Motives for European Exploration

Motives for European Exploration

1. The Crusades resulted in Muslims cutting Europeans off from trade with China, India (Ex = Spain – why?)

2. The Renaissance (Humanism) led to a great curiosity about other lands and peoples

3. The Reformation resulted in many refugees needing new homes & missionaries seeking new souls to convert

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue

5. Fame, fortune & glory!

New Naval TechnologiesNew Naval

Technologies

Astrolabe – helped determine what time it was (helped with

speed, latitude)

Better Maps - increased safety,

Sextant – determine

latitude (location)

Mariner’s Compass –

determine N / S / E / W

New Weapons Technology

New Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Navigator• Established a

School for Navigation, 1419

• Trained sailors, captains in navigation, seamanship

• Encouraged & sponsored Portuguese explorers

Portuguese Exploration in Africa,

Asia

Portuguese Exploration in Africa,

Asia1. 1460s-80s: Explored the west coast of Africa

2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487: rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) but didn’t make it to India

3. Vasco da Gama, 1498: first European to sail to India

Around Africa, across Indian Ocean to Calicut and Goa

Diaz’s Trip to India

Activity

• Compare and contrast Portuguese exploration with Spanish exploration by reading the following documents.

• Proceed to answer the corresponding questions and complete the graphic organizer.

• Due EOC.

Warm Up

Spain and the “West Indies”

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

• Goal was to find westward passage to China – why?

• Christopher Columbus’ early life (Italian; at sea from age 10; to Spain in 1487)

• Looked for sponsors for voyages (Leaders of Portugal; Genoa; Venice; England; Spain)

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Columbus’ Four Voyages

• When Columbus died, he was convinced that he had discovered a route to China & the Far East

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the WorldEarly 16c

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the WorldEarly 16c

Other Voyages of Exploration

Other Voyages of Exploration

Cabot: Italian,working for English(route to North America)

Amerigo Vespucci: Italian; explored S. America and lent his name to the Continent

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish Conquest:The Aztecs

The First Spanish Conquest:The Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma II

vs.

vs.

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Aztec myths

Spanish allied withAztec enemies

Invited Montezuma to a meeting, thenkidnapped him!

Without a ruler, Aztec empire disintegrated

Francisco Pizarro

The First Spanish Conquests

The Incas

The First Spanish Conquests

The Incas

Atahualpa

vs.

3 expeditions

Took advantage of civil war of Incans

Captured Atahualpa, ransomed for 22x17 room filled with gold!

Disease killed most Incans

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Activity

• Compare and Contrast Native American and European values by reading the following documents.

• Proceed to answer the corresponding questions.

• Due EOC.

Mercantilism• Economic policy that viewed

prosperity as a zero sum game– Measured in gold / silver that a

country had– Neighboring country ex.– Best way to accumulate wealth

= positive balance of trade, with colonies• Get raw materials from colony• Sell finished goods to colony

– Government should be protectionist (tariffs & colonies)

The Columbian Exchange

• One of the most significant events of world history

• Exchange of plants, animals, products & diseases between “old” and “new” worlds

• What did each world get?

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Quinine TOBACCO

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE (corn)

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN

Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee

Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

The Potato

Activity

• Examine the connection between mercantilism and the Columbian Exchange by reading the following documents.

• Proceed to answer the corresponding questions.

• Due EOC.

The “Triangle” Trade• Slave trade consisted

of three parts– First, Europeans

brought manufactured goods to Africa

– Second, Europeans took Africans to Americas as slaves (“middle passage”)

– Third, Europeans took raw materials back to Europe

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans (African v. African; Muslims v. African)

2. In New World, Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans

Sugar cane very difficult to harvest

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave ShipSlave Ship

“Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African CaptivesThrown OverboardAfrican Captives

Thrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships!

Activity

• Examine the various interpretations of the middle passage by reading the following documents.

• Proceed to answer the corresponding questions.

• Due EOC.

European Empires in the Americas

European Empires in the Americas

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

1. Portugal lacked the population and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean

2. Spain conquered the Philippines

3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591

Surat in NW India in 1608

Dutch arrived in India in 1595

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion

Impact of European Expansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease; survivors converted to Christianity

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created great wealth – and an inflationary economic climate

3. New products introduced across the continents (“Columbian Exchange”)

4. Deepened rivalries between European countries

Quiz