A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. -Abraham Maslow

Can you tell me what Maslow is describing?

Abraham MASLOW •  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - our most basic needs

must be met before we can be our best self

key name 19

08-1

970

David McCLELLAND • Achievement Motivation

– demonstrated that people with a high need for achievement choose moderate to difficult tasks

key name 19

17-1

998

Walter CANNON & Philip BARD •  We experience the physical

(heart racing) and the emotional ("I feel excited") at the SAME TIME

key name 18

98-1

971

187

1-19

45

Stanley SCHACTER •  Two factor theory of emotion

– - we experience the physical (heart racing) and give it a cognitive label ("this is scary") and this produces our emotions

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22-1

997

Konrad LORENZ • Asserted that aggressive impulses,

are to a degree, innate.

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03-1

989

Theories of Emotion

• Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

3 Major Theories of Emotion

•  James-Lange •  Cannon-Bard •  Schacter - Two Factor (also referred to as Schacter-

Singer)

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A Physiological Response causes the Emotion

Fear (emotion)

Pounding heart

(arousal)

Sight of

oncoming car

(perception of stimulus)

Support for James-Lange •  Subjects report

feeling more sad when viewing scenes of war, sickness, and starvation if their “sad face” muscles are activated.

•  They also find comic strips funnier if their “happy face” muscles are activated.

This is called the facial feedback effect

Criticism of James-Lange Fear

(emotion)

Pounding heart

(arousal)

Sight of

oncoming car

(perception of stimulus)

LOVE

(emotion)

Pounding heart

(arousal)

Sight of

Your secret crush

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

•  The Physiological Response and the

Emotion are experienced at the SAME

TIME

Sight of

oncoming car

(perception of stimulus)

Pounding heart

(arousal)

Fear (emotion)

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion •  Says James-

Lange theory is full of crap.

•  The

physiological change and the emotion occur simultaneously.

•  They believed it

was the thalamus that helped this happen.

Think  –  Two  cannons  firing    at  the  same  3me.  

Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)

Emotion

Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion

•  We experience the Physiological Response and give it a Cognitive Label and this produces our emotions

Cognitive label

“I’m afraid”

Fear (emotion)

Sight of

oncoming car

(perception of stimulus)

Pounding heart

(arousal)

If  you  are  in  a  falling  vehicle  heading  toward  the  ground  at  60  mph,  your  autonomic  reac3on  would  include  heart  racing  and  screaming.    But  if  your  cogni3ve  appraisal  says  you  are  on  a  rollercoaster,  then  you  have  the  emo3on  of  “fun.”  

Reviewing the three theories

Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal

Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal

Arousal + Cognitive label à Emotion

Experiencing Emotion •  Does money buy happiness?

Year

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

0%

Average per-person

after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage

describing themselves as very happy

$20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000

$9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Percentage very happy

Personal income

Experiencing Emotion •  Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

–  tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level •  brightness of lights •  volume of sound •  level of income

–  defined by our prior experience –  This is why winning the lottery would only make us happy

for a short while. Once the novelty of having all that money wears off, we adapt to this new level of wealth (or achievement, etc.)

•  Relative Deprivation pony example (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qb0vquRcys)

–  perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Happiness is... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise

However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness

The Concept of Happiness

• Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: you will be helpful more often if you are in a good mood.

• Subjective Well Being: most common

measurement of happiness, satisfaction, and quality of life. Looks at physical as well as economic indicators.

Emotion Application Christine is holding her 8 month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby’s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, and notices that her heart is banging and that she’s broken out in a cold sweat. How would the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor Theories explain Christine’s reaction?