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A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
Motives for European Exploration
Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades and later Ottoman invasion by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons Technology
New Weapons Technology
Prince Henry, the Navigator
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Portuguese Maritime Empire
Portuguese Maritime Empire
1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]
Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmwriy3a6sc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8waBR2Hpsgk
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Other Voyages of Exploration
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
Maya
Aztec
Inca
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDfO6L5_OlQ
Fernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma II
vs.
vs.
How was conquest achieved?
• Disease• Technology/warfare strategies• Alliances• End of the world predicted and initial
friendly welcome.
How was conquest achieved?• Disease: small pox, 2/3
dead• Europeans
domesticated and lived among their animals. Chickens: influenza, horses: smallpox
• Technology
• End of the world predicted
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Francisco Pizarro
Other Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
Other Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
Atahualpa
vs.
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
• Encomienda System and peonage• Monopoly created with mercantilism
The “Columbian Exchange”
The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Treasuresfrom the Americas!
Treasuresfrom the Americas!
• But maybe most important was the potato which fed ½ the people in Europe allowing population to grow and states to stabilize.
• However when using Chinese slaves to collect guano off of Peru for fertilizer they brought over the potato blight which causes devastation. Example: Still fewer people in Ireland today than before the famine which struck in 1845.
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
• Latin Americans had not made good slaves as they were dying from disease and escaping. Also some laws passed from Catholic monarchs that slavery was immoral except in the case of Africans.
• Africans had immunities to malaria that had built up over the years of exposure.
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws 1542, ignored
and led to more African
slavery
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Slave ShipSlave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African CaptivesThrown OverboardAfrican Captives
Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Spanish Mission
• Church was complicit in oppression and conquering lands
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion
Impact of European Expansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease and slavery.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]
4. Deepened colonial rivalries and belief in mercantilism.
5. New Patterns of World Trade
5. New Patterns of World Trade
• http://flocabulary.com/conquistadors-and-slavery/
