geografia/USP. Endereço: Cidade Universitária, CRUSP, Bloco C, Apto. 311, Butantã, São Paulo (SP), 05508-900.# [email protected]

Population, Economy and Land Use in the Ecuadorian Amazon Richard E. Bilsborrow and William K.Y. Pan Carolina Population Center University of North Carolina 123 W. Franklin Street Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA [email protected] This paper will bring together some results from a longitudinal study of population, socio-economic factors, and land use (including deforestation) in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon. This region, comprising the provinces of Sucumbios and Orellana, has experienced an intense process of colonization during the past three decades following the discovery of large petroleum fields in 1967 near what is now the largest city in the Ecuadorian Amazon, Lago Agrio. To extract the oil, oil companies built a network of roads connecting hundreds of wells to oil pipelines which ultimately fed into the TransAndean Pipeline to the Pacific port of Esmeraldas. The roads made the region accessible for the first time to land-starved farmers who migrated to the region mainly from the Sierra or highlands region. Since the Amazon of Ecuador is one of the world’s 11 “hotspots” of biodiversity (according to the ecologist, Myers), the clearing of its forests to create farms has high ecological costs. At the same time, most colonist families are poor. It is therefore important to develop policies that are more sustainable in the region to both improve the livelihoods of the poor migrant families as well as to reduce the high rate of degradation of the stunning natural environment. As a result we designed a survey of migrant farm households in 1990 to collect data to investigate these phenomena. With access to lists of colonist settlement areas (called sectors) and the number of original farms per sector from the government Institute of Land Reform and Colonization (IERAC), we were able to select a probability sample of migrant farm plots. On each plots we interviewed both heads of households and spouses, obtaining a wealth of information on household composition, fertility and health, migration, land titling, land use and technology, cattle, income, environmental problems, timber extraction, assets, use of local infrastructure, etc. In 1999 we repeated the survey on the same plots, providing a rich longitudinal data base on population and land use. By 1999 the population living on the plots had grown by half due to both continuing in-migration and subdivision of plots among heirs. At the same time, forest cover declined from 56 % to 45 %, indicating continuing forest clearing. Data will be shown on demographic changes, socio-economic factors, changes in land use and technology, and interrelationships. In addition, farm plots, households, roads, rivers, local community centers and infrastructure, etc., were all geo-referenced in 1999-2000, permitting placing the study in a broader spatial context. The paper will conclude with a discussion of policy recommendations and further research needs.


CONVIDADO DA MESA REDONDA

“HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE”

PRO-ACTIVE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON

Ana Maria de Souza Mello Bicalho

Scott William Hoefle**

Laboratório de Gestão do Território – LAGEG Departamento de Geografia – IGEO/CCMN

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Cidade Universitária – Ilha do Fundão 21941-590 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brasil

Political sustainability in the sense of local people controlling the nature and the form of development policy and implementation lies at the heart of generating sustainable livelihoods in the Amazon. The conflict between new forms of political participation at the local and international levels, on one side, and old forms of client-patron political relationships at the state and national levels, on the other, is analyzed in areas on and beyond the advancing frontier of open-field agriculture in the Central Amazon.

Over the last thirty years a silent revolution in county level politics was induced by the Catholic Church and today communities successfully pressure municipal politicians to provide basic services. Over the last fifteen, another, not so silent, revolution took place in Amazonian politics with the active involvement of international and national non-governmental organizations. While considerable empowerment of previously marginalized Amerindians, rubber tapers and frontier peasants has occurred, beyond the county level throughout much of the region, patronage networks, be they modern or “post-modern”, remain top-down in their decision-making process, significant horizontal political mobilization between different social actors has not emerged and grassroots political organization has been stymied by authoritarian politics at the state level and neo-liberal “predatory democracy” at the national level.

Positive experience in the cases of Silves and Iranduba counties as well as in Amerindian political mobilization are used to show that participatory development is most successful when traditional social structures and knowledge are mobilized and when new economic activities are developed. Economic success enhances political participation, which, in turn, overcomes bias in state development policy, further enhancing economic success in an upward spiral. However, on a regional basis, only the Amerindians have managed to effectively scale upward to higher levels of political participation. Consequently, the rise of enclaves of pro-active farming communities or of restricted local development do not lead to regional political sustainability so that much still needs to be done to break through the stonewall of state and national level politics.

** Invited Oral Presenter

Poster Abstract: A Conceptual Model for Integrated Research on Human Dimension in Amazonia Bertha K. Becker Department of Geography Laboratory on Management – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Av. Atlântica, 1896/1301 – Copacabana – CEP. 22021-001 – Rio de Janeiro - Brasil E-mail: [email protected] ou [email protected]

A Conceptual Model for Integrated Research on Human Dimension in Amazonia

Undoubtly, there has been a great advance in research on Amazonia,

particularly in the last decade but, many problems still remain further progress. One of its major challenges is the disarticulation of research initiatives. Another one is the need to consider the human dimension since it is recognized that there is no possibility of environmental protection without the participation and better living conditions of regional inhabitants.

Its means that we need a general framework, which can encompass links between different projects and between natural and social processes. With these challenges in mind, a general framework is here proposed based on the major patterns of occupation and use of the regional territory. Research according to thematic lines is fundamental for deepening knowledge but it has not allowed us to reach the necessary level of generalization to understand regional dynamics and, to contribute to public policies.

Is there a better framework to insert thematic lines than the concept of territory? This would allow us to solve the problems pointed out, because:

- territory is the space of practice. On one hand, it is a product of social practice, associated to the appropriation of a portion of space; on the other hand, it is also a product used by actors, a means for their practice;

- territory expresses the result of the interaction of multiple variables – social and natural – which determine the process of change;

- the major patterns of territorial occupation and use offer a vision of the whole region, allowing researchers to locate themselves within it;

- research related to one or more of these patterns, offers the possibility of an integrated and cumulative knowledge of the specific patterns under study and also of the regional dynamics as a whole.

Five major patterns of territorial occupation and use are identified: 1- primary forests searcely inhabited 2- expansion of agropastoral frontier 3- socio-environmental innovations 4- consolidated settlement 5- increased productivy The model takes into account the central elements of territorial occupation and

use, the main features of its major patterns, and the demands they pose for S/T.



INFLUÊNCIA DA PRECIPITAÇÃO E DO DESMATAMENTO NA INCIDÊNCIA DE MALÁRIA NA REGIÃO DE TUCURUÍ, PARÁ

VASCONCELOS, C.H.

Doutoranda na Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Ecologia Aplicada

Av. Trabalador Sãocarlense, 400 Centro, 13566-590 São Carlos-SP, Brasil [email protected]

DRa. NOVO, E.M.L.M.

Pesquisadora pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) Av. dos Astronautas, 1578 Jd. da Granja 12227-010, São José dos Campos-SP, Brasil

[email protected]

Dr.CONFALONIERI, U. Pesquisador pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/ Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (Fiocruz/Ensp)

Av. Brasil, 4036 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil [email protected]

ABSTRACT Malaria is a complex disease that reaches million people around the world, mainly in the African continent, South America and Asia. Transmission of malaria depends on the interaction between the vector (mosquito Anopheles), the parasite (plasmodium), the hosts and the environment. The risk of malaria infection is determined by the following factors: parasite cycle within the anopheles and its survival time combined with human exposure to the vector. The life cycle of the malaria parasite and of the mosquito are directly related to many factors such as precipitation, humidity and temperature. Moreover, there are other factors contributing to the increase of disease in the entire world: parasite antimalarial drug resistance; mosquito insecticide resistance; environmental changes (deforestation, construction of dams); climatic changes; migration; population increase and lack of a organized of health system. For controlling malaria, it will be necessary the development of efficient vaccine and monitoring system. While scientists do not obtain this vaccine, however, it is necessary to prevent the infection, improving the system for to fighting the vector. The aim of this research is to study the relationship between the incidence of malaria in the Tucuruí dam region, Brazilian Amazon, deforestation and precipitation from 95 to 97. Deforestation data provided by PRODES-INPE, malaria incidence records from the National Foundation of Health, Para Estate and precipitation measurements provided by the National Agency of Electric Power (Aneel) are being used. The expected results is to obtain a positive correlation between deforestation rates and the incidence of malaria, because in the areas of high deforestation there is a increase in migration rates and also the increase in recent contact man-mosquito which is responsible for the spread in the infestation rates. Keywords: malaria, deforestation, environmental change, precipitation.




Carbon as an economic strategy to reduce deforestation in southwestern Amazonia: opportunities and limits for rural populations in Acre State, Brazil F. Kennedy A. de Souza1 and Diogo Selhorst1,2

1 Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global Change Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC, Rio Branco, AC Brazil, [email protected] 2 Foundation Bioma, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil The Avança Brasil Program plans to invest approximately one billion dollars per year for the next five years in southwestern Amazonia, which includes Acre. To guarantee access of rural products to markets, the Acre State government plans to invest 32 million dollars/yr in roads. Rural economic agents direct their investments and will define the evolution of regional deforestation, possibly accelerated by these infrastructural investments. Cattle raising, occupying 75% of the deforested areas of the State, is the most dynamic sector. In 1998 it was responsible for 18% of exports from the State; by 2001 this proportion increased to 75%. The total contribution of agriculture and cattle ranching to the state economy increases by about 8.2 million dollars/yr. One of the possible mechanisms to influence these rural economic agents can be via economic incentives using carbon. We simulated the effect of avoided deforestation on committed carbon emissions. The average rate of deforestation in Acre is 53,000 ha/yr and can be disaggregated into small producers and large cattle ranchers. The amount of carbon stocked in biomass and liberated by the transformation of forest to pasture is about 130 to 200 tons C/ha. At US$10/ton, the ‘value’ of the carbon is on the order of US$1,300 to 2,000/ha. Avoiding deforestation would be worth approximately 70 to 100 million dollars/yr, raising per capita rural incomes by 195 to 300 dollars/yr. In extractive reserves this value could reach 500 dollars/yr/family. Administrative costs, however, are not included and could reach 45% of the value, if current trends hold. The State of Acre is considered a model of sustainable development for the region and will need to develop mechanisms, such as carbon incentives, to limit deforestation.


The broader impacts of LBA science: Examples from Acre, Brazil. Foster Brown1,2 and Silvia Brilhante2 1 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA and Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil ([email protected]) 2 Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil ([email protected]) The paradigm of doing science is changing. Funding agencies in Brazil and the U.S. have expanded their criteria to include impacts on such topics as public policy, education, and under-represented groups. Such a paradigm shift can be seen in the NASA research announcements for LBA-ECO, in the evaluation of LBA by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), in directives from National Science Foundation, and in the Pilot Program for the Preservation of Tropical Forests of Brazil, called PPG-7. Continued societal support for funding science has become increasingly dependent on the quality of these broader impacts that can be incorporated and utilized by national, regional and local societies. At the national level, researchers from LBA /Acre participated in a Ministry of Environment workshops for establishing consistent methods for estimating deforestation rates and for defining priorities of the second phase of the PPG7. At a regional level, LBA/Acre collaborators authored or co-authored six chapters of the Ecological and Economic Zoning of Acre State and presented suggestions at the State Education Forum about how to incorporate LBA research results into school curricula. A study of official logging data spurred the state government to conduct a major study of logging activity. LBA/Acre provided training, maps, and satellite imagery for Epitaciolandia and Assis Brasil municipalities to help in planning land use in the border region with Bolivia and Peru and in developing educational material for the local school systems. Collaboration with professionals in the neighboring Departments (states) of Pando, Bolivia and Madre de Dios, Peru has grown rapidly in order to maximize the benefits and minimize the impacts of the growing axis of integration along the road to the Pacific. A course supported by LBA helped build the capacity of over thirty Bolivian, Peruvian, and Brazilian scientists in land use studies. One long-term goal of LBA activities is to promote sustainable land use trajectories in the region; scientific publications need to be coupled with broader impacts to achieve this goal.



THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF FIRE IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: A VALUATION

STUDY Maria del Carmen Vera Diaz

Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – IPAM, Belem, PA, Brazil

Daniel C. Nepstad

IPAM and Woods Hole Research Center – WHRC, Woods Hole, MA, USA

Ronaldo Seroa da Motta & Mário Jorge Cardoso de Mendonça

Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada –IPEA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Fire is used to manage pastures and prepare agricultural soils by more than 400 thousand small farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. The economic system considers, exclusively, the benefits obtained from use of fire as a management tool. However, when fires burn beyond their intended boundaries, they also cause losses to rural property owners and generate externalities to society (CO2 emissions and respiratory diseases). The risk of uncontrolled fire inhibits property owners from investing in their properties, perpetuating extensive cattle ranching and slash and burn agriculture domination at the expense of agroforestry systems and sustainable forest management. The objective of this work is to estimate the economic impacts of fire in the Amazonia for society as a whole and for rural property owners. Such impacts include burned grassland (lost grazing), forest and plantations, lost fences, C02 emissions and respiratory diseases. Physical and monetary costs resulting from fire in Amazonia were estimated using the theoretical structure of environmental economics. The average annual minimum costs associated with fire are US$ 800 million, and range from 1.5 to 4.0 percent of the region’s GDP. The costs are distributed as follows: 9.4 percent in damages to the farmers, 89.7 percent in CO2 emissions, and 0.9 percent in respiratory diseases as a result of smoke inhalation. These estimates provide a preliminary assessment of the social costs of regional development models that favor accidental fire. Address of corresponding author (Diaz): Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – IPAM Sede Belém Av. Nazare 669, Centro. 66035-170 Belém, PA, Brasil emails: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]




Maria Del Carmen, Diaz, Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia –I

PAM, Avenida Nazare 669, Belem, Para, 66035-170, Brazil, Phone (Fax): 55 91 241 6700,

[email protected].


MICROPEDOLOGY OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTH AND YELLOW LATOSSOL IN CAXIUANÃ SITE

RUIVO, M.L.P.1; CUNHA, E.S.2, KERN, D.C. 1

1Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi / Coordenadoria de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Campus de Pesquisa, Av. Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme, CEP 66077-530, Belém, Pará, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, Belém,Pará, Brazil

Micromorphology as a tool to deduce processes of soil formation, transformation natural and human induced processes. The study was carried out at the National Reserve of Caxiuanã in Yellow Latosol -YL (ESECAFLOR experiment (PA), LBA Tower (TOW), secondary vegetation (CAP) and Archeological Black Earth (ABE). YL soils are present in the A, AB, BA, and B horizons and are well drained at sites PA and CAP, with moderate drainage at site TOW. Structure varies from sub-angular blocky at massive structure. The ABE at Manduquinha site developed on the top of latossol. The new soil developed during the interaction between YL and pre-historic human occupation. The ABE is well drained soil and very aggregate. The ABE present A1, A2, A3, AB, BA and B horizonts. The A1 and A2 are rich in archaeological materials. The mineralogy was similar for all soils, consisting predominantly of kaolinite in the clay fraction and quartz in the sand fraction, showed connection between macropores and organic matter. The soils ABE, PA and CAP are macroaggregrate and very porosity, principally for presence of the organic matter and sandy texture (ABE) and sandy texture (PA). The pore are great and interlaced in the ABE. The pore are small and macice struture in the CAP and PA e microagregation in depth in the TOW. The conformation of the pores in the ABE facility water retention and movement, biologic activity and aeration of the soil. The conservation of the soil structure is responsible for maintaining high levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and available nutrients in archaeological black earth soils. The occurrence of recalcitrant SOM in pyrogenic forms and estability of ABE SOM can be partly explained with physical stabilization in aggregates.


Challenges in the democratization of knowledge generated by LBA for Amazonian societies Mónica J. de Los Rios Maldonado1 and I. Foster Brown1,2

1 Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global Change Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC and Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, AC Brazil 2 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA and Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil

Programs such as LBA and the Pilot Program for the Preservation of Brazil’s Tropical Forests (PPG7) now require researchers to make their data available through data banks and via Internet. This represents an advance in the democratization of knowledge, a goal of the science and technology component of Agenda 21 for Brazil. There exist, however, barriers to this process. Only 8% of the Brazilian population has access to Internet and only a small fraction of this group has the scientific background to use these data that require a mastery of English. In Amazonia, few know how read English and thus are excluded from information sources such as Beija-Flor, the metadata bank of LBA, and scientific publications. There exists a need of other means of dissemination that do not require a computer. For example, municipal governments and educational systems in Acre have increasingly requested results of LBA research in the form of satellite images, maps, and short courses to help in decisions about land use. The education of young researchers (a strong point of LBA) and the insertion of LBA results in the elementary, secondary, and university educational systems are alternatives to help overcome barriers. The democratization of knowledge generated by LBA, and its use to stimulate alternative practices of conservation and sustainable land use, will only be effective when the majority of society has access to information and knows how to use it. 1 Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global Change Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC and Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, AC Brazil 2 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA and Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil

2nd International LBA Scientific Conference Title: Mapping and monitoring urban land-cover change in Rondônia using spectral mixture analysis Authors: Rebecca L. Powell*, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, [email protected] Dar A. Roberts, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara,

[email protected] Laura L. Hess, Institute for Computational Earth System Science, University of

California, Santa Barbara, [email protected] Corresponding address: *Department of Geography University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA Abstract: While the majority of the Amazon’s human population resides in cities and towns, most studies of land-cover change in the Amazon have ignored the role of urban centers in driving land-cover conversion and in generating significant environmental change. This research develops a methodology to systematically characterize urban land cover in Rondônia using optical remotely sensed imagery. The spectral properties of urban land cover are derived from Landsat TM imagery using spectral mixture analysis (SMA). Aerial videography is used to relate spectral properties of urban surfaces with physical materials on the ground. The bio-physical properties of urban land cover are then characterized and mapped using a simple Vegetation-Impervious Surface-Soil (VIS) model. Accuracy of results is assessed using aerial videography collected in 1999. This paper presents an application of this methodology to the city of Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Comparing such maps through time and across regions provides insights into the role of urbanization in regional land-cover change and as a driver of environmental change. This approach represents the fist step in developing datasets that include the bio-physical properties and the geographic distributions of urban land cover in the Amazon. Such datasets can be compared at the regional scale (i.e. across the Amazon Basin) and integrated into broader studies of the causes and consequences of land-cover change.

MILK PRODUCTION, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE EASTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON

AUTHORS : POCCARD-CHAPUIS René, Géographe, CIRAD1-EMVT2, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France ; tel : 33 (0)4 67 61 58 00 e.mail : [email protected] PIKETTY Marie-Gabrielle, Economist - CIRAD– ECOPOL3, Visting scientist, Universidade de São Paulo, FEA-PROCAM4, Av: Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908, 05 508-900 São Paulo - SP tel : 55 11 3091 5858. Fax 55 11 30 91 60 73. E.mail : [email protected] VEIGA Jonas Bastos, Searcher animal science, leader of project n° 13.1999.650 Embrapa5 Amazônia Oriental , Trav.Dr.Enéas Pinheiro S/N-Marco, Cx.P.48, Belém, Pará, Brasil, CEP 66.095-100; Fone: 0xx91 299-4571 Fax: 0xx91 276-9845.e.mail : [email protected] HOSTIOU Nathalie CIRAD6-EMVT7, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France e.mail : [email protected] TOURRAND Jean-François, Searcher animal science, CIRAD, SQS 309, Bloco J, Appt 606, 71362-100 Brasilia DF, Brazil, [email protected] Please response should be sent to : PIKETTY Marie-Gabrielle, Economist - CIRAD– ECOPOL8, Visiting scientist in São Paulo University, FEA-PROCAM9, Av: Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908, 05 508-900 São Paulo - SP tel : 55 11 3091 5858. Fax 55 11 30 91 60 73. E.mail : [email protected]

Abstract : Milk production is an important component of farming systems in the Brazilian Amazon agricultural frontiers. Developed mainly by smallholders, this activity appears as a promising alternative to improve sustainability of these regions development. The regional milk chains dynamics and its impact on sustainable development have thus been analyzed since 1995 by an interdisciplinary research team composed of scientists from Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, UFPA and CIRAD at the different levels (micro-meso- macro). Parts of their results are presented here More than on technological constraints, long term sustainable smallholders milk production depends on the emergence of a local production and marketing milk chain. A comparative analysis of three contrasted regions in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon allows to underline the main determinants of such a chain development and to suggest some policies and support actions, which may favor sustainable milk production development.

1 Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement. 2 Elevage et médecine vétérinaire 3 Economie, Politiques et Marchés 4 Departamento de Economia da FEA e Programa de Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM) 5 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária 6 Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement. 7 Elevage et médecine vétérinaire 8 Economie, Politiques et Marchés 9 Departamento de Economia da FEA e Programa de Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM)







Reliability of low-cost GPS data for ecological and land use studies in Amazonia Rodrigo O.P. Serrano1,2, I. Foster Brown1,3, and Julielmo A. Corrêa1 1 Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global Change Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil 2 Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil 3 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA and Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil

Environmental researchers and traditional communities of Amazonia need georeferenced ecological study sites and forest management plans; the low-cost of GPS receivers has provided a means of doing such georeferencing. Due to these factors, the demand for training in GPS use has grown. To meet this demand in Acre we developed the manual Learn to navigate, produce maps and calculate areas using GPS data. In training exercises we found that the principal sources of uncertainty were related to two factors: user error and receiver limitations. Users frequently note wrong coordinates and use a datum inappropriate for maps of the region. The difference between two frequently used data, WGS84 and SAD69, is 40 m in eastern Acre. We observed that three measurements of the same point, followed by selection of the median value, reduced the error of notation. Receiver limitations (model Garmin 12XL) resulted in uncertainty of localization. Under open sky conditions 90% of measurements occurred within 7 m of the median coordinate. In 15 m-high secondary forest with 70% canopy closure, the same percentage occurred within 15m, with occasional coordinates as much as 80 m from the median. The propagation of this uncertainty affects area measurements. Under open sky conditions, areas of 10 ha or more have uncertainties of 10% or less. In secondary forest, areas of 40 ha or more have similar relative uncertainties. These values show that there exist inherent limits to the accuracy of area measurements and locations using GPS, limits that also need to considered in ground truthing of remotely sensed thematic data.

REFLORESTAMENTO ECONÔMICO CONSORCIADO ADENSADO-RECA Um Estudo dobre Desenvolvimento Integado na Amazônia

Nome – Sueli de Oliveira Martins End. Resid. – Conjunto Resid. da Universidade de S. Paulo – CRUSP, Pós-Graduação Av. Prof. Melo de Moraes, 1235, Bloco C, ap. 310, CEP-05508-900 Situação Institucional – Estagiária Pré-Doutorado – Instituto de Estudos Avançados IEA/USP Orientação Inicial – Prof. Dr.Aziz N. Ab’Sáber, E. Mail – Grupo de Investigação/LBA - 7 – Dimensões Humanas Código de Inscrição – SOLI-193.001Rtf

O presente trabalho consiste no estudo sócio ambiental do Projeto RECA, implantado e desenvolvido a partir de 1987/88, em Nova Califórnia, no Estado de Rondônia, fronteira com o Acre (Km. 160 da BR-364).

A análise sistematizada e integrada dos aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais do projeto, tem por objetivo investigar e demonstrar a sua viabilidade potencialmente multiplicativa, para contextos similares, em áreas florestadas de terras firmes, onde a devastação ao longo de eixos viários pré-implantados, ainda não atingiu grau degenerativo avançado para as biodiversidades espacialmente remanescentes.

Tratando-se de uma das experiências de Sistema Agro Florestal– SAF, (com produção consorciada de espécies regionais de valor econômico) mais bem sucedida que se conhece, apesar de pouco divulgada e estudada no âmbito acadêmico, o RECA apresenta indicadores de ordem ambiental, socal-organizativa e econômico-distributiva, extremamente compatíveis com as metas de sustentabilidade integrada, associando comprovada diminuição de impactos no uso do solo e na ocupação do espaço, com a melhoria da qualidade de vida para a população envolvida, contribuindo ao longo de mais de uma década, para a fixação populacional, com índices notoriamente crescentes de famílias agregadas.

Metodologicamente procedemos ao levantamento, cruzamento e análise de dados: documentos oficiais relativos ao projeto; pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas aleatórias com representantes locais comunitários, de instituições governamentais, não governamentais, empresariais e científicas, que estejam (ou tenham estado) envolvidos com o projeto, buscando traçar o quadro histórico das atividades e desenvolvimento do mesmo; aplicação de questionários específicos junto à comunidade, elaborados a partir das características sócio-culturais, econômicas e ambientais, consideradas local e regionalmente, para fins de levantamento de indicadores específicos; utilização de determinados dados ambientais, sociais e econômicos (em micro e macro escala), que estejam disponibilizados por outros projetos, instituições, instâncias governamentais, etc. Relacionados, direta ou indiretamente, com o espaço em questão, visando a compreensão ampliada dos fatores interferentes com a realidade local.

Como consideração final, o estudo pretende contribuir com a ampliação da oferta de subsídios para um rol mais consistente de políticas públicas, projetadas para sub-setores locais, regionais ou macroregionais da Amazônia Brasileira.

ECONOMIC SYNDICATED DENSE REFORESTING – RECA A Study About Integrated Development in Brazilian Amazon

The present paper is a social-environmental study on the “Projeto RECA, settled and developed since

1987/88, in Nova Califórnia, Rondônia State, border with Acre State, Brazil (km 160 of BR – 364 Road). The systematic and integrated analysis of the social, economic and environmental

aspects of the Project is med at investigating and showing its potential viability to be stablished in similar contexts, in forest areas of terra firme, along local roads where the

devastation has not yet reached a advanced degenerative degree for the locally remaining biodiversityes.

RECA is one of the most succeful agricultural forestal system known – SAF

(syndicated production of regional species with economic value). Even though it has not been much explored and studied by academic research, RECA be presents environmental, social – organizational and income – sharing indicators extremely compatible with the objectives of integrated sustainability together with proved decrease of impact in the use of soil and the ocoupation of space, causing improvement of the quality of living for the population concerned. RECA has contributed for over a decade to the settlement of the population, with greatly increasing rate of aggregated families.

The methodology adopted was: We collected, collated and analyzes data, like official reports related to the project

field, random interviews with local community representatives, governamental bureaus officers, no governmental organisation, representatives of commercial companies and of research centers wich are (or have been) involved with the project. It is aimed to draw a historical portrait of the activities of distributes the RECA project.

Specific questionnares in the community, to take into account the social – cultural,

economic and environmental caracteristics, locally and regionally considered, with the purpose of having specific indicators

The economic data (in large and small scale) available in other projects, institutions,

governmental departments, etc., which are directly or indirectly related to the area concerned, were also included to chance the understanding of the factors that affect the local situation.

Finally, the study is intended to contribute additional information necessary for a

more consistent set of public policy, designed for local, regional or macroregional sub-sectors of the Brazilian Amazon.

Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon-From Runoff Generation to Large Rivers PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Balázs Fekete University of New

Hampshire Oral High resolution, runoff and discharge fields of

the Amazon basin

Doug Alsdorf UCLA Oral Measurements and Modeling of Water Storage Changes on the Central Amazon Floodplain

Earle Williams MIT Oral The Drought of the Century in the Amazon Basin: An Analysis of the Regional Variation of Rainfall in South America during the Dry Year of 1926

Humberto da Rocha DCA/IAG/USP Oral Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a tropical forest in eastern Amazonia (Santarém km83).

John Roads Scripps Instituion of Oceanography

Oral A Regional Model Intercomparison Over Brazil

Michael Jasinski NASA/GSFC Oral Feasibility of Applying Topex/Poseidon Altimetric Data to the Estimation of Amazon River Stage and Discharge

Pascal Kosuth Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Oral Hydrological dynamics of the varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai : water and sediment balance, influence of river stage and local rainfall, long term dynamics

Thomas Dunne University of California Oral Modeling the effects of hydrogeology and land cover conversion on runoff processes and rates in Rondônia, Brazil.

Azeneth Schuler CENA-USP Poster THE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSION EFFECTS ON SMALL CATCHMENT HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE EASTERN AMAZONIA

Carlos Alberto Quesada University of Brasilia Poster Seasonal variations of soil moisture in an open savanna (campo sujo) in central Brazil.

Cassiano D'Almeida CSRC/UNH Poster Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia on the Local Hydrological Cycle: The Scale-Dependence Issue

Daniel Victoria CENA-USP Poster Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration and Water Balance through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing

Josyane Ronchail Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IRD

Poster Inundations in the Llanos de Mojos (Bolivia, south western Amazon) and associated atmospheric circulation features in South America.

Liliane Bezerra Passos da Silva

Universidade de Brasilia Poster TDR triple-wire probes calibration for Cerrado soils

Luz Adriana Cuartas-Pineda INPA Poster Development of new Instrumentation for Accurate Measurement of Throughfall and Stemflow, and the Coupling of this in the study of Water Interception for an Undisturbed Rainforest in Central Amazonia.

Martin Hodnett Institute of Hydrology Poster Processes of streamflow generation in a headwater catchment in central Amazonia.

Michael Coe SAGE Poster Long-term Simulations of Discharge and Floods in the Amazon Basin

Raimundo Cosme Oliveira Junior

Embrapa Poster CALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-615 WATER CONTENT REFLECTOMETER IN HIGH CLAY CONTENT YELLOW LATOSOL IN THE FLONA TAPAJOS

Shozo Shiraiwa Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

Poster Study of water table’s top variation, under the interior of Amazonian tropical transitional forest, Sinop, MT, Brazil, - preliminary results.


Poster Flooding Regime Characterization with Multi-temporal JERS-1 Radar Imagery in the Peruvian Amazon Basin

High resolution, runoff and discharge fields of the Amazon basin

Balázs M. Fekete, Charles J. Vörösmarty Water Systems Analysis Group

Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space University of New Hampshire

39 College Road, Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824, USA [email protected] / [email protected]

Accurate representation of the spatially distributed runoff and discharge are essential information for a wide variety of ecosystems studies. Terrestrial runoff can be estimated from climate variables (such as air temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, solar radiation, etc.) but such estimates are often inaccurate due to the inherited errors originated from the input data.

River discharge (which is an integrated signal of the runoff) is one of the most accurately measured components of the hydrological cycle, but it is limited to selected locations where river discharge is measured. A combination of the water balance model estimated runoff and measured discharge has the potential to provide the most accurate assessment of the terrestrial runoff and discharge in non-monitored sections of the river systems.

The Water Systems Analysis Group of the University of New Hampshire developed a simple technique to combine water balance model simulated runoff with measured discharge. The discharge monitoring stations are co-registered to gridded network, which allows the establishment of station topology (i.e. the next station downstream from each station) and the delineation of inter-station areas (the catchment area between upstream gauges and the downstream station). Correction to water balance model simulated runoff is applied in each of the inter-station regions to correct for inconsistency between simulated runoff and measured discharge. This technique was successfully applied at a global scale first using 30-minute network and discharge data from the Global Runoff Data Centre, Koblenz, Germany.

New regional versions of the composite runoff fields were developed recently for the Amazon basin at 6' and 15' resolutions using climate forcings from various sources (such as the Climate Research Unit of University of East Anglia, the GEWEX Global Precipitation Climatology Project) and river discharge data from Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). The new regional composite runoff fields were developed as a time series for the 1979-99 period at monthly time steps. The composite runoff fields were aggregated to represent river discharge using a special routing scheme, which allows discharge interpolation between discharge gauges with the aid of the runoff fields. Such discharge fields provide accurate assessment of river discharge everywhere along the Amazon basins, which is constrained by the measured discharge at gauging stations.

The 6' and 15' minute networks and the composite runoff and discharge fields are to be released to the scientific community after rigorous testing. Further development will focus on automating the input data processing, so similar composite data products can be developed semi real-time, when the input data (such as the climate forcings and the observed discharge) are available.



1

Measurements and Modeling of Water Storage Changes on the Central Amazon Floodplain Doug Alsdorf, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, 1255 Bunche Hall, Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524, [email protected] Laura Hess, ICESS, University of California, Santa Barbara; [email protected] John Melack, ICESS & Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara, [email protected] Tom Dunne, ICESS & Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara, [email protected] Abstract: Inundation of the central Amazon floodplain is complex and includes thousands of lakes ranging from dendritic shapes to narrow crescents between scroll bars. Drainage across the landscape is impeded by floating grasses, flooded trees, organic debris and remnant levees. Thus characterizing flow and storage changes requires 10s to 100s of spatially distributed observations of the water surface. Interferometric processing of a Space Shuttle based swath of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected over central Amazon floodplain locations reveals one-day decreases in water levels ranging from 1 to 11 cm. Using a spatial integration scheme based on flow path distance, these water level drops were used to estimate a floodplain-to-river exchange rate during mid-recessional flow. Given the geomorphic complexity of the floodplain, we suggest that diffusion based models of flow and storage change are simpler to parameterize than open-channel hydraulic equations. The water level changes represent change in water surface height with change in time (dh/dt) in the continuity equation, which given a linear relationship between discharge and water surface slope, can be used to predict storage changes and related floodplain discharge. The diffusion model involves little parameterization, with the only significant requirement being either dh/dt or floodplain conductivity (this parameter encapsulates the geomorphic complexity across the entire floodplain). Our diffusion model will provide a link between local hydrologic observations and continental-scale ecological models requiring inundated area and floodplain storage change.

Abstract for LBA Conference in Manaus, July 2002 Submitted by E.R. Williams The Drought of the Century in the Amazon Basin: An Analysis of the Regional Variation of Rainfall in South America during the Dry Year of 1926 Earle Williams, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Alaor Dall’Antonia, Vitoria Dall’Antonia, Fransisco Soares, INMET, Brasilia, BRAZIL Brant Liebmann, NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, CO, USA The century-old river gauge record at Manaus, Brazil documents a pronounced minimum in Amazon River discharge in the year 1926 (Richey et. al., 1989). The estimated mean discharge rate in 1926 (50,000 m3/s) is approximately half of the climatological mean (95,000 m3/s). Earlier reports (Knoch, 1926; Knoche, 1937; Sternberg, 1987) indicate widespread fire and smoke in the upper Amazon and Orinoco basins in the same year. Monthly station rainfall accumulations during the decade 1920-1930 from Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia have been collected to examine the regional pattern of rainfall anomaly during this pronounced El Nino year. A deficit of rainfall, of order –20% from the long term mean, is evident at stations west and northwest of Manaus, in the Rio Negro basin upstream from the gauge, consistent with the negative discharge anomaly in the gauge record. However, at rainfall stations east and downstream from Manaus, and extending to Belem (at the mouth of the Amazon) and beyond to the Nordeste region of Brazil, a surplus of rainfall is apparent, of order +20% of the long term mean. The overall rainfall pattern is therefore approximately characterized as an east-west dipole, with no pronounced rainfall anomaly over the complete Amazon basin in 1926. The cause-and-effect aspects of this anomalous year will be examined in light of earlier interpretations: (1) widespread rainforest fire raised the atmospheric temperature and smoke enhanced the rainfall (Knoche, 1937), and (2) more recent evidence that El Nino-related higher temperatures and suppressed rainfall render rainforest vegetation more flammable, that elevated temperatures and a dryer surface contribute to enhanced lightning activity per storm (Williams et. al, 2002), and that widespread aerosol from fire suppresses rainfall (Rosenfeld, 1999).

Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a tropical forest in eastern Amazonia (Santarém km83)

Humberto R. da Rocha1*, Michael L. Goulden2, Scott D. Miller2, Mary C.

Menton2, Leandro D.V.O. Pinto1, Helber C. de Freitas1, Adelaine M.S. Figueira1

1Department of Atmospheric Sciences, IAG/University of Sao Paulo. 2Department

of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine

We used the eddy covariance technique to measure the fluxes of sensible

heat, water vapour and CO2 between a primary tropical forest in eastern Amazonia

(Santarém, Tapajós National Forest at km 83) and the atmosphere from July 2000

to July 2001. Precipitation varied seasonally, with a wet season from mid-

December 2000 to July 2001 characterized by successive rainy days, high soil

moisture status, and, relative to the dry season, cooler air temperatures, greater

cloudiness, and reduced solar and net radiation. Average evapotranspiration was

3.9 mm day-1 during the dry season, before decreasing to 3.1 mm day-1 during the

wet season, in parallel with decreasing radiation and decreasing water vapour

deficit. The daily mean Bowen ratio varied from 0.05 to 0.25, indicating that most of

the incoming radiation was used for evaporation. The Bowen ratio was relatively

low during the early wet season (December to March), as a result of both an

increased evaporative fraction and a reduced sensible heat flux. The seasonal

decline in Bowen ratio and increase in evaporative fraction coincided with an

increase in ecosystem carbon assimilation capacity, which we attribute to the

growth of new leaves. The roots extracted water throughout the top 250 cm of soil,

and hydraulic lift apparently partially recharged the shallow soil during dry season

nights. Evapotranspiration did not decline as the dry season progressed, implying

that the forest did not become drought stressed.

1

A Regional Model Intercomparison Over Brazil J. Roads1, S. Chen1, S. Cocke2, L. Druyan3, M. Fulakeza3

T. Larrow2, P. Lonergan3, J. Qian4, S. Zebiak4

[email protected]

http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/projects/brazil.html

1Scripps Institution of Oceanography Experimental Climate Prediction Center

UCSD, 0224 La Jolla, CA 92023

2Florida State Univ.

COAPS Talahassee, FL

3Goddard Institute for Space Studies

New York, New York

4International Research Institute Lamont

Columbia, NY During the past several years, the International Research Institute (IRI) and a few of the NOAA Applied Research Centers (ARCS), have been developing a community regional modeling intercomparison project to assess the capabilities and readiness of various regional climate models to downscale IRI global forecasts for various applications. Brazil was chosen for the initial intercomparison since the IRI can make quite skillful seasonal global forecasts in this region. Transferability of regional climate models is also an issue that the Global Energy and Water-Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) has constantly stressed, since there is a recognized need to test regional models where they have not explicitly tuned their parameterizations. Besides the IRI, participating ARCS included the: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Experimental Climate Prediction Center (ECPC), Florida State Univ. Cooperative Ocean Atmosphere Project (COAPS), and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). The NCEP/NCAR analysis was used as boundary conditions for two-year continuous simulations (Mar. 1, 1997-May 31, 1999). The resulting climate simulations were somewhat encouraging. Although large-scale errors dominated the solution, regional models did provide some improvement in precipitation simulations, especially in comparison to available station observations. Nonetheless, additional work is clearly needed to fully realize the added benefits of using regional models in conjunction with global models and analyses.


http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/gcip/gcipwebs.html/

http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/projects/brazil.html

Feasibility of Using Topex/Poseidon Altimetric Data in the Estimation of Amazon River Stage and Discharge By M. Jasinski, C. Birkett, S. Chin, and M. Costa The feasibility of estimating stage and discharge of several Amazon Basin tributaries was evaluated using satellite radar altimetry from the Topex/Poseidon Mission (T/P). T/P is a joint NASA/CNES radar, operating since September 1992, that provides along-track mean surface height with respect to a reference ellipsoid. T/P specifications include a surface resolution of about 350m, approximately every 580m along ground track, and average 1.5 degrees between tracks, with a ten-day orbital period. River stage data are potentially available at the point of intersection of the T/P ground track with river reaches wider than about 0.5 km. The feasibility of estimating discharge was examined by first establishing an empirical relation between observed stage at the stream gage and estimated stage at the point of ground track/stream intersection. Empirical rating curves were then developed between the T/P estimated height and the stage-discharge relation at the gage site. The accuracy of the results depended on basin size, topography, river width and distance between the stream gage and the ground track.

Hydrological dynamics of the varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai : water and sediment

balance, influence of river stage and local rainfall, long term dynamics

Pascal Kosuth (IRD)

Pascal Kosuth, IRD, CP 70911 Lago Sul, CEP 711619-970 Brasilia DF Brazil [email protected]

Floodplains play a key role in Amazon River hydrology, sediment dynamics, carbon cycle, aquatic biodiversity and ecology. Nevertheless some basic questions related to floodplains still have not been answered : What fraction of Amazon River waters actually flows through floodplains ? What is the mean residence time of water in floodplains ? What percentage of sediments entering a floodplain really stays trapped in it ? What is the signature of floodplains on river waters chemistry ? To contribute to the understanding and quantification of water and sediment fluxes through floodplains a specific flooded system has been monitored since March 1999. The Varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai, south of Obidos, has a 3660 km² watershed area, of which 800 km² to 1600 km² are flooded depending on the hydrological cycle phase. The varzea consists in interconnected lakes, linked to the Amazon River through eight major channels, 3 of them permanent. Annual amplitude of river level fluctuation at Obidos is 7 meters, mean annual rainfall is 2400 mm and mean annual evapo-transpiration is 1400 mm. This varzea was selected for its size and morphological diversity allowing to monitor various types of lakes with and without river inflow. Monitoring includes six daily measured gage stations, one simple meteorological station (rainfall and evaporation), eleven stations with ten to ten days surface water sampling for geochemistry and sediment measurement. Additionally fourteen measurement campaigns have been realized since March 1999, at various hydrological stages, with discharge measurement on thirteen channels and systematic water sampling at 35 points. Measurement results enlighten the hydrological, sediment and geochemical dynamics of the varzea. Water level inside the varzea changes regularly with river level with only slight gradients (tens of centimeters). Annual water inflow from the river and outflow to the river, estimated over November 1998 – October 1999 period, are respectively 10.6 10^9 m3 and 13.8 10^9 m3. Over the same period estimated suspended sediment inflow and outflow are respectively 1 350 000 t and 500 000 t, meaning an estimated net trapping of 850 000 t/year. A model of the varzea hydrological and sediment dynamics has been developed. Annual inflow from the river mainly depends on annual rainfall and celerity of river level raise. Percentage of flooded area in the watershed plays a crucial role in the balance between rainfall inflow and river water inflow and so controls the suspended sediment trapping.

Modeling the effects of hydrogeology and land cover conversion on runoff processes and rates in Rondônia, Brazil. T Dunne, Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; ph. 805-893-7557; fax 805-893-7612; e-mail:[email protected] J A Ballantine, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; ph. 805-893-8816; e-mail:[email protected] Jorge M. Moraes, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/USP, Piracicaba, SP –Brazil 13416-903; ph. 55 (-19) -429-4678; email [email protected]. Hydrologic records in the state of Rondônia are still too sparse and short, and the extent of deforestation too small and transient for recognition of deforestation signals in runoff from mesoscale river basins (100s -1000s of km2). Large changes in soil recharge are known to result from deforestation at a point, but the response of river flow to such changes is complicated by subsurface transfer of this water, transient subsurface storage, and increases in the amount of overland flow. These influences depend in turn on the topographic ruggedness and hydrogeologic properties of a basin. Using data from topographic and geologic maps, seasonal extreme water-table depths, and hydrogeologic properties (both measured in situ and back-calculated from streamflow), we have modeled runoff responses to deforestation that should be expected from typical hillslopes in gauged river basins of Rondônia. The hillslopes vary in length and gradient, and in degree of rockiness. The computations show that although complete deforestation should increase total runoff by about 25%, the partitioning of the runoff into subsurface and surface paths and the proportion of the flow reaching the river as quickflow should be affected by the interaction of these increased volumes of runoff with the hydrogeology and geometry of the basin. Steeper sloping basins, such as the Rio Massangana are predicted to generate larger amounts of quickflow than low-gradient topography such as that of the Rio Jacundá. However, when low-gradient hillslopes are deforested in the model, the increased runoff is partitioned mainly into quickflow through an increase in saturation overland flow.

THE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSION EFFECTS ON SMALL CATCHMENT HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN

THE EASTERN AMAZONIA

Schuler, A.E.1, J.M. Moraes1, R. de O. Figueiredo2, D. Markewitz3, T. Dunne4, E. Davidson5, R.L.Victoria1.

1CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SP-Brazil; 2IPAM, Belém,PA –Brazil; 3The University of Georgia, Athens, GA-USA; 4The University of California, Santa Barbara, CA-USA; 5Woods Hole Research Center,Woods Hole, MT-USA

Corresponding Author: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/ USP, Piracicaba, SP –Brazil 13416-903 E-mails: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The aim of evaluating the forest/pasture conversion effects on nutrients transfers in the

humid tropical forest Amazonia has lead to a research project linking hydrological fluxes and ecosystem mass balance studies. In order to model the water flow mechanisms and their relationship with nutrient cycling processes in tropical forests, two monitoring sets were installed on a couple of swales with forest and pasture each one, located on a 10,000 ha catchment draining towards Igarape 54 in the Eastern Amazonia.

The hydrological monitoring includes the following measurements: streamflow; overland flow; subsurface flow; water table depth; rainfall and throughfall under canopy forest; a physical survey in both swales, measuring the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil (Ksat), bulk density, water retention curve and soil granulometry, besides a topographic survey. The soil hydraulic conductivity showed high values in a shallow depth under forest (230.3 mmh-1), while in the pasture, the median value reached 3.7 mmh-1. Rainfall data show 30% of rainfall intensity exceeds the pasture Ksat value near the surface, generating Hortonian overland flow. In both land cover an impeding layer related to a dense plinthite horizon was found at around 0.80-0.90 m. This leads to a perched water table development at a shallow depth. In pastures, the near surface compacted soil is possibly related to the “root-zone collapse”, due to burnings, cattle trampling and rain drop impact causing splash erosion and surface sealing. Such changes in soil surface hydraulic properties might move the delivery mechanism from deep and lateral subsurface flow to infiltration-excess overland flow, increasing hillslope runoff considerably. How much this alters the nutrient leaching patterns has been inquired in the proceeding hydrological modeling studies.








Seasonal variations of soil moisture in an open savanna (campo sujo) in central Brazil.

Quesada, C.A.; Santos, A.J.B.; Breyer, L.M.; Miranda, A.C.; Miranda, H.S. & Viana, S.

Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF. [email protected]

Savanna formations with scattered shrubs, few trees and a continuous herbaceous layer, characterise the Campo Sujo, an open form of the Brazilian savannas. High seasonality is an important characteristic what may suggest strong water stress during the dry season what is about five to six months long. The present study was carried out from August 1999 to September of 2001 at the Reserva Ecólogica do IBGE, 35 km south of Brasília, Brazil (15o56′41′′ S e 47o51′02′′ W). The soil is a well-drained yellowish red oxisol with clay texture (60% of clay) and less than 2º of slope. The measurements of soil water content were taken with a neutron probe in three access tubes, measuring 3.60 m in length. Soil moisture was marked seasonal, the variation between the wettest and driest day was 403.3 ± 7.7 mm 65% of which occurred below 1m. The profile storage at the last days of the 1999, 2000 and 2001 dry seasons was very similar despite a difference in dry season duration and large differences in rainfall in the preceding wet seasons, indicating that the vegetation is conservative in its water use. A water balance was done to determinate evapotranspiration rates (E) and others components of the annual water balance. E from wet season was determinate as 2.4 mm/d and 1.6 mm/d in the dry season. During the end of all the measured dry seasons the top 0.6 m water content did not change for about two months until the onset of the subsequent wet season, suggesting that the vegetation has already used all the available water content from this soil layer.

Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia on the Local Hydrological Cycle:

The Scale-Dependence Issue

Cassiano D’Almeida1, Charles J. Vörösmarty1, Fekete Balazs1, José A. Marengo2, Lelys B. de Guenni3, Cort J. Willmott4

1CSRC/UNH/USA

2CPTEC/INPE/BRAZIL

3Simon Bolivar University/VENEZUELA 4University of Delaware/USA

Cassiano D’Almeida

CSRC/University of New Hampshire Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA

[email protected]

Despite all the concern from the scientific community on major impacts of Amazonian deforestation, its effects on the regional hydrological cycle are still uncertain. While many modeling studies have observed that large-scale conversion of the Amazonian rainforest into pastures, or croplands tend to induce an overall reduction in precipitation, there are also meso-scale experiments that predicted the establishment of enhanced rainfall over deforested areas. These contrasting results suggest that the net effect of deforestation on precipitation might depend on the size of the clearing area.

However, precipitation in Amazonia follows more closely the fluctuations in the general circulation of the atmosphere, which seems to be still offsetting the effects of deforestation. Since runoff is not directly dependent on such remote forcings, it may, unlike precipitation, carry the signal of deforestation and permit a better assessment on the scale-dependence of its effects.

The present work applies different methods of Trend Analysis to historical discharge records in the Amazon Basin, to detect significant trends potentially associated with deforestation. Spectral Analysis is also applied to identify significant oscillations present in the data, which are then removed after the application of suitable frequency filters. Based on current and predicted deforestation scenarios, a numerical model representing the Water Budget Closure (WBC) system in Amazonia is also applied, providing high-resolution gridded runoff and discharge outputs.

Preliminary results indicate the existence of organized spatial patterns in the trends of non-filtered discharge records, indicating a potential association with deforested areas. After removing significant oscillations from these records – determined from power spectrum calculations –, these patterns might get intensified. The application of WBC as proposed, will assess the coherence of deforestation and trend patterns.

Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration and Water Balance through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing

Victoria, D. C.1 Ballester, M. V. R.2; Pereira, A. R.3

1 – Mestrando em Ecologia de Agroecossistemas da ESALQ/USP 2 – Professora visitante do CENA/USP 3 – Professor asociado do departamento de ciências exatas da ESALQ/USP Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Laboratiório de Geoprocessamento e Tratamento de Imagens. Av. Centenário, 303 São Dimas Piracicaba, SP Cep 13416-000 Braizil [email protected] In order to accomplish an estimate of the actual evapotranspiration and water balance, AVHRR imagery were used to calculate the monthly temperature using the Ulivieri algorithm. The data was then used as the input on the classical Thornthwaite empirical potential evapotranspiration and water balance model, which uses the Water Holding Capacity concept to calculate the actual evapotranspiration. Integration between the Thornthwaite method and the GIS, done through an AML script created for ArcInfo, provided a monthly spatially distributed estimation of the studied parameters over the Ji-Paraná basin (RO). For this LBA site, the monthly actual evapotranspiration and water balance was calculated from February 1995 to December 1996. The information will be checked against the annual actual evapotranspiration, calculated through a water balance method, for 10 sub-basins using data from Brazilian’s Eletryc Energy Agency (ANEEL). Preliminary results show that for 1995 (Feb. – Dec.), the estimated values follow the same pattern as the water balance, with evapotranspiration ranging from 1039 to 1090 mm*year-1. For 1996 (Jan. – Dec.) the results obtained with the remote sensing method ranged from 1114 to 1190 mm*year-1 but it did not follow the same pattern as the evapotranspiration calculated by the water balance. These could be due to problems in the data used in the water balance or to the coarse spatial resolution of the AVHRR images (8 km) which could not establish a relation between the soil cover and surface temperature, thus evapotranspiration. Further study, using finer spatial resolution imagery and a better water holding capacity estimation, will be conducted in order to better evaluate the model proposed.


Abstract for the 2nd International Scientific Conference of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment, Manaus, July 7-10 2002.

Inundations in the Llanos de Mojos (Bolivia, south western Amazon) and associated atmospheric circulation features in South America.

Josyane Ronchail, Luc Bourrel, Gérard Cochonneau, Eurides de Oliveira et Jean-Loup

Guyot. HiBAm (Hidrology and Geodynamics of the Amazon basin) – Institut de Recherche pour le

Développement (IRD) / Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). IRD, CP 7091, Lago Sul 71619-970, Brasilia (DF), Brasil.

[email protected]

Inundations in the region of Trinidad (Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia) are associated with intense rainy episodes in the lowlands of Bolivia, as those of February 1992 (400 mm in 5 days), and with sustained positive rainfall anomalies as during the February 1992-January 1993 period. Outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), and low and high level geopotential height and wind fields from NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis are used to compute composites for the days with intense rainfall in Trinidad (55 days with rainfall above 20 mm during the February 1992-January 1993 period, with exception of the winter episodes). At 200hPa, a wave-ridge pattern is observed with negative geopotential height anomalies over the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and positive ones eastward, at mid and subtropical latitudes. In the tropics, a negative geopotential height is observed over northeastern Brazil while the Bolivian High is slightly enhanced. Near the ground (850hPa), the south Atlantic subtropical High is stronger than usually while negative height anomalies prevail over a great portion of the South American continent and especially over the southwestern part of the Amazon basin and in central Brazil. Over these regions, westward and northward abnormal winds, consistent with the geopotential height anomalies, show that an enhancement of the perturbations from the Atlantic and from the extra-tropics may give rise to strong convection and heavy rainfall over the southwestern region of the Amazon basin. This is confirmed by the analysis of the OLR anomalies.


TDR triple-wire probes calibration for Cerrado soils Liliane Bezerra1, Euzebio Medrado da Silva2 e Carlos Augusto Klink1

1 Universidade de Brasília, 2 Embrapa Cerrados Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Biologia, Dept. de Ecologia, CP 04631,

70919-970, Brasília-DF, Brasil. [email protected]

Water availability is one of the major factors determining the structure and functioning of the Brazilian Cerrado. The volumetric soil-water content (θ ) in deep soil profiles has been measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). TDR measures the relative dielectric constant (ka) of the soil which is mainly dependent on the water content in the soil. The “universal relationship” between ka and θ earlier developed has been shown to deviate for some types of soils. The relationship ka (θ ) has been investigated to obtain a specific adjustment for TDR measurement for Cerrado soils. In the calibration procedure twelve soil columns were brought to the desired water content from 0.03 to 0.30 cm3 cm-3, and 24 h later, the ka was measured using a set of 35 TDR triple-wire probes. The best-fit polynomial relationship between θ and ka was θ = - 7.857x10-2 + 4.631x10-2 ka – 2.024x10-3 ka

2 + 3.765x10-5 ka

3 (R2 = 0,93). This relation mostly overestimated the universal relationship as θ increases, reducing the departure as θ approaches 0.31 cm3 cm-3. This finding was in agreement with other clay-textured soils studies. The application of TDR data to other two calibration models, an empirical and a linear three-phase mixing model, was consistent with the experimental results obtained in this study. The conclusion is that the TDR calibrations models tested are adequate. However, their application should take into consideration the type of soil to be analyzed and the intended accuracy requirements.

DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff nneeww IInnssttrruummeennttaattiioonn ffoorr AAccccuurraattee MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt ooff TThhrroouugghhffaallll aanndd SStteemmffllooww,, aanndd tthhee CCoouupplliinngg ooff tthhiiss iinn tthhee ssttuuddyy ooff WWaatteerr IInntteerrcceeppttiioonn ffoorr aann

UUnnddiissttuurrbbeedd RRaaiinnffoorreesstt iinn CCeennttrraall AAmmaazzoonniiaa..

Luz Adriana Cuartas-Pineda1, Antonio D. Nobre1, Martin Hodnett2, Alessandro C. Araújo1, Ari O.Marques1, Javier Tomasella3

1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil 2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Grã-Bretanha 3 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Av. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3153. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This work is part of a project that aims at quantifying the C fluxes associated to the water cycle, in a 5 km2 catchment in the INPA Manaus-Cuieiras reservation. The short-term water balance (daily, weekly, monthly time scales) requires some variables, like interception, that for the long-term estimations (like the ones to feed climate models) could be negligible in the volumetric sense, once canopy storage of water is near to nil. However, interception is closely related to the energy balance through its effects on evaporation. Thus, interception is a crucial component of the energy budget that has been very poorly quantified due to difficulties associated to inherent complexities of the rainforest environment. Therefore, we have designed and developed a new permanent and tiping-bucket gauged collector system for througfall and stemflow that is much superior to the traditional array of collectors used in past studies. The unique feature of this system is the associated measurement of water vapor exchange at the interface forest-atmosphere using a tower and eddyflux covariance. Previous studies had to rely on estimations or empirical measurements of evapotranspiration. Throughfall is gauged through two sets of specially designed and built 5cm X 36 m V shaped troughs, connected each to a large volume tiping-bucket. Stemflow is collected from aproximately 60 trees, that cover roughly the area of the throughfall study, using encircling aluminum/asfalt tape shaped to divert the flow to a pipe system that join all the flows into two tiping-bucket gauges. The measurement system is completed by a vertical profile of surface wetness logging sensors and a free rainfall improved gauging system.


Processes of streamflow generation in a headwater catchment in central Amazonia.

Authors:: M.G.Hodnett1, A.D.Nobre2, M.J.Waterloo3, W.W.P.Jans4, A.Cuartas Pineda2, J.M.Heijmenberg3, W.Gomes Neto2, A.Nascimento2, J.Tomasella5.

1Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK

2INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brasil

3Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands

4Alterra Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Building 101, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

5CPTEC-INPE, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40, Cachoeira Paulista - SP, Brasil.

ABSTRACT A 5 km2 headwater catchment in terra firme forest close to the Manaus k34 eddyflux tower has been instrumented to measure the components of the water, carbon and nutrient balances. This paper concentrates on the hydrological aspects: the processes by which streamflow is generated, and the routes taken by the water arriving in the stream. The variables being measured are: rainfall (4 locations), evaporation flux, throughfall, soil moisture storage (to 4.8m) and groundwater level along a toposequence, and streamflow. Data collection began in December 2001. The response of streamflow to rainfall is very rapid, indicating that stormflow peaks are generated from the valley floor areas, where the water table is close to the surface. Peaks in DOC concentrations confirm the valley floor as the source of the stormflow – DOC concentrations in the groundwater beneath the hillslope are very low. The groundwater level response to rainfall at different positions in the toposequence changes as the season progresses because the arrival of recharge from the plateau and slope areas is delayed by the travel time through the deep unsaturated zone. Late in the wet season, the discharge of groundwater from beneath the plateau and slope areas begins to dominate the water table behaviour in the valley floor. The water balance is being calculated on a daily basis to attempt to quantify storage in the deep unsaturated zone and groundwater. Data collection is still at an early stage, but important results are emerging. These are important in understanding the carbon balance.

Long-term Simulations of Discharge and Floods in the Amazon Basin Michael T. Coe1, Marcos Heil Costa2, Aurélie Botta1, and Charon Birkett3

1Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, [email protected]

2 Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36571-000, Brazil 3 ESSIC, University of Maryland at College Park, Mail Code 923, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, 20771 A terrestrial ecosystem model (IBIS) and a hydrological routing algorithm (HYDRA) are used in conjunction with long time-series climate data to simulate the river discharge and flooded area of the Amazon/Tocantins River Basin over the last 60 years. Evaluating the results of this modeling exercise over the entire basin against land and satellite based observations yields three major results: (1) Observations at 121 stations throughout the basin show that discharge is well simulated for most tributaries originating in Brazil. However, the discharge is consistently underestimated, by greater than 20%, for tributaries draining regions outside of Brazil and the main stem of the Amazon. The discharge underestimation is most likely a result of underestimated precipitation in the data set used as model input. (2) A new flooding algorithm within HYDRA captures the magnitude and timing of the river height, and flooded area in relatively good agreement with satellite based observations, particularly downstream of the confluence of the Negro and Solimões Rivers. (3) Climatic variability strongly impacts the hydrology of the basin. Specifically, we find that short (3-4 year) and long (28 year) modes of precipitation variability drive spatial and temporal variability in river discharge and flooded area throughout the Amazon/Tocantins River basins.

CALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-615 WATER CONTENT REFLECTOMETER IN HIGH CLAY CONTENT YELLOW LATOSOL IN THE

FLONA TAPAJOS Raimundo Cosme de OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, Jose Pinheiro Lopes NETO, Michael KELLER, Patrick CRILL, Jadson Dezencourt DIAS, Hudson SILVA, Heraclito NETO Soil moisture content and its temporal and spatial variation deserves attention in all soil studies. It is a critical indicator of soil structure, infiltration capacity, plant available water, etc. Soil moisture content is a critical variable related to soil management. Recently automated measurements of soil moisture content using time domain reflectometry (TDR) and frequency domain reflectometry have become more common. These techniques measure water content based on the variation of the apparent soil dieletric number that varies chiefly as a function of water content. We adopted the Campbell CS-615 water content reflectometer probes for use in the FLONA Tapajos. We calibrated these probes using undisturbed soil blocks removed from 6 depths coincident with the levels we have established for automated monitoring (5 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm, 200 cm). Calibration compared CS-615 response in saturated and dried soil blocks with gravimetry. Multiple moisture contents were collected for each block and the resulting water contents were fit as polynomial and logarithmic functions of the instrument responses.

STUDY OF WATER TABLE’S TOP VARIATION, UNDER THE INTERIOR OF AMAZONIAN TROPICAL TRANSITIONAL FOREST, SINOP, MT, BRAZIL, - PRELIMINARY RESULTS. Shozo Shiraiwa*, Tania Helena Marcelino, Moacir Lacerda*, Welitom Rodrigues Borges, *Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – Departamento de Física Av. Fernando Correia da Costa, sn, Cuiabá – MT - CEP 78060-900 [email protected] Recent studies about the soil moisture in a Amazonian transitional forest, the water content in soil indicated that is invariable until approximated four meters depth, without variations on observed pluviometric level. To intend to verify the hydric balance on that transitional forest, geophysical methods were applied to determine the top of water table. These methods were Vertical Electric Sounding – VES – with Schulumberger array and Ground Penetrating Radar – GPR . Three measure was made: first on May, second on October/2001 and third on March/2002, 50 m apart from LBA - Sinop Tower. With maximum AB/2=240m the electrical resistivity apparent range from 37.7Ohm.m to 7812 Ohm.m and indicated that water table’s top under 12.1 m. The GPR line with 200MHz antennas and 50 m long was conduct on same time and the sections of GPR show irregulars reflectors associated to lateritic beds at 3.5 m and another reflector at 6.0 m. After this results, a monitoring hole was made with 5.3 m depth. From December to January/2002 water table’s top change from 5.14 to 3.18m depth, after intense pluviosity. After this until now, this level variety between 3.1 and 3.6 m until now, April/2002.


Flooding Regime Characterization with Multi-temporal JERS-1 Radar Imagery in the Peruvian Amazon Basin Viviana Horna 1,2), Annett Boerner 1,2) and Reiner Zimmermann 1,2)

1) Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany 2) Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany. [email protected] Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710 Abstract Extend and intensity of flooding in the Amazon lowlands controls the development of vegetation types. Therefore it is important to add geographic information on flooding intensity and aerial extent to existing vegetation maps of the Peruvian Amazon region. Currently available vegetation maps of the Peruvian Amazon are based on classification of optical range images. Closer examination reveals that vegetation maps derived from these sources differ considerably, especially for flooded lowland regions. Medium wavelength (L-band) radar microwaves penetrate vegetation canopies to some degree and give a strong return signal to the radar antenna if water saturated soils or open water tables are encountered in vegetated areas. The increase in signal return from waterlogged forests is caused by the double reflection of the microwave signal from soil and stems. Comparison of vegetation classification using available JERS-1 radar L-band imagery and Landsat images showed that optical imagery information often results in well defined vegetation units but does not necessarily allow interpretation of flooding type. Gradual changes in strutural properties or species composition limit the application of well defined reflectance property classes to determine vegetation types. Forest flooding information from JERS-1 imagery allows an improved geographic delineation of densely vegetated lowland amphibiomes. In our mapping of Northern Peruvian lowland forests we demonstrate that detection and mapping of forest flooding extent is possible for the Peruvian Amazon with JERS-1 L-Band radar imagery. It can be expected that the interpretation of existing optical imagery as a basis for vegetation classification will be significantly enhanced and classification ambiguities will be reduced if this flooding information is added. In the absence of ground truth information, JERS-1 generated flooding maps are for the near future one of the few independent data sources which is available for the entire Amazon basin for checking plausibility of optical classification results especially in forested amphibiomes and hydrobiomes.


Meso-scale processes & transport in Amazonia PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Ali Tokay JCET/UMBC Oral Comparison of three rain type

classification algorithms in TRMM-LBA

Celso von Randow INPE Oral Boundary-layer moisture regimes during wet and dry season above Rondonia forest

David Fitzjarrald State University of New York, Albany

Oral IS THE TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST ANOMALOUSLY CLOUDY?

German Poveda Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Oral SCALING PROPERTIES OF EXTREME VALUES, INTERMITTENCY, AND LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS OF CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Maria Assunção Silva Dias USP Oral Observation and numerical simulation of the river breeze circulation in the vicinity of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers

Renato Silva Duke University Oral A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the Boundary Layer Evolution Over a Deforested Region of Rondonia (Brazil)

Rosana Nieto Ferreira USRA/NASA/GSFC Oral Variability of South American Convective Cloud Systems and Tropospheric Circulation during January-March 1998 and 1999

Adilson Gandu DCA-IAG-USP Poster Deforestation Impact in Eastern Amazônia : Climatic Simulations Using RAMS Model for the Local Dry Season

Alexandra Lima Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias

Poster THE UPPER LEVEL WIND DIVERGENCE THE ITS RELATIONSHIPWITH THE CLOUD COVER AND PRECIPITION, DURING WETAMC/LBA

Aline Procopio GEPA - Instituto de Fisica, USP

Poster Observed changes in Aerosols Properties at the Amazon Basin caused by a "friagem" phenomena during the LBA-CLAIRE 2001 experiment

David Mendes Centro de Previsao de Tempo e Estudos Climaticos - CPTEC/INPE

Poster VARIABILITY OF THE ONES OF EXTREME RAIN EVENTS IN THE ESTUARY OF THE RIVER AMAZON

Dirceu Herdies CPTEC/USP Poster Development of a High-resolution Assimilated Dataset for South America

Eliana Andrade LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Some characteristics of the temporal evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer above Pantanal wetland

Fabio Sanches Universidade de Taubaté

Poster DOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE MODIFIES THE MICROCLIMATE? A CASE STUDY OF THE RAINFALL VARIATIONS AT TUCURUI ´s DAM IN PARA.

Fernando Ramos LAC/INPE Poster Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forest using Tsallis' generalized thermostatistics. II. Temperature

Gannabathula Prasad LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Sensible heat flux height variation above the Rebiu Jaru Amazonian rain forest canopy during diurnal periods

Gannabathula Prasad LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral gap" in turbulent data measured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part II: Amazonian pasture

Gilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER OVER PASTURE AND FOREST IN AMAZONIA

Gilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster The modification of the ABL structure due to a Friagem event in Amazonia: a case study

Gilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster The intercomparison of radiosonde systems during the LBA/TRMM experiment

Henri Laurent IRD Poster CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEM ORGANIZATION DURING WETAMC/LBA - COMPARISON WITH WEST AFRICAN CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS

Igor Trosnikov Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies, National Institute for Space Research, INPE/CPTEC

Poster MODELLING OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF SPECIES EMITTED BY CONTROLLED BURNINGS IN AMAZÔNIA

José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - LMO/CPTEC

Poster THE DEEP CONVECTION THROUGH THE CAPE IN COMPARISON WITH RADAR DOPLER BAND-L IN THE REGION OF SERPONG-INDONESIA.

Jose Ricardo Souza Universidade Federal do Para

Poster Soil Temperature and Moisture Variability, Beneath Forest, Pasture and Mangrove Areas, in Eastern Amazonia.

Jose Ricardo Souza Universidade Federal do Para

Poster Thermal and Hydric Behavior of Soil Beneath Pasture, in Marajó Island

Julia Cohen Departamento de Meteorologia - UFPA

Poster CONTINENTAL SQUALL LINE FORMATION OVER EASTERN AMAZÔNIA.

Julio Tóta INPE Poster EVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OF Eta REGIONAL MODEL DURING WET-AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATION OF CPTEC´s RPSAS

L. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves

University of Arizona Poster Towards a South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS): Investigating Potential Precipitation Forcing Data

Leonardo Sá LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Coherent structures observed immediately above Amazonian forest canopy in Rebiu Jaru Reserve, Rondônia, Brazil

Luis Marcelo Mattos Zeri LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Some characteristics of the turbulence structure evolution in the atmospheric surface layer above Pantanal Wetland

Luiz Machado CTA/IAE-ACA Poster THE DIURNAL MARCH OF THE CONVECTION OBSERVED DURING TRMM-WETAMC/LBA

Luiz A. T. Machado CTA/IAE-ACA Poster THE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREA EXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TO THE LIFE CYCLE DURATION AND THE UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WIND DIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSIS USING WETAMC/LBA.

Marcel Rocco University of Sao Paulo/DCA

Poster MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SQUALL LINE IN THE AMAZON REGION

Marcos Longo Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas - Universidade de São Paulo

Poster Horizontal vorticity budget associated to an Amazonian squall line during the CIRSAN/LBA experiment

Marcos Longo Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas - Universidade de São Paulo

Poster Dynamic and Synoptic Features of a Cold Outbreak during Wet-Season on South-western Amazon

Marcus Bottino Centro de previsão de tempo e estudos climáticos - CPTEC-INPE

Poster The distribution of convective systems detected by satellite in the Tropics of South America and some relationships with the precipitation and the general circulation

Margarete Domingues LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral gap" in turbulent data measured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part I: Amazonian Forest


Universidade Federal do Para / Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

Poster Relationship between CAPE and Bolivian High during Wet-AMC-LBA

Mauricio Bolzan LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forest using Tsallis' generalized thermostatistics. I. Wind velocity

Osvaldo Moraes Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)

Poster Wind, Temperature and Moisture Vertical Profiles at the FLONA Pasture Site

Paulo Jorge Oliveira UFPa/UEdin Poster ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING A FRIAGEM EVENT OVER AMAZONIA : A STUDY OF CASE

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas - Universidade de São Paulo

Poster WET-AMC/LBA campaign sounding data quality control

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas - Universidade de São Paulo

Poster TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-R RELATIONSHIPS OVER PRECIPITATING SYSTEMS DURING WETAMC/LBA & TRMM/LBA

RILDO MOURA CENTRO DE PREVISÕES DE TEMPO E ESTUDOS CLIMÁTICOS - CPTEC

Poster COMPARISON AMONG TWO SIMPLE MODELS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF DAYS AS RESPECT TO CLOUDINESS

Robert Chatfield NASA and Ames Poster Rationalizing Burned Carbon with Carbon Monoxide Exported from South America

Rosa Maria N. Santos Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE/CPTEC/LMO

Poster THE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER: OBSERVACIONAL ASPECTS IN RONDÔNIA

Rosângela Cintra INPE Poster Statistical Evaluation of the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign – LBA and GTS Observations used in RPSAS with CPTEC Eta model

Saulo Freitas USP Poster Explicitly Modeling the Vertical Transport of Biomass Burning Emissions by a Mesoscale Convective System on Amazon Basin

Scott Denning Colorado State University

Poster Atmospheric Responses to Land and Water: Simulations and Observations of Mesoscale Circulations and CO2 Concentrations in the Santarém Mesoscale Campaign

Comparison of three rain type classification algorithms in TRMM-LBA

Ali Tokay, David B. Wolff, David Marks, Christopher R. Williams, Kenneth S. Gage JCET/UMBC

This paper presents three different precipitation classification algorithms that were constructed through disdrometer, scanning, and vertically pointed (profiler) radar measurements. The radars and disdrometer were operated in part of the TRMM-LBA field campaign, on January-February, 1999. The precipitation type was determined either convective or stratiform. Regarding rain occurrence, 70%, 75%, and 77% agreement was obtained between disdrometer and profiler, disdrometer and radar, and profiler and radar algorithms, respectively. Regarding rain volume, the agreements were 84%, 73%, and 85% for the same pairs of the comparison. The relations derived between radar measurements and surface rainfall (R-Z), differed from each other due to the different convective and stratiform partitioning. At reflectivities above 50 dBZ, the absolute difference in rain rate ranged between 0.5 to 1 mm/h. The results presented here demonstrate the importance of the precipitation classification in radar rainfall estimation.

Boundary-layer moisture regimes during wet and dry season above Rondonia forest Celso von Randow1,*, Leonardo D. Abreu Sá2, Antonio O. Manzi1 1 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Rod Pres. Dutra, km 40, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, 12630-000 2 Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, CPTEC/INPE * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Two distinct boundary-layer moisture regimes are observed over Rondônia

Amazonian forest during diurnal periods of a few days in wet and dry seasons. To

identify these two regimes, the scale dependence of skewness of moisture and

temperature was investigated. Turbulent signals of temperature and specific humidity

measured with an eddy covariance system installed at 62 m height, over a 30-35 m tall

forest, were scale projected using Daubechies-8 orthogonal wavelet, and the skewness

factor at each scale was calculated for these signals. The data were measured in March-

April (late wet-season) and in August-September, year of 1999, as a part of the

Brazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium. Measurements are made at

micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´

W), Ji-Paraná, Rondonia state. The fast response temperature and specific humidity

measurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were made using a three-dimensional sonic

anemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments) and a closed-path infrared gas analyzer

(LI 6262, LI-COR). During dry season, the boundary-layer is characterized by relatively

weak surface evaporation (comparatively to the wet season) and the entrainment of dry

air from the top of boundary-layer occasionally reaches the surface, leading to negative

moisture skewness in spite of positive temperature skewness associated with warm

moist updrafts. This is observed specially during late morning, when the boundary layer

rapidly grows into the residual layer from the previous day. In contrast, during wet

season, associated with greater surface evaporation and a ‘disturbed’ state caused by

frequent strong convection activities, the boundary-layer is characterized by positive

moisture skewness and negative temperature skewness.


IS THE TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST ANOMALOUSLY CLOUDY? David .R. Fitzjarrald(1), Osvaldo.L.L. Moraes(2), Ricardo K. Sakai 1), Ralf Staebler(1) Maria A. F. Silva Dias(3), Otávio C. Acevedo(2), Matt Czikowsky(1), and Rodrigo da Silva(2) (1) University at Albany, SUNY, NY, USA (2) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS (3) Universidade de São Paulo, SP 1. Introduction: The success of LBA-ECO depends on valid extrapolation of measurments made at intensive observation sites, through the numerical modeling, use of remote sensing products or both. In the Amazon, river breezes are known to exert a strong influence on regional climate (Oliveira and Fitzjarrald, 1993). We present evidence that the cumulative effect of the river breeze circulation is to make the Tapajos National Forest (TNF) LBA-ECO flux sites (near Santarém, Pará, Brazil; 2° 25’S, 54° 42’W), cloudier than more representative forests distant from rivers. Measurements of H, LE, and FC (the CO2 flux) at the TNF may also be biased both by precipitation anomalies and by changes in radiative fluxes caused by enhanced cloudiness. We examine data from satellite and ground-based instruments to quantify the bias in incident PAR and suggest what this means in terms of a bias in maximum daytime carbon uptake.

Observation sites of the LBA-ECO project are located in and around the Tapajos National Forest (TNF). The TNF is a thin strip of forest near the confluence of the Tapajos and Amazon river. It is wedged between a partially managed mosaic of forests, pastures, agricultural fields and secondary succession to the east and the 10-25 km wide Tapajos River to the west. To the north is the braided expanse of the main Amazon River. This region experiences persistent easterlies during much of the year, a “continental trade wind” regime. These trades are punctuated at intervals by light winds associated with weakening of the large-scale E-W pressure gradient by synoptic-scale events. Breezes lead to strong gradients in precipitation and cloudiness. In the daytime, rivers are clear areas surrounded by cloudier land areas.

2. Methodology: Surface observations are made at a network of five surface observation stations, a cloud ceilometer, in situ data complemented by hourly recording of GOES infrared and visible satellite imagery in the region. In 1998, two automatic weather stations were installed; three additional stations were added in 2000. These are supplemented by the regular hourly observations at the Santarém airport and at the three LBA-ECO eddy flux towers. At one of these flux towers, a Vaisala cloud ceilometer capable of recording cloud base to 12,000 m was installed in early 2001. Evidence of the breeze is sometimes apparent at stations as far as 50 km from the rivers. Radiation anomalies depend on distance from the nearest river. The perturbation pressure gradient of the river breeze can be found through composite analysis. Hourly composites of forced cumulus cloud-cover fraction from GOES images illustrate the preferred regions for initial convective activity, locations consistent with the idea of convergent river breezes. The TNF sites of the LBA flux towers appear to be located in an anomalously cloudy region, especially during large portions of the transition and dry seasons. 3. Acknowledgements:

This work was entirely supported by NASA as a part of the LBA-ECO program, grant NCC5-283. GOES images for the Santarém region are being recorded at the University of São Paulo as part of our ongoing collaboration. We are grateful to Mr. Eleazar Brait and the staff of the LBA Field Office in Santarém for assistance in field deployment and in acquiring data. 4. References: Oliveira, A. P. and D. R. Fitzjarrald, 1993, The Amazon river breeze and the local boundary layer: I. Observations Bound.-Layer Met. 63, 141-162.

SCALING PROPERTIES OF EXTREME VALUES, INTERMITTENCY, AND LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS

OF CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Germán Poveda, Jorge M. Ramírez, Carlos D. Hoyos, John F. Mejía.

Posgrado en Aprovechamiento de Recursos Hidráulicos Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín

[email protected]

Abstract We use high resolution (60 Hz) wind velocity and temperature data gathered during

May 1999 at Rodonia (central Amazonia) as part of LBA field campaigns, to study

diverse features of turbulence in and over the canopy. Our analyses are aim to

determining scaling properties of the extreme events of wind velocity over a broad

range of timescales. The scaling relation between the tails of the probability density

function (PDF) are calculated for different time scales, and upon these relations,

predictions are made for the PDF at any particular timescale. Secondly, we apply

wavelet transforms to detect intermittency features in the energy dissipation rates.

Intermittency is a fundamental issue that is brought about to explain the insufficiency of

Kolmogorov’s theory to describe the sample structure function and the non-Gaussian

nature in the dynamics of turbulent signals. Also, we use ideas pertaining non-linear

dynamical systems to artificially reconstruct the attractor in phase space. Towards that

end, we use the methods of “false neighbours” and the Shannon mutual information,

and then we estimate the largest Lyapunov exponent of the reconstructed attractor. Our

results indicate the exponential divergence trajectories in phase space, thus suggesting

the existence of a strange attractor in the dynamics of the turbulent atmospheric

boundary layer over Central Amazonia.

Observation and numerical simulation of the river breeze circulation in the vicinity of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers

Maria A. F. Silva Dias (1) Marcos Longo(1)

Pedro L. Silva Dias(1) David R. Fitzjarrald (2)

A. Scott Denning(3) Priscila Brier D'Auria(1)

(1) Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo

(2) Atmospheric Science Research Center, State University of New York at Albany (3) Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University Rua do Matão, 1226 - 05508-900 São Paulo - SP - [email protected]

During the beginning of the dry season of 2001 in the Amazon Region, basically from middle July to middle August, an atmospheric intensive field campaign called CIRSAN/LBA (Circulation in Santarém) was carried out close to Santarém as part of the LBA. Boundary layer and upper air measurements were carried out in both margins of the Tapajós rivers and on the southern margin of the Amazon with the objective of studying the local circulation. This paper presents preliminary data on the local circulation evolution close to the Tapajós and Amazon rivers intersection, embedded in weak trade winds during an event of “friagem” in the Amazon region. Numerical simulations of the river circulation with 2 km resolution are presented and used to help the understanding of the observations. The preliminary analysis of the observations taken during CIRSAN/LBA indicate that the margins of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers, close to the city of Santarém in Eastern Amazon, are influenced by river induced thermal circulations; the local circulation is more evident during periods of light large scale winds. A "friagem" event reaching western Amazon during CIRSAN produced the ideal conditions for the development of river induced circulations in Santarém. The effect of the river breeze is basically to lower the mixed layer height and enhance cumulus cloud at the river margin. The effect of these on the venting of mixed layer trace gases may be an important feature in the interpretation surface measurement in the area. The numerical simulations show the coupling of the circulation on both sides of the river and the advection of the circulation cell to the west, thus inducing cloudless skies in the western margin of the Tapajós.

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the Boundary Layer Evolution Over a Deforested Region of Rondonia(Brazil).

Renato Ramos da Silva and Roni Avissar

Duke University Civil and Environmental Engineering

PO BOX 90287 Durham,NC 27701 (USA)

[email protected]

Maria Silva Dias* Pedro Leite Silva Dias*

Adilson Vagner Gandu* *USP - University of São Paulo

ABSTRACT

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to study the atmospheric impacts of land use change

over Rondonia (Brazil) during the wet season. Spatial distribution of land cover types for the region

were evaluated from Landsat images and implemented into the model. Atmospheric variables

recorded during the LBA Wet Campaign in January 1999 are used as initial conditions for the

model and to evaluate its performance. Case studies for selected days having weak winds and

strong solar radiation were chosen in order to capture possible landscape impacts on the

atmosphere. The preliminary results show that the model is able to realistically represent the

evolution of the boundary layer. Also, the model shows that the “fish-bone” structure of the

vegetation is able to organize local convection and impact the rainfall distribution. This LES

approach is a preliminary effort to develop a reliable tool to represent and understand the impacts

of land use in the Amazon on scales not yet explored. In the near future, a larger domain will be

covered by the model to better represent the mesoscale features. Additionally it will help to

increase our understanding the distribution of rainfall and the transport of trace gases over the

Amazon.


Variability of South American Convective Cloud Systems and Tropospheric Circulation during January-March 1998 and 1999

Rosana Nieto Ferreira (JCET/UMBC/NSIPP/NASA/GSFC)1, Thomas M. Rickenbach (JCET/UMBC/NASA/GSFC) , Dirceu Herdies (CPTEC/INPE) , Leila M. Vespoli de

Carvalho (USP)

A comparison of the variability of atmospheric winds and of the organization of

cloudiness and rainfall in South America during January-March of 1998 (JFM98) and January-March of 1999 (JFM99) is presented.

The variability of precipitation in subtropical South America is strongly related to

the variability of the South American low-level jet (SALLJ). The SALLJ is a northerly current that flows along the eastern side of Andes Mountains bringing warm, moist tropical air from the Amazon basin to subtropical South America (parts of Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina). According to the National Center for Environmental Prediction, the SALLJ was nearly twice as strong during January-March (JFM) of the 1998 El Niño episode than during JFM of the 1999 La Niña episode. The difference in SALLJ strength between these two years translated into a stronger flow of moist tropical air into subtropical South America during JFM98. As a consequence of the enhanced moisture supply, twice as much rainfall fell in subtropical South America during JFM98 than during JFM99. A careful analysis of 3-hourly satellite imagery showed that larger and more numerous long-lived cloud systems were present in subtropical South America during JFM98 than during JFM99. This showed that most of the large, long-lived cloud systems observed in subtropical South America occurred during times when the SALLJ was strong over Bolivia.

The difference between JFM98 and JFM99 SALLJ strength in Bolivia is in part

explained by the winds produced by the South Atlantic Convergence zone (SACZ). Periods when the SACZ is present are marked by southerly or weak northerly winds in Bolivia. The SACZ was more prominent during JFM99 than during JFM98 leading to a weaker SALLJ during JFM99. The Southern Oscillation also contributed to the observed variability of the SALLJ in Bolivia.

In the tropical portions of South America nearly six times more cloud systems

were observed during JFM99 than during JFM98. This was accompanied by more plentiful precipitation in the Amazon basin and in the Bolivian Altiplano during JFM99 than during JFM98. In this region, the Southern Oscillation was probably the most important contributor to the observed cloud system and precipitation differences.

1 GEST/UMBC/NSIPP/NASA/GSFC Code 913.0, Greenbelt, MD 20770, E. U. A. e-mail: [email protected]

1

Deforestation Impact in Eastern Amazônia : Climatic Simulations Using RAMS Model for the

Local Dry Season

Adilson W. Gandu(1) , Julia C. P. Cohen(2)

(1) Department of Meteorology Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil

e-mail : [email protected]

(2) Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil


ABSTRACT

The RAMS model was used to simulate the effect of possible climatic impact produced by deforestation in Eastern Amazonia. Biophysical parameters derived from field experiments at three representative sites, of the local soil-vegetation-atmosphere responses, were adapted in the numerical modeling. Two numerical experiments were run, for a two month period, August-September/2000, which corresponded to the drier season of that year. In the first experiment, designated as “control”, the existent types and distribution of vegetation, were used as standard in the model. In a second experiment designated as “deflorested”, the forest biophysical parameters were replaced by those corresponding to “pasture”. This procedure resulted in the “deforested” experiment showing a diminishing precipitation, within a narrow coastal strip, at the same time that the preciptation raised towards the continental regions. This experiment also showed a generalized air temperature increment, varying between 0.5 and 1.5 oC, which is compatible with previous results derived from large scale models. Neverthetless, the higher spatial resolution model used in study expressed clearly the thermal regulation effect of the larger rivers of this region, on the spatial distribution of the nuclei of temperature. The “deforested” experiment showed a 50% raise in the sensible heat flux at the surface, with relation to the “control” experiment, within a continental strip near the coast. An inverse variation, of the same magnitude, happened to the latent heat flux, over the same region. In the other hand, within the continental area, corresponding to the southwestern and eastern potion of the State of Para, it was redicted a decrement of the sensible heat flux by the “deforested” experiment. The results show the influence of deforestation over the climate in Eastern Amazonia and that is essential to use high resolution models to detect the regulating effects of the large rivers existing in this region. It was also shown the relative importance of the biophisycal, thermal and mechanical parameters, near the Atlantic coast and in more continental areas.

Corresponding author address : Dr. Adilson W. Gandu Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas. Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária



2

CEP : 05.511-900 – São Paulo – SP

THE UPPER LEVEL WIND DIVERGENCE THE ITS RELATIONSHIPWITH THE CLOUD COVER AND PRECIPITION, DURING WETAMC/LBA

Alexandra Amaro de Lima

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias-CPTEC/DAS Rodovia Presidente Dutra km SP-RJ

Cep 12630 – 000, Cachoeira Paulista SP [email protected]

Luiz Augusto Toledo Machado [email protected]

Henri Laurent

[email protected]

This work´s objetive is to analyze the upper level wind divergence obtained by three different methods to evaluate the diurnal cycle and which of them has the more effetive response to the cloud fraction and the precipition. It was used cloud fraction data (calculated from images of the GOES-8), rain fraction (calculated from the refletividade supplied by the radar TOGA), and upper level wind divergence (starting from the water vapor channel, radiossondas and NCEP), obtained during the WETAMC/LBA campaign, on January and February of 1999. The diurnal cycle of the divergence was marked by a maximum 11:00 LST, and it showed good correlation with the precipitation. Related to cloud cover it was possible to verify that the divergence didn´t show any relationship with clouds with low and hot tops (threshold of 284 K), but on the other hand, it behaved as a predictor of the convective cover.




SSeeccoonndd IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall LLBBAA SScciieennttiiffiicc CCoonnffeerreennccee,, MMaannaauuss 22000022

OObbsseerrvveedd cchhaannggeess iinn AAeerroossoollss PPrrooppeerrttiieess aatt tthhee AAmmaazzoonn BBaassiinn ccaauusseedd bbyy aa ffrriiaaggeemm pphheennoommeennaa dduurriinngg tthhee LLBBAA--CCLLAAIIRREE 22000011 eexxppeerriimmeenntt

Aline Sarmento Procópio (1), Paulo Artaxo (1), Luciana V. Gatti (2), Ana Maria C. Leal (2), Maria

Assunção F. da Silva Dias (3)

(1) IF/USP -Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; (2) IPEN - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Brazil;

(3) IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.

* corresponding author Aline Sarmento Procópio [email protected] Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão, travessa R, 187, Cidade Universitária São Paulo – SP, Brazil 05508-900

The LBA-CLAIRE intensive field campaign took place in Balbina (1º 55.20’ S, 59º

28.07’ W), Amazonas, during the transition of the wet to dry seasons, in June and July of 2001. Aerosols gravimetric mass, size distribution, scattering coefficient and black carbon concentration were measured in parallel with trace gases as NO and NO2. Several meteorological parameters were obtained from a meteorological station and from a SODAR installed at the site during the experiment.

At this time of the year very low concentration of aerosols and trace gases are observed at the forest, but changes in aerosol concentration and in its composition was seen during a cold front (friagem) that reached Amazonas from June 19th to 21st. The mean daily air temperature dropped from 28oC to 23oC, and the SODAR registered a change in the meridional wind from north to south and a strong subsidence regime during these days. The mean linear light scattering coefficient decreased from 5.35 x 10 –5 m-1 to 4.0 x 10 –5 m-1, indicating an increase in the fine mode aerosol fraction. The ratio of black carbon to the aerosol fine mass concentration increased from a mean value of 7% to 12%. Black carbon mean concentration increased by a factor of 2, from 60ng/m3 to 125ng/m3. A strong correlation was found between black carbon and NOx concentrations during this period, both being tracers of combustion. All these changes in the concentration and composition of aerosols and trace gases clear indicate an entrance of a polluted air mass at the site. This reflects the occupation and anthropogenic influences on a forested area, changing the background atmosphere of a remote region at Amazonia.


Variability of the ones of extreme rain events in the estuary of the river Amazon

David Mendes José Antonio Marengo

Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC Rod. Presidente Dutra Km – 40

Cachoeira Paulista – SP 12630-000 [email protected]

The study of physical factors that act on the forest it is of vital importance in the knowledge of the caused climatic impacts in such a way in the regional scale as in the global one. The region of the estuary of the river Amazon has a climatic behavior of different rains of the too much areas of the Amazon region. The main meteorological system that acts on this e region the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The rainy period in this region goes of December the April. This work has the intention to show a possible change in the variability of rains, using given of stations located in the band of 51°W 48°W and 02°S 0°. These data had been gotten through the National Agency of Energy from Brazil (ANEEL). The variability of rains in the February months the May (rainier period) since of 1979 up to 2000, sample that mainly had a bigger variability of the anomalies, in the period of 1979 up to 1988, from 1989 this variability diminished, being the year of 1983 what it presented the biggest rain anomaly, this due to presence of the phenomenon El Niño that was acting. This region has a possible influence of the El Niño. In this period of study, it was verified that extreme rains (superior 60 mm) will diminish in the reason of y = -0,1228x + 5,6491. In the years of the 1982-83 and 1991-92 occurrence of extreme events she was very low, in the 1991-92 case was not registered superior rain occurrence 60 mm. The number of days without rains, also had a reduction in the reason of y = -0,8793x. 103,81. In the years of 1979-80, the 1980-81 and 1982-83 number of days without rains had been bigger, this associate the presence of the El Niño, mainly in the years of 1979-80 and 1982-83.

Development of a High-resolution Assimilated Dataset for South America

Dirceu L. Herdies, José A. Aravéquia, Rosangela Cintra, Julio Tóta e José P. Bonatti

Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, CPTEC/INPE Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40

12630-000 Cachoeira Paulista – SP Brazil

Arlindo da Silva Data Assimilation Office NASA/GSFC

Greenbelt, MD USA

This work is concentrated on the period from January to February 1999, when the combined TRMM-LBA and WETAMC-LBA experiments took place in southeast Amazonia. The experiment measured temperature, moisture and wind profiles from rawinsondes, surface fluxes, soil parameters, precipitation, etc. The Regional Physical-space Statistical Analysis System (ETA/RPSAS), implemented at CPTEC since 1999, was used to produce a high-resolution reanalysis (40 km) for this pilot period. Results for whole South America circulation obtained with this reanalysis get a better agreement with the observation and a more detailed structure. On a longer time scale, this regional system will be the engine for a regional South American Project, which will serve the purpose of refining the data products available with recent reanalysis from NCEP, ECMWF and DAO. These regional data assimilation datasets represent an advancing in our undestanding of the South American climate and synoptic climatology, given its high resolution and utilization of observational data not yet available to the global reanalysis aforementioned. This work will also serve as a “proof of concept” for a long-term reanalysis project for the South America.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ABOVE PANTANAL WETLAND

Eliana Soares de Andrade1, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Maria Paulete P.M. Jorge1, Amaury de

Souza2

(1) Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, Brazil; (2) Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil [email protected]

Abstract: Pantanal is one of the biggest wetland regions of the world, with an area of

approximately 150,000 km2. It is located in central part of the South America (19o S, 57o

W) and presents a climatology which is characterized by a very dry season and a wet period

in which strong floods are often observed. The Interdisciplinary Pantanal Experiment (IPE)

aims to investigate the micrometeorological aspects and the differences between these two

seasons. An important goal of IPE researches is to characterize the atmospheric boundary

layer (ABL) structure above Pantanal wetland, particularly the nocturnal boundary layer

(NBL). For this purpose, it is important to take into account the meteorological processes

which drive the early evening transition (EET) and define classes of the NBL. In Pantanal

some cases studies have shown two distinct classes of EET: a) one with the generation of a

strong low level jet (LLJ), below 600 m height; b) one without a well defined LLJ. LLJ is

more frequent during the dry season and seems to be generated as a response to the strong

stability created by next surface intense radiative cooling process after the sunset. Besides

the LLJ, other aspects of the dry and wet CLA structure are presented and some possible

physical explanations of the results are discussed.

DOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE MODIFIES THE MICROCLIMATE? A CASE STUDY OF THE RAINFALL VARIATIONS AT TUCURUI ´s DAM IN PARA.

Fabio Sanches Gilberto Fisch

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais da UNITAU e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: There are a lot of concern about the impacts from an artificial lake in Amazonia can make, especially related with the microclimate. These impacts are not well understood yet. The rainfall data (daily values) from 1972 up to 1983 (namely prior) from INMET and from 1984-1996 (namely post) from ELETRONORTE were used in this work. Comparing the monthly totals, there is no significant differences between the prior and post period according to statistical tests (Mann-Whitney and/or Fisher Test). Only one month (December) has not failed to pass the hypotheses of equal precipitation at 5% level of confidence. Analyzing the occurrence the days with rains higher than 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 mm, the number (and frequency) of light rains has increased, especially during the dry season. This may be due to the increase of evaporation from the lake. Although the onset of the rainy season is controlled by large-scale factors, there is a weak signal that it can start earlier (September) for the post conditions than for the prior conditions (October). An autoregressive-moving average model (Arma) has been simulated with the prior data-set in order to identify the influence of the lake. The post conditions (in a monthly scale) match quite well the forecast data, suggesting that the lake did not modify the characteristic of the rain.


Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forest using Tsallis’ generalized thermostatistics. II. Temperature

Fernando M. Ramos2, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Maurício J. A. Bolzan1,3, Camilo Rodrigues Neto2, Reinaldo R. Rosa2

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e

Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil

2. Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional de

Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil

3. Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, Brazil

Abstract: In this paper, we show that Tsallis generalized thermostatistics provides a simple and accurate framework for modeling the statistical behavior of turbulent temperature fluctuations. For this, we compared our theoretical framework to data measured during the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) wet-season campaign, in the southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements were made simultaneously with Campbell sonic thermometers at different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W), Brazil. The theoretical results were found to be in good agreement with experiment through spatial scales spanning at least three orders of magnitude and for a range of up to 10 standard deviations, including the rare fluctuations in the tails of the distribution. For scales larger than approximately 10 m, a gradual transition to Gaussianity becomes evident in the experimental histograms which is not captured by the present model. A generalization of this model is proposed to take this effect into account, assuring thus a smooth transition to Gaussianity as the scale increases. ____________________ * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX HEIGHT VARIATION ABOVE THE REBIO JARU AMAZONIAN RAIN FOREST CANOPY DURING DIURNAL PERIODS Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad and Leonardo D. A. Sá Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos [email protected] Abstract: In this work we verify if the vertical sensible heat fluxes change with height above the Amazonian rain forest canopy, under diurnal conditions. The data were measured in March 1999, during the wet-season of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), in southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements were made at three different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W), Brazil. We used the fast response sonic data of wind velocity and temperature measured simultaneously at heights of 64m and 42m, during the 11 Hrs to 15 Hrs time interval (local time). The wind velocity components and temperature data were decomposed into various frequency bands using biorthogonal wavelets and the vertical heat fluxes were computed in each of the bands. Non-parametric statistical tests were then performed to examine the hypothesis that the fluxes in each of the bands are different at the two heights. Results show that the sensible heat fluxes measured at the 64m and 42m heights are statistically different during diurnal period.

Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral-gap" in turbulent data measured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part II: Amazonian Pasture

Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad1,*, Margarete O. Domingues1, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Celso von

Randow1, Antônio O. Manzi1, Bart Kruijt3

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, CP 515, 12201-970, São José dos Campos, Brazil

2. Alterra, P.O. Box 47,Wageningen, Netherlands

Abstract: Wavelet and Fourier analyses are used to identify the spectral characteristics of wind velocity (u, v, w components), temperature, humudity and CO2 concentration data sets, obtained during dry and wet seasons in a pasture in a deforested area in Amazonian. The data were measured in August (dry-season) and in December (wet-season), year of 2000, as a part of the Brazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium, in southwestern part of Amazonian region. Measurements are made at micrometeorological tower located in the Nossa Senhora Farm (10o 045.7´ S, 62o 21.4´ W) county of Ouro Preto D’Oeste. The fast response wind speed and temperature measurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were made using a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments), at a height of 4 m. Analyses are performed over a wide frequency range, from the inertial subrange domain up to one day time-scale. Data are studied for a five day only spectrum and for one day mean spectra and cospectra. Results showed that is not possible to identify spectra gap in any of the investigated variables. This has important consequence in that separating the turbulence flow into mean and fluctuation components may not be valid. This also makes it difficult to determine a cutoff frequency for filtering the data. This absence of a spectral gap is probably due to the non-stationary characteristics of turbulent fields above deforested area. A comparison is made with the turbulent spectra computed above the Amazon rain forest in Rebio Jaru. Possible physical phenomena in tropical meteorology are proposed to explain the findings. __________________ * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER OVER PASTURE AND FOREST IN AMAZONIA

G. Fisch*1, J. Tota2, L.A.T. Machado1, M.A.F. Silva Dias3, R.F. da F. Lyra4, C. A. Nobre2

A.J. Dolman5, A. D. Culf 6

1 Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE), São José dos Campos, 12228-904, Brazil, [email protected]

2 Inst. Nac. de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), SJ dos Campos, 122201-970, Brazil 3 Universidade de São Paulo (USP/IAG), São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil

4 Universidade Federal das Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, 57072-970, Brazil 5 Vrije Universiteit Amesterdam, Amesterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands 6 Center of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK

Abstract: The Amazon region is suffering from a high rate of deforestation, with the tropical forest initially being replaced by pasture and agricultural crops. The coupling between different types of surface (tropical forest or grass) and the Convective Boundary Layer (CBL) has been investigated using observational (rawinsoundings) data collected over Rondônia in the southwest Amazonia. The data reported here support the notion that deforestation may modify the dynamics of the boundary layer, in particular during the dry season. In this period the sensible heat fluxes are very high over pasture, creating a CBL around 550 m deeper compared to that over the forest. The height of the fully developed CBL for pasture has been computed to be 1650m compared to around 1100 m for forest. During the wet season the height of CBL is lower than during the dry season and it has the same height (around 1000 m) for forest and pasture sites. The CBL over pasture is hotter and drier than over forest during the dry season, but during the wet season the air temperatures and humidities fields are similar. Comparing the CBL growth during the dry and wet season, there is evidence that the CBL properties over the forest are not dependent on the surface characteristics, but the pasture CBL are.

The modification of the ABL structure due to a Friagem event in Amazonia: a case study

Gilberto Fisch Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA) São José dos Campos, 12228-904, SP, Brazil

[email protected]

Alistair D. Culf Center of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK

Roberto Fernando da Fonseca Lyra (UFAL)

Departamento de Meteorologia/Universidade de Meteorologia Maceió, CEP 57000-000, AL, Brazil

Abstract: A cold front invasion into Amazonia during the winter times is known regionally as Friagem. These phenomena is an important feature of the climate, as intermittent events can modify the meteorological conditions, altering the way of life from Amazonidas as well as the flora and fauna. During the field campaign of RBLE 2 (july 1993), a Friagem event has happened in the Ji-Parana area (Rebio Jaru tropical forest) and was fully measured. Using temperature data from ABRACOS Project (1992-1993), usually there are 6-7 events of Friagem during the year, with 2-3 cases in July. The invasion of cold air (classified as moderate) had occurred in early evening on July 6, provoking a light rain (3.6 mm at 6 AM on July 7). The radiation integrated fluxes (solar and net radiation) showed a remarkable change from a value of 17.1 and 11.8 MJ.m-2.day-1 for solar and net, respectively, on July 6 to 7.1 and 5.2 MJ.m-2.day-1 during the event (July 7,1993). The air temperature also showed a dramastic change from a daily average of 25.3 °C to a value of 18.7 °C. The specific humidity also reduces from 18 g.kg-1 to a value around 13 g.kg-1. The windspeed had increased from 1.5 m.s-1 to 3.8 m.s-1. All these changes are expected by the modification from a cold and dry air mass. The following day (July 8, 1993), as the cold front was in dissipation, the radiation fluxes return to their typical values. The behavior of the sensible heat flux is interesting as it has a reduced during the friagem (as normally one expected) but it was very high: 3.5 after on July 9, 1993. This value is very high (correspond a sensible flux of 200 W.m-2 which is not typical). This can suggest the hypothesis that the principal mechanism chosen by the plants were the sensible heat flux instead the usual latent heat flux. In terms of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), prior of the Friagem the height of the convective boundary layer was 1350 m, with an average virtual potential temperature of 307.8 K. The ABL was very well mixed at late afternoon with a temperature discontinuity almost null. On June 7, there was a cooling of the layer (temperature of 293.5 K) and only a shallow but still well mixed layer (height around 420 m). This value is 1/3 of the typical values and the mechanical turbulence was very important. The temperature jump at the top of mixed layer was 9 K, indicating a strong subsidence acting at Ji-Parana area. The next day the insolation has begun to heat the layer and the averaged virtual potential temperature was 300.5 K, with a discontinuity of 3.5 K and still shallow CBL. The cooling of the atmosphere was so intense in the lower 1-2 km that first the mixed layer has to be heated and then it can grow its depth. Also the intensity of jump of temperature was so strong that it may inhibited the entrainment, which act on the CBL development. The timescale


associated with the influence of a Friagem is 2-3 days, depending the intensity of it. The structure from the atmosphere above 2 km is not modified by the event.

The intercomparison of radiosonde systems during the LBA/TRMM experiment

Gilberto Fisch Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA) São José dos Campos, 12228-904, SP, Brazil

[email protected]

Rafael Ferreira da Costa Museu Gueldi, Belém, 66000-000, Brazil

Maria Assunção F. Da Silva Dias

Universidade de São Paulo (USP/IAG), São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil

Abstract: As a part of the LBA/TRMM strategy design, an intercomparison of the radiosonde systems was performed at the end of experiment (Feb 22-24, 1999) at the pasture site. A dataset of 17 flights (1 launch each 3 hours) were made with VIZ and Vaisala sondes attached to the same balloon. For each of the flights, the variables measured by the radiosoundings were: air temperature, relative humidity, pressure (Vaisala only) and wind components. These variables were extracted from the raw data and have been linearly interpolated at 50 m intervals up to 5000 m in 500 m layers. In summary, although the individual profiles can show some alternate patterns, on average the difference between Vaisala and VIZ was –0.3 °C for the temperature and –5 % for relative humidity (equivalent to 1.0 up to 1.5 g.kg-1). In this analysis, the Vaisala measurements have been considered as the reference. The humidity profile deserves a special attention, since one of the goals of the LBA/TRMM is to validate the algorithms applied to the data from the satellite TRMM. The humidity profiles show overall differences around 5 %, with Vaisala presenting the smaller values. The layer between 1000 and 2000 m shows the largest differences (values around 8%). This layer is often the cloud layer and sometimes the sonde goes in and out cloud, not allowing enough time for the sensor to come into equilibrium with the environment (time constant of the sensors is around 1 s). The differences for the pressure is insignificant (around 0.1 hPa) and the winds (both components) show a reasonable agreement (between 0.5 and 0.8 m.s-1). The humidity data do not show any significant difference between daytime and nighttime. The temperature differences between Vaisala and VIZ is larger during daytime than during nighttime


CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEM ORGANIZATION DURING WETAMC/LBA – COMPARISON WITH

WEST AFRICAN CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS

Henri Laurent and Luiz Augusto T. Machado

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial–Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço–Divisão de Ciências Atmosféricas São José dos Campos/SP - 12228-904 , Brasil

and IRD, LTHE, Grenoble, France

[email protected] - [email protected]

Tropical convection tends to cluster into mesoscale convective systems that are responsible for the main vertical exchanges of energy in the tropical troposphere, and that account for most of the total rainfall. An automatic method, based in infrared images from geostationary satellites, has been used for tracking cloud clusters during their life cycle. This objective tracking has been applied over Amazonia during the WETAMC/LBA (Wet season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign), in January-February 1999. The results allow for analyzing the MCS organization and propagation and to compare them to the rain cells observed from meteorological surface radar. The convective activity showed two different patterns named Easterly and Westerly regimes according to the wind flow in the middle-to-low troposphere. During Easterly regime, MCS and rain cells have closely related propagations, mostly associated to the mean flow at 700 hPa. During Westerly regime, the propagations of both MCS and rain cells are much more disorganized, there is no clear relationship with the mean atmospheric flow at any level, and the low-level rain cells propagate quite independently from the high-level cloud cover. The same tracking methodology was originally employed over West Africa during the rainy season; therefore a limited comparison between these two continental tropical regions can be addressed. The convective systems are mostly driven by the diurnal cycle in the Southwestern Amazon during the rainy season, in contrast to the Sahel where squall lines and other long-lived MCS are the most important convective systems. Another finding is that the behaviors of Amazonian and Sahelian convective systems are quite similar during the Easterly regime, whereas they are very different during the Westerly regime. This is consistent with the presence of a mid-level “jet” favouring a wind shear essential for the organization of the convection.



MODELLING OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF SPECIES EMITTED BY

CONTROLLED BURNINGS IN AMAZÔNIA

Igor Trosnikov1, Ralf Gielow2, João Andrade de Carvalho Jr3, Carlos Alberto Gurgel Veras4, Ernesto Alvarado5, David Victor Sandberg6, José Carlos dos Santos7

1. CPTEC/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP [email protected] 2. LMO/CPTEC/INPE, São José dos Campos, SP [email protected] 3. FEG/UNESP, Guaratinguetá, SP [email protected] 4. ENM/UnB, Brasília, DF [email protected] 5. U W, Seattle, WA [email protected] 6. USDA FS, Corvallis, OR [email protected] 7. LCP/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP [email protected]

Abstract A coupled numerical Transport-Eta Mesoscale model was used for the determination of the transport of CO2 from a slashed Terra Firme Amazonian forest controlled burning with an area of 9 ha, effected on August 31, 1998 in the region of Alta Floresta, MT, with an emission of 2052 Mg CO 2 during 144 min. The path of the resulting CO2 plume was computed for 78 hours, and reached the coast of Santa Catarina as a compact mass. Its concentration, following the wind, was modified by mesoscale diffusion, with values that agreed well with the ones obtained through Taylor's similarity theory.

The results of the same numerical experiments for others dates will be presented.





Igor Trosnikov: Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies National Institute for Space Research Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 40 Cachoeira Paulista, SP CEP 12630-000, Brazil Tel:55 12 561 2822; Fax: 55 12 561 2835 e-mail:[email protected]

TTHHEE DDEEEEPP CCOONNVVEECCTTIIOONN TTHHRROOUUGGHH TTHHEE CCAAPPEE IINN CCOOMMPPAARRIISSOONN WWIITTHH RRAADDAARR DDOOPPLLEERR BBAANNDD--LL IINN TTHHEE RREEGGIIOONN OOFF SSEERRPPOONNGG--

IINNDDOONNEESSIIAA.

José Francisco de OOLLIIVVEEIIRRAA JJÚÚNNIIOORR11, Paulo Yoshio KKUUBBOOTTAA22, José Augusto Paixão VVEEIIGGAA33,

1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - Laboratório de Meteorologia e Oceanografia

(LMO) Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Clima (INPE/LMO/CPTEC), São José dos Campos, SP – Brasil

Av. dos Astronautas, 1758 – Jardim da Granja – CEP: 12227-010 Nº inscrição JDE-0395 tel. : 0XX12 3945-6660


ABSTRACT

Deep convective activity in the region of Serpong-Indonesia (6° 24’S – 106° 42’E)

identified with the help of the radar reflectivity and CAPE (Convection Avaliable Potential

Energy) shows strong diurnal variation with different chacarteristics in the dry and wet

seasons. Maximum convective activity in the dry season occurs around the early afternoon.

Whereas in the wet season it is in the morning and early evening hours. During the dry

season the CAPE is stable to moderately unstable agreeing with the Stutevant (1994) scale

except at 1500 LT (Local Time). Sometimes CAPE obtained values of over 3000 J/Kg at

this time. During the wet season CAPE was unstable to very unstable, values reaching 3500

J/kg, especially around 1800-2100 LT. High values of CAPE is only a necessary condition

for convection. In future the characteristics of convection over Indonesia and Amazonia

will be compared.


Soil Temperature and Moisture Variability, Beneath Forest, Pasture and Mangrove Areas, in Eastern Amazonia

José Ricardo S. de Souza, Julia C. P. Cohen, Antônio C.L. da Costa, Zilurdes F. Lopes

Department of Meteorology

Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil e-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT Soil temperatures down to 50 cm depth, and volumetric moisture content within the

upper 30 cm layer of soils, were measured with similar thermistor sonde and soil moisture reflectometer probe sensor systems, beneath natural forest (Caxiuanã), pasture (Soure) and mangrove (Bragança) areas, in Eastern Amazônia. The sites were selected along a 500 km transect, parallel to the equador, between latitudes of 0 and 2 degrees south.

The climatic regimes at all three monitoring sites were quite similar and regulated by the passage of the ITCZ over the equator, which determines the transition between their drier and rainy seasons. The soils temperature and moisture levels and variability, before and after the onset of the rainy season, were analysed considering the observed short wave incident solar radiation flux and pluviommetric precipitation, at each site.

At the depths studied, the soil temperatures in general decreased in the sequence : pasture, mangrove and forest. On the other hand, the soil moisture beneath the forest was high throughout the dry season.

The soils vegetation coverage was found to be, the principal agent responsible for the wide range of soil temperatures variability found among the studied sites.The water storage recharging beneath the pasture was intense and abrupt, just after the onset of the rainy season. A smooth soil moisture transition was observed beneath the forest. Corresponding author address : Dr. José Ricardo S. de SOUZA. Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPA CP. 1611 , Belém Pará Brasil CEP 66075-900.


Thermal and Hydric Behavior of Soil Beneath Pasture, in Marajó Island

José Ricardo S. de Souza, Julia C. P. Cohen, Antônio C.L. da Costa, Zilurdes F. Lopes

Department of Meteorology Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil


ABSTRACT Soil temperature and moisture were monitored within the upper 30 cm layer, beneath a natural pasture area in Soure, Marajo Island, Pará, Brazil. The data collected during an 18 month observation period (Aug/2000 up to Jan/2002) inclued also the short wave incoming solar radiation flux and pluviommetric precipitation, at that experimental site. An automatic station was used, with thermistor sonde, soil moisture reflectometer probe, silicon photodiode pyranometer and tipping bucket rain gage sensor systems. The results presented, include the monthly averages, hourly behavior and respective extremes, for those soil physical variables. Selected case studies are presented, to show sudden temperature falls and/or moisture recharging, associated with severe rainshower events or the transition between the local dry and rainy seasons. The soil temperatures observed at 20 cm depth were nearly 3 ºC above those measured at the same depth, beneath other pasture sites in the Amazon Region (Souza et. al; 1996). This may be attributed to differences in soil composition and climatic conditions among the sites considered. The soil moisture values were within the range observed for shallow depths, at other pasture sites, in Marabá, Manaus and Ji-Paraná (Hodnett et. al; 1996). The soil parameters measured, will be used to initialize regional weather and climate numerical models, and serve as reference for comparisons with other ongoing experiments, in soils beneath native forest and mangrove areas, as part of the Amazonian Large Scale Biosphere – Atmosphere Experiment (LBA).

Corresponding author address : Dr. José Ricardo S. de SOUZA. Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPA CP. 1611, Belém, Pará, Brasil CEP 66075-900.


CONTINENTAL SQUALL LINE FORMATION OVER EASTERN AMAZÔNIA.

Julia Clarinda Paiva Cohen (1) , Adilson Wagner Gandu (2), José Ricardo S. de Souza(1)

(1) Department of Meteorology Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil


(2) Departament of Atmospheric Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil


ABSTRACT

This paper presents the observational results of two squall lines (SL) originated over

the continental eastern part of the Amazon Region. Satellite images and automatic weather stations observations at three sites (Bragança, Soure and Caxiuanã), located along a 500 km transect parallel to the equator and between 0 and 2 degrees south, were used to monitor the SL´s genesis and displacement. The observation period, between 17 and 18 September, 2002, was within the drier season. Nevertheless the pluviommetric precipitation monitored at three experimental sites, indicated the occurrence of a large scale convective system over the region. This atmospheric system produced a nearly 4oC temperature fall below seasonal daily average in Soure and Bragança. This fact might be associated to downdrafts during the local dayligth hours. Precipitation intensities in Soure and Caxiuanã reached 36 mm/h , followed by 8 mm/h observed in Bragança. It was observed from the satellite images that before the disturbance, there were some scattered convective clouds, over the central portion of the state of Maranhão. The combination of an easterly wave disturbance plus the existence of a 300 m high topography to the west appear to have produced an internal gravity wave, which apparently organized those clouds in a linear form. The propagation speed of the SL´s formed was about 14 m/s. Even though these continental SL´s have different generation mechanisms from the maritime breeze circulation, which produce SL´s along the Atlantic coast of Amazonia (Kousky, 1980 ; Cohen et al, 1995); the present case study shows that they both have similar structure and propagation speeds. Corresponding author address : Dr. Julia Clarinda Paiva Cohen. Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPA CP. 1611 , Belém Pará Brasil CEP 66075-900.



EVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OF Eta REGIONAL MODEL DURING WET-AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATION OF CPTEC´s RPSAS

Julio Tóta 1, [email protected]

Dirceu Luiz Herdies 1, [email protected] Rosângela Cintra 1, [email protected]

José Antônio Aravéquia 1, [email protected] José Paulo Bonatti 1, [email protected]

Clemente A. S. Tanajura 2, [email protected] 1 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), Cach. Paulista, SP, Brazil.

2 Laboratório de Computação Científica -LNCC/CNPG, RJ, Brazil.

Words Key: Modeling, Amazon, Tropical Forest, and Precipitation Suggested Thematic group: Measurement and modeling of precipitation

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the seasonal simulation of two versions of CPTEC´s Eta model using data from the WET-AMC/LBA campaign in 1999 assimilated by CPTEC RPSAS (Regional Physical-space Statitical Analysis System). As part of the investigations of the LBA experiment, upper air and surface data were measured continually during the WET-AMC/LBA campaign from January to February 1999 over part of Amazon region. Those data were used to evaluate and validate variables simulated by two versions of the CPTEC regional Eta model at a seasonal time scale. Two versions of the CPTEC regional Eta model were used. One version of the Eta Model was coupled to the OSU (Oregon State University) surface scheme, and another version was coupled with the SSiB (Simplified Simple Biosphere Model) surface scheme. The models were configured with a horizontal resolution of 40 km and 38 vertical levels over South America. A control simulation was accomplished using analyses and forecasts of the CPTEC global model. Another experimental simulation was accomplished using initial conditions and analyses generated by CPTEC´s RPSAS, which assimilated the data from the WET-AMC/LBA campaign during 1999 and the Global Telecomunication data (GTS). The spatial distribution and daily variability of meteorological variables, for both simulations, were assessed against observed data. The performance and the peculiarities of the surface schemes, as well as its limitations over Amazon region were evaluated. The initialization of the model and its respective characteristics are discussed. Heterogeneity of the surface and its influence in the precipitation regimes were assessed. The data generated by the LBA Project has been extremely important in the validation and improvement of several models in Amazônia. This work mainly evaluates the use of the data available from LBA campaigns in Amazônia to improve CPTEC´s regional Eta model at seasonal time scale.







Towards a South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS): Investigating Potential Precipitation Forcing Data

L. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves1,2, W. James Shuttleworth1, Bart Nijssen1,

Jose A. Marengo2, David Gochis1, Chou Sin Chan2, Kuolin Hsu1

1Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona,

Tucson, AZ 85721

2CPTEC-INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The overall goal of this research is to provide better understanding and documentation of soil moisture and surface-atmosphere processes and to improve the initialization of the land-surface variables in the CPTEC SSiB-ETA coupled model across South America in general, and the Amazon Region in particular. This will be done by creating and using a South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS) consisting of a two-dimensional array of uncoupled SSiB models, calibrated using appropriate field data from LBA and earlier studies. This array of land surface models will be forced by near-surface variables derived from the assimilation fields of the ETA model supplemented by real surface-based and remotely sensed observations of precipitation and radiation to the extent possible. In due course, observations gathered under the LBA program will be used for validation of the SALDAS modeled fields, where available. An initial priority in this study is to evaluate alternative sources of precipitation forcing data. This paper reports our early studies that are concerned with investigating the relative value of three alternative sets of precipitation forcing data, specifically, the precipitation fields used as initial condition in the CPTEC/ETA model (derived from the NCEP global model), the precipitation fields derived using the PERSIANN system (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks) at the University of Arizona, and experimental NOAA/NESDIS precipitation estimates. These data are evaluated relative to daily rain gauge data from South America provided by several Brazilian agencies (CMCD/INPE, INMET, FUNCEME, LMRS/PB, ARN, DMRH/PE, SRHBA, CEPES and NMRH/AL) and compiled by CPTEC/INPE. Comparative statistics are reported for the three sets of potential forcing data relative to the rain gauge observations for the calendar year 2000.

Email Address of Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Coherent structures observed immediately above Amazonian forest canopy in Rebio Jaru Reserve, Rondônia, Brazil

Leonardo D. A. Sá1,*, Maurício J. A. Bolzan1,3, Fernando M. Ramos2, Reinaldo R. Rosa2






Abstract: We used Morlet wavelet transform to detect coherent structures in wind velocity turbulent field above and within Amazon forest canopy. The data were measured in March 1999, during the wet-season of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), in southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements were made simultaneously at three different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W), Brazil. The fast response wind speed measurements, sampled at 60 Hz rate, were made using Campbell three-dimensional sonic anemometers at the heights of 66 and 42 m (above the canopy), and 21 m (below the canopy). The results show that coherent structures are allways present at the 42m level, irrespectively of the time of the day. On the other hand, coherent structures are not ubiquous in the wind velocity turbulent signal measured at 66 and 21 m. During the day, the time-scale associated with the coherent structures detected at 42 m is of the order of 30 to 40 s. During the night, this time-scale grows up to values between 90 and 100 s. We congecture that these coherent structures are "role-type" structures asociated with inflexion point instability. They have a time-scale of the same of order of magnitude, and defined as t = 1 / (d u / dz) |h, where du / dz |h is the mean horizontal wind velocity vertical gradient at h = 32 m, the mean height of the forest canopy. ____________________ * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TURBULENCE STRUCTURE

EVOLUTION IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER ABOVE PANTANAL

WETLAND

Luís Marcelo de Mattos Zeri1, Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad1, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Eliana

S.Andrade1, Amaury de Souza2

(1) Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, Brazil; (2) Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil [email protected]

Abstract: Pantanal is one of the biggest wetland regions of the world, with an area of

approximately 150,000 km2. It is located in central part of the South America (19o S, 57o

W) and presents a climatology which is characterized by a very dry season and a wet period

in which strong floods are often observed. We compare some mean characteristics of the

atmospheric surface layer (ASL) structure during wet and dry seasons over Pantanal

Wetland. Momentum and sensible heat fluxes and its associated correlation coefficients

were calculated for some periods during IPE-1 wet season campaign and IPE-2 dry season

campaign. Turbulence scale characteristics, stability parameters and coherent structures

behavior were also investigated. It seems that turbulence structure characteristics are

similar during wet and dry seasons, except during early evening transition periods. This is

probably due to peculiar energy budget conditions associated to the existence of a 15cm

shallow water layer during wet season in Pantanal. Other aspects of the dry and wet ASL

characteristics are presented and some possible physical explanations for the results are

discussed.

THE DIURNAL MARCH OF THE CONVECTION OBSERVED DURING TRMM-WETAMC/LBA

Luiz A. T. Machado, Henri Laurent* and Alexandra A. Lima

[email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial / Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço / Divisão de Ciências

Atmosféricas. São José dos Campos/SP , Brasil

* Also filliated to the IRD/LTHE Grenoble – France

Radiosonde, satellite data, TOGA radar 2 km CAPPI and rainfall collected from the TRMM-WETAMC/LBA experiment have been used to investigate the diurnal cycle of the tropical convection. GOES satellite images were used to describe the diurnal modulation of the total/high/convective cloud fraction and the diurnal evolution of the size spectrum and initiation/dissipation of the convective systems. Radar 2km CAPPI were used to describe the diurnal cycle of the rain fraction for different thresholds and the diurnal evolution of the size spectrum and initiation/dissipation of the rain cells. An average over the four rain gauge networks was applied to describe the average hourly rainfall. The upper air network dataset was used to compute the thermodynamic variables: equivalent potential temperature (θe), convective available potential energy (CAPE), thickness of positive buoyancy, instability and convective inhibition. High and convective cloud areas fractions reach their maximum some hours after the maximum rainfall detected by rain gauge and radar 2 km – CAPPI. The minimum cloud cover occurs only a few hours before the maximum precipitation and the maximum cloud cover occurs during the night. The maximum rainfall takes place at the time of the maximum initiation of the convective systems observed by satellite and rain cells. At the time of maximum precipitation the majority of the convective systems and rain cells are small sized and present the maximum increasing area fraction rate. The diurnal evolution of θe also presents a very clear diurnal variation with maximum occurring in the beginning of the afternoon. The CAPE is well related to θe; when θe is high CAPE is high, the atmosphere is unstable and has a deep layer of positive buoyancy and small convective inhibition. These results suggest the following mechanism controlling the diurnal of convection: in the morning, cloud cover decreases as the solar flux reaching the surface increases and consequently θe. In the beginning of the afternoon convection rapidly develops, high and convective clouds fractions increase rapidly and the maximum precipitation and initiation is observed. After convection is developed the atmosphere profile is modified reaching a nearly saturated state; the water vapor flux decreases in the boundary layer which becomes very stable, which inhibits surface fluxes and consequently extinguishes the convection.




THE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREA EXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TO THE LIFE CYCLE DURATION AND THE UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WIND

DIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSIS USING WETAMC/LBA.

Luiz A. T. Machado ([email protected])

Henri Laurent*

([email protected])

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial – Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço – Divisão de Ciências Atmosféricas São José dos Campos/SP CEP: 12228-904 , Brasil

* Also filliated to the IRD/LTHE Grenoble - France The WETAMC/LBA data measured during January February 1999 combine many different sources of data resulting in one of the most complete dataset to describe the convection in the tropical continental region. Based in this dataset we have studied the convective system life cycle obtained from GOES images and the methodology described in Laurent et al. (2002). Machado et al. (1998) suggested that the normalized area expansion of the convective system can be associated to the upper tropospheric wind divergence and proposed a possible relationship with the life cycle duration of convective system. This paper analyses this hypothese combining the convective system tracking, the upper level winds derived from the GOES water vapor channel and the divergence computed using the radiossonde data. The main goal of this study is to verify if the area expansion of the convective system at the first moment of detection (i.e., at the initiation) can be related to the life duration of the convective system. The physical explanation for this relationship is based in the association of the area expansion with the upper tropospheric wind divergence. Large wind divergence at these levels corresponds to strong mass flux in the convective parts of the cloud cluster, a convective system having strong mass flux will live for more hours than a convective system with smaller area expansion (mass flux). The results show that there is an exponential relationship between these two parameters, and that up to 10 hours the life duration of the convective system can be predicted using only the convective system area expansion at the initiation life stage. Also this study compares the upper tropospheric wind divergence estimated from radiossonde, water vapor wind and area expansion, to analyse the performance of these kinds of observations to describe the convective activity. The diurnal cycle of the upper tropospheric wind divergence is computed and compared with the precipitation (radar and pluviometer) and the convective and total cloud cover. The maximum upper level wind divergence (as well as the area expansion) occurs at the moment of maximum precipitation and two hours earlier than the convective cloud cover maximum.


MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SQUALL LINE IN THE AMAZON REGION

Marcel Ricardo Rocco and Augusto José Pereira Filho

Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo – USP / IAG / DCA Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-900

e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT A hydrometeor classification is performed for a squall line that passed through the WET AMC and TRMM LBA experiment area in 26 January 1999. Polarimetric measurements from a S-band dual Doppler weather radar were used in conjunction with a classification procedure developed by Straka et al. (2000). This method is based on extensive observational and modeling studies of polarimetric hydrometeors signatures. Hydrometeor types are classified according to arbitrary boundaries or thresholds in a multidimensional polarimetric space. The hydrometeors are divided in the following groups: rain, hail, rain-wet hail mixtures, small graupel, snow crystals and aggregate. Preliminary results are consistent with expected vertical microphysical structures; warm and could types below and above the bright band, respectively. In the end, this classification showed to be very restrictive. A fuzzy classification algorithm that builds upon this foundation will be discussed in a forthcoming paper, because the fuzzy logic-based method makes use of a smooth transition in polarimetric observable boundaries among precipitation types instead of simple thresholds. Finally, this study will support a different number of scientific and operational studies that needs a better understanding to deduce hydrometeor types from polarimetric data. These include: determination of Z-R relations, evaluation of interactions between microphysics and kinematics in severe storms and mesoscale systems, estimation of latent heating budgets, initialization of hydrometeor types and amounts in storm-scale and mesoscale numerical models, determination of detrainment rates in hybrid cumulus parameterization schemes, improvement and verification of microphysical parameterization in cloud and mesoscale models, and verification of quantitative precipitation models, among others.


Horizontal vorticity budget associated to an Amazonian squall line during the CIRSAN/LBA experiment

Marcos Longo


Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP

Tel.: +55 +11 3091 4808 FAX: +55 +11 3091 4808 E-mail: [email protected]

Since vorticity has a governing conservation principle, it is more adequate to study the flow in terms of vorticity than in terms of wind speed, especially when Reynolds number is large, like in the case of convection, for instance. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyse the horizontal vorticity budget associated to a squall line formed on Amazon basin during CIRSAN/LBA experiment. This budget was developed using RAMS model, applied to a grid suitable to convective scale. Only horizontal components were considered here because they are about 2 orders of magnitude larger than the vertical component.

The squall line system chosen for this study was formed along the Amazonian coast, between Pará and French Guyana in August 10th, 2001, reaching Santarém area by the morning of the 11th. Most important synoptic-scale and thermodynamic features determining appropriate conditions for propagation were found. This system did not produce much rain, but, considering its overall structure it can be considered a typical squall line.

Results show that horizontal vorticity terms depict important convective structures: meridional component of vorticity tendency is positive when convective cells are developing and it is negative on decaying stage. Vorticity tendencies describe also some gravity waves on the top of troposphere. Moreover, it was verified that the flux term acts at the same direction of tendency, while tilting and solenoidal terms act in the opposite direction. Three-dimensional divergence is positive in deep cumulus from cloud base to near the cloud top, while at the top there is three-dimensional convergence. Equivalent potential temperature and buoyancy have also important structures during deep convection, showing stabilization after convection.


Dynamic and Synoptic Features of a Cold Outbreak during Wet-Season on South-western Amazon

Marcos Longo

Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias Ricardo de Camargo

Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo

Rua do Matão 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP Tel.: +55 +11 3091 4808 FAX: +55 +11 3091 4808


The aim of this work is to analyse a cold outbreak, or “friagem”, event that reached South-western Amazon and Southern and Middle Brazil on November 9th, 1999. Using satellite images, CPTEC-INPE analysis and surface and sounding data, it was found that this event induced, on South-western Amazon Basin, decrease of temperature — reaching about 12°C — and specific humidity — as low as 8 g/kg — and increase of wind magnitude — to 7 m/s southerlies. Convection activity, which was intensified before cold front interaction, was suppressed for 2-3 days after the cold outbreak.

Since vorticity advection at middle to high troposphere is related to temperature advection at low levels, it was verified that the anticyclonic advection induces pressure increase at west side of trough and pressure decrease at east side of trough. This feature in pressure field generates cold advection in low levels, which intensifies the trough.

Cold advection was the most important term in the temperature budget equation, and an equilibrium was found between adiabatic cooling and diabatic heating. While it moved northward, the layer which has cold advection became shallower.


The distribution of convective systems detected by satellite in the Tropics of South

America and some relationships with the precipitation and the general circulation

Marcus Jorge Bottino1

Paulo Nobre1

Glaucia Meira Carneiro1

1CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, km 40-SP, Brasil

[email protected]

Abstract

The distribution of convective systems (CS) identified in images of the satellite GOES 8 it

was implemented by a simple method of classification of high top and deep clouds based

on the information of the water vapor and thermal infrared channels. Images of the period

from 1998 to 2000 were processed on the tropical strip of South America. In this work it is

presented: the) the classification methodology and identification of SC; b) some aspects of

the annual and seasonal average distribution of the frequency and dimensions of these

systems and its relationship with the vertical movement and the precipitation; c) the

monthly evolution of SC in the area of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and

relationships with the circulation and the vertical movement. In a general way that areas of

intense annual and seasonal precipitation are associated to a larger covering of convective

clouds. The annual march of ITCZ and the continental convection present phase differences

that exercise it influences in the vertical movement of the atmosphere of the coast north of

Brazil.


Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral-gap" in turbulent data measured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part I: Amazonian Forest

Margarete O. Domingues1,*, Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad1, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Celso von

Randow1, Antônio O. Manzi1, Bart Kruijt3

1. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, CP 515, 12201-970, São José dos Campos, Brazil

2. Alterra, P.O. Box 47,Wageningen, Netherlands Abstract: Wavelet and Fourier analyses are used to identify the spectral characteristics of wind velocity (u, v, w components), temperature, humudity and CO2 concentration data sets, obtained during dry and wet seasons above Amazonian forest. The data were measured in August-September (dry-season) and in December (wet-season), year of 2000, as a part of the Brazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium, in southwestern part of Amazonian region. Measurements are made at micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W) above a 32 m height forest canopy. The fast response wind speed and temperature measurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were made using a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments), at a height of 62.7 m. Analyses are performed over a wide frequency range, from the inertial subrange domain up to one day time-scale. Data are studied for a five day only spectrum and for one day mean spectra and cospectra. Results showed that is not possible to identify spectra gap in any of the investigated variables. This has important consequence in that separating the turbulence flow into mean and fluctuation components may not be valid. This also makes it difficult to determine a cutoff frequency for filtering the data. This absence of a spectral gap is probably due to the non-stationary characteristics of turbulent fields above Amazonian forest. Some physical phenomena in tropical meteorology are proposed to explain the findings. __________________ * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

Relationship between CAPE and Bolivian High during Wet-AMC-LBA


Universidade Federal do Pará/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos

Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40, SP-RJ- 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brasil Phone: +55 12 5608562 - email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Radiosonde date from the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazônia (January and February 1999) held in Rondônia-Brazil, rainfall date sets as well as the global analysis from CPTEC were used in this study. Analysis of the transient variability of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and any possible relationship with Bolivian high and convective activity was carried out. Results show that there is a direct relationship between CAPE and vorticity field in 250 hPa, in the studied period. When CAPE increases, anticyclonic vorticity also increases, if CAPE decreases cyclonic vorticity appears in the region. This means that when CAPE is released for formation of the deep convection event, it will occur convergence in the low levels with rising motion and divergence in the upper troposphere favoring thus the formation of the Bolivian high.

Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forest using Tsallis’ generalized thermostatistics. I. Wind velocity

Maurício J. A. Bolzan1,3,*, Fernando M. Ramos2, Leonardo D. A. Sá1, Camilo Rodrigues Neto2, Reinaldo R. Rosa2






Abstract: Modelling of the fine-scale for vertical wind velocity component above and within Amazonian forest has been performed using Tsallis' generalized thermostatistics theory (GTS). We show that such a theory provides an accurate framework for modeling the statistical behavior of the inertial subrange above and below the canopy. For this, we compared the experimental probability density functions (PDFs) with the theoretically predicted ones. The data were measured in March 1999, during the wet-season of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), in southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements were made simultaneously at different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10o 04´ S, 61o 56´ W), Brazil. The fast response wind speed measurements, sampled at 60 Hz rate, were made using Campbell three-dimensional sonic anemometers at the heights of 66 m (above the canopy) and 21 m (below the canopy). Above the canopy forest, results showed good agreement between experimental data and the Tsallis´ generalized thermostatistics theory. For below canopy data, the agreement between the experimental and theoretical PDFs was fairly good, but some distortion was observed. This is probably due to some peculiar characteristics of turbulent momentum transfer process inside the forest crown. Discussion is presented to explain these results; conclusions regarding the absence of “universal scaling” in the inertial subrange are also presented in the context of the entropic parameter of Tsallis’ theory. ____________________ * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

Wind, Temperature and Moisture Vertical Profiles at the FLONA Pasture Site

Osvaldo L. L. Moraes, Otávio C. Acevedo, Rodrigo da Silva

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

David R. Fitzjarrald, Ricardo K. Sakai, Ralf M. Staebler, Matthew Czicowski

Atmospheric Sciences Reesearch Center, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA

Two campaigns of tethered balloon observations were conducted in 2001 (July and

October, 5 nights each) at the Km 77 LBA-ECO pasture site, 500 m away from the

micrometeorological tower. The tethered balloon carries a sonde that measures

temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction up to heights of 1000 meters, and sends

the signal to a receiving station at the ground. The soundings were performed throughout

the nights, starting before dusk, finishing when the convective boundary layer was well

developed, usually around 0800 LST. Typical profiles were taken every half hour, up to

400 m. Intensive observations were conducted at dawn, to get the early development of the

convective boundary layer.

Nocturnal soundings were designed to understand the development of the stable

layer and the vertical wind profile. Drainage flow was expected and found in a shallow

layer above which the large scale easterlies persist.

Observations indicate that the drainage layer has a 50-m thickness. Wind speed

composites for the 5 nights in october show that it starts its development around 1800 LST,

reaching 50 m around 2100 LST, after which it stays steady until 0400 LST, when it starts

to disappear. The wind direction in this layer comes from south/southwest. We found that

extremely calm conditions are common in the cleared areas. In the core of the night, the

eddy covariance flux effectively vanished on most nights.

The intensive sets of soundings performed from just before dawn until the CBL was

well developed allows the estimation of surface fluxes from the convergence of heat and

moisture observed in subsequent soundings, using the boundary-layer budget approach.

The estimated fluxes from this technique are in good agreement with those measured by

eddy covariance measurement at the nearby pasture tower. This period is of special interest

for canopy studies, because an appreciable portion of the CO2 released by the plants at

night is transferred to the atmosphere that is starting to become turbulent.

ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING A FRIAGEM EVENT OVER AMAZONIA : A STUDY OF CASE

Paulo Jorge de Oliveira

Universidade Federal do Pará(UFPa), Belém, CEP 66000-000, PA, Brasil, [email protected]

Edson José Paulino da Rocha

Gilberto Fisch

Julio Tota

Bart Kruijt

Antonio O. Manzi

Celso Von Randow

ABSTRACT An observation of the Friagem phenomena influence at Meteorological variables and both energy and CO2 fluxes were made, in forest site near Ji-Paraná area, (Rondonia), during June of 2001. Data used in this study belong to the LBA project and they were carried out from an automatic weather station (AWS) which gave mean information at each 30 min and surface fluxes were measured by LICOR/SONICO system (Moncrieff et al., 1997). Not only mean air temperature but also maximum and minimum air temperature showed a decreasing of 35% during Friagem days. We have noticed a decreasing of 75W.m-2, from normal days (200W.m-2) to cold days (125W.m-2) at daily mean incoming solar radiation. During Friagem days, both Sensible (H) and Latent Heat fluxes (LE), showed a decreasing in their mean maximum daily value. The CO2 concentration stayed almost constant, without increasing during the night, due to the windiness condition at Friagem days. During normal days the mean diurnal CO2 flux (-2.44µmol m-2 s-1) was lesser than that one at friagem days (-5.78µmol m-2 s-1), while the mean nocturnal fluxes were 1.77µmol m-2 s-1 e 2.83µmol m-2 s-1 during normal and cold days, respectively.


WET-AMC/LBA campaign sounding data quality control

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht (1)

Marcos Longo (1)

Luiz Augusto Toledo Machado (2)

Gilberto Fisch (2)

Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias (1)

(1) Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas

Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária 05508-900 São Paulo, SP

Tel.: +55 11 3091 4808 Fax: +55 11 3091 4769 E-mail: [email protected]

(2) Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço

Centro Técnico Aeroespacial Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50 CEP 12228-904 São José dos Campos, SP

Tel.: +55 12 3947 4558 This work presents a quality control of radiosonde data collected during WET-

AMC/LBA. There were four radiosonde stations: ABRACOS, Rancho Grande, Rolim de

Moura and Rebio Jaru, where the first two ones launched VIZ radiosondes and the others

launched Väisälä radiosondes. The quality control method was based on visual inspection,

plausibility and spatial and physical consistency. The visual inspection corrected date and

hour in files and name files, while plausibility checked surface measurements and its units.

A statistical plausibility method based on temporal site series and its consistence with each

radiosonde at a 95% interval of confidence.was also applied. Finally the mass divergence

integrated in the atmospheric column in a triangle which vertices were the radiosonde

stations were computed to verify the horizontal consistency of wind vector data. It was

verified that the substitution or elimination of suspected data improves the reliability of

thermodynamical parameters, for instance, CAPE. Consequently, it is strongly

recommendable to use the corrected data series.

TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-R RELATIONSHIPS OVER PRECIPITATING SYSTEMS DURING WETAMC/LBA & TRMM/LBA

Rachel Ifanger Albrecht Augusto José Pereira Filho

Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas Universidade de São Paulo

Rua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SP E-mail: [email protected]

This work is concerned with the time evolution of the ZR relationship of precipitating

events during the WETAMC and TRMM-LBA experiment in Rondônia, Brazil carried out between

January and February 1999. Particularly, five squall lines were analyzed. The results indicate that

most events are characterized by three distinct ZR relationships during the life cycle of such

systems. Disdrometer estimations and weather radar measurements of the reflectivity factor show

good agreement for convective rainfall and poor correlation for the stratiform type. Since the later is

responsible for nearly 50% of the total rainfall volume, one might be careful while using radar

derived rainfall accumulations.


COMPARISON AMONG TWO SIMPLE MODELS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF DAYS AS RESPECT TO CLOUDINESS

Moura1, R. G., Correia1, F. W. S., Mendes1, D.

1CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista-SP, Brasil

[email protected]

ABSTRACT The Amazon Area, with its gigantic dimensions, a lot of times is studied by means of simulations using models. However, it is not easy, for example, to assess the amount of short wave radiation that reaches a certain surface, once this radiation depends mainly on the cloudiness cover, which is difficult to estimate. This work consists of verifying the performance of simple mathematic formulations to estimate the cloudiness, with the objective of evaluating the convenience of using those formulations in the classification of days as respect to cloudiness. The results showed that in both formulations used in this work, it was verified that a large percentage of days was classified as cloudy days, and most was classified as partially cloudy, reminding that these results refer to the rainy periods of the first LBA campaign. However the largest differences found among the formulations is in the classification of days of clear sky, as one of them classifies, like this, approximately half of the studied days. Possibly this is related with the different ranges established by each one of the different formulations.

Rationalizing Burned Carbon with Carbon Monoxide Exported from South America

R. Chatfield 1, S. R. Freitas 2, M. A. Silva Dias 2, and P. L. Silva Dias 2

2 NASA Ames Research Center, Bldg. 245-5, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA, E-mail: [email protected], 2 Rua do Matão, 1226, Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];

We present several estimates cross-checking the fluxes of carbon to the atmosphere from burning,

comparing models that are based on simple land-surface parameterizations and atmospheric transport dynamics. Both estimates made by NASA Ames and USP modeling techniques are quite high compared to some detailed satellite/land-use studies of emissions. The flux of carbon liberated to the atmosphere via biomass burning is important for several reasons. This flux is a fundemental statistic for the parameterization of the large-scale flux of gases controlling the reactive greenhouse gases methane and ozone. Similarly, it is central to the estimation of the translocation of nitrogen and pyrodenitrification in the tropics. Thirdly, CO2 emitted from rainforest clearing contributes directly to carbon lost from the rainforest system as it contributes to greenhouse gas forcing. While CO2 from pasturage, agriculture, etc, is considered to be reabsorbed seasonally, and so “off budget” for the carbon cycle, it must also be accounted. CO2 anomalies related to daily weather and interannual climatic variation are strong enough to perturb our scientific perception of long-term carbon storage trends. We compare fluxes deduced from land-use statistics (originally, W.M. Hao) and from satellite hot pixels (A. Setzer) with atmospheric fluxes determined by the mescoscale/continental scale models RAMS and MM5, and point to some new work with highly resolved global models (the NASA Data Assimilation Office’s GEOS4). Our simulations are tied to events, so that measured tracers like CO tie the models directly to the burning and meteorology of a specific period. We point out a particular sensitivity in estimates based on CO, and indicate how analysis of CO2 along with other biomass-burning tracers may lead to an improved multi-species estimator of carbon burned.

THE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER: OBSERVACIONAL ASPECTS IN RONDÔNIA

R. M. N. Santos1, G. Fisch2, A. J. Dolman3 The dynamics and the structure of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer (NBL) are still not very understood especially in tropical forest areas, despite of its importance for the weather and climate control mechanisms. Data set from RBLE and WETAMC-LBA field experiments (dry and wet season respectively) in Ji-Paraná, Rondônia – Brazil were analysed and consist of tethered balloon profiles, surface fluxes (sensitive heat flux, H, latent heat flux, LE, soil heat flux, G, and net radiation, Rn), and surface meteorological data. These data were collected in 2 sites: one representative of the pasture (Fazenda Nossa Senhora Aparecida/ABRACOS - 10o45’S, 62o21’W, 290 m), and another representative for tropical forest (Rebio Jarú–10o05’S, 61o55’W, 120 m). During the dry season on the forest the NBL was deeper than on the pasture. Otherwise, during the wet season the NBL was deeper on the pasture. The maximum development has occurred at around 5 am for dry season (420 m and 320 m, on forest and pasture, respectively). During the wet season the maximum development accured at 10 pm on the forest (270 m) and 04 am on the pasture (450 m). Pasture was warmer and drier than forest for the dry season. The stable stratification on the pasture was larger in both of seasons. The CLN erosion occurred between 7-8 am, in both seasons (for the dry and wet periods). On the pasture it seems to exist a contribution of a horizontal flux to broken of nocturnal capping inversion, which is more effective during the dry season. This advection can be created by the juxtaposition of remanescent of tropical forest inside a larger deforested pasture. This situation is not so clear on the forest yet, where more detailed analysis are still needed.

1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE/CPTEC/LMO. Av dos Astronautas, 1758 – Caixa Postal 515 – Jardim da Granja – CEP 12201-970 – São José dos Campos – SP Fone: 0xx12 3945-6821 Fax: 0xx12 3945-6817 E-mails: [email protected] ou rosa_ 2 Centro Técnico Aeroespacial – CTA/IAE 3 Free University (Vrije Universiteit) of Amsterdam

Statistical Evaluation of the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign – LBA and GTS Observations used in RPSAS with CPTEC Eta model

Rosângela Cintra, José A. Aravéquia, Julio Tóta,

Dirceu Herdies, Jose P. Bonatti Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos - CPTEC/INPE

Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 40 12630-000 -Cachoeira Paulista - SP

e-mail:[email protected] Abstract To improve the skill of the CPTEC regional model was developed and implemented a analysis system, called Regional Physical-space Statistical Analysis System (RPSAS), that make use of the core system PSAS from Data Assimilation Office (DAO) on the GSFC/NASA. The RPSAS has ben designed as an improvement over the current Optimal Interpolation (OI) based on the Data Assimilation System (DAS). From January to February 1999, during AMC-WET/LBA campaign, comparisons of the Observation Data Stream (ODS) and the RPSAS analysis fields were made using the Eta six hour forecast fields (first guess). The Eta model was integrated daily for 00, 06, 12 and 18 GMT using initial conditions from RPSAS analyses. The statistical indexes were calculated with the purpose of evaluating the quality of the analysis. The observations minus analysis and the observations minus first guess for geopotential height and humidity at the levels 850, 500 and 300 hPa levels were used to generate mean bias score and standard deviation (RMS) for each region to produce a statistical evaluaton of the observing system for South America. The first results show mean bias score for geopotential height amplitude on 500 hPa of approximately 16 mgp at 00Z , 28 mgp at 06Z, 8 mgp at 12Z, and 14 mgp at 18Z.

Explicitly Modeling the Vertical Transport of Biomass Burning Emissions by a Mesoscale Convective System on Amazon Basin

S. R. Freitas 1, R. Chatfield 2, M. A. Silva Dias 3 and P. L. Silva Dias 4

1Rua do Matão, 1226, Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

E-mail: [email protected]; 2 NASA Ames Research Center, E-mail: [email protected], 3 USP, E-mail: [email protected]; 4 USP, E-mail: [email protected];

The convective transport of trace gases by a mesoscale convective system (MCS) in the Amazon

basin is explicitly modeled through a numerical simulation with high spatial resolution. The study is

carried out using the atmospheric model RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System). The

model configuration was set up with 3 grids with horizontal resolution of 50, 10 and 2.5 km. The

resolution of the finer grid should permit the model to resolve the main eddies associated with deep

convective activity, simulating the transport of pollutants from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) to

the high troposphere. The case study is related to a MCS that was observed on September 26, 1992 in

Amazon basin. The PBL was polluted by biomass burning emissions on the previous days. The

atmospheric simulations were carried out using ECMWF reanalysis for initial and boundary

conditions. The initial condition for carbon monoxide (CO) in the PBL was defined using profiles

obtained by an instrumented aircraft of the TRACE-A experiment and the remote-sensing product

'aerosol index' of TOMS. The simulated thermodynamic and CO vertical profiles inside the MCS and

in the environment are presented, as well the role of updrafts and downdrafts in the vertical transport

of pollutants. Comparison between the CO measured by aircraft at the MCS anvil and modeled is

shown. The main information resulting from high resolution experiments are discussed in the context

of convective transport parameterization for low spatial resolution models.

Atmospheric Responses to Land and Water: Simulations and Observations of Mesoscale Circulations and CO2 Concentrations in the Santarém Mesoscale Campaign

A. Scott Denning1, Lixin Lu1, Elicia Inazawa1, Maria Assuncao Silva Dias2, Pedro Silva Dias2, Raymond Desjardins3, Jeffrey Richey4, Marek Uliasz1, and Peter Bakwin5

1Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, USA 2Universidade de São Paulo, IAG, São Paulo, Brazil 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada 4 School of Oceanography, University of Washington, USA 5Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, Boulder, CO, USA

Variations of the concentrations and stable isotope ratios of atmospheric CO2 contain information about sources and sinks at the underlying surface. We have investigated mesoscale variations of atmospheric CO2 over a heterogeneous landscape of forests, pastures, and large rivers during the Santarém Mesoscale Campaign (SMC) during August, 2001. We simulated the variations of surface fluxes and atmospheric concentrations of CO2 using the CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) on a multiply-nested grid which included a 1-km inner grid centered on the Flona Tapajos. Surface fluxes of CO2 were prescribed in the model using idealized diurnal cycles over forested and pasture vegetation, and over surface water using a value suggested by in-situ measurements in the Amazôn River. Land vegetation cover was prescribed using AVHRR NDVI data. Atmospheric winds and structure and boundary-layer depth were compared to observations made by radiosondes at Belterra and by SODAR at Santarém.

Mesoscale circulations were simulated in the vicinity of both the Amazôn and Tapajos Rivers on most days, with magnitudes of 1-2 m s-1 near the surface. These “riverbreeze” circulations were also present in observations made in the field. Simulated CO2 concentrations were perturbed by over 10 ppm in the immediate vicinity of the rivers, with the strongest effect in the early morning. By midafternoon, the effect of the river evasion fluxes on simulated concentrations was mixed through a deeper layer and influenced by the riverbreeze, but still easily measurable.

In-situ measurements of atmospheric CO2 and its stable isotopic ratios during transects flown in a small aircraft at midmorning were consistent with the river evasion flux hypothesis, though the magnitude was weaker than simulated. This suggests that the prescribed evasion flux in the model was too strong.

Corresponding Author: Scott Denning, Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523-1371 USA [email protected]


Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land use PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE CARLOS CLEMENTE CERRI

CENA/USP Oral STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OF DEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIA EXAMINING AGRONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC CRITERIA

Eric Davidson WHRC Oral Co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus for biomass growth in a six-year-old secondary forest: results of a nutrient amendment experiment

Erick Fernandes Cornell University Oral Carbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace Gas Fluxes in Agroforestry Systems on Degraded Pastureland in the Central Amazon.

Regina Luizao INPA Oral Nutrient dynamics through litterfall in an agroforestry system in Rondonia, Amazonia, Brazil

Tatiana Sa EMBRAPA/CPATU Oral Fallow vegetation and agricultural sustainability in Eastern Amazonia: bringing out ecological features in the present and alternative scenarios

Alexandre Pinto University of Brasilia - UnB

Poster Effects of different pasture management in emissions of soil trace gases (N2O, NO and CO2)

Carol Schwendener Cornell University Poster Green mulch applications affect mineral nitrogen beneath cupuaçu trees

Christienne Kuczak Cornell University Poster Phosphorus fractions in earthworm casts and soils of agroforestry systesms, pasture, and secondary forest in the Central Amazon Basin

Christoph Steiner EMBRAPA, Manaus, University of Bayreuth

Poster Soil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertility and create a carbon sink.

Cláudio Carvalho EMBRAPA/CPATU Poster Mechanisms of conservation and cycling of N and P in a chronosequence of secondary vegetation in Eastern Amazonia

Goetz Schroth Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project/INPA

Poster Can traditional agroforestry practices stabilize forest borders, reduce edge effects and fire hazards while increasing community wellbeing ? The case of rubber agroforests in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará

Guilherme Silva INPA Poster Litter standing crop and mycorrhizal infection in roots of agroforestry systems plantations in central Amazonia

Ilse Lieve Ackerman Cornell University Poster Nitrogen cycling in termite mounds in central Amazônia

Iván Cortés Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)

Poster Diversity and vertical distribution of soil fauna functional groups in two agroforestry systems in Central Amazon

Janaina Braga Carmo CENA/ESALQ Poster ALTERATIONS TO NITRATE AND AMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN PASTURE SOILS SUBJECTED TO TILLING

Jessica Milgroom Cornell University Poster The effect of lime and phosphorus on nodulation of the leguminous trees, Inga edulis and Gliricidia sepium in Amazonian agroecosystems

Johannes Lehmann Cornell University Poster Organic nutrients in throughfall and soil solution of mixed tree cropping systems and forests of central Amazônia

Jorge Luis Enrique Gallardo Ordinola

INPA Poster ROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENT STOCKS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN ABANDONED PASTURES AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS.

Julio Resende Universidade de Brasilia

Poster The Influence of Prescribed Burning on the Nutrient Cycling of the Cerrado Savannas

Karen Holmes University of California

Poster Modeling regional soil patterns based on lithology and topographic attributes

Lucerina Trujillo INPA Poster Nutrient use efficiency in abandoned pasture soils under organic and chemical amendments

Manfred Verhaagh SMNK/EMBRAPA Poster Wood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – a field experiment in central Amazonia

Megan McGroddy Princeton University Poster Fate of phosphorus in a lowland Amazonian rainforest

Ralf Gielow LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACE AFTER THE SLASHING AND BURNING OF TWO "TERRA FIRME" FOREST PARCELS IN NORTHERN MATO GROSSO.

Romilda Paiva INPA Poster Relationship between soil nutrient availability and carbon fixation in seedlings and trees in central Amazonia

Tatiana Sá EMBRAPA/CPATU Poster Assessment of biophysical and biogeochemical processes in traditional and alternative agriculture systems in Eastern Amazonia

Terezinha Monteiro INPA Poster LITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLAND FOREST TOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OF DEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIA EXAMINING AGRONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC CRITERIA

Carlos Clemente Cerri Brigitte Josefine Feigl

Marisa de Cássia Piccolo Maria da Conceição Santana Carvalho

Jerry Michel Melillo Christopher Neill

Paul Steudler Diana Garcia

Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – CENA/USP Av. Centenário, 303 13416-000 Piracicaba-SP e-mail: [email protected] Pastures make up the principal use of cleared land in the Brazilian Amazon. Observations show that after 4 to 10 years after they are formed, pastures generally begin a process of degradation that characterized by a decline in grass productivity and an increase in the cover of weeds. For both environmental and economic reasons, development of strategies for reformation and restoration of these existing degraded pastures is preferable to formation of new pastures by traditional slash and burn activities. The objective of this project is to examine strategies for recuperation of degraded pastures in Amazônia examining agronomic, environmental and economic criteria. To achieve this objective, we are conducing an experiment on an existing 63-ha area of pasture in the process of degradation located at Fazenda Nova Vida, in Ariquemes, Rondônia. The experiment consist of four blocks (replicates) of six pasture reformation techniques: 1) control, 2) herbicide + NPK +micronutrients, 3) disking + NPK + micronutrients, 4) plowing + disking + planting of rice + NPK + micronutrients and 5) plowing + disking + planting of soybean + NPK + micronutrients. Before and during the three years following the initiation of the treatments, they will be evaluated for a number of agronomic, environmental and economic criteria. Results will be analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance to determine the treatments that best meet the criteria in each of the three areas and to examine the tradeoffs between these reformation objectives.

Co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus for biomass growth in a six-year-old secondary forest: results of a nutrient amendment experiment Eric A. Davidson The Woods Hole Research Center Cláudio Reis de Carvalho, EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental Ima C. G. Vieira, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ricardo Figueiredo, Paulo Moutinho, FrançoiseYoko Ishida, Maria Tereza Primo dos Santos, José Benito Guerrero, Kemel Kalif, and Renata Tuma Sabá Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia Address of corresponding author: Eric A. Davidson The Woods Hole Research Center P.O. Box 296 Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Email: [email protected] Deforestation and agricultural abandonment are increasing the area that passes through secondary successional stages. Most Amazonian soils are highly weathered and relatively nutrient poor, but the role of nutrients in successional processes is unclear. We fertilized a six-year-old secondary forest growing on an abandoned cattle pasture on a clayey Oxisol near Paragominas, Pará. Four treatments (control; 100 kg N ha-1 as urea; 50 kg P ha-1 as simple superphosphate; and N + P at these same rates) were applied with three replications to 20x20m plots in January 2000 and February 2001. All trees >2cm diameter were tagged and measured for height and diameter in November 1999, June 2000, and June 2001. Nonwoody biomass was measured destructively in 2x1m subplots. Growth of remnant grasses responded significantly to the N+P treatment, whereas tree growth rates increased significantly following N-only and N+P treatments. Responses of foliar concentrations were species specific. The plants took up about 10% of the applied P, and recovery in soil fractions accounted for the rest. The trees took up about 20% of the applied N. Emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide were elevated in the N-treated plots only briefly after the second year of fertilization. Net N immobilization in soil incubations indicated that much of the N was probably retained in soil. Our results show a co-limitation of N and P to biomass growth and a strong capacity to retain both nutrients in the plant/soil system. We intend to continue monitoring growth rates and species composition to determine long-term responses to nutrient manipulations.

Carbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace Gas Fluxes in Agroforestry Systems on Degraded Pastureland in the Central Amazon. E.C.M. FERNANDES1*, E. WANDELLI2 , K.A. McCAFFERY and M.A.RONDON1

1. Cornell University, 2. EMBRAPA-CPAA *Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences, 624 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA [email protected]; +1 (607) 255-1712. Rehabilitation of degraded pastureland in the Brazilian Amazon could yield significant environmental benefits in terms of C sequestration, enhanced water and nutrient conservation, reduction in GHG fluxes and increased biodiversity. We describe the development and performance of four agroforestry systems as alternatives for degraded pastures. In 9 years, the agroforestry systems accumulated 32-82 t/ha of aboveground biomass, which is lower than the biomass on abandoned pastures (112 t/ha). Approximately 50% of all root biomass is concentrated in the top 20 cm of soil. Litter stocks in the agroforestry systems (2.2 - 3.3 t/ha) are significantly lower than in abandoned pasture vegetation (3.9 t/ha). Wet season litter biomass is about 50% of the dry season litter. Carbon stocks down to 1m, ranged from 140 to 150 Mg/ha of which 6% is charcoal. Loss of C in the form of dissolved organic C is about 200 kg/ha/yr. Degraded pastures are net sources of methane (10ugCh4/m2/h). The recolonization of such areas by 2-yr-old secondary vegetation, appears to reverse the flux into a net small sink. Methane sinks in soils under agroforestry (15-20 ug CH4/m2-h) have been increased relative to abandoned pastures (5-10 ug CH4/m2/h), but are 50% of forest sinks.

mailto:[email protected];

Nutrient dynamics through litterfall in an agroforestry system in Rondonia, Amazonia, Brazil

Regina C.C. Luizão; Marciléa S. Freitas; Flávio J. Luizão & Sonia S. Alfaia

Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 478, 69011-970, Manaus, AM. [email protected]

ABSTRACT

An agroforestry system (AFS) using only three plant species (Theobroma grandiflorum, Bactris gasipaes and Bertholethia excelsa) was generally adopted in 1989 by farmers belonging to RECA´s (Reflorestamento Econômico Consorciado e Adensado) Association, in Rondonia, as their land use management model. Recently, after a period of high productivity, the sustainability of the systems seem to be declining. In this study we tested the hypothesis that low plant diversity in the systems prevents litter production in adequate quantities and nutritional qualities to maintain an efficient turnover of nutrients promoted by microbial activity. For that purpose, our objectives were to compare AFS and natural forest regarding to the following parameters: (i) the amount of carbon immobilized by soil microbial biomass, (ii) the stock of soil mineral nitrogen, relating their amounts with N input from litterfall, (iii) the litter mass and their nutrients content, and (iv) to evaluate the influence of soil type in the nutrient dynamics in both AFS and natural forest. The study was conducted in three small farms in each of two secondary roads (Linha 5 and Pioneiro) which present different soil types (Red Latossol and Yellow Cambissol, respectively) with very similar agroforestry systems surrounded by natural forest, used as a control. Results so far, including only the wet season sampling, showed that soil microbial biomass was significantly higher in the forest (500 µgC g-1) than in the AFS (280 µgC g-1) and particularly in the Cambissol than in the Latossol. Nitrate was the dominant form of soil mineral nitrogen in both soil types and systems but there was more nitrate in forests (25 µgN g1) than in the AFS (12 µgN g-1) soils. Nitrogen and calcium were the nutrients with higher concentrations in the litterfall, independently of both soil and land use types. Soil type was the major influence on litter mass accumulation, always higher in the Latossol than in Cambissol, with little differences between AFS and forest. However, regardless of the soil type, AFS showed higher proportions (> 80%) of leaf litter, the fastest decomposing fraction, in the litter layer. Seasonal influences and AFS´s sustainability will be discussed as soon as the dry season results become available.


Fallow vegetation and agricultural sustainability in Eastern Amazonia: bringing out

ecological features in the present and alternative scenarios∗∗∗∗

Tatiana D. de A . Sá1, Konrad Vielhauer2,, Erick A . Davidson3

1 EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil, 2 ZEF/University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany , 3 The Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A. Address of the first author: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Tv. Enéas Pinheiro S/N, CEP 66095-100, Belém, PA e-mails: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract Over a century, smallholder agriculture has been practiced in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia, alternating cropping periods with fallow periods, when the secondary vegetation develops and allows to restore the soil fertility, with land preparation been made by slash-and-burn. With the population pressure increasing over this old agricultural frontier, reducing the duration of the fallow period and introducing other land uses in the system, sustainability has been threatened and research effort focused in understanding the biophysical and biogeochemical roles played by the fallow vegetation in the traditional and in the recently introduced systems, and in proposing and assessing sustainable alternative technologies taking into consideration ecological roles played by fallow vegetation (i.e. biophysical and biogeochemical processes and biodiversity). Along this process, ecological features of the fallow vegetation have been gradually revealed: the ability of numerous groups of plant species in storing different nutrients (functional biodiversity); the role of their deep roots pumping water and nutrients of deep layers during the fallow phase, and of maintaining the nutrients in the soil, even during the cropping period, by avoiding leaching (the safety-net hypothesis); the effect of this rooting mat associated to the maintenance of the riparian vegetation by the small holders, keeping water quality in a watershed scale; the rates of carbon stocked above and bellow ground; and the rate of water vapor exchange with the atmosphere found even in young fallow vegetation approaching those found in primary forests. The alternative technologies proposed include: fire-free land preparation (to avoid burning allowing doubling the cropping period) and improved fallow (reducing the fallow period, by planting fast growing tree species). The assessment of the effect of these alternative technologies as compared to the traditional system includes studies of: water and nutrient balances; emission of green house effect associated gases; carbon stocks; and watershed level hydrometeorological and hydrogeochemical aspects.

∗ Based in results and activities of the “Tipitamba Project”, being carried out by Embrapa Amazônia Oriental and partners in Northeastern Pará State, started by the activities of the SHIFT-Capoeira project, and presently complemented by other initiatives, including some of LBA (LBA-ECO, Milênio LBA).



Effects of different pasture management in emissions of soil trace gases (N2O, NO and CO2) Alexandre Pinto1, Mercedes Bustamante1, Richard Zepp2, Roger Burke2, Keith Kisselle2, Laura Viana1, Catarina Garofalo1, Marirosa Molina2 1) Universidade de Brasília, Brazil ([email protected]) 2) United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA In the central savanna region of Brazil, the “Cerrado”, it is estimated that there are approximately 50 million hectares of planted pasture, mainly Brachiaria spp., almost all utilized for beef production. Our objective was to assess the effects of active pasture management on the exchange of trace gases (N2O, NO and CO2) between soil and the atmosphere. Using chamber techniques, trace gases have been measured monthly on a farm in Planaltina – GO, Brazil (15o 13’ S, 47o 42’W) since November 2001. Three areas of cerrado stricto sensu were converted to pasture (Brachiaria brizantha) in 1991 and have been managed since 1999 as follow: 1) N and P fertilized plot (N = 60 kg ha-1, P = 12 kg ha-1), 2) Brachiaria associated with a legume (Stylosanthes guianensis) with addition of P (12 kg ha-1), and 3) a control plot without management. A fourth area of cerradão (dense cerrado) was converted to pasture in 1999 and was left without management. All treatments showed high variability of soil N gases emissions. The plot converted in 1999 showed the highest NO fluxes (0.05 – 0.2 ng N cm-2 h-1) except during November 2001, when the highest average NO flux (3.6 ng N cm-2 h-1) was observed in the control treatment. The plot associated with legumes showed higher emissions of N2O (0.6 – 2.0 ng N cm-2 h-1) in the beginning of the wet season, but in March 2002 the highest average N2O emission was observed in the control plot (6.7 ng N cm-2 h-1). Despite some peaks, the total emissions of NO and N2O could be considered low. The CO2 fluxes were larger in the managed pastures (fertilized and legume treatments, highest average flux = 9.9 µmol m-2 s-1) than in the control plot early in the rainy season. The variability of CO2 fluxes decreased within treatments and between treatments at the end of the wet season (April 2002). Address first author: Universidade de Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte Departamento de Ecologia CEP 70919-970, Brasília - DF

Green mulch applications affect mineral nitrogen beneath cupuaçu trees Carol M. Schwendener1, Erick C. Fernandes1, Johannes Lehmann1, Marco Rondon2, Elisa Wandelli3

1Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 2International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia 3EMBRAPA, Amazonas-Occidental Corresponding Author Carol M. Schwendener 610 Bradfield Hall Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 254-1244 [email protected] Erick Fernandes ([email protected]) Johannes Lehmann ([email protected]) Marco Rondon ([email protected]) Elisa Wandelli ([email protected]) Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) is an economically important crop and the most utilized fruit species in agroforestry systems in the Amazonas state of Brazil. It is often produced on degraded soils and has a shallow root system and low quality litter that perpetuate the low nutrient status of the soil. The application of high quality gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and inga (Inga edulis) prunings could increase decomposition rates of cupuaçu litter and improve soil nitrogen (N) availability beneath cupuaçu. Our objectives are to compare the effect of gliricidia and inga leaf applications to cupuaçu litter on decomposition and N availability in the soil and to determine if interactions occur between litter species during decomposition and nutrient release. In a greenhouse experiment, dried gliricidia and a gliricidia/inga combination were mixed with cupuaçu litter and applied to a degraded Oxisol. Mineral soil N, carbon (C) and macronutrients in the soil and litter, and litter decomposition were analyzed at 7, 29, 50, 98, and 162 days after litter application. Mineral N accumulation in the soil corresponded positively to the amount of gliricidia present in the litter, however the litter decomposition rate related only to the presence or absence of gliricidia. Additions of legume biomass were additive to N release rates of cupuaçu litter. Further studies will test for immobilization of nutrients by cupuaçu litter and increases in cupuaçu litter decomposition rates in the presence of gliricidia. An understanding of these interactions will facilitate development of green mulch application rates appropriate for cupuaçu trees.

Phosphorus fractions in earthworm casts and soils of agroforestry systesms, pasture, and secondary forest in the

Central Amazon Basin Christienne N. Kuczak*, Erick C. M. Fernandes, Johannes Lehmann, and Marco Rondon

Cornell University

*address of primary author: 610 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 U.S.A.; email: [email protected]

Phosphorus is limiting to agricultural production throughout the tropics and 96%

of land in the Amazon basin has been reported to be P-limited (Dematê and Dematê

1997). Because P dynamics can be greatly affected by vegetation cover and nutrient

cycling (Solomon et. al 2002), we investigated the effects of tree species and earthworms

(Family Glossoscolecidae) on P in soils and earthworm casts. Soils and earthworm casts

beneath the agroforestry species Theobroma grandiflorum, Bactris gasipaes, Eugenia

stipitata, and Bertholletia excelsa, the pasture grass Brachiaria sp., and the secondary

forest species Vismia sp. and Cecropia sp. were sequentially extracted using a

modification of the Hedley fractionation (Hedley 1982; Tiessen and Moir 1993).

Earthworm casts had significantly more total P, inorganic P, and organic P than soils.

Soils and casts beneath agroforestry species had significantly more total P, inorganic P,

and organic P than soils and casts beneath Brachiaria sp. and the secondary forest

species; and soils and casts beneath Brachiaria sp. had significantly more total P,

inorganic P, and organic P than soils and casts beneath secondary forest species. The

soils and casts beneath the agroforestry species had significantly more P in the resin

fraction than soils and casts beneath the secondary forest species. The greatest total P

was in earthworm casts beneath Eugenia sp. with a mean of 251 µg cm-3 and in soils

beneath Bertholettia sp. with a mean of 89 µg cm-3. Secondary forests had the least total

P in both casts and soils with a mean of 11 µg cm-3 and 41 µg cm-3, respectively. Given

that bulk density of earthworm casts was 1.47 g cm3 and the bulk density of soil was 0.96

g cm-3, casts contained 1.87 to 2.97 times more total P (g cm3) than soils. Within the

system studied, earthworm casts can contribute from 61 kg ha-1

in secondary forest to 140

kg ha-1 beneath Eugenia sp. It was shown that earthworm casts and vegetation cover

contributes greatly to P dynamics in agroforestry systems, pasture, and secondary forest

in the Central Amazon Basin.


Abstract for the 2nd international LBA Conference in Manaus, Brazil, 7th to 10th of July 2002

Soil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertility and create a carbon sink. Christoph Steiner*1, 2, Wenceslau Teixeira2, Johannes Lehmann3, Thomas Nehls1 and Wolfang Zech1.

1 Institute of Soil Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; 2 Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, 69011-970 Manaus, Brazil; 3 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

* corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

Soil nutrient and carbon contents are generally low in the highly weathered and acid upland soils of central Amazônia. In agro-ecosystems, high precipitation and temperature lead to a loss of soil organic matter (SOM) as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and nutrients into the sub-soil. Patchily distributed anthropogenic soils (Terra Preta de Índio) of Brazilian Amazônia make an exception. These soils are rich in stable SOM and nutrients. SOM is especially important to the cation exchange capacity of soils.

Recent investigations of Glaser et al. (2002) presented evidence that charcoal from incomplete combustion of organic material is a key factor in maintaining high levels of SOM. Terra Preta contains high concentrations of charcoal and SOM.

In a series of experiments, we are studying the use of charcoal in agricultural praxis and management of a highly weathered Xanthic Ferralsol on terra firme north of Manaus. In a randomized complete block design with five replicates 15 amendment combinations are being tested on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). During the second growing period a significant difference between NPK plus lime-fertilized plots and NPK, lime, and charcoal plots was observed. Charcoal amendments alone had no effect. These results are evidence of charcoal’s nutrient retention and/or sorption capacity and its positive effect on crop productivity. Slash and char as alternative to slash and burn could be a further step toward sustainable agriculture in the tropics as well as toward the management of the carbon cycle by simultaneously transferring carbon to stable pools.

Mechanisms of conservation and cycling of N and P in a chronosequence of

secondary vegetation in Eastern Amazonia

Cláudio J. Reis de Carvalho1, Elizabeth Ying Chu1, Eric A. Davidson2, Maria Tereza

Primo dos Santos3, Ricardo de O. Figueiredo3, Geórgia S. Freire4, Karina de Fátima R.

Pantoja4.

1- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental.

2- The Woods Hole Research Center MA, USA

3- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM)

4- Bolsista DTI, CNPQ/LBA

Address of corresponding author: Cláudio J. Reis de Carvalho Embrapa Amazonia Oriental Trv. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, Marco Belém-PA, 66095-100 Brasil Telephone: (91) 299-4505 E-mail: [email protected]

The availability of nitrogen and phosphorus may restrict rates of regrowth of Amazonian

secondary forests. The dynamics of these nutrients was studied in a chronosequence of

secondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, and 70 years) growing on highly weathered, acid,

nutrient-poor soils of following traditional slash-and-burn agriculture. An abandoned,

intensively cultivated pepper field and a remnant mature forest were also studied. In

addition to C, N and P stocks in the litter layer and soil, the number of mycorrhizal fungal

spores was counted and the activity of acid phosphatase was measured in the top 0-30 cm

of soil. The lowest stocks of N and P in fine litter were in the pepper field (14 kg N ha-1

and 0.5 kg P ha-1) and 3-year-old secondary forest (66 kg N ha-1 and 1.7 kg P ha-1), but

there was no clear pattern with age among the other forested sites (ranging from 93 to

130 kg N ha-1 and 1.4 to 2.7 kg P ha-1). The stocks of nonwoody litter were equivalent to

the mature forest by about 6 years of succession. A similar trend was observed for soil C

and N, although the mature forest had somewhat higher concentrations. Soil fungal

spores measured at the end of the rainy season decreased with increasing age of the

secondary forests. In contrast, acid phosphatase activity increased with forest age.

Although N and P litter stocks recover quickly during succession, the mechanisms of P

dynamics appear to change, with a greater importance of mycorrhizae in young forests

and more extracellular production of phosphatase in older forests.

Can traditional agroforestry practices stabilize forest borders, reduce edge effects and fire hazards while increasing community wellbeing ? The case of rubber agroforests in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará Götz Schroth and Paulo Coutinho Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Research in the Amazon, C.P. 478, 69011-970 Manaus-AM, Brazil; Tel.: 55-92-642 1148, Fax: 55-92-642 2050, Email: [email protected] Abstract Throughout the tropics, farmers threaten primary forests with conversion into slash-and-burn plots and pastures and expose forest borders to the degrading effects of timber extraction, hunting, wind damage and fire. However, certain traditional agroforestry practices may have the potential to "soften" the edge between forest and agriculture and, in concert with effectively enforced conservation legislation, may help to protect forests from degradation. At the same time, they may offer income opportunities for farmer communities at the forest frontier. The traditional rubber agroforests in the lower Tapajós region, which have been studied in a farm survey comprising the Tapajós National Forest and neighboring areas, are a case in point. On the margins of the Tapajós river, where in the 1930s and 40s attempts to establish industrial rubber monocultures in Amazonia spectacularly failed, small farmers have been cultivating the rubber tree for over a century by sowing locally collected seeds into their slash-and-burn plots. Extensive management of the plantations and their periodic abandonment at times of low rubber prices favor the development of secondary forest-like systems, where rubber trees are associated with variable amounts of spontaneous regrowth, often including large forest trees. In parts of the population zone of the Tapajós National Forest, these systems form the transition between agricultural land and forest. We hypothesize that the small-scale mosaic of permanent agroforests and slash-and-burn plots which can be found along the forest boundaries obliges the farmers to closely control the use of fire, thereby also protecting the forest. Furthermore, while the otherwise very similar "jungle rubber" systems of south-east Asia are clear-felled and burnt every few decades because of exhaustion of the rubber trees, locally developed management practices allow to maintain Amazonian rubber agroforests over much longer time periods. We propose the integration of local agroforestry practices into forest management plans as a step in the harmonization of forest conservation and community development.

Litter standing crop and mycorrhizal infection in roots of agroforestry systems plantations in central Amazonia

Guilherme C. da Silva, Rejane O. Freitas & Regina C.C. Luizão Curso PG-Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 478, 69011-970, Manaus, AM. [email protected] This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of the litter standing crop and mycorrhizal infection rates in the roots of agro forestry systems (AFSs).The study has been carried out at the CPAA/EMBRAPA experimental AFSs and in the surround second growth, located 50 km north of Manaus. Three formulations of AFSs, with three replicates each were used, one with low density of plants (AS1) and other with high density (AS2). A third one included pasture in its formulation (ASP1). In each system parallel transects were delimited, 50 m apart from each other, following the plantation line. Two samplings were made so far, one in the wet season and the other in the dry season. Composite soil samples from two depths, 0 – 10 and 20 – 30 cm were made of five individual samples taken at each two meters along the transect. Root fragments were manually extracted, clarified and stained for visualization of fungal structures. Results so far showed that litter standing crop did not change with seasons but was higher in the second growth (219g ± 58) and lower in the ASP1 (57g ± 35). Among the litter components, the accumulation of leaves (100g ±50) was much higher than the accumulation of branches (28g ± 26) and fruits (2 ± 4). Litter accumulation on second growth soil is associated with its physical-chemical composition: leaves hard and thick with high content of lignin and therefore low decomposability. Mycorrhizal infection rates were higher in the dry season. In ASP1 soils, rates of infection were higher in the topsoil (0 – 10 cm) than in the 0 – 20 cm layer. During the wet season, AS1 and second growth soils showed the lowest rates of infection with 8.2 and 10.8% respectively. Among the fungal structures, formation of hyphae were higher (18%) than the formation of vesicles (2.4%) arbuscles (0.9%) or coils (0.1%). Litter standing crop were not related with the rates of mycorrhizal infection. During the dry season higher rates of mycorrizal infection in ASP1 soils may be related with the lowest accumulation of litter (and its nutrients), which triggered mycorrhizal proliferation.


N i t r o g e n c y c l i n g i n t e r mi t e mo u n d s i n a s e c o n d a r y f o r e s t i n C e n t r a l A ma z ô n i a

I l s e L . A c k e r m a n 1 , E r i c k C . M . Fe r n a n d e s 1 , a n d E l i s a V . W a n d e l l i 2

1 D e p t . o f C r o p a n d S o i l S c i e n c e s , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y , I t h a c a , N Y 1 4 8 5 3 i l a 1 @ c o r n e l l . e d u

2 E m b r a p a - C P A A , A M - 0 1 0 k m 2 9 , M a n a u s , A M BR A ZIL A b s t r a c t T e r m i t e m o u n d s a r e a p r o m i n e n t f e a t u r e o f t h e p o s t - c l e a r i n g l a n d s c a p e i n c e n t r a l A m a z ô n i a . A s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e a d w o o d y d e b r i s , t h e i r a b u n d a n c e i n c r e a s e s w i t h e a c h c yc l e o f c l e a r i n g . In o u r s t u d y s i t e , a s e c o n d a r y f o r e s t w h i c h h a s b e e n c l e a r e d t w i c e , t e r m i t e m o u n d s a r e f o u n d a t a n a b u n d a n c e o f 8 0 0 p e r h e c t a r e . T h e s e n u m e r o u s t e r m i t e - m o d i f i e d p a t c h e s h a v e d i f f e r e n t c h e m i c a l , p h ys i c a l , a n d h yd r o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g l a n d s c a p e a n d s u p p o r t l i t t l e v e ge t a t i o n . T o t a l n i t r o ge n i s e l e v a t e d i n t h e t e r m i t e m o u n d s , b u t m i c r o b i a l b i o m a s s i s l o w e r , s u gge s t i n g t h a t c o n d i t i o n s f o r m i c r o b i a l a c t i v i t y m a y b e m o r e l i m i t i n g i n t e r m i t e m o u n d s t h a n i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s o i l . T e r m i t e m o u n d m a t e r i a l i s d r i e r t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s o i l a n d h a s a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f l a r ge a ggr e ga t e s . W e t e s t e d t h e h yp o t h e s e s t h a t ( 1 ) n i t r o ge n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s l o w e r i n t e r m i t e m o u n d s a n d t h a t ( 2 ) m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s l i m i t e d b y m o i s t u r e a n d b y p h ys i c a l p r o t e c t i o n o f o r ga n i c m a t t e r . M a t e r i a l f r o m t e r m i t e m o u n d s a n d c o n t r o l s o i l w a s i n c u b a t e d i n a f a c t o r i a l e x p e r i m e n t w i t h t w o m o i s t u r e a n d t w o a ggr e ga t i o n l e v e l s . A l t h o u gh t h e a m m o n i f i c a t i o n r a t e w a s n o t s i gn i f i c a n t l y l o w e r , t h e n i t r i f i c a t i o n a n d t o t a l m i n e r a l i z a t i o n r a t e w e r e i n d e e d s i gn i f i c a n t l y l o w e r i n t h e t e r m i t e m o u n d t h a n i n t h e c o n t r o l s o i l s . T h e e l e v a t e d m o i s t u r e l e v e l d i d n o t a f f e c t t h e n i t r i f i c a t i o n r a t e b u t d e c r e a s e d t h e a m m o n i f i c a t i o n r a t e i n b o t h m a t e r i a l s . T h e l e v e l o f a ggr e ga t i o n d i d n o t s i gn i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t a n y o f t h e r e s p o n s e v a r i a b l e s . T h e s e r e s u l t s c o n f i r m t h e h yp o t h e s i s t h a t t e r m i t e m o u n d s m i n e r a l i z e n i t r o ge n a t l o w e r r a t e s t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s o i l . A t t h e l e v e l s c h o s e n , m o i s t u r e w a s n o t a l i m i t i n g f a c t o r f o r n i t r o ge n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i n t h e n i t r o ge n a t l o w e r r a t e s t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s o i l . A t t h e l e v e l s c h o s e n , m o i s t u r e w a s n o t a l i m i t i n g f a c t o r f o r n i t r o ge n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i n t h e t e r m i t e m o u n d . A ggr e ga t e s i z e m a y n o t h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d e n o u gh t o e x p o s e p h ys i c a l l y- p r o t e c t e d o r ga n i c m a t t e r , o r t e r m i t e m o u n d - b u i l d i n g a c t i v i t i e s m a y c h e m i c a l l y p r o t e c t o r ga n i c m a t t e r .

Diversity and vertical distribution of soil fauna functional groups in two agroforestry systems in Central Amazon Iván L. Cortés1; Flávio J. Luizão2; Elisa V. Wandelli3; Erick C. Fernandes4

In the native Amazon forest, the mineralization and humification of the soil organic matter depend upon the complex activities of a large community of invertebrate organisms, which can also affect other (physical and chemical) properties of the soil. For the rehabilitation of degraded pasture areas, through implementation of agroforestry systems (AFS), it is still poorly understood how the botanical composition and management of the AFS affect the structure and activity of soil biota. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the vertical distribution, biomass and diversity of functional groups of soil invertebrates in two types of AFSs implemented by EMBRAPA/Manaus in 1992 (km 53 of BR-174): the agrossilvicultural system AS1, less diverse, with dominance of the palm trees Bactris gasipaes and Euterpe oleracea; and AS2, more diverse, with several fruit species and without any type of palm trees. Both systems are surrounded by live fences of Gliricidia sepium, used as green manure. The field sampling procedure followed the TSBF method (monolith 25 x 25 x 30 cm), and the classification of functional groups used the guidelines given by the project SHIFT ENV-052 (Beck & Gasparotto, 2000). The number of taxonomic groups within the functional groups was larger in the AS2 system (more diverse). The more abundant functional groups in the AS2 and AS1 systems were: the “soil engineers” (2407 and 2005 ind/m2), the social groups (2299 and 1819 ind/m2), and the decomposers (634 and 603 ind/m2), in decreasing order, always with larger abundance in the AS2 system. The vertical distribution of the functional groups showed larger abundances in the litter and in the 0-10 cm soil layers, for all groups. Largest abundances were found in the 0-10 cm soil layer in the two systems, for most of the functional groups, except for the herbivores in AS1, and the predators and "other groups" in AS2, abundant in the deeper layers (10-20 and 20-30 cm), especially in the system AS2. It is concluded that the agroforestry systems, and especially the most diverse in species composition, AS2, are housing a diverse and active soil fauna, presumably able to keep and improve soil conditions towards a sustainable system. Keysword: Soil macrofauna; agroforestry systems, Soil functional groups

1Grant holder LBA-ND-04, Master's degree in Ecology of the National Institute for Research in Amazonia - INPA. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Researcher of INPA - Ecology, Manaus AM. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Researcher of CPAA/EMBRAPA Manaus, AM. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Assistant Professor of Tropical Cropping Sistems and Agroforestry. Cornell University, Department of Crop and Soil Science, Ithaca, NY. E-mail: [email protected]

ALTERATIONS TO NITRATE AND AMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN

PASTURE SOILS SUBJECTED TO TILLING

Janaina Braga do Carmo1, Carlos Clemente Cerri2, Christopher Neill3, Marisa de Cássia Piccolo2 and Diana Garcia3

1 Doutoranda do Curso de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas- ESALQ-USP, Av. Pádua Dias s/n caixa postal 9 CPG-Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Piracicaba-SP, Brasil. Email [email protected] 2 Centro de Energia nuclear na agricultura (CENA-USP). 3 The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory. We examined the effect of tilling on soil extractable ammonium and nitrate concentrations on an Ultisol at Nova Vida Farm (10°10`05” e 62°49`27”W) in central Rondônia. Tilling was conducted as part of an investigation of biogeochemical changes during different treatments designed to restore a degraded Brachiaria brizantha pasture. We made intensive measurements of soil NH4

+-N and NO3--N

concentrations before and for 25 days after soils were tilled to 30 cm depth in early October. Soil was collected at 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths and immediately prepared and extracted with KCl 2N. Extractable NH4

+-N and NO3--N concentrations increased

dramatically in the tilled treatment 7 days after tilling. Extractable NH4+-N and NO-

3-N concentrations during the same time remained unchanged in the control treatment. NH4

+-N concentrations were almost always higher than NO-3-N concentrations in

both treatments. An increase in NO3- concentrations after 18 days suggested an

increase in nitrification rate at that time. An increase in soil moisture 7 d after plowing may have improved conditions for microbial activity, increasing the mineralization of the soil organic matter. Higher NH4

+ concentrations found in the tilled pasture can be a consequence of the slow transformation of NH+

4 to NO-3 and absence of plant

uptake in these pastures. More than 3 weeks after tilling, increases of NH+4 (1.18 to

24.75 µg g-1 dry soil) and NO-3 (0 to 14.83 µg g-1 dry soil) in the soil could lead to

higher losses of the gaseous forms of N (N2, NOx and N2O), loss of N through leaching, as well as enhanced availability of this element to plant growth.


The effect of lime and phosphorus on nodulation of the leguminous trees, Inga edulis and Gliricidia sepium in Amazonian agroecosystems

Jessica Milgroom*, Erick Fernandes, Marco Rondon, Karen McCaffery

Cornell University *111 Donlon Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, [email protected]

The Amazon rainforest is rapidly being converted to farmland and pasture. Many efforts are underway to understand the ecology of reforestation of deforested areas and the sustainable management of associated agroecosystems. Nitrogen-fixing trees in small-scale agricultural systems play an important role in maintaining and restoring soil fertility via minimizing soil erosion and nutrient leaching, and enhancing biological N fixation. Trees in agricultural systems also provide fruits, fuelwood and fodder. This study focused on two N-fixing species, Inga edulis (native) and Gliricidia sepium (exotic) that are ubiquitous in forests as well as on farms. The low levels of available Ca and P in local soils can severely restrict root growth, nodulation and N-fixation. I investigated the effect of fertilizer treatments: phosphorus, lime and phosphorus + lime on nodulation of I. edulis and G. sepium in a 2x2 randomized blocks field experiment 54km north of Manaus, Brazil. In addition, two methods: soil auguring and trenches were compared for quantifying nodulation of I. edulis and local farmers were surveyed about their knowledge and uses of Inga. Results showed that additions of lime (Ca) significantly increased total number of nodules of I. edulis and there was a significant interaction effect between P and lime in terms of nodule biomass for I. edulis. In comparing G. sepium and I. edulis, P had a significant positive effect on nodule biomass and activity and there was a significant interaction effect with species. The augur method cannot be used to predict nodulation values found with the trench method. All but three of 24 farmers interviewed cultivated species of Inga, mainly for fruit and shade purposes.


Organic nutrients in throughfall and soil solution of mixed tree cropping systems and forests of central Amazônia

Johannes Lehmann1 and Klaus Kaiser2

1Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, Email: [email protected]; 2Institute of Soil Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth,

Germany Dissolved organic matter comprises a large portion of total nutrients in throughfall, stemflow and soil solution of forests. In most ecosystems, the organically bound nutrients are mobile and contribute largely to the leaching from soil. Under the strong leaching conditions of the humic tropics, soluble organic nutrient forms may be even more mobile and thus control nutrient losses. We tested this hypothesis in soils under species of agroforestry systems (Bactris gasipaes Kunth., Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum., Pueraria phaseoloides), of a secondary (Vismia spp) and of a primary forest (Oenocarpus bacaba, Eschweilera spp) in central Amazônia. We sampled throughfall, stemflow, and soil water at 10, 60, and 200 cm depth in January 1999 and measured inorganic and total organic N, S and P and organic carbon therein. In addition, a fractionation procedure was used to separate labile hydrophilic and refractory hydrophobic (humic) compounds. Under the species of the agroforestry systems, the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were larger in the soil solution at 10 cm depth than in stemflow and throughfall. With increasing soil depth the DOC concentrations decreased. Under Eschweilera and Vismia, the concentrations of DOC in stemflow were larger than at 10 cm depth. The DOC concentrations under both primary forest species increased with increasing soil depth and decreased only slightly under Vismia. Dissolved organic carbon in throughfall and soil solutions of the agroforestry and secondary forest stands were mainly in the hydrophilic fraction. The proportions of hydrophobic DOC in soil water decreased with depth under the agroforestry species. In contrast, the proportions of hydrophobic DOC under secondary and primary forest species were largest in the subsoil. This result is opposite to those of temperate forests were DOC typically decreases with soil depth and DOC in the subsoil is mainly hydrophilic. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in all solutions comprised up to 90% of total N. The concentrations of DON under all investigated species remained unchanged with increasing soil depth or even increased. This suggests that the organic N is more mobile compared with DOC which is in agreement with observations in temperate forests. But in contrast to these systems, DON is predominately in the hydrophobic fraction. The largest dissolved organic sulphur (DOS) concentrations occurred in the topsoil. Here, up to 80% of total S were organically bound. The concentrations of DOS increased strongly with soil depth. Thus, DOS was less mobile in these soils than DOC. In all compartments of the investigated forests, DOS was entirely in the hydrophilic fraction. Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) was not detected in any solution. Our results show that dissolved organic matter contained the major part of the nutrients in throughfall, stemflow and soil solutions not only in natural forest ecosystems but also managed and fertilized agroforestry systems of central Amazônia. Organic nutrient forms contribute especially to the leaching of N into the subsoil. Thus, organically bound nutrients are of much higher relevance in tropical soils than in temperate soil.

ROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENT STOCKS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN ABANDONED PASTURES AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS. Gallardo-Ordinola, J.L.E.; Luizão, F.J.; Fernandes, E.C.;Wandelli, E.& Rebeca Afonso Meira INPA-Ecology; Cornell University and EMBRAPA-CPAA E-mail: [email protected] The quantity of roots in two agroforestry systems (AFSs) and in three abandoned

pasture areas in Central Amazonia as well as their carbon an nutrient content was

measured in 2001. Two 9-year old agroforestry systems (AFSs) were studied: one

agrosilvicultural system (AS1) which is based on two perennial fruit trees

(Theobroma grandiflorum and Bactris gasipaes), and an agrosilvipastoral system

(ASP1), which has a forrage cover of Desmodium ovalifolium Wall, associated

with the herbaceous Brachiaria brizantha, between rows of timber trees. Native

(13-14 year old) secondary forest (SF) stands where the natural regeneration was

kept, were used as controls in each block. Vismia sp is the predominant species in

the secondary forest. One 1,5 m deep trench was excaveted in each plot,

according to the vegetation, structure where the roots were collected: at AS1, the

trench measured 3 m x 3 m; at ASP1 and secondary forest the trenches were 3 m

long x 0.5 m wide. Two sampling techniques were combined for sampling the

roots: soil corer were used for the fine roots, separating them layer by layer.

Coarse roots were collected at every 10 cm, up to a depht of 1.5 m, collecting all

the soil present in the corresponding layer of the trench. Coarse roots were

separated by species, into two categories of diameter: 2.5-5.0 mm and >5 mm.

Roots were dried at 65-70 ºC for 3 days, weighed and stored for organic carbon

and macronutrient analyses. Total root biomass up to 1.5 m deep was 20.8 Mg.ha-1

in the secondary forest; 9.5 Mg.ha-1 in AS1 and 1.5 Mg.ha-1 in the ASP1. The

highest root yield occurred in the secondary forest (SF). Nutrient concentration was

higher in the fine than in the thick roots for most species. The carbon and nutrient

contents in the different species shows the species’ stocking potential of carbon

and nutrients, with marked influence of some species: for instance, in the AS1


Columbrina glandulosa is stoing high amounts of C and nutrients, since it is clearly

the dominant species in the belowground plant biomass.

The Influence of Prescribed Burning on the Nutrient Cycling of the Cerrado Savannas Resende1, J. C. F.; Klink1, C. A.; Bustamante1, M.; Markewitz2, D.; Davidson3, E. 1- Departamento de Ecologia-UnB, 2-University of Georgia; 3-Woods Hole Research Center. e-mail: [email protected] The effects of controlled burning on the flows and stocks of nutrients were measured in areas “cerrado denso” (savanna woodland) vegetation at the IBGE Ecological Station in Brasília. Two experimental plots were evaluated: fire exclusion for 26 years and burning every four years since 1992. The two plots are on a Haplustox. The stocks of Ca, K and Mg in the biomass (litter + root biomass) were 108, 62.4, and 30 kg.ha-1, respectively, while the stocks in the 0-100 cm soil were 77, 81 and 25 kg.ha-1, respectively. The stocks of N and P in the biomass were 218 and 12.9 kg.ha-1, respectively, much lower than in the soil (4,576 and 2,042 kg.ha-1, respectively). Litter decomposition rates were low, with half-life of the 2.6 years and residence time of 10 years. The atmospheric deposition of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were of 4.2, 0.01, 1.5, 3.6, 0.5 and 0.7 kg.ha-1.year-1, respectively. P availability evaluated by sequential extraction indicated a system with large stocks of total P, whose largest portion occurs in occluded forms in the soil. The stock of total organic P (up to a depth of 100 cm) was of 259 kg.ha-1 . Fire increased the concentrations of inorganic P in the NaHCO3 and NaOH fractions, and reduced the concentration of organic P. The organic fraction was significantly reduced from 86 µg P/g soil to 78 µg P/g soil in the 0-10 cm depth. Fire alters the cycling of nutrients in the Cerrado savanna due to the reduction in biomass and nutrients and losses through volatilization and leaching, thus impoverishing the ecosystem. The replacement of Ca, K and Mg by atmospheric deposition occurs in cycles that can vary from 4 to 15 years, depending on the amount of burned biomass. The replacement time of P may be as high as 200 years, due to low rates of atmospheric deposition.

Modeling regional soil patterns based on lithology and topographic attributes K.W. Holmes, 1Geography Department, 3611 Ellison Hall, University of California,

Santa Barbara CA, 93101-4060 USA, [email protected] (corr. author) P.C. Kyriakidis1, [email protected] E. Matricardi, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA, [email protected] G.T.Batista, Department of Agricultural Science, Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU) Taubaté - SP, Brazil, [email protected] O.A. Chadwick1, [email protected]

Soil moisture and nutrient conditions are critical for modeling trace gas fluxes and tropical forest biogeochemistry, but traditional soil maps are not designed to supply the spatially explicit soil property information necessary for biogeochemical modeling. We present a geostatistical method for producing gridded maps of soil properties from field measurements combined with available geology, topography, soils, and precipitation data.

The key to advancing research in tropical forest biogeochemistry and biosphere-atmosphere modeling is to improve our understanding of the ecosystem moisture, carbon, and nutrient flows. Basic hydrologic and pedologic processes regulate evapotranspiration, net primary production (NPP), and soil microbial activity which can either produce or consume atmospheric trace gases. Changes in the rates or magnitude of these processes, such as those incurred through land-cover change, may significantly alter regional NPP and carbon cycling, but how these processes react to disturbance under different environmental conditions is not well understood. We model soil pH, total organic carbon, and soil texture (2000 soil profile data from the SOTERON database) across most of the state of Rondônia on a 1km grid with the following objectives: 1) to improve our understanding of the natural controls on soil nutrient levels and the effects of land-cover change; and 2) to refine a methodology for producing maps of soil biogeochemical properties for use in biosphere-atmosphere models.

The geostatistical approach takes advantage of relationships between environmental data, as well as spatial autocorrelation inherent in their measurement, to predict attributes at locations where no data were available. Any regional trend in the soil variable of interest is modeled through linear or non-linear regression, using topographic attributes, lithology, precipitation, and existing soil maps as independent variables. The residuals from the regression are then treated as stochastic variables and interpolated (kriged) based on a model of their spatial dependence of data (variogram). The trend is then added back to the interpolated residuals, to produce a raster map of the soil variable under study. This method is an effective means of exploring relationships among soil nutrients and edaphic gradients, visualizing spatial trends, and creating input layers for regional biogeochemical models.


NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY IN ABANDONED PASTURE SOIL UNDER

ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS

Lucerina Trujillo; Flávio J. Luizão; Johannes Lehmann. INPA-Ecology and Cornell

University. E-mail: [email protected]

Most of the agricultural systems in Amazon do not take into account the organic matter use

and recycling, which is the key for the functioning of the original forest ecosystem. In order

to compare the efficiency of nutrient use for plant growth and production under two types

of fertilizers added to the soil (organic or chemical), an experiment was established at the

EMBRAPA/CPAA Experimental Station, near Manaus. Using a randomized block design

with five repetitions, 1-m2 suspended plots, filled with Yellow Latosol from abandoned

pastures, were planted with green pepper (Capsicum sp), used as test-plants. Four

treatments were used: addition of organic fertilizer; chemical fertilizer; organic+chemical

fertilizer; and, control (without fertilizer). Lime was applied in all treatments. The plant

biomass, amounts of nutrients in the leaves, shafts and roots of test-plants, besides the fruit

production, were measured. In the plants under organic amendment, were necessary 0.42 g

of P; 4.5 g de K; 1.19 g of Ca and 0.04 g of Mg to produce 1 kg of fruits. In the chemical

treatment, the amounts of nutrients necessary were much larger (except for Ca): 1.05 g of

P; 13.2 g de K; 1.19 g of Ca and 0.95 g of Mg. That means that the use of nutrients for fruit

production in the treatment with organic fertilizer was more efficient than in the treatment

with chemical fertilizer, possibly due to a better retention of water and nutrients in the soil

organic matter. One consequence of that was significantly lower leaching of nutrients under

the organic amendment: 17 kg /ha of N; 1.3 kg /ha of K; 3.3 kg /ha of Ca and 0.4 kg /ha of

Mg. Under chemical amendment, leaching losses were: 94 kg/ha of N; 212 kg/ha of K; 36

kg/ha of Ca and 7.4 kg/ha of Mg. Additionally, under organic amendment plants developed

larger biomass of leaves and roots which allow larger photosynthesis rates and larger

surface for nutriente uptake. At a basin scale, the largest nutrient retention in the soil and in

the plants would represent a lower risk of pollution of water bodies by agricultural

plantations, when organic fertilizer is used instead of chemical treatments.

Wood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – a field experiment in central Amazonia

Verhaagh, Manfred 1, Martius, Christopher 2, Martins, Gilvan C.3, Medeiros, Lucilene G.S.3 1 Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D- 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany

[email protected] ² Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung – ZEF, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, D-53113 Bonn, Germany

3 Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, C.P. 319, 69.011-970 Manaus/AM, Brasil

Slash-and-burn cultivation is the method commonly used in Amazonia to clear land for crop plants. Due to the normally highly weathered, nutrient-poor soils this practice has to be combined with shifting cultivation. In practice fields are often abandoned already after one or two years to allow the regeneration of the soil during the fallow period. Nevertheless, land degradation is a common problem especially in densely populated areas like Manaus or Belém. Investigations during the SHIFT-Project ENV 25 in the Zona Bragantina, Pará (HÖLSCHER ET AL. 1997) have shown very high element losses during burning (e.g. up to 98% of C, 96% of N, 48% of K or 47% of P) a major reason why this form of agriculture is not sustainable even under fertilization. In the same project was shown, however, that fire-free land clearing by cutting and chopping the secondary vegetation converting it into a mulch layer results in the preservation of organic matter and nutrients. Crop production can be adequate especially in the second year under these conditions, too. In our field experiment as part of SHIFT-Project ENV 52/2 in Manaus (site of Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental) we aim to investigate the role of the soil macrofauna, with a special focus on wood consuming termites, during the decomposition of wood and in the release of plant nutrients in fire-free land preparations. For this purpose, 9 areas of secondary forest (capoeira) were cut during the drier season in 2001, each 30x40m sized. We prepared 3 replicates of 3 different land treatments: (1) traditional slash-and-burn as control; (2) arranging the cut wood in files inside the areas leaving the litter layer intact; (3) creating a several centimeters thick mulch layer of chopped wood via a commercial wood chopper. Total wood biomass was at least 50 tons/ha (d.w.) in the selected areas, and all areas were planted in November 2001 with cassava. Wood decomposition and its colonization by fauna is monitored in wood bags of 70x40 cm filled either with trunk pieces (about 4 kg d.w.) of two commonly encountered trees in the capoeira vegetation (Vismia cayennensis, Bellucia sp.) or with a mixture of chopped wood of both species (about 2 kg d.w.). Other methods used to compare macrofauna abundance and biomass in the different areas are: extraction of fauna from the organic layer from 0,56 m² sized areas in Winkler-bags; extraction from litter and soil cores (21 cm Ø, 7 cm depth) in a Berlese funnels; extraction of earthworms from 4m² squares by diluted formol; direct counts of termites nests and galleries. Soil organic matter, soil nutrients (N, P and major cations) and characters of soil physics are determined in the same intervals as the fauna, i.e. every 6 months so far until the end of the project in September 2003. To compare the effect of fertilizer on root production of cassava we fertilized one third of each area. Literature: HÖLSCHER, D., MÖLLER, M.R.F., DENICH, M., FÖLSTER, H. (1997): Nutrient input-output budget of shifting agriculture in Eastern Amazonia. – Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 47: 49-57.

The fate of phosphorus in a lowland Amazonian forest ecosystem. M. McGroddy1,2†, W. Silver1, R. Cosme de Oliveira Jr.3, M. Keller4,5, and W. Zamboni de Mello6

1University of California, Berkeley, 2Princeton University, 3EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, 4IITF/ USDA Forest Service, 5University of New Hampshire, 6Universidade Federal Fluminense †corresponding author: 32M Guyot Hall, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08542, email <[email protected]> Phosphorus may limit net primary productivity in highly weathered tropical ecosystems. Under limiting conditions the size of the component fractions of the soil P pool can indicate the relative strength of biological and geological processes in soil P cycling. We conducted a field fertilization treatment to study the fate of P in two highly weathered soils, which varied both with respect to texture and total soil P pools. In each treatment (clay control, clay fertilized, sand control and sand fertilized) we examined P sinks including fine root, microbial and three soil pools (soil P that is considered readily available, of intermediate availability or unavailable for plant uptake) using ingrowth and exclusion cores over the course of one year. Of the soil P pools measured only the intermediate availability pool (NaOH + dilute acid extractable) showed a significant increase with fertilization, and this occurred only in clays (+ 18.3 kg ha-1 + 3.2 after 1 year). In contrast, both root and microbial biomass P pools increased more in sands with fertilization suggesting a larger biotic P sink in these soils. Leaching of inorganic P from the surface soils was an unexpectedly significant fate of added P in both soil types (up to 18 % + 3 of added P in the sands and 9 % + 1 in the clays). Patterns in soil P pools and fluxes were strongly seasonal indicating high turnover rates and the dominance of biological mechanisms in short-term P cycling in this ecosystem.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACE AFTER THE SLASHING AND BURNING OF TWO “TERRA FIRME” FOREST

PARCELS IN NORTHERN MATO GROSSO.

Ralf Gielow1, Maria Cristina Forti1, João Andrade de Carvalho Jr2, Carlos Alberto Gurgel Veras3, Ernesto Alvarado4, David Victor Sandberg5, José Carlos dos Santos6

1. LMO/CPTEC/INPE, C. P. 515, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP 12201-970

[email protected] 2. FEG/UNESP, Guaratinguetá, SP 3. ENM/UnB, Brasília, DF 4. U W, Seattle, WA 5. USDA FS, Corvallis, OR 6. LCP/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP

ABSTRACT

Changes in the chemical composition, with depth and time, of the soil water solution that results from rainfall and that percolates through the unsaturated zone, are studied after the slashing and burning of two “Terra Firme” Amazonian forest parcels located (9o57'42.20"S, 56o20'52.05"W) near Alta Floresta, MT. The samples were collected with zero tension lisymeters installed in the following parcels: (i) pristine forest, (ii) forest with the litter accidentally burned, (iii) and (iv) slashed and burned forest, in 1999 and 2001, respectively. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4

+, Cl-, NO3-, SO4

2-, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Al3+ in the soil solution were determined. The major cations and anions presented a concentration decrease with time, after initial peaks caused by the burning, while for most metals a mobilization was observed. Also, unbalances which decrease with time were evidenced by the electronegativities determined. The pulses introduced in the soil solution composition lasted about two months for each major ion, and react with the soil system.


Relationship between soil nutrient availability and carbon fixation in seedlings and

trees in central Amazonia

Romilda M. Q. Paiva; Claudio Y. Yano; Flávio J. Luizão. INPA-Ecology. E-mail: [email protected]

Tropical rain forests generally grow on nutrient-poor soils. Despite of efficient mechanisms

for nutrient conservation and recycling, developed by the forest, nutrient limitations may

prevent higher carbon fixation, and consequent plant growth. The present study aim to test

the hipothesis that soil nutrient limitations can influence both, the initial growth of

seedlings as well as carbon sequestration and additional growth in adult trees. The study

has been conducted at the ZF-2 INPA’s Reserve, ca. 80 km north of Manaus, in two phases:

i) test of the effect of fertilizer additions (N + P and Ca + Mg) on the growth of seedlings of

pioneer and climax species; and, ii) study of the relationship between C and nutrient

concentrations, and the possible nutrient limitation to the atmospheric CO2 uptake by adult

trees in the forest. In a toposequence (plateau, slope and valley), the ratios C/N, C/P,

C/bases, were calculated in selected trees and surrounding soil. The addition of N+P to the

soil induced a higher seedling mortality; however, there was a positive effect on the growth

of surviving seedlings, suggesting a possible N and P limitation to the establishment of

seedlings. Adult trees located in the valley plots showed the most favorable C/bases

(K+Ca+Mg) ratio: 83, against 145 in both, plateau and slope plots. Mean N concentrations

were similar in tree leaves at plateau (1.9%) and slope (2%); however, both were higher

than in the valley (1.3%). That is also reflected in the C/N ratio, significantly lower in the

plateau and slope than in the valley plots (26.1%, 26% and 36.6%, respectively). Carbon

concentrations in mature leaves were higher (49.2%) in the slope than in both, plateau and

valley (47.5% and 47.8% respectively). Suggestions are made that: (i) lower CO2 fixation

in the valley plots may be influenced by low soil nutrient availability for plants; and, (ii)

slopes may have better supplies of other elements (e.g., water in soil) which favor C

fixation in trees.

Assessment of biophysical and biogeochemical processes in traditional and alternative agriculture systems in Eastern Amazonia∗

Tatiana D. de A . Sá1, Andreas Block2, Ana C. L. Rendeiro3, Antonio R. Fernandes4, Cláudio J. R. de Carvalho1, Eric A . Davidson5, F. Yoko Ishida7, Geórgia S. Freire8, Izildinha de S. Miranda4, Jorge F. B. de Freitas6, Josie H. O . Ferreira9, Karina R. Pantoja8, Liane S. Guild9, M. Tereza P. dos Santos7, M. do Socorro A. Kato1, Osvaldo R. Kato1, Paulo F. S. Martins4, Renata T. Saba8, Silvio Brienza Junior1

1 EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil, 2 Universidade de Göttingen, Göttingen, Alemanha, 3FCAP/CNPq (SHIFT), Belém, PA, 4FCAP, Belém,PA, 5 The Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A ., 6FCAP- trainee at Embrapa, 7IPAM, Belém, PA, 8CNPq/LBA, Belém, PA, 9FCAP PIBIC/CNPq, Belém, PA,10NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, EUA Address of the first author: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Tv. Enéas Pinheiro S/N, 66095-100, Belém, PA e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Shifting-cultivation in the Eastern Amazonia is becoming less sustainable, since pressure on land use is leading to shortened fallow periods, and to a move to semi-permanent crops (e. g. passion fruit). This reality, completed by the persistency of land preparation by the traditional slash-and-burn technique, is endangering the biophysical and biogeochemical functions of the fallow vegetation, and may lead to degradation. One of the promising alternatives to avoid burning is the chop-and-mulch technique, which may be associated to the improved fallow technique, to foster biomass and nutrient accumulation. The understanding of how biophysical and biogeochemical processes are changed in these alternative systems as compared to the traditional ones is crucial to safely disseminating their use, and to provide scientific background for proposing polices accounting for environmental services offered by them. As an attempt to do that, an interdisciplinary study started in November 2001, in Igarapé-Açu, PA, where large plots (2 ha each) are being submitted to the following sequences: 1) traditional system (slash-and-burn land preparation followed by non-fertilized maize and cassava crops, followed by a fallow period); and 2) alternative system (chop-and -mulch land preparation, followed by fertilized maize and cassava crops, followed by improved fallow). Major focus is given to soil gases emissions (CO2, N2O, NO and CH4) and carbon and nutrient dynamics. Biophysical variables are being monitored mainly during field campaigns. An attempt to test IKONOS images as tools for detecting seasonal and system-induced differences is also planned. Preliminary results are presented.

∗ Segment of the Milênio LBA project financed by MCT, and leaded by P. Artaxo Neto, USP, and component of the Tipitamba Project, a long term research initiative underway by Embrapa Amazônia Oriental associated with several partners, focusing on fallow management oriented alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture.

LITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLAND FOREST TOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Maria Terezinha F. Monteiro & Flavio J. Luizao. INPA-Ecology. E-mail: [email protected]

Fine litter production, its nutrient contents, and litter-layer deposition and changes over time were studied in a toposequence of an upland moist forest in central Amazonia, 80 km north of Manaus. The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of litter production and deposition at different climatic periods of the year (dry and wet season) and topographic positions in the local relief. Three plots were established in each of three distinct topographic levels: plateau, slope and valley, at km 34 of the secondary road ZF-2. Litterfall was measured semi-monthly in ten squared 50 cm X 50 cm traps for each plot. Litter was sorted into four main components: leaves, woody material, reproductive structures, and fine fractions. Macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were analysed on oven-dried leaf samples. Leaf carbon concentration was determined by elemental CHN Analyser. Each 3 months, samples of the litter layer were also taken, in the same plots used for measuring litter production, in order to follow the dynamics of litter deposition on forest floor. The greatest litter production, during the dry period, occurred in the plateau (1.17 t ha-1), while the smallest one was measured in the valley plots (0.67 t ha-1). The same patttern was found in the wet season (0.48 t ha-1 in the plateau and 0.41 t ha-

1 in the valley), when much less litter was produced in all topographic positions. However, higher proportion of leaves (81%) were recorded at the plots located in the slopes, while more woody material (17%) was found in the valley plots. The greatest C/N ratio was found in the valley (43.7), while lower ratios were recorded in the slope (33.9), suggesting that faster litter decomposition and more efficient nutrient recycling occurs in the slopes. During the dry season, higher leaf C concentrations were found in the slope samples. There are indications of higher efficiency of C fixation at the slope, which agrees with other current work made in the same forest location.

The Quaternary Climate of Amazonia PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Alexandre Correia Institute of Physics,

University of Sao Paulo

Oral Evidence for Changes in Amazon Basin Aerosol Composition During 20th Century Inferred From the Illimani Ice-Core, Eastern Bolivian Andes

Francis Mayle University of Leicester

Oral 50,000 year record of vegetation and climate change in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivian Amazon.

Mark Bush Florida Institute of Technology

Oral Pleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lake level and orbital variation.

Peter Toledo MPEG Oral NEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARY LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIA BASED ON EXTINCT MAMMALS.

Renato Cordeiro Universidade UFF do Rio de Janeiro

Oral CHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROM TROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: A COMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONS AND TIME SCALE

Abstract submitted to the 2nd LBA Scientific Conference

Evidence for Changes in Amazon Basin Aerosol Composition During 20th Century Inferred From the Illimani Ice-Core, Eastern Bolivian Andes

Alexandre Correia1,2 ([email protected]); Rémi Freydier3; Jefferson Simões2,4; Jean-Denis Taupin5; Robert Delmas2; Paulo Artaxo1; Bernard Dupré3. 1Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, R Matão, Trav R, 187, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil; 2LGGE, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; 3UMR5563, LMTG, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; 4Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 5LGGE, IRD, Grenoble, France.

An 137m ice-core drilled in 1999 from Eastern Bolivian Andes at the summit of Nevado Illimani (16°37' S, 67°46' W, 6350m asl) opens a new perspective on tropical ice-core research as the site is strongly influenced by Amazon Basin weather systems, offering the possibility of investigating amazonian atmospheric chemistry changes along the 20th century.

The upper 50m of the ice-core were dated by multi-proxy analysis (δ18O, δ2H, 137Cs, Ca+2 content, electrical conductivity, and insoluble microparticle content), providing a record of environmental variations of about 80 years. Elemental concentrations for 46 chemical species (from Li to U) in 744 ice and snow samples along the 50m ice-core section were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, providing a complex database with sub-annual-to-annual resolution.

Lithium-rich salt lakes (salars) act as important local aerosol sources in the region. The average Li and Al concentrations are 0.312 and 252 ng g-1, respectively. The measured Li/Al weight ratio is about 3 times above the ratio for the mean world soil composition, evidencing the contribution of regional sources to the ice-core glaciochemistry. Analyses of austral summer and winter elemental concentrations show different trends for the profiles of several elements, thus indicating changes in atmospheric chemistry. After 1960-1970 the concentration of P during summer and Zn during winter show a growing trend, which may be due to increasing biomass burning activity in Amazon Basin.

50,000 year record of vegetation and climate change in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivian Amazon. Francis E. Mayle1, Rachel Burbridge1, Timothy J. Killeen2,3 1Department of Geography, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. E-mail: [email protected] (address for correspondence) 2Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 2501 M Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20037, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3Museo de Historia Natural ‘Noel Kempff Mercado’, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla 2489, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Noel Kempff Mercado National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, ca. 15,000 km2, located in NE Bolivia on the Precambrian Shield, adjacent to the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia. This is an ideal study area because it occupies the climatically-sensitive ecotone between humid evergreen rainforests to the north, semi-deciduous dry forests to the south, and upland cerrado savannas to the east. The climate is highly seasonal, with mean annual precipitation of ca. 1500 mm. The study sites are Laguna Chaplin (14028’S, 61004’W) and Laguna Bella Vista (13037’S, 61033’W), 200-250 m above sea level, which are surrounded by humid evergreen forest. They are large (4-6 km diameter), flat-bottomed, shallow lakes (2.0-2.5 m water depth), formed by subsidence along fault-lines of the underlying Shield. Analysis of fossil pollen and charcoal from 3 metre cores from these 2 sites, located 100 km apart, reveals a pattern of regional vegetation change over the last 50,000 years. Chronological control was provided by a suite of AMS 14C dates. A mix of deciduous dry forest and savannas covered the park between 50,000 and 40,000 yr BP, while stable carbon isotope values show that more open savannas predominated between 40,000 and 18,000 yr BP. We suggest that this expansion of C4 grasses at the last glacial maximum (LGM) was driven by a combination of low atmospheric CO2 concentrations and a slight reduction in precipitation. Gallery forests contained Podocarpus trees, providing further evidence that LGM temperatures were significantly lower than today. Savannas continued to dominate throughout most of the Holocene, with rainforests restricted to riparian zones. Humid evergreen rainforests only expanded to dominate the area between 3,000 and 2,000 yr BP, due to increased precipitation in SW Amazonia, an inference supported by comparison with ice-core (Thompson et al., 1998) and lake-level records from the Bolivian Andes (Baker et al., 2001), as well as soil carbon isotope data from more central parts of the Basin (de Freitas et al., 2001). This Late Holocene increase in precipitation in southern Amazonia can be attributed to more intense insolation in the austral summer, in turn explicable by orbital forcing according to Milankovitch Theory.



Pleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lake level and orbital variation.

Mark B. Bush

Text Temporarily Unavailable

NEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARY LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIA BASED ON EXTINCT MAMMALS.

Peter Mann de TOLEDO; Dilce de Fátima ROSSETTI and Heloísa Maria MORAES-SANTOS Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil. Deciphering the origin of the Amazonian biodiversity has been a challenge to the scientific community with special interest in the natural history, conservation of communities and ecosystems, and the role of paleoindians in the shaping of the present landscape. An important aspect of this multi-disciplinary field is the understanding of the main historical factors characterized by the combination of physical and biological phenomena, which acted upon the shaping of the biome as we see today. In order to reconstruct the origin and the historical events of the main ecological processes that took place to form the rainforest, an analysis and organization of a series of multi-disciplinary data related to geology and climate, and a reasonable control of the fossil history is needed. Data focusing on pollen, geomorphology and soil isotopes have been used as main sources to provide information about Pleistocene paleoenvironmental changes in Amazonia with precise dating control. However, these records are still scarce and spotty, providing only a broad picture of what happened during the major ecological shifts between glacial and inter-glacial periods. The megafauna is a reliable element to detect landscape changes through time. New findings of exceptionally well preserved individuals of the giant ground sloth Eremotherium laurillardi added to a mastodon Haplomastodon waringi are recorded in an area near the town of Itaituba (PA), located in Central Amazonia. C14 dating indicates an age of 13,340 B.P. for these fossils. The presence of this megafauna confirms the assumption that, at this time, the area was dominated by open environments, instead of the modern, closed rainforest as seen today.

CHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROM TROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: A COMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONS AND TIME SCALE

1Cordeiro, R.C., 3,1Turcq, B., 1,3Sifeddine, A., 1Albuquerque, A.L.S.,2,1Simões-Filho, F.F.L.

(1) PROFIX/CNPq/ Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S.João Batista, Niterói, R.J., Brazil.

[email protected], tel/fax: 55216207025

(2) Institute de Recherche pour le development

(3) Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria. Conselho de Energia Nuclear

Fires records were obtained through the charcoal particles flux analyses in lacustrine sediments (da

Pata Lake, São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM); N4 Lake, Carajás, PA; Dom Helvécio Lake, Parque

Estadual do Vale do Rio Doce, MG; and Caracaranã Lake, RR), resevoir sediment (Alta Floresta,

MT), and an anual cicle of atmospheric deposition (Porto Velho, RO). The deposition of charcoals in

the sediments results from local or regional burns, caused by dry climates, associated or not to

anthropogenic action. The highest charcoal fluxes values were obtained in the period of intense

land use change in Alta Floresta and in sediments that represent the medium Holocene in Serra Sul

Carajás region. The lowest values were found Lagoa da Pata in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, a

pronounced humid region in Amazon and in Porto Velho region, atmospheric deposition in a humid

season. Paleofires The deposition of charcoals in the sediments results from local or regional burns,

caused by dry climates, associated or not to anthropogenic action. Thus, the charcoal analyses

could have also a great importance in evaluating the impact of dry climates and human in different

tropical ecosystems. Determination of fire frequencies and dimensions in key areas of South

America, is a first step to understand the global carbon transference between terrestrial and

atmospheric systems.

River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Anthony Aufdenkampe University of South

Carolina Oral Organic and inorganic carbon dynamics

within waters of the Amazon Basin: Stable and radio-isotope constraints on sources of outgassed carbon

Christopher Neill Marine Biological Laboratory

Oral Land use change alters the biogeochemistry and downstream movement of nitrogen in small drainage basins

Daniel Markewitz University of Georgia

Oral Control of stream water cations by surface soil processes and land use effects on the exchange of nutrients between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Eastern Amazonia

John Melack University of California, Santa Barbara

Oral Linking seasonal inundation with ecological, hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the Amazon basin

Maarten J. Waterloo Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Oral Water balance and carbon leaching of a rainforest catchment in Central Amazonia.

Trent Biggs University of California, Santa Barbara

Oral Scaling up from pastures to watersheds: The spatial and temporal structure of human impacts on stream nutrients

Alvaro Ramon Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense

Poster Transport of Particulate Carbon and Nitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Bibiana Bilbao Universidad Simón Bolívar

Poster Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North Gran Sabana, Venezuela

Carlos Méndez Universidad Simón Bolívar

Poster Dynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savanna gradient, revealed by isotopic composition of soil organic matter.

Claudio Barbosa INPE Poster Remote sensing for sampling station selection in the study of water circulation from river system to and Amazon floodplain lakes: a methodological proposal.

Eleneide Sotta Universidade de Goettingen

Poster SOIL RESPIRATION IN THE TOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.

Luciana Valente LL.M. Pace University - Whit Plains, NY - USA

Poster The coming global freshwater scarcity: a project for the exportation of water from the Amazon Basin

Luiz Fernando Charbel CENA-USP Poster Influences of land use in aquatic metabolism of streams-Fazenda Nova Vida-RO.

Marcelo Bernardes Universidade de Sao Paulo

Poster Organic matter composition of rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin (southwest Amazon basin) as a function of land use changes.

Marcelo Cassiolato CENA / ESALQ / USP

Poster CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL SOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF IN PASTURE AND FOREST SYSTEMS IN RONDÔNIA

Nei Leite CENA-USP Poster Natural and athropogenic influences on the biogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000 km2) river undergoing deforestation in Southwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river, Rondônia).

Pascal Kosuth Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Poster Water surface and river bottom longitudinal profiles and characteristics along Amazon river mainstream in Brazil

Patricia Moreira-Turcq IRD Poster Carbon Accumulation in Amazon Várzeas Piccolo Marisa de Cassia

Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA) - USP

Poster CHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGEN IN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION FOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FOR PASTURE IN RONDÔNIA

Rosana Castillo Universidad Simón Bolívar

Poster Relation between photosintesys and leaf morphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3 savannah-fernsland gradient, Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park, Venezuela.

Organic and inorganic carbon dynamics within waters of the Amazon Basin: Stable and radio-isotope constraints on sources of

outgassed carbon Anthony Aufdenkampe , School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle

WA 98195-5351, USA. [email protected] Mayorga, E., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA Masiello, C. A., Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA Quay, P. D., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Hedges, J. I., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Richey, J. E., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Krusche, A. V., Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de Sao

Paulo, Brazil Llerena, C. A., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La

Molina, Lima, Peru Forsberg, B. R., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil Quintanilla, J., Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres,

La Paz, Bolivia Parallel Session: River water as a medium for transport in Amazonia ABSTRACT:

Recently, Richey et al. (2002, Nature Vol. 416, p.617) demonstrated that outgassing of carbon dioxide from river and wetland waters of the central is a significant flux relative to terrestrial carbon sequestration. An outstanding issue raised by this study is that the source of this outgassed carbon remains largely unconstrained. Stable and radio-isotopes compositions of river-borne carbon offers one approach to constraining sources. As part of the CAMREX project studying the riverine biogeochemistry of the Amazon basin, we have recently surveyed 14C and 13C isotopic compositions of four principal fractions – dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), fine particulate organic carbon (FPOC) and coarse particulate organic carbon (CPOC). The ~30 sites surveyed for these four coexisting fractions cover a wide range of environments – from both Andean and lowland headwaters to the mainstem Amazon – at several stages of the hydrograph. These preliminary data yield a number of important insights to potential sources. Perhaps most striking are downstream trends of decreasing ages for carbon in all fractions, indicating that river-borne carbon is remineralized and replaced on time scales that are short with respect to transit down the river system.

Land use change alters the biogeochemistry and downstream movement of nitrogen in small drainage basins Christopher Neill 1, Linda A. Deegan1, Alex V. Krusche2, Suzanne M. Thomas1, M. Victoria R. Ballester2, and Reynaldo L. Victoria2 1. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

[email protected]

2. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário, 303, Caixa Postal 96, CEP 13416000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

Land use change can influence nitrogen transformation and movement by altering

biogeochemical transformations at key places in the landscape. Terra firme forests cycle high amounts of N and lose NO3

- to soil solution. Forest clearing briefly increases NO3- losses but

pasture establishment quickly reduces N cycling and NO3- movement to soil solution. In forests,

stream riparian zones receive high amounts of NO3- from the uplands and appear to be very

efficient at removing NO3- by denitrification. In pastures, stream riparian zones also have high

potential for denitrification but appear to receive little NO3- from adjacent uplands. Solute

injection experiments in forest streams show that spiraling distances for NH4+ are approximately

200 m, while spiraling distances for NO3- are very long (>10 km). This indicates that once NO3

- reaches or is produced by nitrification in small forest stream channels, it travels downstream relatively unprocessed. Low demand for inorganic N in forest streams was confirmed by low rates of incorporation of added 15NH4

+ in algal and bacterial surface films. Shorter spiraling distances of NH4

+ and NO3- in pasture streams determined from solute injections indicate a lower

tendency for direct downstream transport. Forest conversion to pasture appears to alter the movement of inorganic N downstream in watersheds by 1) decreasing NO3

- moving to riparian zones and 2) increasing uptake demand for NH4

+ and NO3- and thus retention of N in small

stream channels. These changes have the potential to alter control of stream primary production and decrease movement of inorganic N to larger rivers.

Control of stream water cations by surface soil processes and land use effects on the exchange of nutrients between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the

Eastern Amazonia Daniel Markewitz The University of Georgia Ricardo de O. Figueiredo Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia Eric A. Davidson The Woods Hole Research Center Alex V. Krusche, Reynaldo L. Victoria, Jorge M. Moraes, and Azeneth E. Schuler Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – USP Thomas Dunne University of Califorina, Santa Barbara Address of corresponding author: Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources The University of Georgia Athens, GA 30605 - USA Email: [email protected]

While land use change is known to affect cycling of carbon and plant nutrients in

terrestrial ecosystems, the effect on small streams draining altered landscapes is less well known. We present results from a 10,000-hectare watershed on highly weathered soil in the Eastern Amazon where a positive correlation between stream water solute concentration and discharge was observed. Base flow stream water had low concentrations of Ca+2, Mg+2, and K+, because the primary minerals had already been extensively weathered in these Haplustox. During the wet season, however, these same cations were leached from surface charged exchange sites in upper soil horizons and were transported to the stream with biogenically derived bicarbonate. This near surface process, as opposed to deep soil mineral weathering, was entirely responsible for the generation of streamwater alkalinity. This observed pattern in stream chemistry is contrary to the seasonal patterns widely recognized in temperate ecosystems with less strongly weathered soils. Both forest and pasture surface soils of this tropical landscape contain exchangeable cations and both produce large amounts of CO2 and HCO3

- during the wet season. Enrichment of the cattle pasture soils with cations from forest clearing and burning twenty years previously may be further enhancing wet season leaching of cations. To elucidate more fully this exchange of nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems, we are measuring and modeling the flowpaths of soil water and nutrients along forest and pasture hillslopes of this watershed.

Linking seasonal inundation with ecological, hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the Amazon basin John M. Melack University of California, Santa Barbara Institute for Computational Earth System Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA [email protected] Seasonally inundated areas cover large areas of the Amazon basin and are important components of the ecology, hydrology and biogeochemistry of the basin because they modify riverine discharges and chemical composition and are significant sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and fish to humans. Recent advances in active and passive microwave remote sensing are providing regional information on temporal changes in inundation and aquatic vegetation. Multiple aspects of LBA require are incorporating this information. For example, combination of remotely estimates of inundation with extensive measurements of dissolved carbon dioxide for the central Amazon indicates that evasion to the atmosphere of carbon dioxide is about ten times the fluvial export of organic carbon by the Amazon River. The organic carbon fueling the evasion appears to be largely derived from riparian and floodplain vegetation, illustrating the importance of terrestrial-aquatic-atmospheric exchanges. Further, the evasion of carbon dioxide and methane from Amazon wetlands appears to balance much of the uptake of carbon dioxide by terrestrial vegetation. Amazon fisheries are important to the income and nutrition for many people living in the region, and fish yields have strong statistical relations with maximum or minimum flooded areas.


Project: LBA-CARBONSINK Title: Water balance and carbon leaching of a rainforest catchment in Central Amazonia. Authors: M.J. Waterloo1, A.D. Nobre2, W.W.P. Jans3, A. Cuartas Pineda2, D.P. Drucker4, J.M.

Heijmenberg1, M.G. Hodnett5, W. Gomes Neto2, A. Nascimento2, J. Tomasella6. 1Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands 2INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brasil 3Alterra Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Building 101, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 4Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz – USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 / 151 – Agronomia, Piracicaba - SP - C.E.P.: 13418-900, Brasil 5Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK 6CPTEC-INPE, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40, Cachoeira Paulista – SP, Brasil. Abstract Since 1999, CO2 flux measurements have been made in the Cuieiras Reserve near Manaus. Recently, the research has been extended to include and hydrological studies. One of the aims of these studies is to assess the losses of carbon released from the forest by decomposition and transported out of the area as dissolved or particulate matter in surface and ground water. Due to delays in instrumentation a single year of data will be available at the end of the Carbonsink-LBA project in 2002. To simulate losses over longer periods, the TOPOG model (http://www.clw.csiro.au/topog) will be used to simulate discharge and carbon leaching. TOPOG is a terrain analysis-based hydrological model, which can be used to describe the topographic attributes of three-dimensional landscapes and simulate the hydrologic behaviour of catchments, and how this is affected by changes in land cover. The model uses micrometeorological, soil and vegetation data as input and will be calibrated on measured discharge and groundwater levels. Relations between discharge and concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate carbon will then be used to obtain estimates of carbon leaching from 1999 onwards, when the micrometeorological measurements started. The poster shows field data and preliminary model results such as a digital terrain model, aspect and slope maps and a preliminary map showing the distribution of the groundwater level in the catchment. In addition, an estimate of the total rainfall, discharge and associated outflow of carbon over a six-month period will be presented.

http://www.clw.csiro.au/topog

Scaling up from pastures to watersheds: The spatial and temporal structure of human impacts on stream nutrients. Biggs, T.W.1, Dunne, T.2, Roberts, D.A.1, Karen Holems1, and Martinelli, L.A.3

1. Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 2. Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 3. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo. In past LBA conferences, we reported that land uses besides deforestation, such as urbanization and agricultural intensification, may have significant impacts on stream nutrients compared with conversion of primary forest to pasture. In this presentation, we put our observations of land use and stream chemistry in the spatial and temporal context of frontier development using a time series of satellite images, census data, and a digital elevation model to delineate watersheds. With these data, we define the probability distributions of total deforestation extent and of the rates of conversion of primary forest to other land uses for approximately 30,000 watersheds varying in size from 2.5 to 100,000 km2

. The maximum annual and three-year deforestation rates decline rapidly with watershed size, suggesting that deforestation is a gradual process for watersheds larger than 100 km2, and that the relatively short-lived “pulses” of stream nutrients associated with vegetation conversion in smaller watersheds are not likely to be observed in watersheds larger than 100 km2. Simultaneously, the probability that any given watershed contains an urban population increases with watershed size, suggesting a shift in the relative importance of non-urban and urban sources of nutrient contamination with watershed size. Contrary to results of studies in small watersheds (< 1km), streams draining non-urbanized watersheds (10-1000 km2) with high rates of primary forest conversion to pasture do not exhibit the greatest impacts on stream chemistry. Rather, the largest increases in chloride and nutrient concentrations occur in watersheds with little or no current conversion of primary rainforest to pasture, but that have average clearing ages greater than 10 years. This pattern, and the high stream chloride signal in watersheds with longer occupation times, suggests that vegetation conversion is not the primary agent driving anthropogenic impacts on stream nutrients. Other processes, possibly the establishment and intensification of cattle production, is likely responsible for the impacts in non-urbanized watersheds. Additional stream sampling of larger watersheds (1,000-30,000 km2) shows that the largest impacts on stream nitrogen occur in watersheds of intermediate drainage areas (700-3000 km2), though a land use signal is still detectable in streams draining areas as large as 30,000 km2. The watersheds with high stream nutrient impacts contain urban populations, suggesting that urban sources may dominate human impacts on stream nutrients for watersheds larger than ~1000-5000 km2.

Transport of Particulate Carbon and Nitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil.

Alvaro R. C. Ovalle1; Ricardo de O. Figueiredo2 and Carlos E. de Rezende3 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28015-620, Brazil; 2 Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Av. Nazaré, 669, Belém, PA, 66035-170, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

The study of ecosystems at meso-scale watersheds (>1,000 km2) is a useful tool to

evaluate changes at regional scale. However, this type of research has not been done

frequently in tropical regions. Therefore, there are few opportunities to compare the

differences among tropical ecosystems. This paper is an attempt to make available

results about the impacts of land use change at regional scale in the Atlantic Forest. This

study attempts to identify the sources and processes associated with the particulate

carbon and nitrogen transport in the basin outlet of Paraíba do Sul River (54,000 km2),

in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) were collected every

15 days from Jan/97 to Jan/98 (n=26), analyzed for elemental (C and N) and carbon

isotopic (13C) composition, and fractionated into fine (FSPM < 63µm) and coarse

(CSPM > 63µm) categories. Variations for measured parameters were as follows –

Discharge (Q): 402/2351; Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): 10/153; PCc: 0,92/22,2;

PCf: 2,21/5,69; PCt:1,84/6,45; PNc: 0,06/1,45; PNf: 0,18/0,80; PNt: 0,17/0,84 (Q in m3/s;

SPM in mg.L-1; C and N in %); 13Cc: -24,26/-19,80‰; 13Cf: -22,94/-20,40‰; 13Ct:

-22,91/-20,62‰. Suspended particulate carbon and nitrogen concentrations presented

the same temporal pattern for all granulometric fractions, and an inverse correlation

with SPM and Q. The same pattern was observed for 13C, but not for (C:N)a ratio, which

presented lower values during low discharge. Our results suggest that during low flows

the phytoplankton biomass contribute more to SPM than do the upland eroded soils.

Comparing isotopic signatures of potential sources it was detected that wetland soils, in

addition to material from sugar cane production, play an important role in C and N

concentrations of the SPM transported through the river outlet. However, the insular

lands beside the upstream dams function as biogeochemistry barriers to the delivery of

elements to the ocean.

Financial Support: CNPq and Faperj




Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North Gran Sabana, Venezuela

Bibiana Bilbao1, Carlos Méndez, Alejandra Leal & Maria Dolores Delgado.4 Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000, Caracas, Venezuela.

1. [email protected], 2. [email protected] 3. 4. [email protected] The objective of this study was to estimate the fuel properties and meteorological variables

contribution in fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North Gran Sabana, Venezuela. Fire

behavior were studied in experimental burns done in fifteen 0.5 ha plots under different

treatments: at the beginning, middle and the end of dry season in year 2000, 2001 and 2002

with 3, 4 and 5 years of fire exclusion, respectively. Before and after burning, a total of

nine samplings per plot were carried out to estimate frequency, density and cover of plant

species, humidity content and fuel accumulation. Meteorological variables were recorded

during the experimental burns, and air and flame temperature, fire propagation speed;

combustion efficiency, and characteristic of ashes were also determined. Daily

meteorological variations had a major effect on fire behavior than seasonal variations in the

dry period. Meteorological variables, as wind speed and % relative humidity, had a major

contribution on fire behavior than those of fuel material (800-1200 g m-2). However, a low

fuel accumulation in plots burned in year 2000, did not allow a new burning for two

consecutive years. The combustion efficiencies were lower respect to those reached in

Orinoco Llanos (Central Plains), in part due to a high fuel humidity (22 to 54%), irregular

distribution of vegetation and specially to the presence of big superficial rhizomes that

maintain live tissues during the dry season.




Dynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savanna gradient, revealed by isotopic composition of soil organic matter. MENDEZ, C.L.* and B.BILBAO Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal. Departamento de Estudios Ambientales. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela. Apartado Postal 89000. [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: The great expansion of savannas in Gran Sabana (Canaima National Park, 3 million ha) has been associated to a high fire occurrence and to the Holocene dry climatic phases. Soil organic matter (SOM), δδδδ13C, light fraction of SOM (LF), soil nitrogen, δδδδ15N, and plant species dominance were studied in three forest-ecotone-savanna gradients (I;II;III) to determine the replacement of forests by savannas and soil C and N dynamic. Soil samples were taken in different soil depths (0-200 cm) along transects (140 m) from forest to savannas. The SOM, LF and soil nitrogen were higher in forests with respect to savannas. δδδδ13C of SOM showed superior values in soil surface under savanna vegetation (dominated by grasses with C4 photosynthetic mechanism), while the δδδδ13C of the soil at 2m depth were similar under forest (dominated by tress with C3 photosynthetic mechanism) and savannas. At intermediate depth, maximum value of δδδδ15N coincided with δδδδ13C changes in soil, correlated with vegetation change in the past. These results suggest that the nitrogen cycle was affected during this vegetation change in both ecosystems, being the capacity of N fixation the most affected component. The biggest differences among plants and soil C/N were found in the savanna ecosystem; hence, we suggest fire as a FL removal agent. Differences among light carbon were a sensitive indicator in the vegetation substitution. Furthermore, the presence of "helechal" or dense fern community, in the ecotone area, appears to play an important role in the successional dynamics in the gradient.









Remote sensing for sampling station selection in the study of water circulation from river system to and Amazon floodplain lakes: a

methodological proposal.

Claudio Barbosa1, Evlyn Novo1, Maycira Costa1 1 – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

São José dos Campos, CP 515, SP [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Although remote sensing is a suitable tool for monitoring vast remote areas such

as the Amazon floodplain, the accurate extraction of information must rely on ground

validation sampling, through burdensome and expensive field campaigns.

This paper proposes a methodology for planning and optimizing the acquisition

of water quality parameters during field campaigns aiming the study of water circulation

between Amazon River and Amazon floodplains lakes and wetlands. The objective of the

approach is to settle an optimized geographic position data set spatially representative of

water quality parameters revealing water circulation patterns.

The first step in the study was to build a georeferenced image database consisting

of seven dates of Landsat-TM/ETM+ images selected according to Amazon River water

level. Each image date was then submitted to the following processing: 1) atmospheric

correction 2) region growing segmentation, 3) unsupervised segmented-based

classification.

Each resulting class for each date was then characterized by the statistical

attributes estimated from bands TM1, TM2 and TM3 of Landsat Thematic Mapper,

which are the bands sensitive to water optical properties. Changes in the spatial dynamic

of each class from images acquired at different water level were then mapped and the

number of sampling stations and the geographic position of each station were defined

analyzing the results of the previous step.





MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.

SOIL RESPIRATION IN THE TOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.

Eleneide Doff SOTTA1; Edzo VELDKAMP1; Beatriz QUANZ2; Brenda ROCHA2; M. L. P. RUIVO2.

1IBW/University of Goettingen, Germany Contact; e-mail: [email protected] 2MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

Soil respiration from plateau and slopes may be different from the respiration of valleys

due to different soil moisture and temperature conditions at different topographic positions.

Movement of water in the soil may also influences in the respiration because it can transport

organic material and nutrients from plateau and slopes to valleys.

Our objective is to quantify the influence of topography on the landscape estimate of soil

respiration in this rainforest in Caxiuana (East Amazon). We measure soil respiration, soil water

content and soil temperature along replicated toposequences at the following four positions:

plateau, high slope, low slope and valley.

Our preliminary data show that the respiration during the wet season is lower in the

valleys, ranging from 1.98 ± 0.08 to 3.32 ± 0.01 µmol CO2. m-2.s-1. Soil respiration increases

along the slope with the highest values at the high slope position (2.84 ± 0.04 to 4.17 ± 0.15 µmol

CO2. m-2.s-1, n=3) and plateau (2.82 ± 0.07 to 3.70 ± 0.24 µmol CO2. m-2.s-1, n=3). We plan to

continue our measurements to include dry season conditions.


The coming global freshwater scarcity: a project for the exportation of water from the Amazon Basin

Luciana Valente

LL.M. Pace University - Whit Plains, NY - USA

I. Introduction II. The Water Wars – the Middle Eastern situation III. Increasing the freshwater supply

III.1. Building dams and reservoirs III.2. Transferring surface water III.3. Tapping groundwater III.4. Converting salt water into freshwater – desalinization III.5. Cloud seeding and towing icebergs

IV. Watershed Management IV.1. Watershed IV.2. Brazil IV.2.a) Water Resources Legal Frame IV.2.b) Watershed Management in Brazil IV.3. The Amazon Basin IV.3.b) The Amazon River Basin Watershed Management

V. Improving water use efficiency – the Blue Revolution of water conservation V.1. Using irrigation water efficiently V.2. Using homes, businesses and industries’water efficiently V.3. Other mechanisms for watershed management V.3.a) The price of water V.3.b) Privatization V.3.c) Watershed trading

VI. The quality of drinking water VI.1. Purifying water VI.2. Recycling water

VII. A project for the exportation of water from the Amazon Basin VIII. Conclusion IX. Bibliography

Influence of land use in aquatic metabolism of streams- Fazenda Nova Vida- RO. *Charbel, L. F.1 ; Martinelli, L.A.1 1 Centro de Energia Nuclear em Agricultura (CENA)- USP, Piracicaba-SP. Brasil * Travessa Guilherme de Almeida, 37- Vila Monteiro- cep 13416-617 Piracicaba –SP. Brasil [email protected] Abstract Land use change in Brazilian Amazonia from forest to pasture has concentrated in

the south and east boundaries of the basin, in the States of Pará, Maranhão , Mato Grosso

and Rondônia. In this study we compared two small catchments with different

distribution of forest and pasture, located at the State of Rondônia, relating the

metabolism of organic matter in their streams. The water samples were collected in ten

sites, throughout the streams, from which physical and chemical parameters were

measured. The distribution of forest and pasture was determinated using satellite images.

The results of the analysis in the streams has showen higher concentrations of total

dissolved inorganic carbon and free CO2 in the pasture stream (710 e 485 µM,

respectively) compared to the forest stream (504 e 188 µM, respectively). The

concentration of dissolved oxygen in pasture stream was lower (0,5 mg/l) compared to

the value found in the forest streams (6,4 mg/l). A high correlation was observed between

the increase of the percentage of pasture in the catchment with the dissolved organic

carbon concentration (n=10; R=0,78) and with the respiration rates (n=9; R=0,69). The

data showed a change in the aquatic metabolism between the studied systems, suggesting

that the organic matter, in the pasture stream is being oxidized close to anaerobic

conditions.



Organic matter composition of rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin (southwest Amazon basin) as a function of land use changes.

Bernardes, M. C. 1∗ ; R. L. Victoria1; L. A. Martinelli1; A. V. Krusche1; M. Moreira1; J. P. H. B. Ometto1; M. V. R. Ballester1; A. Aufdenkamp2; J. E. Richey2; J. I. Hedges2

1Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura,

Universidade de São Paulo. 2School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, WA, USA.

Abstract. We investigated the forms and composition of dissolved and particulate organic matter (OM) in rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin (64.300 km2), Rondonia, which has a drainage basin verging the Amazon lowlands, and has been deforested to the extent of approximately 40% in the last three decades, most related to pasture implementation. The results obtained in this study were compared with other Amazonian rivers that have their headwaters in the Andean region. We determined a series of chemical (C,N), biochemical (lignin) and isotopic tracers (δ13C and δ15N) in three size classes of organic matter within five sites along Ji-Paraná River and eight more sites in six tributaries. For Ji-Parana mainstem the land use changes have not yet changed the compositional characteristics of riverine OM. The coarse fraction (CSS > 63 µm) is least degraded and derives primarily from fresh C3 leaves. The fine fraction (FSS > 0.1 µm) is mainly associated with the mineral soil phase, but its ultimate source appears also to be leaves from forests. This fraction has similar high nitrogen content as others Amazonian rivers. The ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter (UDOM > 1,000 M.W.) appears to have the same source as the coarse fraction, but the lignin analysis ([Ad/Al]V ratio) determined as the most degraded of the three fractions, and also with the highest δ13C values. However, in smaller catchments with intensive deforestation, the C4 signal has already been detected in the UDOM fraction, with percentage up to 35% and 24% in the Rolim de Moura and Jaru tributaries. Key words: organic matter, land-use, Amazon rivers, deforestation, C4 plants, pasture, isotopes and lignin.

∗ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Caixa Postal 96, CEP 13400-970, Brazil, Fax: 55-19-4349210, e-mail: [email protected]

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL SOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF IN PASTURE RESTORATION AND FOREST SYSTEMS IN RONDÔNIA

Marcelo Elias Cassiolato1; Carlos Clemente Cerri 2; Marisa de Cássia Piccolo3;

Eric Roose 4; Christopher Neill5

1Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”(ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, s/n, Caixa Postal 09, Cep:13418.000, CPG Solos e Nutrição de Plantas Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: 019 34294171, E-mail: [email protected]; 2Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303, cep:13416.000, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: 19 34294750, Fax:19 34294610, E-mail: [email protected]; 3CENA-USP, E-mail: [email protected]

4Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Montpellier, FR, E-mail: [email protected]; 5The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA, EUA, E-mail: [email protected]; Soil solution and water in overland flow (runoff) were collected during four months (from January to April, 2002) in the rainy season, from five different soil management treatments in experimental plots located at Nova Vida Farm, in Central Rondônia to determine chemical composition of solutions and to quantify losses in drainage and runoff. The soil management treatments tested different methods for restoration of a degraded pasture and consisted of: (i) control, (ii) plowing + fertilization and planting of Brachiaria brizantha, (iii) planting of rice under no-tillage + fertilization, (iv) planting of soybean under no-tillage + fertilization. Samples of soil solution and overland flow from pasture treatments were also compared to the solutions collected from a natural forest, close to the experimental area. Soil solutions were sampled with both tension lysimeters and free tension lysimeters, and water in overland flow with runoff collectors of 4 m2. Throughtfall and rainfall were also collected. Solutions were analyzed for electrical conductivity and pH. The pH and the electric conductivity varied with the amount of rain and quantity of solution collected. The pH in soil solution in the forest was more acidic than the pasture control and pasture plowing treatments. In runoff, pH decreased in the order of the plowing, control and forest. Electric conductivity was highest in the forest, lower in the plowed pasture and lowest in the control pasture. Solution will also be analysed for the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), cations, anions, metals, trace elements, total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, δ13C in DIC and δ13C in DOC. The solutions will be collected through the beginning of the next rainy season.

Natural and athropogenic influences on the biogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000 km2) river undergoing deforestation in Southwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river, Rondônia). Nei Kavaguichi Leite1, Alex Vladimir Krusche1, Maria Victoria Ballester1, Marcelo Bernardes1, Reynaldo Victoria2, Beatriz Machado Gomes3, Anthony Aufdenkampe2, Jeffrey Richey2. 1Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - USP. Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica. Caixa

Postal 96. CEP 13400-970. Piracicaba - Sνo Paulo - Brazil.

2School of Oceanography - University of Washington. Seattle - WA - USA.

3Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Campus de Ji-Paraná. Ji-Paraná - Rondônia - Brazil

Abstract

The rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin were sampled at seven different occasions, corresponding to various stages of the hydrograph. A total of 14 sampling stations were distributed along 7 major tributaries and the Ji-Paraná river mainstem. Spatially, the chemistry of tributary waters showed statistically significant differences (p<0.001), related, but not significantly, to the composition of soils and land use. Those tributaries draining soils with low cation content were located in areas with higher percentages of forest cover and had waters with average conductivities of 11 µS.cm-1, while the areas with higher percentages of pastures were located in soils richer in cations and were drained by rivers with average conductivities of 59 µS.cm-1. The Ji-Paraná mainstem, drained both types of soils and land uses and, as a result of these contrasting contributions from main tributaries, occupied and intermediate position, with average conductivies of 30 µS.cm-1. Seasonally, the two groups of tributaries also showed contrasting tendencies. Poorer river waters showed the highest concentrations of major ions during the high water period, while the rivers with higher ionic content showed an opposite trend. These results show that even within a meso-scale basin there are striking differences among tributaries, both spatially and seasonally, which should be taken into consideration while making extrapolations from small-scale, single plot studies to the entire Amazon basin.

Key words - Biogeochemistry, rivers, Amazon, deforestation

Water surface and river bottom longitudinal profiles and characteristics

along Amazon river mainstream in Brazil

Pascal Kosuth (IRD), Maximiliano Strasser (UFRJ), Ilce de Oliveira Campos (USP), Julien Nicod (IMFT), Alfredo Ribeiro Netto (UnB), Marcio Sousa da Silva (IEPA),

Eurides de Oliveira (ANA)

Pascal Kosuth, IRD, CP 70911 Lago Sul, CEP 711619-970 Brasilia DF Brazil [email protected]

Longitudinal profiles of Solimões, Madeira and Amazon rivers (from Tabatinga and Porto Velho downwards to Obidos and Macapa) are presented, analyzing time variable water surface profiles, permanent mean bottom depth profiles, maximum depth profiles and river bottom structures (dunes) characteristics. Altimetry along Amazon River mainstream has been determined, in Brazil, through implementation and comparison of three techniques : geometric leveling, GPS positioning and radar altimetry (TOPEX / POSEIDON). Altitudes of more than 30 hydrometric stations with reference to mean sea level (or geoïd) have been determined, allowing to translate water level time series to a homogeneous referential. Rivers bathymetry has been obtained through measurement of transversal profiles using ADCP and/or echobathymeter coupled with GPS. Bathymetric profiles have been measured every 25km along Solimões river, every 30 km along Madeira river and every 10 km along Amazon river downwards to Obidos. Characterization of river bottom structures has been realized along 40 different reaches using echobathymeters. Amazon river water profile mean slope between Manaus and Macapa varies from 5 mm/km(low flow) to 15 mm/km (high flow), depending on hydrological cycle phase. Solimões river slope is almost constant in relation with time but varies from 20 mm/km downstream (Manacapuru) to 40 mm/km upstream (Tabatinga). Madeira river slope is 60 mm/km upstream (Porto Velho) and varies from 0.6 mm/km to 10mm/km along its downstream reach submitted to Amazon River backwater influence. Longitudinal bathymetric profiles enlighten differences between rivers and significant spatial variations along a given river, related to the morphological dynamics of the river bed. Average observed dune length was about 160 m with maximum 400 m, while observed dune heights, when existing, ranged from 2 m to 12 m, flow depth varying from 10 to 90 m. Results contribute to a better understanding of the river valley morphological evolution and of sediment deposition trends and processes along the main river. They are of prime interest for mathematical modeling of flow hydrodynamics and sediment transport dynamics.

Carbon Accumulation in Amazon Várzeas

Moreira-Turcq, P.1*, Turcq, B.1 , Seyler, P.2, Jouanneau, J.M.3 and Guyot, J.L.2 1 I.R.D. - Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143

Bondy cedex, France. 2IRD - UMR LMTG, Université Paul Sabatier,39 allées Jules Guesde 31000 – Toulouse,

France 3 UMR-CNRS 5805EPOC, DGO, Université de Bordeaux I, av. des Facultes, 33405 Talence

cedex, France.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Floodplains of large rivers or “Várzeas” (Amazon river floodplains) are dynamic and complex wetland systems which periodically oscillate between terrestrial and aquatic phases. Sediments are constantly exchanged between river channels and floodplains. The rates at which sediment is transferred to and from “várzeas”, and the residence time of “várzea” storage, are few known. They affect mineral erosion, transport and sedimentation fluxes in the river-várzea system and have a special importance for the carbon cycle.

Amazon “várzeas” are an important source of organic carbon to Amazon river. Organic production in Amazon “várzea” systems represent about 8.4 106 ton C yr-1 (Junk, 1997), which are composed by : macrophytes (c.a. 5 106 ton C y-1), tree and grasses (c.a. 2.4 106 ton C y-1) and plankton (c.a. 1 106 ton C y-1). A significant portion of this carbon is exported by “várzeas” to atmosphere such as methane and CO2. A great part of the plankton (Richey, 1982) and the bulk of carbon (Junk, 1997) are probably degraded or is burned in situ. But the major part of the carbon produced by Amazon “várzea” seems to remain in situ and can be subsequently exported to the river. Today there are very few data of organic sedimentation and carbon exportation by várzea lakes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sedimentation and carbon accumulation rates in Amazon várzea systems and its importance in the Amazon total carbon budget.

Sediment traps and cores were used to better understand seasonal variation of organic and mineral matter and the recent organic carbon sedimentation in the Amazon “várzeas”. One core was sampled in the “Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai” during low water stage (October 2000). Accumulation rates were obtained by 210Pb radioisotope geochronology. Subsamples were analysed for granulometry, mineralogy, and organic matter determination.

We have observed a high seasonal and spatial variation in the sediment and carbon settling. Located phytoplankton blooms can be responsible for a significant carbon settling in the traps. The highest fluxes of settling particles were observed during the falling water period and varied between 300 and 2000 g m-2 day-1 and the lowest were found during the rising water period and varied between 4 and 60 g m-2 day-1. The greatest flux of organic carbon and nitrogen were observed in the same period. These flux ranged between 5 and 50 g C m-2 day-1

and 0.34 and 6 g N m-2 day-1 during the falling water stage and between 0.041 and 4 g C m-2 day-1 and 0.009 and 0.209 g N m-2 day-1 during the rising water stage. A part of this material is degraded in the water column and another part is incorporated in the sediment. Sedimentation rates, ranged between 1.0 and 1.3 cm yr-1. These high sedimentation rates associated with a relatively high organic carbon content in sediments show a very high capacity of Amazon várzeas to accumulate organic carbon.


CHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGEN IN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION FOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FOR PASTURE IN RONDÔNIA

Marisa de Cássia Piccolo 1;Christopher Neill 2 & Carlos Clemente Cerri 1

1 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303, cep:13416.000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, Tel: 19 34294750, Fax:19 34294610, E-mail: [email protected]

2 The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Extractable soil nitrogen and rates of net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification in tropical soils are indicators of soil fertility and the ability of these soils to retain N following disturbances such as forest cutting and burning. We examined changes to soil and soil solution inorganic N concentrations, net N mineralization and net nitrification rates following forest clearing for pasture on Paleudults soils at Nova Vida (10o 30 S, 62o 30 W) in Rondônia. We measured extractable NH4

+ and NO3-

concentrations in soils and NH4 and NO3 concentrations in soil solution in forest and in a 3 ha plot that was cut, burned and planted to pasture. Soil solution samples were collected by tension lysimeters at 30 and 100 cm depth. Soil NH4

+-N and NO3--N

pools in the cut forest increased compared with the reference forest during first 6 months after cutting. Unlike NH4

+-N and NO3- -N concentrations, rates of net N

mineralization and net nitrification did not change greatly during the cutting and burning of pasture installation. Soil solution NH4

+ concentrations in forest were higher during the first 6 months after burning. In contrast, soil solution NO3

- pools were higher during the first 8 months after burning compared with forest.

Relation between photosintesys and leaf morphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3 savannah-fernsland gradient, Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park, Venezuela.

R. Castillo & B. Bilbao. Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal. Departamento de Estudios Ambientales. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela. Apartado Postal 89000. [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: photosintesys, morphoanatomy, C3-C4 gradient, Venezuela. In a physiological C3-C4 gradient, dominat herbaceous species in the savannah are mainly of the C4 tipe, while in the fernsland C3 species are dominant. Photosynthetic rates and other related variables were studied in a vegetation gradient savannah-fernsland in Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park, Venezuela, in order to associate them to some foliar morphoanatomical characteristics, to understand the natural distribution of these species. In the savannah Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase (Poaceae) y Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Nees (Cyperaceae) showed photosynthetic rates of 18.10 y 14.17 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively, while fernsland species, Pteridium arachnoideum Maxón (Dennstaedtiaceae) (12.90 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and Dicranopteris flexuosa (Schrader) Underw. (Gleicheniaceae) (12.14 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) showed lesser values, there being statistically significant differences between E. inflexa and the remaining species. Upon comparison of specific leaf area (SLA), a clear difference was observed between savannah and fernsland species, whem photosynthesis was expressed in grams and correlated with SLA, differences were evident between functional groups distributed on the gradient: grass > sedge > ferns. Hypostomatic leaves in ferns and amphistomatic levasin savannah plants, with variating in stomatic density between E. inflexa and L. rigidus, were among the anatomical differences found. Differences in proportion and distribution of leaf tissues were also found. The behaviour observed in C3 species may be explaines by these plants efficient utilisation of available resuorces, and their capacity for adaptation to microclimatic and edaphic contions of the region



Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers? PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Emilio Moran Indiana University Oral DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIES

IN A FRONTIER REGION OF THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Mateus Batistella EMBRAPA Oral HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICS OF LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN RONDÔNIA, BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Philip Fearnside INPA Oral Deforestation control in Mato Grosso: a new model for slowing the loss of amazonian forest.

Sergio Margulis Banco Mundial Oral WHO ARE THE AGENTS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON, AND WHY DO THEY DEFOREST?

William Laurance Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Oral PREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Ana Luisa Albernaz BDFFP/INPA Poster CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION

Britaldo Soares-Filho WHRC Poster Simulating land cover change along the Cuiaba-Santarem highway under scenarios of high and low governance

Carlos Gomes Dept. of Geography/University of Florida

Poster Deforestation Patterns and Household Determinants of Land Use Choices by Rubber Tapper in Amazonia: The Case of the Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre, Brazil

Diogenes Alves INPE/DPI Poster ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF LAND USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA

Douglas White CIAT Poster Riverine Agriculture of the Peruvian Amazon: Productive but Unprofitable?

Douglas White CIAT Poster Introducing New Agricultural Technologies for the Amazon Frontier: Environmental-Economic Impacts or Tradeoffs?

Eduardo Venticinque INPA/BDFFP Poster Spatial diffusion of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon

Elsa Mendoza Federal University of Acre

Poster Forest susceptibility to fire during a one year El Niño period (1998-99); a case study Western Amazon

John Browder Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Poster Land Use Patterns in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparative Farm-Level Evidence from Rondonia.

Jose Augusto Rocha CNPq/UFAC Poster Committed carbon emissions from deforestation in three municipalities of Acre State, Brazil: a first approximation for public policy decision-making.

Laura Tillmann Viana University of Brasilia - UnB

Poster Structure of Microbial Communities in Native Areas and a Pasture in Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) of Central Brazil

Marcelo Moreira Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais

Poster Changes in land use in the city of Manaus and adjacent areas of the Br 174 highway

Mark Cochrane Michigan State University

Poster Priority Areas for Establishing National Forests in the Brazilian Amazon

Renata Marconato Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - CENA-USP

Poster Land Occupation and Use in the Ji-Paraná River Basin (Rondônia, Brazil). Social-Economics-Agricultural Survey

DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIES IN A FRONTIER REGION OF THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Moran, E. F., S. McCracken, and B. Boucek.

Indiana University

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has not been random. It has followed the roads of national development, which have attracted settlers and economic activities. Even along these roads, deforestation follows highly differentiated trajectories as a function of topographic position, soil quality endowments, and spatial factors such as distance to local towns and connectivity to national and international commodity markets. This paper presents results of research from one region of the Brazilian Amazon, in the Lower Xingu, in an efforts to elucidate the spatial and temporal dynamics of deforestation trajectories as mediated by the demographic characteristics of immigrating households, and the natural endowments of the location. Unlike much of the literature currently available, the analysis presents not only a landscape analysis of deforestation, but also a property-level analysis that allows examination of household determinants of land use and deforestation. The trajectories of deforestation are based on time-series analyses of TM images overlaid on the property grid in a GIS for the 3,718 properties present in the study area. The demographic analysis is based on a survey of 402 farm households within the study area. The paper makes projections for deforestation into 2020 for the entire study region based upon the trajectories examined. We project that by 2020 only 24 to 32 percent of the original forest cover will remain standing under the most optimistic of scenarios.

HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICS OF LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN

RONDÔNIA, BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Mateus Batistella*, Emilio F. Moran, and Eduardo S. Brondizio

*Embrapa Satellite Monitoring Av. Dr. Júlio Soares de Arruda, 803

13088-300 Campinas, SP


Deforestation and colonization processes within the Brazilian Amazon have

attracted substantial attention since the early 1970s. The phenomenon has been

associated with issues related to global change, alteration of biogeochemical cycles,

land-use/land-cover (LULC) dynamics, and biodiversity losses. This paper focuses on

an area of approximately 3,000 km2 within the State of Rondônia in western Amazon.

Two adjacent settlements of similar age, biophysical features, and assets among

colonists were compared to assess the role of their different architectural and

institutional designs in landscape change. Vale do Anari was planned following an

orthogonal road network system. Machadinho d’Oeste was designed with attention to

topography in laying out the grid of farm properties and included communal reserves

with right-of-use to local rubber tappers. Field research was undertaken in conjunction

with the use of multi-temporal remotely sensed data (1988-1998), GIS integration, and

landscape ecology methods. The results indicate that the communal reserves play an

important role in maintaining lower levels of fragmentation in Machadinho, where 66%

of forest cover remained in 1998 (after 15 years of colonization), in comparison with

just 51% in Anari. Without the reserves, forest cover in Machadinho is also 51%. Also,

pasture conversion is more significant in the fishbone scheme of Anari. Analyses of

landscape structure confirmed that Machadinho is less fragmented, more complex, and

more interspersed. The combination of privately based decisions for the properties and

community-based decisions for the reserves clearly indicates that this architectural and

institutional design can produce positive social and environmental outcomes.

ABSTRACT DEFORESTATION CONTROL IN MATO GROSSO: A NEW MODEL FOR SLOWING THE LOSS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST. Philip M. Fearnside, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), C.P. 478, CEP 69011-970 Manaus, Amazonas. e-mail [email protected]

Controlling deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon region has long been illusive despite repeated efforts of government authorities to slow the process. Now, a licensing and enforcement program in the state of Mato Grosso appears to be having a significant effect. Clearing rates of Amazonian forest and of the “transition” between forest and cerrado (central Brazilian savanna) have declined since the program began in 1999, while deforestation in the rest of Brazil’s nine-state “Legal Amazon” region has continued to increase. However, due to exhaustion of uncleared land without steep slopes or other impediments to agriculture in some parts of Mato Grosso, the clearing rate in this state was already declining since before the program began. The decline of clearing rates in forest and transition areas steepened after the program began, especially in the transition area where enforcement has been concentrated. Examination of trends at the county (município) level help separate the effects of frontier aging and repression. In new frontiers, clearing rates were increasing before the enforcement program, but decline sharply after 1999. Clearing rates decline more sharply where enforcement is concentrated. Disturbing evidence of clearing in some indigenous reserves indicates the urgency of developing mechanisms to reward environmental services as an alternative form of development. The assumption that deforestation in Amazonia is uncontrollable is at the root of Brazil’s traditional resistance to international monetary flows to reward avoided deforestation, as through the Kyoto Protocol. The recent events in Mato Grosso indicate that this assumption is flawed, and that deforestation can be controlled.


ABSTRACT WHO ARE THE AGENTS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON, AND WHY DO THEY DEFOREST? Sergio Margulis, Banco Mundial, Ed. Corporate Financial Center - Sala 603, Brasilia-DF 70712-900. e-mail: [email protected] Several institutions have been studying the causes and dynamics of deforestation in the Amazon. Since the start of this study in July 2000, the World Bank has discussed with the Amazon Coordination Secretariat of the Ministry of the Environment – SCA/MMA – the possibility of doing a joint undertaking given the interest shown by both institutions. In addition to the World Bank and SCA/MMA, the AMA Project of PPG7 (Support to Program Monitoring and Appraisal) also identified the need to undertake a study that would review the causes and dynamics of deforestation in the Amazon as part of its study and evaluation component, and decided this could be done in partnership. With the support from SCA/MMA and from IMAZON, we identified key regions and agents to undertake a rapid resource assessment (RRA). Due to time and resource constraints, the RRA was carried out during the 7-18 May 2001 period in the States of Mato Grosso and Pará. It did not allow for inferring extensively on the deforestation process in the Amazon; on the other hand, it allowed for far more than just reviewing and reorienting hypotheses and theses related to these processes, including those related to cattle ranching economics, to land use conversion processes (from forest to ranching), to the roles of loggers’ and that (secondary) of agriculture, as well as the intensification of farming and ranching, in addition to the extent of land speculation.

1

PREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON William F. Laurance1,2, Ana K. M. Albernaz2, Götz Schroth2, Philip M. Fearnside2, Scott Bergen2, Eduardo M. Venticinque2, Carlos Da Costa2 1Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panamá ([email protected]); 2Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil We assessed the effects of biophysical and anthropogenic predictors on deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia. Using a GIS, spatial data coverages were developed for deforestation and for three types of potential predictors: (1) human-demographic factors (rural-population density, urban-population size); (2) factors that affect physical accessibility to forests (linear distances to the nearest paved highway, unpaved road, and navigable river), and (3) factors that may affect land-use suitability for human occupation and agriculture (annual rainfall, dry-season severity, soil fertility, soil waterlogging, soil depth). To reduce the effects of spatial autocorrelation among variables, the basin was subdivided into >1900 quadrats of 50 X 50 km, and a random subset of 120 quadrats was selected that was stratified on deforestation intensity. An ordination analysis was then used to identify key orthogonal gradients among the ten original predictor variables.

The ordination revealed two major environmental gradients in the study area. Axis 1 discriminated among areas with relatively dense human populations and highways, and areas with sparse populations and no highways; whereas axis 2 described a gradient between wet sites having low dry-season severity, many navigable rivers, and few roads, and those with opposite values. A multiple regression analysis revealed that both factors were highly significant predictors, collectively explaining nearly 60% the total variation in deforestation intensity. Simple correlations of the original variables were highly concordant with the multiple regression model and suggested that highway density and rural-population size were the most important correlates of deforestation. These trends suggest that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is being largely determined by three proximate factors: human population density, highways, and dry-season severity, all of which increase deforestation. Our findings suggest that current policy initiatives designed to increase immigration and dramatically expand highway and infrastructure networks in the Brazilian Amazon are likely to have important impacts on deforestation activity. Deforestation will be greatest in relatively seasonal, southeasterly areas of the basin, which are most accessible to major population centers and where large-scale cattle ranching and slash-and-burn farming are most easily implemented.

CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION Ana Luisa Albernaz1, Eduardo M. Venticinque1, William F. Laurance1,2, Goetz Schroth1, Philip M. Fearnside3 1. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI, Manaus, AM 2. Smithsonian Tropical Institution, Panamá, 3. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Most models on deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon have emphasized the importance of road building in promoting deforestation over the region. A more recent model has shown that there are other factors related to deforestation, such as rural and urban population density and duration of dry season. To contribute to knowledge of the deforestation process in Brazilian Legal Amazon, we developed a causal model based on structured equations (path analysis), in order to understand direct and indirect effects of these factors, and the magnitude of their impact. We first created an a priori causal model, on which the variables road distance, annual rainfall, duration of dry season, river distance, and rural and urban populations were considered as having a direct effect on deforestation. Indirect effects tested were the influence of road distance, river distance, soil fertility, and urban populations on rural populations; and the effects of road distance and rural populations on urban populations. The magnitude of these effects was assessed using standardized coefficients of the regressions. The importance of these factors was tested at two spatial scales, using quadrats of 50 x 50 km and 20 x 20 km in the Brazilian Amazon.

Road distance had the highest impact on deforestation, followed by rural population density. The most important indirect effects were those of road distance on urban and rural populations. Most other effects had significant but weaker impacts on deforestation. Soil fertility and annual rainfall had non-significant effects. Results were similar when the model was applied to both 50 x 50 km and 20 X 20 km quadrats, indicating that our conclusion is not sensitive to the spatial scale of the analysis. These results confirm that roads have important direct and indirect impacts on deforestation, and the main indirect effect is that through rural populations.

Simulating land cover change along the 1,000-km Cuiaba-Santarem highway under scenarios of high and low governance. aSoares-Filho, B., bAlencar, A., b,cNepstad, D., aCoutinho, G., bCarmen, M., Rivero, S., cSolórzano, L., aVoll, E. An important challenge to conservation is to simulate the influence of potential policy interventions on the processes that are impoverishing native ecosystems. We present a simulation model that is responsive to policy intervention scenarios for the BR-163 corridor in central Amazonia. This corridor links the cities of Cuiabá, in center Brazil, and Santarém, on the shore of the Amazon River, crossing large tracts of undisturbed forest in Pará state. To evaluate the ecological impacts of this road paving, a simulation model was developed for a corridor of 410 km x 1080 km along the BR-163 road, divided into four frontier types. The model assesses the consequences of road paving, within two alternative scenarios: A "business as usual" and a "Governance" scenario. The model projects the trends, and analyzes the effects of a series of variables on the land use and land cover changes in light of the alternative scenarios. The "alternative scenario model" is coupled to DINAMICA - a landscape dynamics simulator--including a cellular automata and a road constructor model by the exchange of dynamic transition rates and the distribution of land use and land cover classes. The model can be thought of as a tool, designed to accommodate a large number of hypotheses on Amazonian landscape evolution, thus its overall structure can be used as a guide to develop new simulation models of key Amazon areas. Furthermore, the set of maps provided by the model points out the crucial role of governance in preserving the Amazon. aUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais bInstituto de Pesquisa Ambietal da Amazônia cWoods Hole Research Center * Corresponding author. P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543, U.S.A. [email protected] Emails: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Deforestation Patterns and Household Determinants of Land Use Choices by Rubber

Tapper in Amazonia: The Case of the Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre, Brazil

Carlos V. Gomes1, Hiromi S. Sassagawa2, I. Foster Brown2,3, and Stephen Perz4 1 Ph.D. Student. Dept. of Geography, University of Florida, email: [email protected]; 2 SETEM/Federal University of Acre, email: [email protected]; 3 Woods Hole Research Center and Federal Fluminense University, email: [email protected]; 4 Dept. of Sociology, University of Florida, email: [email protected] The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve (CMER), with nearly one million hectares, has experienced different levels of land use change as a response to local and regional economic forces and prevailing social stresses. This study provides both a reserve and a household level approach of measuring land-use changes. General patterns of deforestation are analyzed at the reserve level, and household characteristics affecting land use choices are analyzed at the household level. At the reserve level, TM-Landsat-5 data from 1986, 1992, and 1998 were utilized to quantify deforestation rates. At the household level, in-depth interviews were carried out with 66 households. Reserve level findings show that the CMER has experienced accelerating small-scale deforestation. The overall deforestation level in the CMER was 0.7% in 1986, 1.5% in 1996, and 2.9% in 1998. The deforestation process does not occur uniformly across the reserve. Eight seringais (rubber tapper estates), which represent about 12% of the reserve territory, presented the highest deforestation rates and are closer to reach the legal limit for deforestation of 10%, as determined by the Utilization Plan of the reserve. Household level findings shows that the age of the household heads and the locations of the seringais have a strong association with rubber and Brazil nut production, which suggest that older household heads tend to engage in forest activities. The availability of sons of household heads exerts a strong effect on pasture and cattle raising activities, which suggests that non-forest activities tend to be carried out by the young residents. The migrant status accentuates agricultural activities, implying that non-migrant households tend to engage in forest activities. Understanding which factors are driving these changes will hopefully contribute to the strengthening of sustainable land-use management strategies in the CMER and in other extractive communities in Amazonia




ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF LAND USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA Diógenes S. Alves, Maria Isabel S. Escada, Morris Scherer-Warren, José C. da Silveira Jr.

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)

Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos SP CEP 12201-010 BRAZIL

[email protected]

Human occupation in Brazilian Amazônia has been accompanied by persistent changes in Amazonian landscapes,

ecosystems, and in demographic and socioeconomic conditions of people settling in the newly established frontiers.

In this paper, we use 1985 and 1996 Census data to investigate how cattle ranching, annual and permanent crops

have evolved in Amazônia. Our goal is to review some of the available data and discuss some characteristics of

agriculture and cattle ranching that may have different impacts on land degradation and on sustainable land use.

Census data show important regional differences in the relative importance of cattle and crops, frequently associated

with Federal Government colonization programs but also depending on the evolution of the agrarian structure in

different regions. Pastures do constitute the prevailing land use, at the same time as the total number of heads

frequently increased faster then the total area of pasture. The relative area of crops decreased in some areas of

agrarian reform and family agriculture colonization, while pastures increased their relative importance in such

regions. At the same time, grain production and productivity have significantly increased in few areas where

connections to the nation-wide grain networks were set up. In general, the data suggest a scenario of land use

intensification in regions of more important settlement and agricultural production, where deforestation has also

been concentrated. The analysis suggests that systematic research should be carried out on the carrying capacity of

different regions and on the relationships between land use intensification, land degradation and sustainable land

use.

Riverine Agriculture of the Peruvian Amazon: Productive but Unprofitable? Douglas Whitea*, Ricardo Labartaa,b, Efraín Leguíaa, Wagner Guzmánc, Javier Sotod, Héctor Campose and Jhon Avilésd

a Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical- CIAT b Michigan State University c International Centre for Research on Agroforestry- ICRAF d Ministerio de Agricultura (Peru) eInstituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria- INIA (Peru) *corresponding author address: CIAT A.P. 558, Pucallpa, Peru email: [email protected]

Abstract In the Peruvian Amazon, many scientists and politicians recommend that agricultural activity be concentrated in the rich alluvial soils of the riverine regions. Supposedly, this development policy would enable more intensive production, thereby improving the well-being of farmers while reducing pressure upon forest cover. However, soil fertility does not guarantee the economic feasibility of an agricultural system. This paper examines the relationships between production and marketing conditions of the riverine areas. An agro-economic mathematical model takes into account available smallholder farmer labor, land, and capital resources to simulate two distinct riverine farm types, those of: 1) permanent dwellers, and 2) temporal farmers. The Ucayali River, near the fast-growing city of Pucallpa, serves as the case study site. Returns to labor, a measure that is crucial in examining smallholder agriculture, varies greatly according to crop type and its location. Research results reveal that for temporary farmers, the low mudflats enable higher returns to labor, approximately 1.5 times the standard wage for agricultural labor. Sandy beaches and riverbanks permit returns nearly equal to the standard laborer wage. For the permanent dwellers, who plant a wider variety of crops in different locations, returns to labor are about 1.2 times the standard wage. Not only are these economic returns modest, but also both types of riverine farmers are beset by fluctuating market prices and uncertain rises in river levels that can destroy entire plantings and harvests. In order ensure economic viability riverine development policies must address these shortcomings.

Introducing New Agricultural Technologies for the Amazon Frontier: Environmental-Economic Impacts or Tradeoffs? Douglas Whitea*, Ricardo Labartaa,b, Wagner Guzmánc, Efraín Leguíaa, Héctor Camposd and Javier Sotoe

a Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical- CIAT b Michigan State University c International Centre for Research on Agroforestry- ICRAF d Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria- INIA (Peru) e Ministerio de Agricultura (Peru) *corresponding author address: CIAT A.P. 558, Pucallpa, Peru email: [email protected]

Abstract The introduction of new agricultural technologies into Amazon frontier regions can affect both household economic security and rates of forest conversion to agricultural use. This paper examines both farm management decisions and market conditions of the forest margins context. Although smallholder farmers attempt to increase their involvement in market-oriented agriculture, minimal government support compels them to ensure household food and income with subsistence crop production. Three features of the smallholder swidden agriculture system (labor and land inputs, and markets) are not homogeneous and require careful consideration in order to examine the effects of introducing of new agricultural technologies. Theoretical and empirical analyses focus on: a) seasonal labor inputs (competitiveness with respect to traditional agriculture production), b) the quality of land inputs (requiring fertile recently-converted forest or fallow lands), and c) the designation of product output (for market trade or household use). The Pucallpa region in the Peruvian Amazon serves as a case study site. Results from agro-economic mathematical modeling reveal that greater earnings at the farm-level come about not only through productivity increases but also by changing the seasonal characteristics of their cultivation. Altering traditional technologies (e.g. rice, maize, cassava) that lead to seasonal labor shortages, simultaneously permits greater and more diverse harvests, and thus should become a research priority. Environmental impacts depend upon whether new agricultural technologies require more weed-free plots from recently-converted forest or can withstand less-fertile fallow land. Policy implications regarding the role of traditional technology development and dissemination are discussed.

Spatial diffusion of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon Eduardo M. Venticinque1, Ana Luisa Albernaz1, William F. Laurance1,2, Goetz Schroth1, Philip M. Fearnside3

1. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI, Manaus, AM 2. Smithsonian Tropical Institution, Panamá, 3. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Most recent models of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon concern the factors affecting this process, and are useful for understanding driving causes of deforestation and how to plan development with the lowest possible impact. Another way to look at deforestation is to understand its spatial distribution over the region, assessing the probability of deforestation based on the percentage of forest in the neighborhood. The spatial pattern of deforestation was obtained through semivariograms and correlograms including the entire Brazilian Legal Amazon. Analyses were done at two different scales, using quadrats of 50 x 50 km (total coverage, N=1932), and a random sample of 5000 quadrats of 20 x 20 km (from the approximately 12000). To assess if the effect of distance is isotropic (i.e., has the same intensity) in all directions, we applied the semivariograms to different directions: 0o, 45o, 90o and -45o . Each model was adjusted using nugget, sill, and range, and the results for these directions were compared. Correlograms were applied to obtain the magnitude of spatial dependence of the deforestation process. The semivariograms indicated that deforestation is an anysotropic phenomenon, being more pronounced in the N-S and E-W directions. All variograms were adjusted using the exponential model, and the sill was similar for all directions, but shapes of the curves revealed different patterns. Variograms in the N-S and E-W directions had the most accentuated increment in variation for the first five intervals, for both scales. Correlograms detected a strong spacial dependence, with coefficients ranging from 0.8 to 0.5 for the first five classes. At the 50-km scale, correlograms showed a continuous trend falling as a function of distance, but at the 20km scale, the falling trend stabilized around a coefficient of 0.3. Thus, results indicate strong spatial dependence in the deforestation process, and this should be considered in further analysis and models.

Forest susceptibility to fire during a one year El Niño period (1998-99); a case study Western Amazon

1,2Mendoza, E. R. H.; 1,3Nepstad, D.;2,3 Brown, I.F.; 3Solorzano, L. 1Institute of Environmental Research of Amazonia - IPAM; 2Federal University of Acre/ Zoobotanical Park UFAC/PZ; 3Woods Hole Research Center-WHRC Universidade Federal do Acre-PZ, BR-364 Km 4 Campus Universitário CEP:69900-000 Rio Branco – Acre, Brasil; e-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

Historically, forest fires in pre-Colombian Amazonia occurred at intervals of 400 to 700

years, and were apparently associated with severe droughts. Forest fires are becoming

more common today through the interacting influences of drought, forest thinning

through logging, and fires that escape from pasture and agricultural plots. The objective

of this study was to determine the contribution of several meteorological, fuel, and forest

structural variables to the flammability of a primary forest in southeastern Amazonia

(Catuaba Experimental Ranch, Acre State). Two hundred experimental fires were

conducted along 2000 m of transect, accompanied by measurements of air temperature

and humidity, litter height, litter moisture content, leaf area index, canopy openness, and

plant-available soil water. Fires were ignited in both a tall, open forest (floresta aberta)

and bamboo-dominated forest (floresta de bambu). The area burned by experimental fires

(between 1 and 4 minutes following ignition) was correlated most closely with relative

soil humidity, potential available water, and LAI (r2= 0.54). Models created from the

field data showed that the probability of fires igniting reached a threshold at relative air

humidity <70%, fine fuel moisture (litter humidity) <35% and litter height >7cm.

Surprisingly, the area burned, and the ignition success of experimental fires showed no

difference between bamboo forest and high, open forest, even though leaf area index was

a unit lower in the bamboo forest. These fire prediction models help in the definition of

prevention and control strategies for governmental organizations and farmers, working

towards the future prevention of large-scale forest fires in the region.

Land Use Patterns in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparative Farm-

Level Evidence from Rondonia

John O. Browder, Marcos A. Pedlowski, Percy M. Summers

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Since the 1970s the Brazilian Amazon has received nearly one million migrant

farm households from other regions of the country, many of whom were attracted to

government sponsored frontier settlement programs that offered free tropical forest land.

As a result, pressures on tropical forests have intensified along several settlement

corridors throughout the region. Despite their importance as agents of landscape change,

surprisingly little is known about the land use practices of these farmers. This paper

briefly reviews the research literature on smallholder land use patterns in Amazonia. The

recent history of one important agricultural land settlement program in the western

Brazilian Amazon state of Rondônia, is described. Based on 240 household surveys

conducted in three separate settlement locations in the state, this paper highlights key

differences in land use patterns among the rural population. Typologies of farming

systems are presented based on cluster analysis of land use data and ANOVA tests. The

findings indicate considerable complexity and heterogeneity in smallholder farming

systems. Spatial variations in farming system types may be due to geographic differences

in soil regimes, the social histories of specific communities, and site-specific exogenous

variables.

Committed carbon emissions from deforestation in three municipalities of Acre State, Brazil: a first approximation for public policy decision-making. Jose Augusto Rocha1, I. Foster Brown2, Marcos Silveira3, Hiromi Sassagawa4, and Diogo Selhorst5. [email protected]. 1 CNPq/LBA Fellow, Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC 2 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA, and Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, RJ Brazil 3 Department of Natural Sciences and Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre 4 Ministry of Agriculture, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil 5 Bioma Foundation and Federal University of Acre Carbon emissions produced from deforestation provide an easily quantified link to global processes and to economic incentives based on avoided carbon emissions. In Brazilian Amazonia, a municipality-based approach has the potential to more effectively monitor deforestation, analyze socio-economic drivers of deforestation, and implement appropriate public policies. Three municipalities in eastern Acre State provide a range of percent area deforested in 1999: Assis Brasil (6%), Brasileia (25%), and Epitaciolândia (46%). We classified Landsat TM imagery that provided the following estimates of deforested area for 1986 and 1999, respectively: Assis Brasil (6,300, 17,400 ha), Brasileia (64,000, 110,000 ha), and Epitaciolândia (42,900, 75,900 ha). Sassagawa and Brown (2000) found differences on the order of 20% between official estimates of deforested areas in Acre. Using this value as an explicit estimate of uncertainty, the mean rate of deforestation for this period and the relative uncertainty are: Assis Brasil (850 ha/yr ± 43%), Brasileia (3,600 ha/yr ± 75%), and Epitaciolândia (2,500 ha/yr ± 70%). As a first approximation, the committed carbon emissions (CEEs) are the rate of deforestation multiplied by the carbon content of forests, 130 Mg C/ha (range: 90 to 200 Mg C/ha). Regrowth and carbon content of subsequent vegetation are not taken into account. Resulting CEEs (with range in Mg C/yr) are: Assis Brasil – 110,000 Mg C/yr (39,000 to 240,000), Brasileia – 480,000 Mg C/yr (70,000 to1,150,000), and Epitaciolandia 340,000 Mg C/yr (62,000 to 880,000). To make these numbers more relevant for public policy, these figures were divided by the latest municipal population estimates to produce per capita emission estimates: Assis Brasil - 32 Mg C/yr/person (11 to 69), Brasileia - 28 Mg C/yr/person (4 to 73), and Epitaciolandia - 30 Mg C/yr/person (5 to 80). All these values, even the lowest bounds, are several times higher than the global average of 1 Mg C/yr/person. As such, they serve as an indicator of how far carbon emissions will need to be reduced to attain sustainable development in southwestern Amazonia.


Structure of Microbial Communities in Native Areas and in a Pasture in Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) of Central Brazil Viana, L.T.1; Molina, M. 2; Pinto, A.S. 3; Bustamante, M.C. 4; Kisselle, W.K.5 ; Zepp, R.G. 6 1,3,4 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 2,5,6 US Environmental Protection Agency, Georgia, USA 1SQN412 Bl.N Apt. 305 CEP: 70867-140 Brasília-DF (mailing adress) 1 [email protected]; 2 [email protected]; 3 [email protected]; 4 [email protected]; 5 [email protected]; 6 [email protected]

The Brazilian savannas (Cerrado) covers an area of 2 million Km2 and represents the second major biome in Brazil. It presents a dry season from April to September and a rainy season from October to March and different vegetation covers that varies in woody species density. The region has suffered drastic changes in land use with conversion of native areas to agriculture and burning practices are common during the dry season. The microorganisms have an important role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning and the effects of land-use changes on microbial community structure and function are not well understood. As part of an effort to understand the effect of vegetation changes and fire regimes on the nutrient dynamics and trace gas emissions, the structure and dynamic of soil microbial communities were studied using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Soil samples (0-5 cm) were collected from June/00 to June/01 in two native vegetation types (cerrado sensu stricto e campo sujo) subjected to different fire regimes (2 plots protected from fire since 1992 and 2 plots submitted to prescribed fires) and in a 20 year-old active pasture (Brachiaria brizantha). Principal component analysis (PCA) separated microbial communities by vegetation type (native vs. pasture) and seasonality (wet vs. dry), explaining 45,8% and 25,6%, respectively, of the total PLFA variability. Differences between burned and unburned sites were observed although it was less significant than vegetation cover and seasonality effects. Gram-negative bacteria (16:1ω7c, 16:1ω5, 18:1ω7c) were in higher concentrations in the pasture than in native areas, which showed more abundance of lipids from eukaryotic microorganisms and Gram-positive bacteria. Most of the variability, during the dry season, were explained by 16:0 (general prokaryotic lipid) and cy19:0 (Gram-negative lipid) and, during the wet season, by Gram-positive bacteria lipids (i16:0, br18:0, 15:0). Total PLFA varied from 7,1 to 41,0 µg/g dry weight of soil with higher values observed during the wet season.

Changes in land use in the city of Manaus and adjacent areas of the Br 174 highway Moreira, M. P., Venticinque, E.M., Albernaz, A.L. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia / INPA Endereço: PDBFF/Inpa Av. André Araújo, 1753 – Aleixo – Manaus/AM Caixa postal 478 - CEP:69011-970 e-mail: [email protected] Historically, changes in land use patterns in Brazilian Legal Amazon have been stimulated by Government interventions through public policies such as road building, colonization projects and economic subsidies to industrial activities. In Central Amazon, mainly in areas around Manaus, the occupation process was initiated with the rubber exploitation cycle, and was later accelerated by the creation of the Free Commercial zone and implementation of the industrial district, accompanied by an agricultural program. These incentives have generated a intense demographic flux to this region. The present study aims to evaluate the dynamics of the deforestation and land use changes in the area around Manaus and along the nearby part of the BR-174, by using Landsat TM5 images from 1986, 1992 and 1997. The study area included 6825 Km2, in a rectangular shape of 105 x 65 km. Mapping of land use and natural vegetation cover was made using supervised classification by maximum likelihood classifier in the IDRISI 32 software. After classifying, the area of each class was calculated for each of the following: mature forest; second growth, and urban/deforested areas, and “other” (e.g. water, open natural vegetation areas) for the three images. Forested areas have been reduced 3.3% in 1992 and 1.8% in 1997. Second growth areas increased from 1986 to 1992 (7%), and was slightly reduced in 1997 (less than 1%). Urban areas increased 66% from 1986 to 1992, and 9% from 1992 to 1997. These results make it clear the strong impacts of economic subsidies to the region during the 1980s, and a diminution in the rhythm of deforestation and urbanization from 1992 to 1997. Despite the development model based on these subsidies be considered one of the reasons of low forest losses in the State of Amazonas, our results show that at a more local scale, around Manaus, they have had a drastic impact, mainly through promoting the urbanization process.

Priority Areas for Establishing National Forests in the

Brazilian Amazon

Mark A. Cochrane1,2, Adalberto Veríssimo1, Carlos Souza Jr.1 and Rodney Salomão1 1Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia (IMAZON), 2Michigan State University, Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative (MSU/BSRSI) Brazil will benefit if it gains control of its vast Amazonian timber resources. Without immediate planning, the fate of much of the Amazon will be decided by predatory and largely unregulated timber interests. Logging in the Amazon is a transient process of natural resource mining (Uhl et al. 1997). Older logging frontiers are being exhausted of timber resources and will face severe wood shortages within 5 years (Veríssimo and Amaral 1998). The Brazilian Government can avoid continued repetition of this process in frontier areas by establishing a network of National and State Forests (Flonas – Florestas Nacionais) to stabilize the timber industry and simultaneously protect large tracts of forest. Flonas currently comprise less than 2% of the Brazilian Amazon (83,000 km2). If all of these forests were used for sustainable logging, they would provide less than 10% of the demand for Amazonian timber. To sustainably supply the present and near-future demand for timber, approximately 700,000 km2 of the Amazon forest needs to be brought into well managed production. Brazil’s National Forest Program, launched in 2000, is designed to create at least 400,000 km2 of new Flonas. Objective decision tools are needed to site these new national forests. We report here a method for optimally locating the needed Flonas that incorporates information on existing protected areas, current vegetation cover, areas of human occupation, and timber stocks. The method combines these information in a spatial database that allows for modeling of the economic potential of the region’s various forests as a function of their accessibility and timber values while constraining model solutions for existing areas of protection or human occupation. Our results indicate that 1.15 million km2 of forests (23% of the Brazilian Amazon) could be established as Flonas in a manner that will promote sustainable forest management while acting as buffer zones for fully protected areas (Parks and Reserves).

Título: Land Occupation and Use in the Ji-Paraná River Basin (Rondônia, Brazil). Social-Economics-Agricultural Survey

Autores: Renata Marconato; Reynaldo L. Victoria; Maria Victoria R. Ballester; Dalcio Caron

Afiliação Institucional: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura

Laboratório de Geoprecessamento

Endereço: Divisão de Funcionamento de Ecossistemas Tropicais Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura / USP Caixa Postal 96 13400-970 Piracicaba – SP [email protected]

The present project consists in generating a georeferenced database with

agricultural, social and economical information for the Ji-Parana river basin (RO). This area is severely affected by deforestation due to agriculture occupation which burns the native vegetation to substitute the native vegetation for pasture. This activity is collides with the results proposed by the Rondônia Land Aptitude Map, damaging the environment without reducing the social-economics differences in the region. A Geographic Information System will be used to make the spatial analysis of the data obtained from the federal government official agencies (IBGE and IBMA), thus creating a digital georeferenced database with information regarding economics, social aspects, land use and deforestation. This will allow to relate the data and study the results of it’s interdependence with human, environmental and economical factors. As a result, a zoning map of the region will be created based on similar characteristics that could be used to guide a more sensible region development, contemplating the natural and human resources that it provides. Preliminary results indicate that the growing cattle ranging in the basin have little or no mechanization and soil conservation practices thus resulting in a low productivity, typical of an extensive cattle raising practice, requiring large areas, promoting pasture growth and deforestation.

Trace gas evolution with landuse gradients PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Diana Garcia-Montiel MBL Oral Effect of labile carbon additions on

N2O emissions from forest soils in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon

Laurens Ganzeveld Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry

Oral Impact of land cover and land use changes on surface trace gas exchanges.

Robert Yokelson University of Montana

Oral The Emissions From Savanna Fires, Domestic Biofuel Use, and Residual Smoldering Combustion, and the Effects of Aging and Cloud-Processing on Smoke During SAFARI 2000

Caio Cesar Passianoto CENA-USP Poster Soil trace gas emissions influenced by pasture reformation systems in Rondônia, Brazil

Christopher Neill Marine Biological Laboratory

Poster Control of N2O and N2 Emissions from Amazonian Pastures Under Intensified Use: Availability of Nitrogen, Carbon and the Effects of Soil Tillage

Francoise Ishida IPAM - Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia

Poster Emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NO in a chronosequence of secondary forests in eastern Amazonia

Jadson Dias Universidade Federal do Para - Campus de Santarem

Poster Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Measured Over Two Years on Sand and Clay Soils in Undisturbed Forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil

Keith Kisselle US EPA Poster NOx and CO emissions from soil and surface litter in a Brazilian savanna

Luciana Gatti IPEN - Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares

Poster What we learned about trace gases in the Amazon Basin

Patrick Crill University of New Hampshire

Poster Methane dynamics in undisturbed forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil

Paul Steudler MBL Poster ANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOIL CO2 EMISSIONS FROM BRAZILIAN FORESTS AND PASTURES

Effect of labile carbon additions on N2O emissions from forest soils in

the southwestern Brazilian Amazon

D.C. Garcia-Montiel1, J.M. Melillo1, P.A. Steudler1, C. Neill1, C.C. Cerri2, B. Feigl2

and M. Piccolo2

1The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 2Centro de Energia nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário 303, CEP 13416000, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

The availability of labile organic carbon for microbial metabolic processes could

be an important factor regulating N2O emissions from tropical soils. We

investigated how an increase in labile C affects N2O and CO2 emissions from

forest soils in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon State of Rondônia.

Experimental manipulations included the addition of NO3- or glucose to field plots

in the forest and of NH4+, NO3

- and/or glucose to laboratory incubations of soils.

The addition of labile carbon dramatically increased the emissions N2O and CO2

from the forest soils. These results indicate a strong C limitation of forest N2O

production. In this study and related field observations, we have observed a

positive linear correlation between the emissions of N2O and CO2 from forest

soils in Rondônia. We have used this relationship together with our process-

based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to predict

N2O emissions for the Amazon Basin. For the period 1980-1995, we estimate

annual basin-wide N2O-N emissions of between 0.74 and 0.83 Tg.








Impact of land cover and land use changes on surface trace gas exchanges.

Laurens Ganzeveld Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry

Joh.-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany E-mail: [email protected]

Surface trace gases exchanges are controlled to a large extent by land cover and land use. Dry deposition as well as biogenic emissions depend on turbulent exchange and the biogeo-physical and -chemical properties of the surface. Moreover, interactions between dry deposition and biogenic emissions within the vegetation canopy depend on land cover properties through modification of the turbulent exchange and (photo)-chemical transformations within the canopy. Hence it is expected that changes in land cover and land use, e.g., deforestation, will alter surface trace gas exchanges and consequently atmospheric chemistry.

The complexity of surface trace gas exchange processes requires the use of explicit, mechanistic models to assess potential impacts of land cover and land use changes. The chemistry-GCM ECHAM contains such an explicit representation of dry deposition, biogenic emissions, canopy interactions and meteorology. To indicate the complexity of the impact of land cover and land use changes on surface trace gas exchanges, through changes in the Planetary Boundary Layer- and micrometeorology, we will present some results of a deforestation scenario for the Amazon region, using a Single Column Model version of ECHAM.

The Emissions From Savanna Fires, Domestic Biofuel Use, and Residual Smoldering Combustion, and the Effects of Aging and Cloud-Processing on Smoke During SAFARI 2000 R.J. Yokelson, I.T. Bertschi, and T.J. Christian. Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812 USA [email protected] P.V. Hobbs University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle WA D.E. Ward and W.M. Hao U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT Abstract. We carried out 2 campaigns in southern African during 2000. An airborne FTIR (AFTIR) measured the trace gases emitted by savanna fires and characterized regional haze. A ground-based open-path FTIR measured trace gases emitted from the production and use of biofuels and smoldering combustion in wooded savannas. FTIR quantifies the stable and reactive trace gases present above several ppb. We measured vertical profiles above instrumented ground sites and below TERRA/ER2. The main species emitted by savanna fires were (in order of abundance) H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, NO2, NO, C2H4, CH3COOH, HCHO, CH3OH, HCN, NH3, HCOOH, and C2H2. These are the first quantitative measurements of 6 of the 15 major compounds emitted by these fires (which also featured extensive fuel characterization). The oxygenated organic compounds (OVOC) dominate the initial emissions and have large effects on tropospheric chemistry. The emission factor (EF) for HCN, a tracer for savanna fires, was ~ 20 times the value measured for Australian savanna fires. ∆O3/∆CO and ∆CH3COOH/∆CO increased to 9% in < 1 hr downwind from fires making them larger than ∆CH4/∆CO. Cloud processing of smoke removed CH3OH, NH3, acetic acid, SO2, and NO2, but increased HCHO and NO. Intense multiphase chemistry likely occurs in smoke-impacted clouds. Domestic biomass fuels (biofuels) are the second largest type of global biomass burning. We made the first, tropical, in-situ measurements of a broad suite of trace gases emitted by domestic wood and charcoal fires and a charcoal kiln. The 18 major trace gases were quantified including: CO2, CO, NOx, CH4, NMHC, OVOC, and NH3. OVOC accounted for 70-80% of the organic emissions. In Zambia, biofuels contribute larger annual emissions of CH4, CH3OH, C2H2, acetic acid, HCHO, and NH3 than savanna fires by factors of 5.1, 3.9, 2.7, 2.4, 2.2, and 2.0, respectively. Residual smoldering combustion (RSC) is biomass combustion that produces emissions that are not lofted by strong fire-induced convection. RSC is a globally significant trace gas source. We measured the first EF for RSC in our laboratory and a wooded savanna in Zambia. The major trace gases include CO2, CO, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, C3H6, HCHO, CH3OH, acetic acid, formic acid, glycolaldehyde, phenol, furan, NH3, and HCN. The wooded savanna fire EFCH4 increased by a factor of 2.5 when the 10% of fuel consumption by RSC was factored in. More measurements of fuel consumption and EF for RSC would improve estimates of biomass burning emissions.

Soil trace gas emissions influenced by pasture reformation systems in Rondônia,

Brazil

Caio Cesar Passianoto(1), Toby Ahrens(2), Brigitte Josefine Feigl(1), Paul Steudler(2)

(1) Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, CENA / USP, Caixa Postal 96, CEP

13400-970, Piracicaba-SP [email protected]

(2) The Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

02543, U.S.A.

Conversion of forest to pasture has been a major activity in the state of Rondônia, Brazil

since the 1970s. After decades of use, pasture productivity has declined. A number of

management options exist to reform these lands including conventional tillage,

fertilization, herbicide application, intermediate crop rotation, and planting of legumes.

What are the consequences of these reformation practices for trace gas emissions? A

subset of these reformation practices has been studied in a large-scale field experiment

(>3 ha) in an area of degraded pasture at Fazenda Nova Vida, Rondônia. The experiment

involved five treatments: 1) control; 2) tilled; 3) herbicide; intermediate planting of no-till

4) rice and 5) soybean. Here we report soil emissions of CO2, N2O, and NO from the first

three months of control, conventional till, and no-till rice treatments. The tilled, herbicide,

and rice treatments received 40, 40, and 12 kg N ha-1, respectively. Tillage increased in

CO2 emissions by 35% over first 40 days, while herbicide application in the no-till

treatment decreased CO2 emissions by 20% over the first 30 days. Following

establishment of the pasture grasses in the tillage and rice treatment, CO2 emissions were

similar to control plots. Tillage increased N2O emissions 17-fold, but highest emission

rates (357 ug m-2 hr-1) were measured after fertilizer application. A similar response was

measured after fertilizer application in the rice treatment. Tillage and fertilizer application

resulted in increased NO emissions. Field measurements will continue to better

understand the longer term legacy of different reformation practices on soil gas emission

rates.

Control of N2O and N2 Emissions from Amazonian Pastures Under Intensified Use:

Availability of Nitrogen, Carbon and the Effects of Soil Tillage

Christopher Neill1, Paul A. Steudler1, and Marisa C. Piccolo2

1. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA [email protected]

2. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário, 303, Caixa Postal 96,

CEP 13416000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Growing intensification of existing pastures in the Amazon has the potential to

increase emissions of nitrogen gases from soil. We tested the effects of soil moisture and nitrogen and carbon availability on the production of N2O and the distribution of N2O and N2 production in laboratory incubations. We also compared non-tilled and recently-tilled pasture soils to determine how tillage alters nitrogen and carbon availability as controls of gaseous N production. Non-tilled soils at low soil moisture and soils brought to saturation with deionized water or deionized water plus carbon produced little N2O. In contrast, non-tilled soil amended with both deionized water and nitrate produced high amounts of both N2O and N2 from denitrification at soil water filled pore space above 80%. Ammonia additions to saturated soil stimulated N2O production after a short lag, indicating that nitrate to support denitrification was quickly produced by nitrification. These results indicated that the combination of absence of anaerobic conditions and nitrate strongly limited N2O production from non-tilled pasture soils, but that the presence of available carbon did not. Tilling led to higher N2O production and this effect was caused by both higher N and higher C availability in tilled soils. Currently, the soils of non-tilled, unfertilized Amazonian pastures produce relatively low amounts of N2O. These soils appear poised to produce large amounts of N2O under tillage coupled with fertilization if the elevated concentrations of N from fertilizer application are present during periods when soil moisture exceeds 70 to 80% water filled pore space.

Emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NO in a chronosequence of secondary forests in eastern Amazonia FrançoiseYoko Ishida1, Renata Tuma Sabá2, Eric A. Davidson3, Cláudio J. Reis de Carvalho4, Ricardo de O. Figueiredo1, Maria Tereza Primo dos Santos1, Karina de Fátima Rodrigues Pantoja2, and Georgia Silva Freire2 1Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia 2Bolsista DTI, CNPQ/LBA 3The Woods Hole Research Center 4EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental Address of corresponding author: FrançoiseYoko Ishida Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia Av. Nazaré, n. 669 Belém-PA 66035-170 Brasil Telephone: (91) 277-2515; (91) 241-5495 (FAX) Email: [email protected] Most studies of the effects of land use change on soil emissions of trace gases have focussed on forest-to-pasture or forest-to-cropland conversions. Here we examine soil fluxes from secondary forests regrowing after abandonment of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture. A chronosequence of secondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, and 70 years) was identified on highly weathered, acid, nutrient-poor soils in eastern Pará. An abandoned, intensively cultivated pepper field and a remnant mature forest were also studied. Three chamber flux measurements were made in each of 4 plots for each age class, 3 times in the wet season and 3 times in the dry season. As expected, CO2 and N2O emissions were highest during the wet season and soil consumption of atmospheric CH4 was highest during the dry season. Consistent with other studies of deforested land, the abandoned pepper field had lower emissions of CO2 and N2O than the mature forest and was a net source of CH4. Low fluxes were also observed in secondary forests, but wet season emissions of CO2, N2O, and NO and uptake of CH4 increased with increasing forest age. Litter layer N concentration also increased with forest age, indicating that N gradually becomes less limiting during forest succession, thus permitting somewhat larger N gas losses in older forests. After 70 years of secondary succession, however, N2O emissions were still only half those of the mature forest. These results show that deforestation has long-lasting effects on trace gas emissions and that recovery of N cycling processes may require many decades or centuries.

Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Measured Over Two Years on Sand and Clay Soils in Undisturbed Forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil

Jadson Dias1, Eraclito Sousa1, Hudson Silva2, Michael Keller2, Patrick M. Crill2; Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior3.

1 Fundação Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil, 2 University of New Hampshire 3 EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, Brazil Email addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are important greenhouse gases. Tropical forest soils account for the largest natural source of N2O. Most upland tropical forest soils studied so far consume CH4. We measured soil-atmosphere flux of N2O and CH4 using static chambers during 30 minute long emplacements. Four samples were removed at equal time intervals in nylon syringes and transported to our laboratory in Santarem for analysis within about 24 hours of collection. We analyzed N2O and CH4 using gas electron capture and flame ionization gas chromatography. To determine concentrations, integrated sample peak areas were compared to peak areas for commercially prepared standards that had been calibrated against the LBA-ECO standards. We calculated fluxes by linear regression of 3-4 concentration-time pairs. Our sampling points were randomly selected at intervals of 2-4 weeks at mature undisturbed forest sites near the km 83 IBAMA base in the Tapajos National Forest (FLONA Tapajos). Approximately 8 chamber measurements were made during each sampling period on both sandy Ultisols and clayey Oxisols. Soil and air temperature and soil moisture were measured at the same time as gas fluxes. N2O emissions from clay greatly exceeded the emissions from sand. During 2 years of measurement, N2O emissions from clay soils averaged 7 ng-N cm-2 h-1 while emissions from sand soils averaged only 2 ng-N cm-2 h-1. Sand soils generally consumed more CH4 than clay soils -1 mg-CH4 m-2 d-1 vs.0 mg-CH4 m-2 d-1). Seasonal variation of both N2O and CH4 fluxes appeared to be controlled primarily by soil moisture. For N2O, wet season (January-June) emissions greatly exceeded dry season (July – December) emissions. In the case of CH4, fluxes were near zero or positive during the wet season but notably negative (indicating consumption of methane in the soil) during the dry season.







NOx and CO emissions from soil and surface litter in a Brazilian savanna

KEITH KISSELLE1, RICHARD ZEPP1, ROGER BURKE1, ALEXANDRE PINTO2, MERCEDES BUSTAMANTE2.

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 960 COLLEGE STATION ROAD, ATHENS, GEORGIA 30605 USA1

DEPTO. DE ECOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA, CEP 70919-970, BRASILÍA, DF, BRASIL 2

e-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT- Land clearing and burning in the tropics often results in increased solar irradiation of soil and surface organic matter. This increased light exposure and surface heating may impact the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO), trace gases that play an important role in tropospheric chemistry. Our objective in this study was to quantify the effect of light on these trace gas emissions at sites located in the Cerrado (savanna) in central Brazil. Two native vegetation types (cerrado sensu stricto and campo sujo) with or without recent burning, and a pasture site were studied. Gas measurements were made in the field using either clear, or covered (opaque), Pyrex chambers sealed on the soil surface. Laboratory studies of surface litter allowed CO emission measurements of leaf litter from several species while controlling the light wavelength and intensity and the temperature. Field NOx flux measurements using clear chambers were higher than when using opaque chambers (approximately 4-7 times higher in burned sites; 2 times higher in the unburned native grassland and pasture). Immediately after burning, CO emissions from soils and charred surface organic matter increased in the cerrado, where 30 days after the fire, daytime CO emissions were over 10-fold higher than those from the unburned cerrado (812.8 x 109 molecules cm-2 s-1 vs. 76.8 x 109 molecules cm-2 s-1). The increase in CO production occurred both in light and dark chambers, suggesting that the fire created thermally-reactive precursors.

KEYWORDS- Trace gases, Ultraviolet Radiation


What we learned about trace gases in the Amazon Basin

Gatti, Luciana V., Cordova, A. M.; Yamazaki, A., Trostdorf, C.R., Pretto, A. IPEN – Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Travessa R, 400, CEP 05508-900,

Sao Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected] Artaxo, P., Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected]

Silva Dias, M. A. F, Departamento de Ciencias Atmosféricas, IAG-USP, SP, Brazil.

Several intensive sampling campaigns were performed in 1999, 2000 and 2001, in different regions such as Rondonia, Manaus and Santarém as part of the LBA experiment.. The wet season experiments extended from February to May and the dry season experiments measured atmospheric composition associated with biomass burning emissions. The O3 concentrations were measured in parallel with CO, NOx, VOC, aerosol mass, organic carbon, light scattering and absorption. Several meteorological parameters such as solar radiation, PAR, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were also monitored.

After measurements in six different campaigns, five during the wet season and one in the dry season, it is possible to observe that the site that suffers smaller human activities impacts is the Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Para and Balbina, AM (150 km north of Manaus). The first characteristic signal of natural conditions is the small difference between day and night concentrations for ozone. It was also observed at the Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, very frequent nocturnal peaks of high ozone concentration, that has as origin the medium troposphere.

In the wet season in Amazonia, the ozone concentration in the nighttime averages 3 ppb and at the peak of the radiation during daytime, it averages 15 ppb. In the dry season, the ozone average concentration in the nighttime was 12 ppb and in the daytime (14:00 - 15:00 LT), the average concentration was a very high 50 ppb. Similarly to O3, the NOx concentrations differ significantly between wet and dry seasons, due to biomass burning emissions. The average concentration for the wet season for NO was 0.23 ppb and NO2 was 0.69 ppb, while for the dry season NO averaged at 0.04 ppb and NO2 at 2.73 ppb. Typical levels of CO in the Amazon basin in the wet season were 150 ppb, with maximum values of around 500 ppb. In the dry season, peaks of 2,000 ppb in the daytime and 8,000 ppb at the nighttime were observed, associated with high black carbon and aerosol loadings. The biomass burning signal is very strong in Rondônia and moderate in Santarem. (Research project financed by FAPESP, CNPq and NASA).



Methane dynamics in undisturbed forest at the FLONA Tapajos, Brazil Patrick M. Crill1, Michael Keller1,2, Hudson Silva1, Jadson Dias3, Peter Czepiel1, Andy Mosedale1, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior4

1University of New Hampshire, Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, Durham, N.H., USA 03824-3525; (603)862-0297; Fax (603) 862-0188 2USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 3 Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil 4 EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, Brazil E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Our conventional understanding of methane (CH4) exchange between the atmosphere and upland forest soils leads us to expect that these well drained soils will consume atmospheric CH4. However our measurements using automated gas chromatographs and automated chambers in the undisturbed site at km67 in the FLONA Tapajos in Para indicate that this may not be the case. Profile measurements show CH4 regularly accumulates in the subcanopy atmosphere at night. This accumulation is on the order of 200-500 ppbv between daily minima and maxima at 4 levels between 0.2 and 10 m during a period in the late wet season (days 78-150 of 2001). Later in the season after day 175 very high mixing ratios of CH4 (>5 ppmv) were often observed and diel accumulation still occurred. Our initial analysis based on similarity with CO2 dynamics indicated that the source strength of CH4 had to be on the order of 5 mg CH4 m-2d-1. Direct emissions of CH4 were observed over a period from day 150 to day 201, 2001 in all 18 dark automated chambers that are operational. Average fluxes for individual chambers during this period ranged from 0.8 to 6.9 mg CH4 m-2d-1. This is in rough agreement with our previous analysis. Even though these measurements are confined to clayey Oxisols, they represent a hitherto unrecognized but significant source of CH4 to the atmosphere.








ANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOIL CO2 EMISSIONS FROM BRAZILIAN FORESTS AND PASTURES

Paul A. Steudler*1, Brigitte J. Feigl2, Diana C. Garcia-Montiel1, Jerry M. Melillo1, Christopher Neill1, Marisa C. Piccolo2 & Carlos C. Cerri2

1 The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, U.S.A. 2 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, CENA/USP, CP 96, 13416-000 Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) effluxes and soil physical and chemical properties were

measured intensively over a 19-month period in two sequences that consisted of forest

and pastures ranging in age from four to 41 years old in Rondônia in the southwestern

region of the Amazon Basin. Furthermore, we created a new pasture directly from forest

and measured the emission of CO2 and other properties over 27 months. Maximum soil

respiration rates were measured during the wet season in both forests and pastures. Plant

phenology, such as the timing of maximum root biomass and the asynchrony of above-

and below-ground litter inputs and subsequent decomposition, may play an important role

in determining the seasonally of the observed respiration rates. Average annual CO2

release from the forests was 1,347 g C/m2. Annual releases from the pastures ranged

from 1,090 to 2,365 g C/m2 and increased with pasture age for the first six years after

establishment, but then remained nearly constant at about 1,750 g C/m2 for the next two

decades. Soil moisture was a strong predictor of seasonal CO2 emissions from all sites








but soil temperature was not. Absence of a relationship between soil respiration and soil

temperature in moist tropical forests and over the annual temperature cycle in pastures,

has important implications for global carbon cycle analyses. Soil respiration rates in

some of these analyses are described as a function of either air or soil temperature. Our

study suggests that this characterization is not valid in moist tropical forests and pastures.

Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia- from canopy process to the large scale PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLE Alex Guenther NCAR Oral Influence of Amazônia Land-use Change On

Reactive Carbon Fluxes and the Chemical Composition of the Troposphere

James Greenberg National Center for Atmospheric Research

Oral Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from disturbed and undisturbed Amazonian landscapes

Paolo Stefani Universita della Tuscia Oral ISOPRENOID FLUXES AND PHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBON MESURED OVER THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST NEAR MANAUS DURING DRY SEASON 2001

Peter Harley NCAR Oral Variations in Isoprene Emission Capacity among Neotropical Forest Sites

Uwe Kuhn Max Planck Institute for Chemistry

Oral Concentration profiles of volatile organic compounds over Amazonia: Aircraft measurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001

Abel Silva Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

Poster COMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS IN THE UV-B BAND IN BIOMASS BURNING AND SEASHORE REGIONS IN BRAZIL

Ana Maria Cordova IPEN/University of Sao Paulo

Poster Ozone continuous measurements in the Amazon

Cláudia Boian Aires INPE Poster An experiment to estimate CO concentrations from biomass burning and comparison with aircraft measurements

Francis Wagner Silva Correia

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - LMO

Poster The meteorological conditions during the LBA CLAIRE - 2001 Mission

Luciana Gatti IPEN - Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares

Poster Continuous Measurements of Fluxes of Biogenic VOCs in the Amazon Basin

Stefanie Rottenberger Max Planck Institute for Chemistry

Poster THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ON THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGENATED VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BETWEEN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN TREE SPECIES AND THE ATMOSPHERE

Steven Wofsy Harvard University Poster Variations in carbon monoxide concentrations at a Central Amazonian site.

Influence of Amazônia Land-use Change On Reactive Carbon Fluxes and the Chemical Composition of the Troposphere

Alex Guenther1, Paulo Artaxo2, Luciana Gatti3, Jim Greenberg1, Peter Harley1, Elisabeth Holland1, James Sulzman1, Xuexi Tie1, Oscar Vega3, Christine Wiedinmyer1

1Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder CO, USA, [email protected]

2 Instituto de Fisica, U. São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

3 IPEN, Divisao de Quimica Ambiental, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

Land-use and landcover change are expected to perturb the exchange of gases and aerosols between Amazônian landscapes and the atmosphere. The biosphere-atmosphere exchange of reactive carbon compounds, RCCs (e.g., isoprene, acetone, a-pinene, CO, carbonaceous aerosols) is particularly important because of their role in the processes controlling oxidant, CO, aerosol, and organic acid evolution, as well as their contribution to global carbon cycles and budgets. Regional air quality policy decisions, which have large environmental and socio-economic impacts, also rely on accurate RCC emission and deposition estimates. The LBA research program has greatly expanded the Amazônian database of leaf-scale (enclosure measurements), canopy-scale (eddy flux measurements), and regional-scale (vertical profiling measurements) biogenic VOC observations. We have integrated the LBA flux measurements into an emission modelling scheme that has a 1km resolution and accounts for Amazonian vegetation distributions and land-use. The emissions predicted by this model were input to both a global 3-D model (MOZART) with moderately detailed chemistry and a box model with very detailed chemistry (NCAR Master Mechanism) and used to investigate the impact of land-use change on the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Land-use change induced perturbations in both emission and deposition of RCC were considered in these model simulations. LBA observations of volatile organic compound and aerosol fluxes (from above canopy towers) and boundary layer concentrations (from tethered balloon and aircraft sampling platforms) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. Scenarios considered include conversion of forest to 1) pasture, 2) small family farms, and 3) large commercial plantations. The implications of other Amazonian emissions (e.g. biomass burning, the Manaus plume) were also considered. The model simulations indicate that Amazônia land-use change will significantly perturb regional atmospheric chemistry including oxidants, reactive nitrogen and carbon trace gases and aerosols. This presentation will describe the advances in biogenic emission and deposition modelling procedures and the predicted impacts on atmospheric trace gas and aerosol distributions. The implications for regional air quality and climate will also be discussed.



Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from disturbed and undisturbed Amazonian landscapes J.P. Greenberg ([email protected]), A. Guenther, P. Harley National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado, USA 80307 J. Tota, G. Fisch IAE/CTA, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil L. Gatti, O. Vega IPEN-MQA, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The atmospheric concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions (isoprene, monoterpenes, plant-wound emissions, and others) were studied in Amazonian landscapes using a tethered balloon air-sampling platform. Atmospheric soundings from approximately 100 to 1200 meters were made throughout the daylight hours (6 am to 6 pm) in 5 campaigns (Balbina, Amazonas, March 1998 and July 2001 (primary and secondary forest); Abracos, Rondonia (cattle pasture), February 1999; Rebiu Jaru, Rondonia (primary forest), February 1999; and FLONA Tapajos, Para (primary and secondary forest), February 2000. The atmospheric concentrations describe distinct BVOC emission scenarios, which reflect the differing species compositions in the varied floristic areas. Atmospheric concentrations are associated with the observed meteorological conditions (including PAR, temperature, cloud cover, boundary layer structure, etc.) and atmospheric chemical constituents (NOx, CO, O3, etc.) to describe the connection between emissions and atmospheric concentrations of the BVOCs. The concentration information allows for the estimation of diurnal emission of non-CO2 BVOC, as well as the effects of these emissions on the chemistry of the atmosphere. Daily BVOC emission fluxes from these campaigns are compared with leaf-scale (enclosure measurements) and canopy-scale (eddy flux measurements) of BVOCs made in these areas and are also compared with the net ecosystem exchange of carbon as CO2 measured in the same or similar landscapes.

ISOPRENOID FLUXES AND PHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBON MESURED OVER THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST NEAR MANAUS DURING DRY SEASON 2001

P. Stefani 1, A.C. de Araujo2, A. D. Nobre 2, P. Ciccioli 3 , E. Brancaleoni 3, M. Frattoni 3, U.

Kuhn4 , J. Kesselmeier4 , C. Corradi 1, R. Valentini 1

1-Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Università della Tuscia, Via C. de Lellis, CAP 01100 Viterbo ITALY (e-mail: [email protected]) 2-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, C.P. 478 Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil 69011-970 3-Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico del CNR area delle ricerche di Roma Via Salaria km 29.300 CP10 CAP 00016 Monterotondo Scalo Italy 4-Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept.,P.O. Box 3060, D55020 Mainz GERMANY Although small when compared to the GPP, the amount of carbon released in the atmosphere by terrestrial by terrestrial vegetation exceeds by an order of magnitude the one produced by man-made activities. Although the largest portion of this emission is concentrated in tropical regions, only recently systematic investigations have been undertaken in this portion of the earth surface. Among them, particularly interesting are the data that have been collected in Brazil during the previous LBA- EUSTACH experiments, where an integrated approach was followed to quantify reduced carbon emission from terrestrial vegetation and to assess its possible conversion of emitted VOC into secondary products (gases and aerosols). During these experiments, first attempts were also made to quantify the fluxes of biogenic VOC by REA. These preliminary data have been recently complemented with those collected in the LBA-CLAIRE 2001 and LBA-CARBONSINK field studies performed in the tropical rain forest near Manaus. As a part of these projects, VOC fluxes were measured during the dry season (July 2001) using a REA system installed in the K34 tower located inside the ZF2 reserve managed by INPA: More than two weeks of data were collected. For some of them diel trends were followed. Data confirmed the preliminary observations made during the wet season. Isoprene was the dominant component even though the emission of monoterpenes was not negligible (30-40% of reduced carbon emission). The relationship between carbon emitted as VOC and carbon fixed from photosynthetic activity will be presented and discussed.

Variations in Isoprene Emission Capacity among Neotropical Forest Sites

Peter Harley1, Pérola Vasconcellos2, Lee Vierling4, Alex Guenther1, Jim Greenberg1,

3Carlos Cleomir de S. Pinheiro, Lee Klinger

1Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder CO, USA, [email protected]

2IPEN, Departamento de Química e Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 3INPA –Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil 4South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA

Isoprene (C5H8) is a hydrocarbon produced and emitted by leaves of many tree species, and is the most important volatile organic compound in most rural atmospheres. It is an important participant in tropospheric chemistry, and carbon losses in the form of isoprene are a small but significant component of the carbon budget in some forest ecosystems. Isoprene emission capacity of sun leaves, defined as the emission rate of isoprene measured at 30 oC under photosynthetically active radiation of 1000 µmol m-2 s-1, varies across species by three orders of magnitude. Approximately 2/3 of those tree species examined appear to emit very little isoprene (<0.5 µgC g-1 h-1) while the remaining 1/3 have emission capacities exceeding 50 µg g-1 h-1. In contrast, photosynthetic capacity of sun leaves probably varies by only about a factor of 2 between tree species. In order to estimate regional fluxes of isoprene, therefore, it is necessary to estimate not only the overall leaf biomass but also the species composition. In addition, estimates of isoprene emission capacity are required for all species encountered. During 5 LBA field campaigns, we have sampled individual leaves of over 150 species for emissions of isoprene, and approximately 1/3 have been found to be high isoprene emitters. These data will be presented. Although this is a small fraction of the several thousand Neotropical tree species, these measurements and additional measurements in the Neotropics and elsewhere have allowed us to develop tentative relationships between the taxonomic position of a tree species and its isoprene-emission characteristics. A number of detailed plant surveys have been carried out in Neotropical upland forests, several in conjunction with LBA, in which all trees greater than 1.0 cm dbh within a given area (ranging from about 10 to 100 ha) have been identified and counted. Combining this detailed census information with estimates of isoprene emission potentials either determined from actual measurements or inferred from taxonomic relationships, we have estimated the potential of each of these regions to emit isoprene to the atmosphere. The regional emission potentials are compared with trends in above canopy isoprene flux and concentrations observed at several of these sites. Methods for incorporating this information into regional and global models are described.




Concentration profiles of volatile organic compounds over Amazonia: Aircraft measurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001 U. Kuhn1, T. Dindorf1, G. Schebeske 1, A. Thielmann1, L. Ganzeveld 1, G. Roberts1, J. Sciare1, M. Welling1, P. Ciccioli2, E. Brancaleoni2, M. Frattoni2, J. Lloyd3, O. Kolle3, P. Stefanie4, R. Valentini4, G. Fisch5, T. Germano6 , L. Vanni Gatti6, M.A. Silva Dias7, P. Artaxo8, A. D. Nobre9, F. Meixner1, M.O. Andreae1, J. Kesselmeier1 (1) Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany (2) Instituto sull' Inquinamento Atmosferico del C.N.R., Monterotondo Scalo, Italy (3) Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany (4) Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy (5) Centro Tecnico Aerospacial IAE-CTA-ACA, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil (6) Institute Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, Brazil (7) Dept. Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (8) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (9) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil The focus of LBA-CALIRE 2001 was to improve our knowledge required to determine the net exchange of trace gases and aerosols between the atmosphere and the Amazon region, to understand the regulating processes and how they are influenced by anthropogenic activities. We present measurements on the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, aerosol concentrations, and meteorological conditions above a primary rain forest site, that will be used to develop an integrated and quantitative understanding of the interactions of biogenic source fluxes, atmospheric transport and vertical exchange, and photochemical processing over the tropical forest. A specific objective within these studies was the impact of the Manaus plume on the chemical processing within the boundary layer. High product/precursors ratios were observed at fixed altitudes showing that the Manaus plume get stratified in a rather complex fashion.

COMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS IN THE UV-B BAND IN BIOMASS BURNING AND SEASHORE REGIONS IN BRAZIL

A.A. Silva1, V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff2 1Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais

2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

Av. dos Astronautas 1758, CP 515, 12201-970, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) in the UV-B band (280-320 nm) has been measured

in the atmosphere at two different sites in Brazil. One of the sites, Campo Grande (19.2o S,

54.3o W), is an agriculture and pasture site in the savanna of Central Brazil which

experiences large biomass burning activities in the dry season, becoming highly polluted.

The other site is Natal (5.8o S, 35.2o W), located next to the seashore of the Atlantic Ocean

with a characteristic clean atmospheric environment in the Brazilian Northeast region. Sites

are about 2500 km (1554 miles) apart. Field campaigns were conducted in the July-August

period during the 1999 winter (dry season). The AOT is retrieved from ozone, sulfur

dioxide, and Rayleigh optical thicknesses out of the measured atmospheric optical

thickness which is obtained using the Langley method applied to 5 UV-B wavelengths of

direct sun measurements of a Brewer spectrophotometer. This instrument obtains ozone

and sulfur dioxide columns which are used to calculate corresponding optical thicknesses.

The AOT average values for the campaign in Campo Grande are 0.57 ± 0.52 in the morning

and 0.90 ± 1.04 in the afternoon at 306.3 nm, while for Natal they are 0.04 ± 0.02 in the

morning and 0.07 ± 0.05 in the afternoon at the same wavelength. The majority of the AOT

results show increasing values with wavelength.


Ozone continuous measurements in the Amazon

A. M. Cordova1,2, L.V. Gatti1, A. Yamazaki1, P. Artaxo3, D. Fitzjarrald 4, W. Munger5

1 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 400, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 05508-900 e-mail: [email protected]

2 Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil 3 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil 4 University of New York at Albany, United States 5 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, United States

Continuous Ozone (O3) measurement is being performed in Santarém, State of Pará, Brazil as part of the LBA (Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) experiment. The measurements started in December 2001 at the FLONA-Tapajós Primary Forest LBA Tower Site (2º 51.42’S , 54º 57.54’W). O3 concentration is measured 65 meters above the ground, and 20 meters above forest canopy every 15 minutes. Meteorological parameters, such as total solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction and cloud base height are also monitored. This study started during the end of the biomass burning season, in December 2001. At this period, the average O3 concentration at daytime was around 27 ppb, whereas the nighttime average was around 15 ppb. Observed maximum concentration was about 45 ppb during daytime. The wet season started in January, and a significant reduction in the ozone concentration was observed. The average O3 concentration during daytime was 13 ppb and nighttime average was 11 ppb. Nocturnal episodes of high ozone concentrations were observed frequently during the wet season. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is O3 transport from upper levels of the troposphere by convective downdrafts during nocturnal storms.

Research project financed by FAPESP

1

AN EXPERIMENT TO ESTIMATE CO CONCENTRATIONS FROM BIOMASS BURNING AND COMPARISON WITH AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS

C.B.Aires1, V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff1, and S.C.Wofsy2 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE

Av. dos Astronautas 1758, CP 515, 12201-970, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil [email protected]

2Harvard University, Abbott Lawrence Rotch Professor of Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry

Pierce Hall, Room 110D, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138

ABSTRACT

Fire pixels detected by satellite are a useful tool to study biomass burning. We have used this information to feed a simple model, which calculates the regional carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratio resulting from a given distribution of fire pixels. The model assumes that the observed concentration is the result of a background concentration, a regional component, and a transport term. A field experiment was designed to check the model. Several flights were made aboard an instrumented Bandeirante aircraft in the biomass-burning region of central Brazil to measure atmospheric CO in several specific situations. The fixed Maxaranguape, RN, observation station near Natal is used to obtain background concentrations of trace gases, including CO. In regions where the transport term is small, the model calculates CO concentrations that compare well with the measurements. One exception occurs in regions of strong horizontal transport, when the transport term reaches values of the order of the regional component. In the atmospheric well mixed source region, CO concentrations are of the order of 300-400 parts per billion by volume, ppbv, whereas the background values are of the order of 80 ppbv.

The meteorological conditions during the LBA CLAIRE - 2001 Mission

Francis Wagner Silva Correia (CPTEC – INPE) [email protected]

Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40. Cachoeira Paulista – SP. 12.630-000

Gilberto Fisch

Centro Tecnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA) [email protected]

Antônio Donato Nobre (INPA)

Ricardo L. G. Dallarosa (INPA)

[email protected] The Claire mission was held in Manaus area in July 2001. This mission had the objectives to collect atmospheric chemistry data in order to characterize the convective processes in Amazonia. This work deals with the meteorological condition during this experiment. The solar radiation show pulses of low and high values associated with the presence of mesoscale systems. The Bowen ration was tipically around 0.30. On days July 8, 16, 22-23 e 28-29 the solar radiation were low, with high rate of precipitation: 16.8, 14.2, 13.8, 34.2mm respectively. The CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) was typically around 1600 J.kg-1, with the exception for the rainy days. The liquid water content was around 4.5 g.cm-2 for the whole experiment. During the period from July 3 – 13 the windflow was from east at 1000hPa. On days July 15 – 18, a squall line crossed Manaus changed the wind direction to the North. The wind at 500hPa is from east for the whole Amazonia. The squall line conditions will be full described.




Continuous Measurements of Fluxes of Biogenic VOCs

in the Amazon Basin

L.V. Gatti1, C. R. Trostdorf1, A. M. Cordova1, A. Yamazaki1, C.A.B.Aquino2, N. Bonelli2, W. C. Martins3, A. Guenther4

1 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 400, Cidade Universitária,

São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 05508-900 e-mail: [email protected] 2 ULBRA Instituto Luterano de Ensino Superior de Ji-Parana, Brazil 3 Universidade Federal do Para, Santarem, Brazil 4 NCAR – Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO, USA

It is well recognized that the tropical forests are an important global source of VOC (volatile organic compounds), as well as a number of other atmospheric trace gases. The high biodiversity in tropical rainforests complicates the extrapolation of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from leaf-level measurements to landscape and regional or global scales. In Amazonia, a significant fraction of the carbon emitted from the biosphere to the atmosphere is emitted in the form of VOCs, and the knowledge of these fluxes is important to our understanding of the tropical and global atmospheric chemistry and carbon cycling.

As part of the LBA (The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonian) experiment, continuous VOCs gradient measurements are being performed in four sites in Amazonia. The first two sites are located at the National Forest of Tapajós, Pará State, Santarém, Km 67 of BR 163, one at a primary forest. The preliminary average flux results is about 4 mg m-2 h-1 (average concentration ~ 5 ppb) and another at a forest were selective logging is taking place, Km 83 of BR 163, were the preliminary average flux of about 2 mg m-2 h-1 (average concentration ~ 3.5 ppb). The measurements were made at 65 and 55 m heights simultaneity in an LBA Tower (20 and 10 meters above forest canopy, respectively). The other two sites are located in the Rondonia state, at a primary forest and also at a pasture site. The forest site is the Biological Reserve of Jaru, Primary forest, with the gradient measurements taking place at 65 and 55 m above the ground (30 and 20 m above forest canopy, respectively, average ~7 ppb). In the pasture site (grass vegetation), the gradient measurements are taking place at 8 and 3 m above the ground (~1.7 ppb). The gradient concentration measurements are being used to calculate VOC fluxes. The expected seasonality of VOC fluxes and emissions are being captured. The preliminary results indicates that the forest respond with less isoprene fluxes in perturbed forest.

Financing by MCT, CNPq and FAPESP

THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ON THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGENATED VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BETWEEN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN TREE SPECIES AND THE ATMOSPHERE S. Rottenberger (1), U. Kuhn (1), A. Wolf (1), G. Schebeske (1),O. de Simone (2), W. Schmidt (2), E. Müller (3), M.T.F. Piedade (4), J. Kesselmeier (1) (1) Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany (2) University Oldenburg, FB Biology, Germany (3) Max Planck Institute for Limnology, Tropical Ecology Dept., Plön, Germany (4) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brasil [email protected] / Fax: +49-6131-305428 Plants are known to emit considerable quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to the atmosphere. Among biogenically emitted VOC the oxygenated hydrocarbons acetaldehyde and ethanol play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. They participate in regulating the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, are involved in the production of peroxyacetylnitrates (PAN) and are precursors for short-chain acids contributing to the acidity of the atmosphere. Biogenic emissions of acetaldehyde and ethanol are known to occur when plants are subjected to stress conditions (air pollution, freezing) and to hypoxic conditions of the root system induced by flooding. The Central Amazon floodplain is one of the largest flooding areas in the world and plants are subjected to waterlogging for periods over several month. Hence, it is a potential large source for acetaldehyde and ethanol. In a greenhouse experiment we simulated the flooding situation and monitored the acetaldehyde and ethanol exchange of tropical trees representative of Central Amazonian floodplain forests over a 6-day flooding period by an enclosure method. Large differences in emission rates, diurnal pattern and temporal behavior were observed between species depending on the duration of flooding. Our results indicate that different leaf emission response patterns are linked to specific differences in adaptive physiological and morphological strategies of the roots to overcome hypoxic conditions induced by waterlogging.

Variations in carbon monoxide concentrations at a Central Amazonian site. J. William Munger1, Daniel M. Matross1, Bruce C. Daube1, V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff2, Paulo Artaxo3, Luciana Vanni Gatti4, Steven C. Wofsy1. 1Harvard University, Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences 20 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 2 INPE 3 Instituto de Fisica, USP 4 IPEN Carbon Monoxide (CO) plays a major role in controlling the global levels of OH in the atmosphere, and is a tracer of combustion sources. CO measurements are being made at a forested site near Santarem, Para, Brazil (km67 tower site) in order to determine background CO levels in the clean continental tropical atmosphere, to identify factors that control CO levels, and to serve as a tracer for emissions from local and distant biomass burning. A CO measurement system consisting of a Thermo Environmental Instruments model 48CTL analyzer, cold-trap at 2.5C to eliminate variations in water vapor interference, zeroing catalyst, and automated calibration with 100 and 500 nmol mol-1 standards was installed in April, 2001. Sample is drawn from an inlet above the forest canopy. CO concentrations were less than 100 nmol mol-1 on average, with no significant diel variation during the rainy season, April to June. The wet season data indicate a low regional background CO concentration and suggest that the local forest is neither a significant source nor sink for CO. In mid July, after local rain ended, there was a modest increase in CO concentration that was not accompanied by a large increase variance. This increase we attribute to increased transport from distant CO sources or to increased production by photochemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons contributing to regional enhancement in CO. In late August, the variability of CO concentrations begins to increase dramatically. Individual half-hour concentrations exceed 1000 nmol mol-1. By November, the frequency and magnitude of high CO events has increased. Maximum concentrations up to 5000 nmol mol-1 are observed and the minimum concentrations have increased to about 200 nmol mol-1. The high CO levels and large variability are due to nearby fires. The diel variation during the late dry season when local fires are present shows a strong enhancement during the night as smoke is trapped in the nocturnal boundary layer. CO concentrations drop sharply after January 1, 2002 when heavy rains put an end to local burning. CO during the burning season will be used as a tracer to quantify the contribution by fires to CO2 variability and to determine emission factors for aerosol components.

Vegetation Dynamics in a Changing Ecosystem PRIMARY AUTHOR

ORGANIZATION TYPE ABSTRACT_TITLE

Daniel Zarin University of Florida oral Moisture stress constrains carbon flux rates in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

George Hurtt University of New Hampshire oral Effects of Land-Use and Environmental Variability on the Carbon Balance of the Amazon Basin

Jonathan Foley University of Wisconsin-Madison

oral The El Niño / Southern Oscillation and the Climate, Ecosystems and Rivers of Amazonia

Marc Simard Jet Propulsion Laboratory oral Interannual variability of Soil moisture and Vegetation Biomass In Amazonian Cerrado

William Laurance Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

oral BIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST FRAGMENTS

Arlem Nascimento de Oliveira

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

poster COMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE FLORÍSTICA DE UMA FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL

Arlete Almeida Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi poster Classifying Successional Forests Using Landsat Spectral Properties and Ecological Characteristics to Evaluate Recent Trends in Land Cover and Carbon Loss in Eastern Amazonia

Bruce Nelson INPA poster Bamboo-dominated forests of the southwest Amazon Eduardo Miranda Universidade Federal de Mato

Grosso poster Light Response Curves of three plants in different strata

in an ecoton tropical forest – Savanna

E Shevliakova Princeton University poster Analysis of Causes and Mechanisms of Interannual CO2-flux Variability in South American Tropics.

Eduardo Venticinque

INPA/BDFFP poster THE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FORESTS

Florian Wittmann Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology/INPA

poster Tree species distribution and community structure of Central Amazon varzea forests by remote-sensing techniques

Iêda Leão do Amaral

INPA poster FLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL

Joanna Tucker University of Florida poster Stem Recruitment and Mortality in an Eastern Amazonian Secondary Forest

Jose Maria Da Costa

Universidade Federal de Vicosa poster CO2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN AN AMAZONIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

Laerte Ferreira EMBRAPA poster The Potential of Combined SAR Data and Optical VI´s for Vegetation Mapping in the Brazilian Cerrado

Luciana M. Monaco

IPAM poster Mapeando a inflamabilidade florestal na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós

Maristela Farias INPA poster Eco-physiology of three species in the Central Amazon floodplain

Mark Cochrane Michigan State University poster Forest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapse and Carbon Flux in the Brazilian Amazon

Nadine Dessay IRD poster Detecting deforested areas from NDVI series in Amazonia 1982-1999

Petra Schmidt ZEF/EMBRAPA poster Experiments with legume mulch applications and its effects on macrofauna and decomposition in a highly degraded plantation in central Amazonia

Ted Feldpausch Cornell University poster Secondary forest recovery on degraded pastures in Central Amazonia: carbon, nutrients, and light-capture


poster Transpiration before and after Burning in Different “Cerrado” Vegetation Types of the Brazilian Savanna

William Salas Applied Geosolutions poster VALIDATING, SCALING AND PARAMETERIZING A FOREST REGROWTH MODEL FOR THE AMAZON REGION USING AIRCRAFT AND SPACEBORNE SENSORS AND GIS

Moisture stress constrains carbon flux rates in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest D.J. Zarin1, S.S. Mulkey2, S.S. Vasconcelos3, L.B. Fortini4, C.J.R. Carvalho5, F.A. Oliveira6 1School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760, Gainesville, FL 32611-0760 USA, [email protected]; 2University of Florida, [email protected]; 3Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, [email protected]; 4University of Florida, [email protected]; 5EMBRAPA-CPATU, [email protected]; 6Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, [email protected] Rates of carbon uptake and accumulation in forests are strongly influenced by climate. In Amazonian regrowth forests, more attention has been focused on land-use impacts on carbon accumulation than on climatic constraints, although a recent synthesis indicates that most of the intersite differences in aboveground carbon accumulation in those forests are related to differences in the length of the dry season and soil texture. To test the effects of altered dry-season moisture availability on carbon flux rates in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest, we initiated an irrigation experiment in a 15-year-old stand near Castanhal, Pará. During the first year of treatment, we added 5 mm day-1 to four 400 m2 plots from August through December; all measurements were made in 100 m2 sample areas nested in the center of the treatment plots. Compared to control plots in the same stand, preliminary results of the irrigation experiment included significantly higher soil CO2 efflux during especially droughty periods and significantly higher maximum photosynthetic capacity (Amax) throughout the dry season in Miconia ciliata (Rich.) DC, a common understory species. Leaf water potentials were significantly higher for both M. ciliata and Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy, a common overstory species. V. guianensis Amax values did not differ significantly between treatment and control plots, but instantaneous water-use efficiency (Amax/Gs) was lower under irrigation. These preliminary results suggest that above- and below-ground carbon fluxes in this Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest are constrained by moisture stress during the dry season.






Effects of Land-Use and Environmental Variability on the Carbon Balance of the Amazon Basin Hurtt G (1,2), Pacala S (3), Shevliakova E (3), Braswell B (1), Boles S (1), Cardoso M (1), Fearon M (1), Frolking S (1), Hagen S (1), Moorcroft P (4), Moore B (1), Nobre C (5), Palace M (1), Xiao X (1). (1) Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA (2) email: [email protected] (3) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003. (4) Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA (5) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201 Brazil To better understand the effects of land use and environmental variability on the carbon balance of the Amazon basin, we are developing an integrated combination of new remote sensing products, data syntheses, and ecosystem models. The new remote sensing products are based on MODIS/MISR and supplemented with Landsat and IKONOS and provide much needed spatio-temporal information on basin wide land-cover and land-use characteristics. New data syntheses combine this information with additional remote sensing products, census statistics, and other information on land-use change to produce essential land-use history products needed for models. Data on climate variability across the basin are also being studied and formatted for model input. Collectively, this information is being fed into new state-of-the-art biosphere models based on the Ecosystem Demography (ED) model. These models are being developed to serve as quantitative synthesis tools capable of helping to disentangle the mechanisms behind observed variability in the regional carbon balance, and for helping to evaluate the likely consequences of alternative scenarios of future development and environmental change in the region. In this presentation, results from this synthesis activity will be presented focusing on key advances in modeling and remote sensing that facilitate the estimation of the large-scale consequences of fine-scale heterogeneity. Fine-scale heterogeneity is shown to have important consequences for large-scale ecosystem dynamics including carbon sequestration.

The El Niño / Southern Oscillation and the Climate, Ecosystems and Rivers of Amazonia Jonathan A. Foley(1), Aurélie Botta(1), Michael T. Coe(1), and Marcos Heil Costa(2) (1) Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE)

Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA

(2) Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering

Federal University of Viçosa Viçosa, MG, 36571-000, Brazil

The El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is one of the dominant drivers of environmental variability in the tropics. In this study, we examine the connections between ENSO and the climate, ecosystem carbon balance, surface water balance, and river hydrology of the Amazon and Tocantins river basins in South America. First we examine the climatic variability associated with ENSO. We analyze long-term historical climate records to document the “average” climatic signature of the El Niño and La Niña phases of the ENSO cycle. Generally speaking, the “average El Niño” is drier and warmer than normal in Amazonia, while the “average La Niña” is wetter and cooler. While temperature changes are mostly uniform through the whole year and are spatially homogeneous, precipitation changes are stronger during the wet season (January-February-March) and are concentrated in the northern and southeastern portions of the basin. Next we use a land surface / ecosystem model (IBIS), coupled to a hydrological routing algorithm (HYDRA), to examine how ENSO affects land surface water and carbon fluxes, as well as changes in river discharge and flooding. The model results suggest several responses to ENSO:

• During the average El Niño, there is an anomalous source of CO2 from terrestrial ecosystems, mainly due to a decreased net primary production (NPP) in the north of the basin. There is also a decrease in river discharge along many of the rivers in the basin, especially in the southeast, which causes a decrease in flooded area along the main stem of the Amazon.

• During the average La Niña, there is an anomalous sink of CO2 into terrestrial

ecosystems, largely due to an increase in NPP in the northern portion of the basin. In addition, there is a large increase in river discharge in the Amazon basin, especially from the northern and western tributaries. There is a corresponding increase in flooded area, largely in the northern rivers.

These results illustrate that changes in water and carbon balance associated with ENSO have complex, spatially heterogeneous features across the basin. This underscores need for comprehensive analyses – using long-term observational data and model simulations – of regional environmental systems and their response to climatic variability.

Interannual variability of Soil moisture and Vegetation Biomass In Amazonian Cerrado M. Simard and S. Saatchi MS 300-319 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109 Tel: (818) 354-6972 Fax: (818) 393-5184 E-mail: [email protected] The Cerrado is the second most important biome in South America, which covers nearly 1.8M

km2 in Brazil and is a significant factor in the regional carbon cycle. According to most recent

estimates, the total area and the rate of the clearing (mainly due to fire) in Cerrado region is

higher than the central Amazonian rainforest. On a larger scale, Cerrado is also a dynamic

system because of its seasonal changes in moisture and vegetation biomass and its sensitivity to

climate variability and change. In this paper, we use a time series of coarse spatial resolution

remote sensing data to examine the interannual variability of vegetation biomass and soil

moisture over the Amazonian Cerrado. Space-borne scatterometer (ERS and Quickscat), and

AVHRR NDVI (GAC) data over past 10 years (1992-2001) are used in a synergistic approach to

separate the moisture and vegetation signal in the time series analysis. Scatterometer data is

from an active microwave sensor with relatively coarse spatial resolution (25 km to 50 km) and

high temporal resolution (daily). In its enhanced resolution mode, with 5 km resolution and 5-10

day composites, the data is compatible with the AVHRR NDVI global composites of 8 km

resolution and 10-15 day composites. These two data sets are used to build a continuous time

series data set for the past decade. By combining these data sets with existing precipitation data,

and utilizing the sensitivity of each data set to biomass and moisture we decoupled the two

effects. It is shown that, the scatterometer data is a useful instrument to monitor the rain events

and moisture variability in Cerrado region. As the temporal dynamics of vegetation biomass in

this region is strongly linked with seasonal water availability, the results of this analysis can

provide the necessary long-term observation of carbon and water cycle within the Amazonian

and LBA context.

BIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST FRAGMENTS William F. Laurance Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama; and Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil ([email protected]) Habitat fragmentation affects aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests, with potentially important implications for carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions. I describe the dynamics of aboveground-biomass by combining long-term (>20 years) data on mortality, growth, and recruitment of large (>10 cm diameter) trees with detailed measurements of nearly all other live and dead plant material in fragmented and continuous Amazonian forests. The key process altering biomass dynamics in fragmented forests is the chronically elevated mortality of large trees, which apparent results from microclimatic changes and increased wind turbulence near forest edges. This in turn accelerates the production of necromass (dead material) and leads to significantly increased wood debris and litter on the forest floor. Near forest edges, frequent canopy disturbance increases the amount of light in the understorey, resulting in accelerated tree recruitment, significantly higher biomass of small trees, and higher liana densities. Surprisingly, the estimated annual turnover of necromass increases significantly near forest edges, suggesting that decomposition is occurring more rapidly in fragmented than continuous forests. These results reveal that habitat fragmentation fundamentally alters the distribution and dynamics of aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests. The rate of carbon cycling probably increases sharply, both because long-lived canopy and emergent trees decline in favor of shorter-lived successional trees and lianas, and because necromass production and turnover both appear to increase. Carbon storage in live vegetation also declines because small successional trees and lianas (which typically have low wood density) store substantially less carbon than do large, old-growth trees. Finally, the decline and rapid decay of live biomass in forest fragments probably leads to substantial atmospheric carbon emissions, above and beyond that resulting from deforestation per se.


COMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE FLORÍSTICA DE UMA FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL ARLEM N. OLIVEIRA1,*, IÊDA L. AMARAL2, ANTONIO D. NOBRE2, LUCIANA B. COUTO1, ROSANA M. SATO1, JOSÉ L. SANTOS1 and JOSÉ RAMOS1

1 Coordenação de Pesquisas em Botânica do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (CPBO/INPA). Av. Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, Manaus - AM, 69.083-000, Brazil; 2 Laboratório de Geo Info Sistemas (GISLAB), INPA; * Autor para correspondência (e-mail: [email protected]) A imensa riqueza em espécies vegetais e a fragilidade dos ecossistemas amazônicos, exigem maiores informações quanto a composição florística e a sua distribuição nesses ambientes florestais. Objetivando caracterizar a composição e a diversidade florística de uma floresta de platô da região, inventariou-se os indivíduos arbóreos, palmeiras e cipós, com diâmetro á altura do peito igual ou superior a 10 cm, presentes em um hectare de floresta primária de terra-firme da Amazônia. Foram levantados 670 indivíduos, distribuídos em 48 famílias, 133 gêneros e 245 espécies. Fabaceae, Sapotaceae e Lecythidaceae, constituem as três famílias com maior riqueza específica, Índice de Valor de Importância e Familiar; a família Lecythidaceae se destacou, ainda, quanto ao número de indivíduos e diversidade específica. Eschweilera micrantha foi a espécie de maior importância ecológica do ambiente florestal. Os índices de diversidade e Equitabilidade de Shannon indicam que a floresta é bem diversificada, com distribuição uniforme das espécies dentro da população. A baixa dissimilaridade florística entre as parcelas avaliadas, permite inferir que existe um forte gradiente ambiental ao longo da unidade amostral avaliada. Financiamento: CNPq/PPD - G7 (ECOCARBON/LBA)

Classifying Successional Forests Using Landsat Spectral Properties and Ecological Characteristics to Evaluate Recent Trends in Land Cover and Carbon Loss in Eastern Amazonia Arlete Silva de Almeida, Ima Célia G Vieira, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Eric A. Davidson, Thomas A. Stone, The Woods Hole Research Center Cláudio J. Reis de Carvalho, EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental José Benito Guerrero Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia

Corresponding Author: Arlete Silva de Almeida Departamento de Botânica Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém, PA 66.040-179 Brasil Email: [email protected]

Secondary forests are becoming increasingly important as temporary reservoirs of genetic diversity, stocks of carbon and nutrients, and moderators of hydrologic cycles in the Amazon Basin as agricultural lands are abandoned and often later re-cleared for agriculture. We studied a municipality in northeastern Pará where numerous cycles of slash and burn agriculture have occurred during more than a century of settlement. Tree species were identified and heights and diameters were measured in chronosequences of secondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, 70 years) and in remnant mature forests. Land cover classes of young, intermediate, and advanced successional forests were identified using 1999 Landsat 7 TM imagery. Similar groupings were derived independently from analyses of species composition and from distributions of tree heights and diameters. Young forests have nearly uniform heights, whereas multiple height classes were present in the advanced successional forests, and their shadows affect spectral properties. Biomass accumulated more slowly in this chronosequence than has been reported elsewhere, which explains why these 70-year-old forests are still distinguishable from mature forests using spectral properties. Supervised classification of the imagery showed about 50% forest cover. Comparing Landsat images from 1995 and 1999, pastures and bare soil increased during the intervening 4 years at the expense of both secondary and mature forest areas, resulting in a net loss of > 1011 g of carbon from the aboveground biomass of this 477-km2 municipality. Although initial widespread deforestation occurred several decades ago, continued clearing of mostly secondary forests is causing a net carbon loss averaging at least 0.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1.

Bamboo-dominated forests of the southwest Amazon Nelson(1), B.W.; Oliveira(1), A.C.A.; Silveira(2), M.; Smith(1), M.; Vidalenc(1), D.; França(1), M.B.; Miranda(3), I. & Kalliola(4), R. Studies of bamboo-dominated terra firme forests covering ~180,000 km2 of the southwest Amazon, conducted since 1996, have resulted in five completed theses by Brazilian students that address several LBA themes: spectral pattern of Amazon forests, biomass modeling, mapping of erodable soils, and the possible role of ground fire in expansion/maintenance of a natural plant community. Guadua weberbaueri and close congeners -- all of which are basally erect and distally climbing by use of spines -- dominate the forest canopy but are hollow and only 4.3-7.1 cm diameter (DBH) when mature. On the terra firme, G. weberbaueri appears to be associated with 2:1 clay in concentrations high enough to impede percolation in the rainy season, leading to mechanical erosion of soil and seasonally high suspended sediment loads in streams even under primary forest cover. When bamboo is mature, the forest canopy has higher near infrared reflectance and higher normalized difference vegetation index, using Landsat TM images, than bamboo-free forests. Within patches of 102 – 104 km2, G. weberbaueri synchronously reproduces and dies 25-30 years after germinating, then slowly reestablishes itself from the single massive seed crop. During the first 10 years the canopy appears spectrally similar to bamboo-free forest. After experimental cutting and burning of all bamboo stems and all trees under 10 cm DBH, G. weberbaueri showed more rapid height and biomass recovery than all other resprouting pre-existing species taken together and by three years post-burn had exceeded the density of bamboo stems in an unburned forest. Though ground fire thus favors G. weberbaueri over other species, such fires are rare in southwest Amazon forests and appear unnecessary for bamboo establishment and dominance. The main agent of forest disturbance is the bamboo itself, using its short-lived culms as expendable weapons to shade and topple trees. As a consequence, the bamboo-dominated forest has lower basal area of large trees, 30-50% less total biomass, apparently higher tree turnover, more fast-growing trees, lower average wood density, lower tree diversity per unit area, and much lower numbers of palms, compared with forest on similar soil not yet colonized by bamboo. Affiliations at time of research: 1. INPA-National Institute for Amazon Research – Ecology Course; Manaus, AM 2. University of Brasília – Ecology Course; Federal University of Acre 3. CTA – Centro dos Trabalhadores da Amazônia; Rio Branco, AC 4. University of Turku, Finland

Light Response Curves of three plants in different strata in an ecoton tropical forest – Savanna Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda1 ([email protected]), Clóvis Lasta Fritzen, José Holanda Campelo Jr. 1,José de Souza Nogueira1, Nicolau Priante Filho1 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo de Física e Meio Ambiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MT Brasil. George Louis Vourlitis ([email protected]) Biological Sciences Program- California State University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA Measurements of CO2 and water vapor flux using eddy covariance are being made from a 40m tower located in a transitional tropical forest near Sinop Mato Grosso. As complementary information to this study, the photosynthetic light response curves of three trees located near the tower were measured at different heights in the forest canopy with the objective of understanding seasonal and spatial (height in the forest canopy) trends in the photosynthetic light response. The measurements were in a canopy emergent tree (30 m tall) identified as Catanudo and in two other sub-canopy (14 m tall) trees locally identified as Canela and Laranjeira (positive identification of all species is current under investigation). Measurements were made in the wet season (January), transition wet-dry (April), dry season (June and August), and in the dry-wet transition (September) of 2001. For Catanudo, measurements were made at two different heights of 26m (at the top of the canopy) and 18m, while measurements on the other trees were made at 10m above ground. In the wet season the Catanudo exhibited a photosynthesis rate at light saturation (Pmax) of 9.4 µmol m-2s-1 while Laranjeira and Canela had a Pmax of 10.0 and 5.5 µmol m-2s-1, respectively. In the dry season (June) the values of Pmax were of 7.1, 11.0 and 7.4 µmol m-2s-1 respectively for the Catanudo, Laranjeira and Canela, so while Catanudo experienced a decline in Pmax from the wet to the dry season, Canela and Laranjeira had increases in Pmax. The leaves of Catanudo at different heights (26 and 18m) presented different physiological behavior. The leaves at 26m had larger rates of Pmax compared to sub-canopy leaves regardless of season, however, sub-canopy leaves showed much less seasonal variability in the photosynthetic light response than canopy leaves. These data suggest that species responses to seasonal variations in rainfall are variable. In addition, although leaves at the top of the canopy have larger rates of Pmax, the small seasonal variation in sub-canopy leaves may be important for CO2 uptake during the dry season.


Causes and Mechanisms of Interannual CO2-flux Variability in South American Tropics. Shevlaikoava E(1), Hurtt GC(2), Pacala SW(1), Fearon M(2), Malyshev S(1), Moore B (2), Nobre C(3) (1) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003. (2) Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. (3) CPTEC Interannual variability in Amazonian terrestrial ecosystems functioning during the past two decades is examined in order to estimate the range of variations in biogenic sources and sinks of CO2 as well as the changes in the biophysical conditions affecting regional climate. The primary tools used in this analysis are the Ecosystem Demography (ED) family of models. These models simulate both the fast (hours) and long (centuries) timescales of carbon and water fluxes and ecosystem dynamics and provide important biophysical parameters for climate studies of the region. Run off-line, the models can be driven by climate data from the ECMWF and NCEP reanalysis products. In this presentation, we begin by exploring sensitivities of tropical ecosystem photosynthetic production and respiration to variation in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric humidity, available radiation and wind conditions in the 80s and 90s. The interannual variability in carbon fluxes due to these effects will be compared to other available estimates. Future studies with these models are being designed to sequentially add additional effects needed such as land use change and fire that are needed for comprehensive carbon flux estimates.

THE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FORESTS Eduardo M. Venticinque1, Marcelo P. Moreira1, Carlos E. Da Costa1, Ana Luisa Albernaz1, William F. Laurance1,2 1.Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI, Manaus, AM 2. Smithsonian Tropical RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Panamá. Documented effects of forest fragmentation and edge formation include biomass loss and increasing of tree mortality. There are some direct causes, such as wind, and other indirect causes, such as competition with invader plants that quickly colonize these areas. We investigated edge effects on canopy-gap formation, using high-resolution videography images (resolution=1.8 m) obtained in 1999. The Study area is located approximately 70 km North of Manaus, at the INPA/PDBFF reserves. This area encompasses approximately 1000 km2, being an E-W rectangle of 20 X 50 km. Forty transects of 200 x 100 meters were sampled in the area, distributed among five classes of distance from forest edge (0-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400 and 400-500). Location of these transects were at random, but seven of them had to be modified due to problems with the image quality (distortions, clouds, and/or shadows). The high-resolution videography image was classified into two classes, gaps or intact canopy, by the method of minimum distances, using IDRISI 32. Trees with intermediary sizes and medium levels of shadowing were classified as intact canopy. The mean proportion of gap area was 23.9% for plots 0-100m from the edge and 15.7% for those 400-500m from the edge. The largest value of proportion of gaps area (36.6%) occurred in the 100-200m class and the smallest (3.4%) occurred in the 400-500m class. This range show the magnitude of variation in the sampled plots. The relationship between intact canopy cover and distance to edge was negative (r2=0.197, t = -3.051, P=0.004). Based on the visual inspection of the image, the classification applied to the videography seems to be satisfactory . In spite of that, due to relief problems and distortions in mosaicing images, which can led to mistaken results, these results should be analyzed carefully.

TREE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF CENTRAL AMAZON VÁRZEA FORESTS BY

REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES

WITTMANN, F.1 , JUNK, W. J.1 & PIEDADE, M. T. F.2 1Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, P.O. Box 165 24306 Plön, Germany e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, P.O. Box 457 Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000 Manaus/AM, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] The large-scale estimation of forests biomass and primary production depends on a reliable

classification of diferent forest types. In Amazonian white-water floodplains (várzea), the

distribution of tree species is determined by their tolerance to flood stress. This leads to a

characteristic zonation of tree species along the flood gradient. Frequent disturbance by

sedimentation, erosion and human impact result in a complex pattern of forest formations

of different successional stages. The formations are characterized by typical patterns of

species composition, and their architecture results in different light reflectance patterns,

which can be detected by Landsat TM image data. Ground checking comprised a detailed

forest inventory of 5 ha in várzea forests of the Mamirauá Reserve (Tefé) and Ilha da

Marchantaria (Manaus). Digital Elevation Models (DEM) for all sites were generated. The

results indicate that, at the average flood-level of 3 m, species diversity and architecture of

the forests changes, thus justifying the classification into the categories of low várzea and

high várzea. In a first step to scale up field-research data to a regional scale, the study sites

were observed by aerial photography. Tree heights, crown sizes, gap frequencies and the

projected crown-area coverage provide information, which confirms a remotely sensed

classification into four different forest types. The structure of low várzea depends on the

successional stage, and species diversity increases with increasing age of the formations. In

the high várzea, species diversity is higher than in all low-várzea formations. The more

complex architecture of the high-várzea results in a more diffuse behavior pattern in pixel

distribution, when classified by TM image data.



FLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASIL IÊDA L. AMARAL1,*, ARLEM N. OLIVEIRA2, ANTONIO D. NOBRE3; Coordenação de Pesquisas em Botânica do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (CPBO/INPA). Av. Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, Manaus - AM, 69.083-000, Brazil; 2 Laboratório de Geo Info Sistemas (GISLAB), INPA; * Autor para correspondência (e-mail: [email protected]) Com o objetivo de estudar a composição florística do sub-bosque de uma floresta densa de terra firme da Amazônia, inventariou-se 0,05 hectare de floresta situada entre as coordenadas 60º12'40" W e 2º35'45" S. A avaliação foi feita a partir de vinte de 5 x 5 m; as plantas foram divididas em quatro classes de tamanho: Plântula (H < 0,5 m), Muda 1 (0,5 m < H < 1,5 m), Muda 2 (1,5 m < H < 3,0 m) e Estabelecida (H > 3,0 m e CAP < 0,3 m). Foram observados 4113 indivíduos, distribuídos em 64 famílias e 196 gêneros. As famílias botânicas que detiveram o maior número de gêneros foram Caesalpiniaceae (10), Fabaceae (9), Moraceae e Rubiaceae (8), Mimosaceae e Arecaceae (7), Annonaceae e Lauraceae (6), Euphorbiaceae, Sapotaceae e Apocynaceae (5). Quanto ao número de indivíduos, as famílias Chrysobalanaceae, Mimosaceae e Annonaceae, são as mais expressivas com 201, 191 e 168, respectivamente. Por outro lado, Apocynaceae apresentou o menor valor numérico dentre as onze famílias com maior número de gêneros, com apenas onze indivíduos. No que se refere às classes de tamanho, os dados evidenciaram maior representatividade da classe Plântula com 2539 indivíduos, correspondendo a 61,7% do total de plantas. As famílias mais expressivas dessa classe foram Chrysobalanaceae (170), Mimosaceae (146) e Marantaceae (113), enquanto isso, a Estabelecida manifestou o menor percentual observado com apenas 4,4%. Os demais valores, 26,5 e 7,4%, foram distribuídos entre as classes de tamanho Muda 1 e 2, respectivamente. Financiamento: CNPq/PPD - G7 (ECOCARBON/LBA)

STEM RECRUITMENT AND MORTALITY IN AN EASTERN AMAZONIAN SECONDARY FOREST

J. M. Tucker1 , R. de F.R. Pantoja2 , D. J. Zarin3 , I. Miranda4

1 Projeto MANFLORA, School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760, Gainesville, FL, USA 32611, E-mail: [email protected]; 2 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, E-mail: [email protected]; 3UF, E-mail: [email protected]; 4FCAP, E-mail: [email protected]

We examined stem recruitment and mortality (DBH > 1 cm) in twelve 100-m2 plots established in a 12-year-old secondary forest in Castanhal, Pará, Brazil. From November 1999 to June 2001, mean stem density declined from 213 to 189 stems plot-1 (P < 0.001, one-way repeated measures ANOVA); 352 stems present in the first inventory died, corresponding to 14 percent mortality, while 64 stems were added, corresponding to 3 percent recruitment. The rate of mortality reported here is significantly higher than the annual mortality rates usually reported for old-growth tropical rainforest (1-2 percent). Lacistema pubescens (Lacistemataceae), Myrcia sylvatica (Myrtaceae) and Vismia guianensis (Clusiaceae) accounted for 61, 18 and 6 percent of all dead stems, and displayed net mortality of 19, 10, and 16 percent, respectively. These three species represent 70 percent of all stems in the stand (tree species richness = 64) and commonly colonize abandoned agricultural land in the region. Most recruits were less-common species already present in the sample plots. In a nearby 4-year-old stand, the densities of L. pubescens and M. sylvatica stems (DBH > 1 cm) were lower, while the density of V. guianensis was higher than in the 12-year-old stand. Relative abundance values for L. pubescens and V. guianensis in regeneration surveys (DBH < 1 cm) were 1.0 and 0.5 percent, respectively, suggesting that the decline of these shade-tolerant species is likely to continue. Relative abundance of M. sylvatica in the regeneration surveys was greater than 50 percent, suggesting that this shade-tolerant species will likely persist in the sub-canopy. Keywords: secondary forest, succession, mortality, recruitment, forest dynamics.

CO2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN AN AMAZONIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM J.M.N. da Costa1, A.C.L. da Costa2, J.C.P. Cohen2, Y. Malhi3, P. Meir3, J.Grace3, V.M.S. Andrade2, R.B.C. Silva2, R. F. da Costa4, P.J.O.P. de Souza2, M.H. Costa1, M.L. Ruivo4 and S. Almeida4

1) Federal University of Vicosa, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Department, 36571-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. [email protected]

2) Federal University of Para, Department of Meteorology 3) University of Edinburgh, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management 4) Para Museum Emilio Goeldi

Quantification of fluxes of carbon dioxide, water vapor and sensible heat, measured on 15 selected days, on January 2001, at a mangrove site, near Braganca-PA (1o 3' S; 46o 45' W), using the eddy covariance technique are presented. Relevant meteorological variables were also measured. The dominant mangrove species at Braganca are Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora racemosa. The mean midday CO2 flux at the mangrove site reached a peak of – 12.9 µmol.m-2.s-1, and the nocturnal CO2 flux averaged about 4.0 µmol.m-2.s-1. At night, wind speed was in average 2.3 m.s-1, with most of friction velocities values between 0.4 and 0.6 m.s-1

. The magnitudes of CO2 fluxes at the mangrove site were considerably lower than the CO2 fluxes measured at an Amazonian forest site at the Ferreira Penna Scientific Station (ECFPn), in Caxiuana-PA (1° 42’ 30’’ S; 51° 31’ 45’’ W), for the same period. The mean CO2 fluxes at the forest site reached a peak of about – 20 µmol.m-2.s-1, around noon, and the average nocturnal CO2 flux was about 7 µmol.m-2.s-1. The dependence of the daytime mangrove CO2 flux on the incident solar radiation was very well established. The daily magnitude variations of CO2, water vapor and energy fluxes were also examined based on the pertinent meteorological variables.


The Potential of Combined SAR Data and Optical VI´s for Vegetation Mapping in the Brazilian Cerrado

Laerte G. Ferreira1, Edson E. Sano2 and Alfredo R. Huete3

1 Instituto de Estudos Socio-Ambientais (IESA/UFG), Campus Samambaia – Cx. Postal 131, CEP: 74001-970, Goiania-GO Brazil E-mail: [email protected] 2 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, BR-020 Km 18 Cx. Postal 08223, CEP: 73301-970 Planaltina, DF Brazil 3 Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ

85721

The Brazilian Cerrado covers more than 208 million hectares in the central part of the country and presents a well-defined seasonality. Approximately 40% of the Cerrado have been already converted. In order to evaluate the potential of optical and synthetic aperture radar data to map and monitor Cerrado’s vegetative cover, we acquired dry and wet seasons Landsat/TM and JERS-1 SAR data over the Brasilia National Park, a 30.000 ha, preserved area located in northern Brasilia. The georeferenced SAR and TM images were overlaid with the vector format, vegetation map of the Park to facilitate the extraction of representative SAR and optical digital numbers in each Cerrado unit (savanna grassland; shrub savanna; savanna grassland or shrub savanna with “termiters”; wooded savanna; savanna woodland; and gallery forest). The TM digital counts were transformed in top-of-canopy, nadir reflectance values by using the 6S radioactive transfer model. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were derived from the reflectance data. SAR digital counts were transformed in backscattering coefficients. Scatter plots between normalized SAR and TM data as well as statistical analyses (discriminant analysis and ANOVA) showed overall better performance of radar data to map Cerrado’s physiognomies, in comparison to the VIs. However, the performance improved significantly when we combined the two types of data. The discrimination capability of 69% obtained by the radar data, regardless of season, increased up to 85% when we combined SAR and optical data.

Título: Mapeando a inflamabilidade florestal na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós Autores: Luciana Magalhães Monaco Paulo R. Souza Moutinho Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Aproximadamente 55 milhões de hectares de floresta já foram desmatados na Amazônia brasileira. Como fogo é a principal ferramenta na substituição da floresta em pastos e roçados e usado sem prevenção, tem promovido grandes incêndios florestais. A queima da floresta pode emitir mais carbono para a atmosfera do que o desflorestamento durante anos de seca severa, mas muito pouco é conhecido sob quais condições o fogo se propaga na floresta. Estes incêndios, geralmente mais intensos e freqüentes durante anos de “El Niño” ocorrem principalmente em florestas de exploração madeireira, mas também em primárias. Nós simulamos os efeitos da seca severa na floresta através da redução experimental do Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) em 20 %, similar ao que ocorre durante a seca quando há perda de folhas. Para verificar quais fatores interagem determinando a velocidade e a área queimada, um incêndio de média escala foi realizado na parcela experimental, de 50 x 50 m, em novembro de 2001 na FLONA Tapajós, Santarém, Pará.. Vários parâmetros micro-climáticos (temperatura e umidade relativa do ar) e de estrutura do material combustível (profundidade,umidade, quantidade da serrapilheira) foram medidos mensalmente e relacionados a abertura do dossel. As linhas onde o fogo se propagou tiveram uma distância máxima queimada de aproximadamente 70 centímetros. O principal resultado mostra que o efeito da redução geral de IAF na parcela é maior do que o efeito em cada ponto, capaz de provocar redução na umidade do material combustível tornando a floresta susceptível a queima, em anos de seca severa.



Eco-physiology of the tree species at different communities in a flooding gradient from Central

Amazon whitewater floodplains.

FARIAS, Maristela Lima1 & PIEDADE, Maria Teresa Fernadez1 1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia- INPA/CPBA

The distribution of representative key species from different communities through flooding gradients in

whitewater floodplains, is determined by different levels of tolerance showed by for each species to

physiological factors, and is correlated with the intensity and duration of the annual flooding cycle. One of

the aims is to evaluate the implications of the river synchrony with the spatial distribution and dispersion of

three tree species from low floodplain. This study started on September 2000 and will be finished in June

2002. The fieldworks were carried out at Marchantaria Island, about 20 km from Manaus, Central Amazon.

Were studied three species of low várzea trees (n=5) such as: Himatanthus sucuuba (Apocynaceae), Hevea

spruceana (Euphorbiaceae) and Calophyllum brasiliense (Guttiferae) and, the following parameters were

analyzed: a) diametric growth (increment of medium basal), phenology (individual observations),

chlorophyll content (at 650 and 665 nm wave length) and Mariaux windows (dendromethric bands,

annually). For the phenology the following procedures were taken: vegetative (to new, mature and old

leaves) and reproductive phenophases (green and dehiscence fruits). For chlorophyll contents five leaves

from three different ages (five discs). The results showed that: a) H. sucuuba do not showed differences in

its diametric growth between flooded and nonflooded phases, while H. spruceana e C. brasiliense showed

the highest growing during the no flooded period; b) For the phenological aspects, H. sucuuba has two

reproductive events per year (aquatic and terrestrial phase). For H. spruceana synchronize the fruits

dehiscence with high level of inundation and C. brasiliense maximized these events in the drought phase. c)

For the chlorophyll contents, H. sucuuba, H. spruceana e C. brasiliense produces their chlorophyll contents

regularly during all year. The metabolic processes of the plants are accelerated during terrestrial phase, to

turn over the energy spent by anaerobic conditions during flooded period.

Forest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapse and Carbon Flux in the Brazilian Amazon M.A. Cochrane, W.H. Chomentowksi, and D. L. Skole * Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of Geography, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Tropical forest edges are subject to the phenomenon of biomass collapse. This process reduces standing biomass amounts indefinitely and is an unaccounted for source of atmospheric carbon. Indirect effects of forest fragmentation in the Amazon may more than double the overall area of forest impacted by outright deforestation alone. It is well known that tropical deforestation is an important contributor to increases in atmospheric carbon. There is an emerging concern that forest fragmentation is also an important source of carbon to the atmosphere through the process of biomass collapse in forest edges. Recent evidence from field studies in the Brazilian Amazon show a persistent decline in forest biomass along forest edges adjacent to land deforested for pasture and other uses. Biomass collapse results from an increase in tree mortality and decrease in recruitment rates as a result of increased exposure to wind, violent microclimatic episodes, soil loss, reduced soil productivity, and encroachment by plants, animals, and humans. These studies report a dramatic, and apparently stable, loss of aboveground live biomass of 8 - 14% (average of 10.6%) within 100 meters of the forest edge during the first 7-10 years after fragmentation, with a rapid initial loss occurring in the first 4 years. Concern over carbon loss from biomass collapse in forest edges arises from the fact that fluxes of this kind are not currently being considered in carbon models. The current biotic net global flux from biomass collapse in tropical forests has been estimated to potentially be as high as 149 million Mg C/yr. We conducted a multitemporal analysis of the Brazilian Amazon for 1992 and 1999 using 430 Landsat TM/ETM images to assess the extent and persistence of biomass-collapse-affected forests. Throughout the basin, edge forests were rapidly eroded. Our results show that the total unaccounted for carbon flux was no more than 39 x 106 Mg C as of 1999. The annual flux rate of between 1.2-1.3 x 106 Mg C yr-1 is less than 1% of the annual flux from deforestation.

Detecting deforested areas from NDVI series in Amazonia 1982-1999

N. Dessay, H. Laurent, L. Machado, J. Ronchail, Y. Shimabukuro

CTA /IAE/ ACA Centro Técnico Aeroespacial /Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço/ Divisão de Ciências

Atmosféricas CEP 12228-904, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil. and

Institut de Recherche pour le développement/Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, Grenoble, France

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected]

The aim of this work is to localize forest areas that evolved toward a deforestation or a

reforestation using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We shall pay special

attention to 9 areas chosen among the LBA study areas. When the forest undergoes a

transformation such as deforestation, the NDVI presents a very sharp minimum during the dry

season, that we shall use in this work. Firstly, we use the areas that have remained steady

during 18 years as a reference to calibrate the NDVI dataset over this period. Secondly, the

regions of rain forest are geographically distinct because the dry season is not the same from

one region to the other. To take this into account, we define homogeneous areas using the

IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) vegetation classification, the

precipitation series that are provided by the Agência Nacional de Energia Eléctrica (ANEEL)

and the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) and the high level cloud cover available

from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Then we define reference

dry season NDVI by averaging the NDVI minimum in different areas that are known as not

having suffered deforestation. Afterwards, we compare the date and amplitude of the NDVI

minimum for 9 LBA target areas with that of the nearest reference area. We observe in some

cases large differences that permit to analyze the deforestation or the reforestation. This

approach gives both a spatial and a temporal vision of the evolution of the forest.






Experiments with legume mulch applications and its effects on macrofauna and decomposition in a highly degraded plantation in

central Amazonia

Petra Schmidt (1), Hubert Höfer (2) and Terezinha Garcia (3)

(1) Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung Bonn: [email protected] Walter-Flex-Str. 3, D-53113 Bonn, Germany

(2) Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe: [email protected] Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76311 Karlsruhe, Germany

(3) EMBRAPA Amazônia Ocidental Manaus: [email protected] Km 29, 69011-970 Manaus-AM, Brazil

Expecting, that the increased input of plant residues in combination with different fertilizer input will increase the abundance and biomass of the soil macrofauna and in consequence will further lead to an increase of soil organic matter by a more stable decomposition process. Therefore two field experiments were initiated in 2001. The experimental plots were set up in a completely randomised block design in a degraded area of an abandoned Cocos nucifera and Theobroma grandiflorum plantation. A mulch treatment with three levels and a fertilizer treatment with two levels are combined in a factorial design with 2 replicates in each block. In the first experiment grass and woody part of legume is used as low quality litter material (nutrient poor). With the aim to raise the substrate quality, e.g. decomposability, leaves of Flemingia macrophylla were introduced in the experimental plots, while a mixture of both, grass and legume leaves, were taken as a medium quality. In the second experiment the influence of three different quantities of mulch material is tested, using branches including leaves of the legume Tephrosia candida. The treatments in both experiments will be repeated every 4-6 months. During the two years of experimental period the nutrient content of the autochthonous and added litter as well as of soil samples will be analysed. Decomposition rates will be studied with litterbags, installed in each treatment plot and retrieved every 3 months. Soil macrofauna will be sampled at the end of the experiment using large soil cores extracted by Berlese. Soil samples will also give information on litter and root biomass as well as on soil organic matter content. The microclimate will be measured continuously by temperature and humidity loggers. A Multivariate analysis of all measured variables will be used to get few integrating variable of soil fertility, which will than be used in a Two-Way-MANOVA to test the effect of the treatments on soil fertility.




Secondary forest recovery on degraded pastures in Central Amazonia: carbon, nutrients, and light-capture Ted R. Feldpausch1,3, Erick C.M. Fernandes1, Susan J. Riha2 , Marco A. Rondon1

1Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA 2Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853 USA 3Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 612 Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; [email protected] Large areas of the Amazon Basin have been cleared for pasture. Depending on region and management, the pastures may degenerate be abandoned to invading secondary vegetation. We examined post-pasture forest recovery in ten secondary forests (SF) ranging in age from 0 to 14 years since abandonment to determine the dynamics of nutrient and C accumulation and forest structure in redeveloping SF. Within the SF chronosequence, we measured aboveground biomass and nutrient storage, soil C and nutrients, leaf area index (LAI), and canopy cover by dominant genera and growth-form. After 12 to 14 years of recovery, the colonizing secondary vegetation rapidly sequestered C, rebuilt total nutrient capital, and returned some, but not all components of forest structure. Compared to primary forests values, LAI was about 50%, canopy cover was similar, and the rapid Vismia-dominated aboveground biomass accrual was 25 to 50% in the oldest forests. Carbon accumulation rates were comparable or higher than rates reported from other studies. Although the vegetation is Ca demanding, the low Ca soils adequately replenished immobilized Ca. There was a net loss of soil P over time, which can be attributed to relocation of P from soil to growing vegetation. Slow leaf area accumulation relative to forests recovering from other land-use, demonstrates differences in canopy development, which could negatively influence soil water uptake, evapotranspiration, and primary productivity. Although aboveground C gains were rapid, the soil pool represents the greatest potential for long-term C gains; however, soil nutrient deficits may limit future productivity.

Transpiration before and after Burning in Different “Cerrado” Vegetation Types of the Brazilian Savanna

Viviana Horna , Jonathan J. Lloyd

Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, 07701 Jena Germany

[email protected] The savanna vegetation in Brazil, also known as Cerrado, has been estimated to cover 1.8 mil km2. This large ecosystem is dominated by fire and composed by a successional series that varies in species composition and tree density. In this study, the effects of fire on the rates of xylem flux density will be compared by measuring the flow of xylem water in trees before and after fire occurrence at two cerrado vegetation types: campo sujo (tree and/or shrub savanna) and cerrado (wooded savanna). The study is being conducted at the Reserve of the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics located 34 Km south of the city of Brasilia. Nine trees of the most common tree species are monitored at each site. Sensors to measure xylem flux density and stem temperature were installed at all sites during mid April. One Campo sujo site and one Cerrado site will be burned during mid June 2002, following a bi-annual plan for prescribed fires managed by the University of Brasilia. Xylem sensors will be removed just before the fire and reinstalled after the fire in the two areas to be burned, while measurements will continue uninterrupted in two controlled areas. At the moment, the first results from the early dried season before fire are being processed and these will be compared to the data to be collected in late June for the post-fire period. It is expected that fire will reduce considerably the values of xylem flux density. The data from this study will help to determine the degree of adaptation of Cerrado tree species to fire, measured by the level and speed of recovery of the xylem flux rates after the fire.

Title: VALIDATING, SCALING AND PARAMETERIZING A FOREST REGROWTH MODEL FOR THE AMAZON REGION USING AIRCRAFT AND SPACEBORNE SENSORS AND GIS William Salas1, Diogenes Alves2, Dan Zarin3, Mark Ducey4, and Jiaguo Qi5 Abstract Developing an ability to predict forest regrowth potential has considerable implications for our understanding of carbon dynamics in a future characterized by increased conversion of old-growth Amazonian forests and the subsequent abandonment of many areas originally cleared for agricultural activities. We will present a four-step, incremental approach directed toward the spatially explicit modeling and mapping of forest regrowth potential for the Amazon region. Each of the four steps will make a significant contribution to current understanding of the response of ecosystems to disturbance at the regional scale. A central focus of our approach is the development of remote sensing approaches for quantifying vegetation recovery and changes in biomass following disturbance, determination of the optimal scale for these approaches, and testing of disturbance-specific parameters that may influence rates of forest regrowth in Amazonia. An outline of our four incremental steps is provided:

1. production of preliminary forest regrowth potential maps for the region using an empirical model of biomass accumulation in global secondary forests.

2. definition of a set of normalized spectral indices of forest regrowth optimized for the Amazon region.

3. testing of the reliability of the preliminary maps (Step 1 product) and the remote sensing indices of regrowth structure (Step 2 products).

4. refinement of the global model to enhance its regional applicability by including known disturbance-specific parameters shown to explain a significant amount of variance between measured and modeled regrowth biomass and structure.

Our poster will provide details on this project and preliminary results of our multi-temporal Landsat analysis. 1 Applied Geosolutions, 10 Newmarket Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA, email [email protected], ph; 603-868-2369. 2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciail, Av dos Astronautas 1758 CEP 12227-010, Sao José dos Campos, SP, Brazil Ph: 55-12-345-6492, Email: [email protected] 3 University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA Tel: 352 846 0859; Email: [email protected] 4 Department of Natural Resources, James Hall, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 USA, Ph: (603) 862-4429, Email: [email protected] 5 BSRSI/Department of Geography, Michigan State Univeristy 218 Manly Miles Bldg, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823 USA Ph: (517)353-8736, Email: [email protected]




Documents

A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the Biophysical