A NATION A NATION DIVIDEDDIVIDED

THE CIVIL WARTHE CIVIL WAR1861-18651861-1865

Alabama and the Civil Alabama and the Civil WarWarAlabama would

contribute military leaders, cabinet officials, troops, munitions and vital supplies to the Confederacy during the Civil War.

On what date did On what date did Alabama secede from Alabama secede from

the union?the union? On On January 11, 1861 AlabamaJanuary 11, 1861 Alabama would become would become the 4the 4thth state to leave the Union, its secession state to leave the Union, its secession convention calling for a meeting of delegates convention calling for a meeting of delegates from all Southern states in what city?from all Southern states in what city?Montgomery- Montgomery- the capital of Alabamathe capital of AlabamaOn February 4, 1861 the new provisional On February 4, 1861 the new provisional government of the Confederate States of government of the Confederate States of America was organized, with America was organized, with Montgomery Montgomery selected as its temporary seat and who was selected as its temporary seat and who was elected president of the CSA?elected president of the CSA?

Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis

Alabama and the Civil WarAlabama and the Civil WarIn one section of northern Alabama, In one section of northern Alabama, where antislavery feeling was strong, where antislavery feeling was strong, there was a movement to form a pro-there was a movement to form a pro-Union state.Union state.What was one of the counties in Alabama What was one of the counties in Alabama that did not succeeded from the union at that did not succeeded from the union at the start of the Civil War?the start of the Civil War?Winston County Winston County – Was known as the – Was known as the “Free State of Winston”“Free State of Winston”Why were some northern Alabamians Why were some northern Alabamians against secession?against secession?Northern Alabamians did not depend as Northern Alabamians did not depend as much on cotton and thus held fewer much on cotton and thus held fewer slaves. slaves. Were not threatened by abolitions. Were not threatened by abolitions.

Other areas against Other areas against secessionsecession

East TennesseeEast Tennessee Rabun County in GeorgiaRabun County in Georgia Ozark Mountains in ArkansasOzark Mountains in Arkansas Jones County MississippiJones County Mississippi Western and Central North Western and Central North

CarolinaCarolina Western counties of VirginiaWestern counties of Virginia

((Athens) LimestoneAthens) Limestone would would be the first county in be the first county in Alabama to be invaded by Alabama to be invaded by the North.the North.In the spring of 1862, In the spring of 1862, Union forces under a Union forces under a Russian-born Union Russian-born Union officer named Ivan officer named Ivan Turchinov (later named Turchinov (later named John B. TurchinJohn B. Turchin) captured ) captured Athens, the wealthy county Athens, the wealthy county seat of Limestone County. seat of Limestone County.

Turchin’s Raid of Athens

Turchin burned homes, robbed, and Turchin burned homes, robbed, and committed such chaos and damage that committed such chaos and damage that General Don Carlos Buell of the Union General Don Carlos Buell of the Union Army called Turchin’s raid of Athens a Army called Turchin’s raid of Athens a case of undisputed atrocity and Turchin case of undisputed atrocity and Turchin was court-martialed and sentenced to was court-martialed and sentenced to be dismissed from the army. be dismissed from the army. Then for some unexplained reason, the Then for some unexplained reason, the case was dropped and he was promoted case was dropped and he was promoted to brigadier general.to brigadier general.

At the beginning of hostilities Alabama state troops would seize forts at the entrance of Mobile Bay and the Union arsenal at Mount Vernon. .

There was no real There was no real fighting in the state early fighting in the state early in the war but in 1862 in the war but in 1862 invading Federal forces invading Federal forces held sizable areas. held sizable areas.

To resist the invasion, To resist the invasion, almost every white almost every white Alabamian old enough to Alabamian old enough to carry a gun enlisted in carry a gun enlisted in the Confederate Army. the Confederate Army.

Some 2,500 white men Some 2,500 white men and 10,000 blacks had and 10,000 blacks had already enlisted in the already enlisted in the Union Army.Union Army.

Alabama supplied, Alabama supplied, most of the iron used most of the iron used by the Confederacy, by the Confederacy, with an average with an average annual output of annual output of 40,000 tons during 40,000 tons during the 4 years of the the 4 years of the war. war.

The state would The state would furnish the furnish the Confederate Army Confederate Army with some 60-65 with some 60-65 regiments of infantry, regiments of infantry, 12-15 regiments of 12-15 regiments of cavalry, and over 20 cavalry, and over 20 batteries of artillery.batteries of artillery.

The South moved the The South moved the capital fromcapital from Montgomery, Montgomery,

Alabama Alabama to where?to where?Richmond VirginiaWhy was the capital moved to Richmond?1. Location might persuade states along the

North-South border to secede.2. Virginia had more developed industry than

Alabama.3. Richmond’s location near Washington, D.C.

placed it closer to the sites of anticipated battles easing communication between Confederate generals in the field and their government.

Generals from AlabamaGenerals from Alabama

LTG James Longstreet-LTG James Longstreet- most prominent general most prominent general from Alabama. Lee’s from Alabama. Lee’s most trusted lieutenant most trusted lieutenant in the Army of Northern in the Army of Northern Virginia.Virginia.

Confederate General James Longstreet1821 - 1904

James Longstreet was born on January 8, 1821 in Edgefield District, South Carolina, the son Of planter James and Mary Ann (Dent) Longstreet. His father died when James was twelve. Although he was born in South Carolina, Longstreet considered Georgia his home.

““Fighting’ Joe” WheelerFighting’ Joe” Wheeler Took part in more than 500

skirmishes and commanded in 127 battles. Almost constantly engaged in combat was wounded 3 times and had 16 horses shot from under him. Jefferson Davis praised him by saying “ one of the ablest, bravest and most skillful of cavalry commanders.”

At the start of the war in 1861, Wheeler resigned from the U.S. Army to join the Confederate States Army. He was ordered to Huntsville, Alabama to take command of the newly formed 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment, which he led into battle at Shiloh in April 1862. Wheeler later transferred to the cavalry and rose to the rank of Major General. Nicknamed "Fighting Joe", Wheeler was considered by General Robert E. Lee to be one of the two most outstanding Confederate cavalry leaders and saw action in many campaigns, including opposing William T. Sherman's advance on Atlanta.

Nathan Bedford ForrestNathan Bedford ForrestNathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821 – October 29, 1877), was a Confederate general and perhaps the American Civil War's most highly regarded cavalry

and partisan ranger (guerrilla leader).

Forrest is regarded by many Forrest is regarded by many military historians as the military historians as the war's most innovative and war's most innovative and successful general. His successful general. His tactics of tactics of mobile warfare are are still studied by modern still studied by modern soldiers.soldiers.

After the war, Forrest's After the war, Forrest's reputation suffered due to reputation suffered due to allegations of brutality in the allegations of brutality in the Battle of Fort Pillow, as well as , as well as his role as the first Grand his role as the first Grand Wizard of the Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan..

Forrest Takes a Hostage OnForrest Takes a Hostage On the last day of Shiloh, the last day of Shiloh, Nathan Bedford Forrest led his men in a reckless charge Nathan Bedford Forrest led his men in a reckless charge

against Sherman.  against Sherman.  Outdistancing his men, he soon found himself Outdistancing his men, he soon found himself

surrounded by Yankee troops.  surrounded by Yankee troops.  So, he grabbed a small one to use as a shield while he So, he grabbed a small one to use as a shield while he

shot himself out of trouble.shot himself out of trouble.

Other GeneralsOther Generals BG James H. ClantonBG James H. Clanton MG Henry DeLamar ClaytonMG Henry DeLamar Clayton BG W.W. AllenBG W.W. Allen BG W.F. PerryBG W.F. Perry BG Danville LeadbetterBG Danville Leadbetter BG James T. HoltzclawBG James T. Holtzclaw BG George D. JohnstonBG George D. Johnston BG James CanteyBG James Cantey BG Alpheus BakerBG Alpheus Baker BG Young M. MoodyBG Young M. Moody BG Archibald GracieBG Archibald Gracie BG Z.C DeasBG Z.C Deas

Other important Other important Alabamians who Alabamians who

helped the helped the ConfederacyConfederacy

Josiah GorgasJosiah GorgasJosiah Gorgas (July 1, 1818 – May 15, 1883) was one of the few Northern-born Confederate generals in the American Civil War. As chief of ordnance, he managed to keep the Confederate armies supplied with weapons and ammunition, despite the Union blockade and even though the South had hardly any munitions industry before the war began. He kept diaries during the Civil War, which are now a popular subject of study for historians.

Emma SansomEmma Sansom

Emma Sansom (Emma Sansom (June 2, , 1847 – – August 9, , 1900) ) was an was an Alabama farm girl noted for farm girl noted for her bravery her bravery during the during the American Civil War. .

Raphael SemmesRaphael SemmesRaphael Semmes (September 27, 1809 – August 30, 1877) was an officer in the United States Navy from 1826 to 1860 and the Confederate States Navy from 1860 to 1865. During the American Civil War he was captain of the famous commerce raider CSS Alabama, taking a record fifty-five prizes. Late in the war he was promoted to Admiral and also served briefly as a Brigadier General in the Confederate States Army.

Monitor/Merrimack Monitor/Merrimack (Ironclads)(Ironclads)

These ironclad ships could splinter These ironclad ships could splinter wooden ships and withstand cannon wooden ships and withstand cannon fire and resist burning.fire and resist burning.

General Grant used four ironclad General Grant used four ironclad ships when he captured Ft. Henry and ships when he captured Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson.Ft. Donelson.

On March the 9, 1862 the North’s On March the 9, 1862 the North’s Monitor and the South’s Merrimack Monitor and the South’s Merrimack fought a historical duel.fought a historical duel.

The engagement, known as the Battle of The engagement, known as the Battle of Hampton Roads, was part of a Confederate Hampton Roads, was part of a Confederate effort to break the Union blockade of Southern effort to break the Union blockade of Southern ports, including Norfolk and Richmond, ports, including Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia, that had been imposed at the start of Virginia, that had been imposed at the start of the war. the war.

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WARCAUSES OF THE CIVIL WARNorthern AggressionNorthern Aggression

The causes of the war were complex.The causes of the war were complex.11stst cause- cause-Slavery- Slavery- abolitionist in the North said abolitionist in the North said

that slavery was wrong and should be that slavery was wrong and should be abolished. abolished. Today that is true. Today that is true. Thus led to the fight of slavery begin Thus led to the fight of slavery begin right or wrong and even as far as right or wrong and even as far as Biblical passages begin quoted . Biblical passages begin quoted . The establishment of colonies outside The establishment of colonies outside for the slaves.for the slaves.

22ndnd cause- cause- Sectionalism-Sectionalism- This was a war This was a war

between sections (North) the between sections (North) the national government and the national government and the (South). (South). All started when the Northern All started when the Northern sections won control of the sections won control of the Congress and the presidency. Congress and the presidency. The South felt threatened. The South felt threatened. Started also over the West as Started also over the West as well when a new state came in well when a new state came in either as a slave or free state. either as a slave or free state.

33rdrd cause- cause- Came from the different Came from the different economic economic interestsinterests of the North and the of the North and the South. Owners of factories and South. Owners of factories and banks in the Northeast favored banks in the Northeast favored economic measures which were economic measures which were strongly opposed by the Southern strongly opposed by the Southern farmers. farmers. Example the tariff the national Example the tariff the national banking system placed on farmers.banking system placed on farmers. It was totally different from those It was totally different from those on manufacturers.on manufacturers.

44thth cause- cause- This was a difference in theory This was a difference in theory

as to the nature of our as to the nature of our constitutional system. constitutional system. The Union had not created the The Union had not created the states but the states had states but the states had created the Union. created the Union. So the Southern states felt they So the Southern states felt they had a right to leave the Union. had a right to leave the Union. Northern states argued that Northern states argued that states could not secede. states could not secede.

““Whatever may Whatever may be the result of be the result of the contest, I the contest, I foresee that the foresee that the country will have country will have to pass through to pass through a terrible a terrible ordeal… for our ordeal… for our national sins.”national sins.”

38 Union Generals Born in the South38 Union Generals Born in the South 33 Southern Generals Born in the 33 Southern Generals Born in the

NorthNorth 11 Confederate States11 Confederate States 19 loyal states in 186119 loyal states in 1861 16 major officers whose families 16 major officers whose families

were divided by the warwere divided by the war 23 West Point classmates fought in 23 West Point classmates fought in

the war.the war. 10 year old youngest to be in war-10 year old youngest to be in war-

Johnny Clem Johnny Clem of Newark, Ohio of Newark, Ohio Drummer BoyDrummer Boy

Facts about the Civil War

Choosing SidesChoosing Sides

Many Northerners and Many Northerners and Southerners had to choose Southerners had to choose which side they would join. which side they would join. Eventually 313 officers or Eventually 313 officers or about 1/3 of the total Army at about 1/3 of the total Army at the time resigned to join the the time resigned to join the Confederacy. Confederacy.

These officers enabled the These officers enabled the South to organize and effective South to organize and effective fighting force quickly, as did fighting force quickly, as did the strong military traditions the strong military traditions in the South. in the South.

In the 1860 the United States In the 1860 the United States had eight military colleges in had eight military colleges in the South so the South had a the South so the South had a large number of trained large number of trained officers.officers.

The idol of the South to this day, Virginian Robert E. Lee had some difficulty in adjusting to the new form of warfare that unfolded with the Civil war, but this did not prevent him from keeping the Union armies in Virginia at bay for almost three years. West Point and graduated second in his class. During his four years at the military academy he did not earn a single demerit and served as the cadet corps' adjutant. Upon his 1829 graduation he was posted to the engineers.

What were theWhat were theAdvantages and Advantages and DisadvantagesDisadvantages

North South

North Advantage’sNorth Advantage’s 4 times as many citizens.4 times as many citizens. Had more people to grow food and work in factories.Had more people to grow food and work in factories. Had more than 70% of the railroads.Had more than 70% of the railroads. Had a strong navy and a large fleet of private trading Had a strong navy and a large fleet of private trading

ships.ships.

North’s Disadvantage’sNorth’s Disadvantage’s Northern soldiers had to conquer a huge area to bring Northern soldiers had to conquer a huge area to bring

the South back into the Union.the South back into the Union. They were invading unfamiliar land. They were invading unfamiliar land.

South’s AdvantageSouth’s Advantage Defending their homeland gave them a strong reason Defending their homeland gave them a strong reason

to fight.to fight. Had skills that made them good soldiers Had skills that made them good soldiers Many of the best officers in the United Many of the best officers in the United

States were from the South States were from the South

South’s Disadvantage’sSouth’s Disadvantage’s Had few factories to produce weapons, railroad tracts, Had few factories to produce weapons, railroad tracts,

and other supplies.and other supplies. Had few railroads to move troops and vital supplies .Had few railroads to move troops and vital supplies . The South had a small population, about 9 million. The South had a small population, about 9 million.

lived in the Confederacy and 22 million in the Union. lived in the Confederacy and 22 million in the Union. More than 1/3rd of the population was enslaved; More than 1/3rd of the population was enslaved;

therefore they had fewer people that could be soldiers. therefore they had fewer people that could be soldiers.

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson January 21[1], 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He is most famous for his audacious Valley Campaign of 1862 and as a corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee. His own troops accidentally shot him at the battle of Chancellorsville and he died of complications from an amputated arm and pneumonia several days later.

First Bull Run Jackson rose to prominence and

earned his nickname at the First Battle of Bull Run (known by Southerners as First Manassas) in July 1861. As the Confederate lines began to crumble under heavy Union assault, Jackson's brigade provided crucial reinforcements on Henry House Hill. Brig. Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr., exhorted his own troops to reform by shouting, "There stands Jackson like a stone wall. Rally behind the Virginians!" There is some controversy over Bee's statement and intent.

General Irwin General Irwin McDowellMcDowell

Civil War actions at Civil War actions at Bull Run twice Bull Run twice almost brought the almost brought the military career of military career of Irvin McDowell to an Irvin McDowell to an inglorious end. inglorious end.

Battle Of Manassas/Bull RunBattle Of Manassas/Bull Run During the summer of 1861, During the summer of 1861, Confederate Confederate

troop were camping along a stream named troop were camping along a stream named Bull Run near Manassas Junction,Bull Run near Manassas Junction, Virginia.Virginia.   

On July 21, 1861, Union General Irwin On July 21, 1861, Union General Irwin McDowell moved 31,000 troops across McDowell moved 31,000 troops across Bull Run. Bull Run. 

At first he was successful in pushing At first he was successful in pushing back the Confederate troops, but then back the Confederate troops, but then they encountered General Thomas they encountered General Thomas Jackson and a group of Virginia soldiers.Jackson and a group of Virginia soldiers.

His soldiers were inspired by his His soldiers were inspired by his leadership and also held their leadership and also held their ground.  ground. 

The Union soldiers fought well at first, The Union soldiers fought well at first, but the Confederate troops were but the Confederate troops were better organized and defeated them.  better organized and defeated them. 

This was the first battle of the Civil This was the first battle of the Civil War.War.

Bull Run was located near Manassas, Bull Run was located near Manassas, Virginia, a town about 25 miles west Virginia, a town about 25 miles west of Washington.  of Washington. 

Hundreds of people had traveled on Hundreds of people had traveled on horseback and in carriages to watch horseback and in carriages to watch the Union troops defeat the the Union troops defeat the Confederacy.  Confederacy. 

When the Union troops retreated When the Union troops retreated toward Washington, they ran into toward Washington, they ran into hundreds of onlookers. hundreds of onlookers. 

Soon panic stricken soldiers and Soon panic stricken soldiers and civilians started running together, civilians started running together, and they stopped only when they and they stopped only when they reached the Potomac River.reached the Potomac River.

The Attack on Fort Sumter(April 12-13, 1861)

                                             

Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard (BO-rih-gahrd) (May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893), best known as a general for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, was also a writer, civil servant, and inventor. He was the first prominent Confederate general, commanding the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, for the Battle of Fort Sumter, and was the victor at the First Battle of Bull Run.

Major Robert Anderson Major Robert Anderson April 18, 1861--10.30 a.m.--via New York April 18, 1861--10.30 a.m.--via New York

    Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-    Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge walls seriously injured, the the gorge walls seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of heat, four door closed from the effects of heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions only being available, and no provisions remaining but pork, I accepted terms of remaining but pork, I accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, evacuation offered by General Beauregard, being the same offered by him on the 11th being the same offered by him on the 11th instant, prior to the commencement of instant, prior to the commencement of hostilities, and marched out of the fort hostilities, and marched out of the fort Sunday afternoon, the 14th instant, with Sunday afternoon, the 14th instant, with colors flying and drums beating, bringing colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and away company and private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns.saluting my flag with fifty guns.

DixieDixieI wish I was in the land of cotton,I wish I was in the land of cotton,old times there are not forgotten,old times there are not forgotten,Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.In Dixie land where I was born in, early on a frosty mornin',In Dixie land where I was born in, early on a frosty mornin',Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land. Chorus: Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land. Chorus: Then I wish I was in Dixie, hooray! Hooray!Then I wish I was in Dixie, hooray! Hooray!In Dixie land I'll take my stand, to live and die in Dixie,In Dixie land I'll take my stand, to live and die in Dixie,Away, away, away down south in Dixie,Away, away, away down south in Dixie,Away, away, away down south in Dixie. Away, away, away down south in Dixie.

Old Missus marry Will de Weaber, Will-yum was a gay deceaber,Old Missus marry Will de Weaber, Will-yum was a gay deceaber,Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.But when he put his arm around her,But when he put his arm around her,smiled as fierce as a forty pounder.smiled as fierce as a forty pounder.Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land. (Chorus) Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land. (Chorus)

Dars buckwheat cakes an' ingen batter, makes you fat or a little Dars buckwheat cakes an' ingen batter, makes you fat or a little fatter,fatter,Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land.Den hoe it down and scratch your grabble to Dixie's landDen hoe it down and scratch your grabble to Dixie's landI'm bound to travel,I'm bound to travel,Look away, look away, look away Dixie land. (Chorus) Look away, look away, look away Dixie land. (Chorus)

  

Dixie"Dixie", also known as , also known as "I Wish I Was "I Wish I Was in Dixie"in Dixie", , "Dixie's Land""Dixie's Land", and by , and by other titles, is a other titles, is a popular American song. It is one of the . It is one of the most distinctively American musical most distinctively American musical products of the 19th century,products of the 19th century,[1] and and probably the best-known song to have probably the best-known song to have come out of come out of blackface minstrelsy..[2] Although not a Although not a folk song at its at its creation, "Dixie" has since entered the creation, "Dixie" has since entered the American folk vernacular. The song American folk vernacular. The song likely cemented the word "likely cemented the word "Dixie" in " in the the American vocabulary as a synonym vocabulary as a synonym for the for the Southern United States. .

Most sources credit Ohio-born Daniel Decatur Emmett with the song's composition; however many other people have claimed to have composed "Dixie", even during Emmett's lifetime. Compounding the problem of definitively establishing the song's authorship are Emmett's own confused accounts of its writing, and his tardiness in having "Dixie" copyrighted.

The Battle Hymn of the The Battle Hymn of the Republic Republic The Battle Hymn of the Republic" is a

patriotic anthem, written by Julia Ward Howe, that was made popular during the American Civil War. The original words and music were written in 1853 by South Carolinian William Steffe. It was alternately called "Canaan's Happy Shore" or "Brothers, Will You Meet Me?" and was sung as a campfire spiritual. The tune spread across the United States, taking on many sets of new lyrics.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic.jpg

What is a What is a bountybounty and who and who used the idea?used the idea?

A sum of money given as a bonus to A sum of money given as a bonus to individuals who promised 3 years of individuals who promised 3 years of military service. military service. Union Idea.Union Idea.Do we give bounties today?Do we give bounties today?

Naval WarNaval War What did the Navy do to stop the South What did the Navy do to stop the South

from transporting goods and soldiers on from transporting goods and soldiers on the waterway?the waterway?BlockadesBlockadesHow did the South get by the blockades?How did the South get by the blockades?Blockade runners what were they?Blockade runners what were they?Faster and smaller vessels.Faster and smaller vessels.

When did they perform these missions?When did they perform these missions?At nightAt night

David G. Farragut David G. Farragut Union Union Naval CommanderNaval Commander

David Glasgow Farragut David Glasgow Farragut ((July 5, , 1801 – – August 14, , 1870) was the senior ) was the senior officer of the officer of the U.S. Navy during the during the American Civil War. He . He was the first was the first rear admiral, , vice admiral, and full , and full admiral of the Navy. He of the Navy. He is remembered in is remembered in popular culture for his popular culture for his famous order at the famous order at the Battle of Mobile Bay, " , "

War in the WestWar in the West

                                                            

  Western Theater in early 1862

██ Confederate ██ Union

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant (born (born Hiram Hiram Ulysses GrantUlysses Grant, , April 27, , 1822 – – July 23, , 1885) was an ) was an American general and politician who was general and politician who was elected as the elected as the 1818thth President of the President of the United StatesUnited States(1869–1877). (1869–1877). He achieved international fame as the He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the Civil leading Union general in the Civil War.War.

After service in the Mexican-American After service in the Mexican-American War, an undistinguished peacetime War, an undistinguished peacetime military career, and a series of military career, and a series of unsuccessful civilian jobs, Grant proved unsuccessful civilian jobs, Grant proved highly successful in training new highly successful in training new recruits in 1861. His capture of recruits in 1861. His capture of Fort Henry and and Fort Donelson in in February 1862 marked the first major February 1862 marked the first major Union victories of the Civil War and Union victories of the Civil War and opened up prime avenues of invasion to opened up prime avenues of invasion to the South. Surprised and nearly the South. Surprised and nearly defeated at defeated at Shiloh (April 1862), he (April 1862), he fought back and took control of most of fought back and took control of most of western western Kentucky and and Tennessee

His great achievement in 1862-63 His great achievement in 1862-63 was to seize control of the was to seize control of the Mississippi River by defeating a by defeating a series of uncoordinated series of uncoordinated Confederate armies and by armies and by capturing capturing Vicksburg in July 1863. in July 1863. After a victory at After a victory at Chattanooga in in late 1863, late 1863, Abraham Lincoln made made him general-in-chief of all him general-in-chief of all Union armies. .

Battle of ShilohBattle of ShilohApril 6 - 7, 1862April 6 - 7, 1862

There will be no fighting at Pittsburgh Landing; we will There will be no fighting at Pittsburgh Landing; we will have to go to Corinth"have to go to Corinth"

-- Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, USA-- Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, USA

        

        

Isn't it strange that a battle as bloody as the Isn't it strange that a battle as bloody as the battle at Shiloh would begin on a Sunday battle at Shiloh would begin on a Sunday morning and be named for a country church morning and be named for a country church near the battlefield.near the battlefield.

                

The Union soldiers weren't prepared for the The Union soldiers weren't prepared for the charge of their Confederate brothers.charge of their Confederate brothers. Many of the Union troops were untrained and Many of the Union troops were untrained and undisciplined, but as in so many battles of war, undisciplined, but as in so many battles of war, mundane events served to alter the future.mundane events served to alter the future.

                

      

Confederate LossesConfederate Losses                            Union LossesUnion Losses

KilledKilled 1,7321,732                         KilledKilled    1,7541,754

WoundedWounded 8,0128,012                         WoundedWounded    8,4088,408

Captured/MissingCaptured/Missing 959959                         Captured/Missing Captured/Missing    2,8852,885

April 6 – – April 7, , 1862Location Location Hardin County, Tennessee

Result Result Union Victory VictoryCommanders Commanders Ulysses S. GrantDon Carlos BuellAlbert Sidney Johnston

P.G.T. Beauregard

Strength Strength Army of West Tennessee (48,894) and(48,894) andArmy of the Ohio (17,918) (17,918) Army of Mississippi (44,699)(44,699)

CasualtiesCasualties13,047 (1,754 killed, 13,047 (1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded, 2,885 8,408 wounded, 2,885 captured/missing) 10,694 captured/missing) 10,694 (1,723 killed, 8,012 wounded, (1,723 killed, 8,012 wounded, 959 captured/missing) 959 captured/missing)

Vicksburg MississippiVicksburg Mississippi Civil WarCivil War

May 18-July 4, 1863

Confederate troops surrendered Confederate troops surrendered Vicksburg on July 4, 1863 a crucial Vicksburg on July 4, 1863 a crucial port and rail depot for the South was port and rail depot for the South was lost.lost.

In a series of brilliant In a series of brilliant maneuvers, maneuvers, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant and his and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the crossed the Mississippi River and drove the and drove the Confederate army of army of Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton into into defensive lines defensive lines surrounding the fortress surrounding the fortress city of city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. .

Grant besieged the city, Grant besieged the city, which surrendered six which surrendered six weeks later, yielding weeks later, yielding command of the command of the Mississippi River to the Mississippi River to the Union.Union.

Battle of FranklinBattle of Franklin Campaign: Franklin-Nashville Campaign Campaign: Franklin-Nashville Campaign

(1864) (1864) Date(s): November 30, 1864 Date(s): November 30, 1864 Principal Commanders: Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. John M. Maj. Gen. John M.

Schofield [US]; Gen. John B. Hood [CS] Schofield [US]; Gen. John B. Hood [CS] Forces Engaged: IV and XXIII Army Corps Forces Engaged: IV and XXIII Army Corps

(Army of the Ohio and Cumberland) [US]; (Army of the Ohio and Cumberland) [US]; Army of Tennessee [CS] Army of Tennessee [CS]

Estimated Casualties: 8,587 total (US 2,326; Estimated Casualties: 8,587 total (US 2,326; CSCS

6,261) 6,261) Result(s):Result(s): Union victory Union victory

Battle of MurfreesboroBattle of Murfreesboro Other Names: Wilkinson Pike, Cedars Other Names: Wilkinson Pike, Cedars Location: Rutherford County Location: Rutherford County Campaign: Franklin-Nashville Campaign Campaign: Franklin-Nashville Campaign

(1864) (1864) Date(s): December 5-7, 1864 Date(s): December 5-7, 1864 Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Lovell H. Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. Lovell H.

Rousseau and Brig. Gen. Robert Milroy [US]; Rousseau and Brig. Gen. Robert Milroy [US]; Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest [CS] Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest [CS]

Forces Engaged: District of Tennessee (forces Forces Engaged: District of Tennessee (forces in Murfreesboro area; approx. 8,000) [US]; in Murfreesboro area; approx. 8,000) [US]; Forrest’s Cavalry, Bate's Infantry Division, and Forrest’s Cavalry, Bate's Infantry Division, and Brig. Gen. Claudius Sears’s and Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Claudius Sears’s and Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Palmer’s Infantry Brigades (6,500-Joseph B. Palmer’s Infantry Brigades (6,500-7,000) [CS] 7,000) [CS]

Estimated Casualties: 422 total (US 225; CS Estimated Casualties: 422 total (US 225; CS 197)197)

War in the EastWar in the East

Seven Days’ Seven Days’ BattleBattle

The The Seven Days BattlesSeven Days Battles was a series of six major was a series of six major battles over the seven days from battles over the seven days from June 25 to to July 1, , 1862, , near near Richmond, Virginia, in the , in the American Civil War. . Confederate General General Robert E. Lee drove the invading drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by , commanded by Major General George B. McClellan, away from , away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula. The series of battles is sometimes known erroneously . The series of battles is sometimes known erroneously as the as the Seven Days CampaignSeven Days Campaign, but it was actually the , but it was actually the culmination of the culmination of the Peninsula Campaign, not a separate , not a separate campaign in its own right.campaign in its own right.

Confederate victory

Second Battle of Bull RunSecond Battle of Bull Run The Second Battle of Bull Run, The Second Battle of Bull Run, or the Second Battle of or the Second Battle of Manassas, was waged between Manassas, was waged between August 28 and and August 30, , 1862, as , as part of the part of the American Civil War..It was the culmination of an It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by offensive campaign waged by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's's Army of Northern Virginia against against Union Major General John Pope's 's Army of Virginia, and a , and a battle of much larger scale and battle of much larger scale and numbers than the numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run. .

Confederate victory

Bloodiest One BattleBloodiest One BattleThe The Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam (also known as the (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the particularly in the South), fought on ), fought on September 17, , 1862, , near near Sharpsburg, Maryland and and Antietam Creek, as , as part of the part of the Maryland Campaign, was , was the first major battle in the first major battle in the the American Civil War to take place on to take place on Northern soil. Northern soil. It was It was the bloodiest single-the bloodiest single-day battleday battle in in American history, with almost history, with almost 23,000 casualties. 23,000 casualties.

CommandersCommanders

George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee

CasualtiesCasualties

12,401 (2,108 killed, 12,401 (2,108 killed, 9,540 wounded, 753 9,540 wounded, 753 captured/missing)captured/missing)

10,316 (1,546 10,316 (1,546 killed, killed, 7,752 7,752 wounded, wounded, 1,018 1,018 captured/captured/missing)missing)

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation ProclamationNevertheless, Lee's invasion of Maryland Nevertheless, Lee's invasion of Maryland was ended and he was able to withdraw was ended and he was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan. interference from the cautious McClellan. Although the battle was tactically Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, it had unique significance inconclusive, it had unique significance as enough of a victory to give as enough of a victory to give President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to the confidence to announce his announce his Emancipation Proclamation. . What is the Emancipation Proclamation?What is the Emancipation Proclamation?

Army Life in Army Life in the Civil Warthe Civil War

HousingHousing

Camps were Camps were packed with packed with tents housing 5 tents housing 5 or 6 men. This or 6 men. This is a Federal, or is a Federal, or Union, Union, encampment at encampment at Cumberland Cumberland Landing, Landing, Virginia Virginia

Log cabins were Log cabins were used in winter used in winter months to months to provide provide insulation from insulation from the cold. This the cold. This picture shows picture shows Confederate Confederate winter quarters winter quarters at Centreville, at Centreville, Virginia Virginia

The Union army The Union army also used log also used log cabins in winter cabins in winter months. Chimneys months. Chimneys would be built for would be built for a fire to keep a fire to keep warm. The picture warm. The picture shows an officers' shows an officers' winter quarters at winter quarters at the Army of the the Army of the Potomac Potomac headquarters .headquarters .

Cooking and EatingCooking and EatingMost cooking Most cooking occurred on an occurred on an outdoor fire. In the outdoor fire. In the early days of the early days of the war freed slaves war freed slaves were not allowed to were not allowed to carry a rifle and carry a rifle and fight. They were fight. They were often given the role often given the role of cook or other of cook or other similar jobs. This similar jobs. This picture shows an picture shows an African American African American army cook at work army cook at work

Food And Rations In The Food And Rations In The Civil WarCivil War

Contrary to popular thinking, Contrary to popular thinking, the average soldier in the Civil the average soldier in the Civil War seldom went hungry. True, War seldom went hungry. True, he did not always have fresh he did not always have fresh vegetables, fresh eggs, roast vegetables, fresh eggs, roast beef, baked potatoes, and soft beef, baked potatoes, and soft bread, but he did not starve. bread, but he did not starve. Late in the war the Confederates Late in the war the Confederates often did without many meals, often did without many meals, but this was late in the war.but this was late in the war.

The basic rations The basic rations of both armies of both armies

consisted of four consisted of four items. These were items. These were hardbread, beef, hardbread, beef, beans and coffeebeans and coffee

Hardbread-Hardbread- HardtackHardtack,, It was little more It was little more than flour and water. Still it was the second than flour and water. Still it was the second basic food of both the North and the South. basic food of both the North and the South. Beans.Beans. The next basic food. Not the canned The next basic food. Not the canned Boston baked beans we know today, but Boston baked beans we know today, but dried, white navy beans. Generally they dried, white navy beans. Generally they were soaked overnight if at all possible, in were soaked overnight if at all possible, in fact, they were cooked overnight if at all fact, they were cooked overnight if at all possible. In half raw form they are possible. In half raw form they are something to remind one of the "Georgia something to remind one of the "Georgia Militia" verse of Militia" verse of Goober PeasGoober Peas.. Fifteen Fifteen pounds of peas or beans were issued with pounds of peas or beans were issued with every hundred rations to troops in garrison. every hundred rations to troops in garrison.

Beef.Beef. The third staple of all troops. Generally, The third staple of all troops. Generally, by the time they got it, it had been salted, but by the time they got it, it had been salted, but with any major troop movement, there was with any major troop movement, there was always a herd of cattle driven along with it, by always a herd of cattle driven along with it, by hired drovers or by the soldiers themselves. In hired drovers or by the soldiers themselves. In this way the beeves could be slaughtered as this way the beeves could be slaughtered as they were needed. Unfortunately, it was not they were needed. Unfortunately, it was not always possible to have fresh beef along, so always possible to have fresh beef along, so salt beef or salt pork was used. The hit or salt beef or salt pork was used. The hit or miss methods used by many army meat miss methods used by many army meat contractors - meat purveyors - did little to contractors - meat purveyors - did little to enhance their prestige, and did a whole lot to enhance their prestige, and did a whole lot to increase the burden of medical orderlies and increase the burden of medical orderlies and regimental surgeons. regimental surgeons. How many men became How many men became ill or died from eating bad beef will never be ill or died from eating bad beef will never be known, but it is an established fact that there known, but it is an established fact that there were a lot more casualties from illness than were a lot more casualties from illness than from enemy actionfrom enemy action. .

Coffee.Coffee. There is not record of exactly There is not record of exactly what type of coffee was issued to the what type of coffee was issued to the Northern troops. Neither the Library Northern troops. Neither the Library of Congress nor of Congress nor Official RecordsOfficial Records give give any clue, other than the fact that the any clue, other than the fact that the North bought the very best coffee it North bought the very best coffee it could buy. The South bought could buy. The South bought anything it could buy. Coffee was anything it could buy. Coffee was really more important to the average really more important to the average soldier than anything else he could soldier than anything else he could beg, borrow, or steal. It got him up in beg, borrow, or steal. It got him up in the morning and put him to bed at the morning and put him to bed at night. night.

The Civil War is said to The Civil War is said to be the first true modern be the first true modern

war. war. This conflict brought forth the use of the This conflict brought forth the use of the

first air force (hot air balloons) and first air force (hot air balloons) and machine guns (the rarely used Gatling machine guns (the rarely used Gatling gun). gun).

The War was also the first to be reported The War was also the first to be reported and presented with photography. and presented with photography.

In addition, it was the first total war, In addition, it was the first total war, meaning war was not only inflicted on meaning war was not only inflicted on soldiers, but civilians, land and cities as soldiers, but civilians, land and cities as well. well.

Women of the Civil WarWomen of the Civil WarMore important than, More important than, perhaps, any characteristics perhaps, any characteristics is the role that women played is the role that women played in this terrible four year in this terrible four year conflict. conflict.

Unlike any war Unlike any war prior, women prior, women played an played an enormous part in enormous part in the family and the family and home life of home life of soldiers, and they soldiers, and they had a significant had a significant hand in how the hand in how the War progressed War progressed and eventually and eventually ended. ended.

With the men running off left With the men running off left and right to sign up for the and right to sign up for the cause, women were left behind cause, women were left behind to carry out the man's duties at to carry out the man's duties at home.home.

As the War progressed, many As the War progressed, many women of the South had to women of the South had to take on the work of the slaves take on the work of the slaves who had either been freed, or who had either been freed, or run away. run away.

Women saw the War as Women saw the War as an opportunity to be an opportunity to be leaders in the fight for leaders in the fight for abolition and equality. abolition and equality. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthonyand Susan B. Anthony were organizers of the were organizers of the National Women's National Women's Loyalty LeagueLoyalty League which which called for a called for a constitutional constitutional amendment to amendment to end end slaveryslavery. .

They fought for the woman's right to vote, They fought for the woman's right to vote, argued against differences in pay between argued against differences in pay between men and women in manufacturing jobs, men and women in manufacturing jobs, and fought for the absolute right to be and fought for the absolute right to be nurses in the effort to ease the pain that nurses in the effort to ease the pain that this War was inflicting. this War was inflicting.

In addition to all this, women In addition to all this, women went as far as to be spies and went as far as to be spies and soldiers for both sides. soldiers for both sides.

Knowing that women were Knowing that women were not able by law to enlist as not able by law to enlist as soldiers, some disguised soldiers, some disguised themselves as men and themselves as men and served in both the Union and served in both the Union and Confederate Armies. Confederate Armies.

Other women decided Other women decided that being a spy was the that being a spy was the best way to serve, and best way to serve, and there were dozens of there were dozens of Southern, female spies in Southern, female spies in Washington, DC. as well Washington, DC. as well as one Northerner being as one Northerner being in the Confederate White in the Confederate White House. House.

The United States The United States Sanitary Commission, Sanitary Commission, organized by the organized by the women of the North, women of the North, ran kitchens, ran kitchens, distributed medical distributed medical supplies and supplies and inspected army camps inspected army camps to insure a standard to insure a standard of cleanliness. of cleanliness. Also Also Elizabeth Elizabeth BlackwellBlackwell became first became first female physician.female physician.

Probably the most significant Probably the most significant role of women was nursing. role of women was nursing.

Thousands of women at the Thousands of women at the War's outset left their homes War's outset left their homes to take care of dying soldiers. to take care of dying soldiers.

At first, many men were At first, many men were angered by this new role, and angered by this new role, and felt that it was unlady-like for felt that it was unlady-like for women to care for naked and women to care for naked and enlisted menenlisted men

Over 3,000 Union Over 3,000 Union women became women became unpaid nurses during unpaid nurses during the conflict, and the conflict, and Dorthea DixDorthea Dix,, appointed head of the appointed head of the nursing corps, went nursing corps, went unpaid for the entire unpaid for the entire four years at her four years at her post. post.

Southern nurses were Southern nurses were equally as vital to their equally as vital to their cause setting up the largest, cause setting up the largest, most efficient hospital on most efficient hospital on either side in Richmond, either side in Richmond, Virginia. Virginia. Kate CumminsKate Cummins of Alabama of Alabama served as a nurse following served as a nurse following the Battle of Shiloh.the Battle of Shiloh.

It was the women, however, who It was the women, however, who were the lifelines of the Union were the lifelines of the Union and Confederacy. and Confederacy.

It was the women who tended the It was the women who tended the wounded tirelessly, ensured wounded tirelessly, ensured sanitary conditions and fought sanitary conditions and fought for causes that men were unable for causes that men were unable and possibly unwilling to fight and possibly unwilling to fight for. for.

The women's role in the Civil War The women's role in the Civil War is just as significant as the man's. is just as significant as the man's.

Woman Spies in the Civil Woman Spies in the Civil War: Belle BoydWar: Belle Boyd

Belle was one of the best Belle was one of the best Confederacy Woman Confederacy Woman Spies. She spied for the Spies. She spied for the Confederacy by caring Confederacy by caring important letters and important letters and papers across the enemy papers across the enemy lines. She served in lines. She served in Shenandoah Valley. Belle Shenandoah Valley. Belle Boyd was born in Boyd was born in Martinsburg which is now Martinsburg which is now a part of West Virginia. a part of West Virginia.

Elizabeth Van LewElizabeth Van Lew Elizabeth was Elizabeth was

different from the different from the other woman spies other woman spies because she used because she used neither charm nor neither charm nor beauty to get her beauty to get her military information. military information. Instead she used Instead she used other techniques to other techniques to get what she wanted. get what she wanted.

Elizabeth was asked to be Elizabeth was asked to be allowed to visit Union prisoners allowed to visit Union prisoners held by the Confederates in held by the Confederates in Richmond and began taking Richmond and began taking them cloths, food, and them cloths, food, and medicines. While she was there medicines. While she was there she realized that many of the she realized that many of the prisoners had been on the prisoners had been on the Confederate lines so they had Confederate lines so they had really valuable information really valuable information about the movements. Elizabeth about the movements. Elizabeth began her spying in the North began her spying in the North for the next four years, she was for the next four years, she was setting up networks of couriers setting up networks of couriers and making up codes. For all of and making up codes. For all of her hard work she was made her hard work she was made Postmaster of Richmond by Postmaster of Richmond by General Grant.General Grant.

"Wild Rose","Wild Rose", as she was called from a as she was called from a young age, was a leader in Washington young age, was a leader in Washington society, a passionate secessionist, and one society, a passionate secessionist, and one of the most renowned spies in the Civil of the most renowned spies in the Civil War. Among her accomplishments was the War. Among her accomplishments was the secret message she sent to General Pierre secret message she sent to General Pierre G.T. Beauregard which ultimately caused G.T. Beauregard which ultimately caused him to win the battle of Bull Run. She him to win the battle of Bull Run. She spied so successfully for the Confederacy spied so successfully for the Confederacy that Jefferson Davis credited her with that Jefferson Davis credited her with winning the battle of Manassas. winning the battle of Manassas.

Rose O'Neal Greenhow

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg ((July 1 – – July 3, , 1863),), fought in and around fought in and around the town of the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, , as part of the as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, , was the bloodiest battle of the was the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War and is frequently and is frequently cited as the war's cited as the war's turning point. . Union Major General George G. Meade's 's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks defeated attacks by by Confederate General General Robert E. Lee's 's Army of Northern Virginia, ending , ending Lee's invasion of the Lee's invasion of the North..

Date Date July 1 – – July 3, , 1863Location Location Adams County, PennsylvaniaResult Result Union victory victoryCombatants Combatants United States of America ( (Union) )

Confederate States of AmericaCommanders Commanders George G. Meade Robert E. LeeLeeStrength: Union 93,921 Confederate Strength: Union 93,921 Confederate

71,69971,699Casualties Union 23,055 (3,155 killed, Casualties Union 23,055 (3,155 killed,

14,531 wounded, 5,369 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured/missing)captured/missing)

Confederate 22,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 Confederate 22,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured/missing)wounded, 5,830 captured/missing)

On the second day of battle, most of On the second day of battle, most of both armies had assembled. The Union both armies had assembled. The Union line was laid out resembling a fishhook. line was laid out resembling a fishhook. Lee launched a heavy assault on the Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank and fierce fighting Union left flank and fierce fighting raged at raged at Little Round Top, the , the Wheatfield, , Devil's Den, and the , and the Peach Orchard. On the Union right, . On the Union right, demonstrations escalated into full-scale demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on assaults on Culp's Hill and and Cemetery Hill. Across the battlefield, . Across the battlefield, despite significant losses, the Union despite significant losses, the Union defenders held their lines.defenders held their lines.

On the third day of battle, On the third day of battle, July 3, , fighting resumed on Culp's Hill and fighting resumed on Culp's Hill and cavalry battles raged to the east and cavalry battles raged to the east and south, but the main event was a south, but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by dramatic infantry assault by 15,000 15,000 (lost 7,000 in ½ hour)(lost 7,000 in ½ hour) Confederates Confederates against the center of the Union line on against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. . Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge was repulsed by Union rifle and was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire at great losses to the artillery fire at great losses to the Confederate army. Lee led his army on Confederate army. Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. a torturous retreat back to Virginia. Between 46,000 and 51,000 Americans Between 46,000 and 51,000 Americans were casualties in the three-day battle. were casualties in the three-day battle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gettysburg_Day2_Plan.png

                                             

  "The Harvest of Death": Union dead on the battlefield at

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, photographed July 5 or July 6, 1863,

Unfinished Confederate grave near the center of battle-field of Gettysburg

Sherman's March to the Sherman's March to the SeaSea Sherman's March to the Sherman's March to the

SeaSea is the name commonly is the name commonly given to the Savannah given to the Savannah Campaign, conducted in Campaign, conducted in late 1864 by late 1864 by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during of the Union Army during the American Civil War. the American Civil War. The campaign began with The campaign began with General Sherman's troops General Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15, 1864, and November 15, 1864, and ended with the capture of ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on the port of Savannah on December 22.December 22.

Sherman's March to the Sea followed his Sherman's March to the Sea followed his successful Atlanta Campaign of May to successful Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. He and U.S. Army September 1864. He and U.S. Army commander Ulysses S. Grant believed commander Ulysses S. Grant believed that the Civil War would end only if the that the Civil War would end only if the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for warfare were psychological capacity for warfare were decisively broken. decisively broken.

Sherman therefore applied the Sherman therefore applied the principles of scorched earth, principles of scorched earth, ordering his troops to burn crops, ordering his troops to burn crops, kill livestock, consume supplies, kill livestock, consume supplies, and destroy civilian and destroy civilian infrastructure along their path. infrastructure along their path.

This policy is often also referred This policy is often also referred to as total war. The recent to as total war. The recent reelection of President Abraham reelection of President Abraham Lincoln ensured that short-term Lincoln ensured that short-term political pressure would not be political pressure would not be applied to restrain these tactics.applied to restrain these tactics.

A A second objective of the campaign was more second objective of the campaign was more traditional. Grant's armies in Virginia traditional. Grant's armies in Virginia continued to be in a stalemate against Robert continued to be in a stalemate against Robert E. Lee's army, besieged in Petersburg. By E. Lee's army, besieged in Petersburg. By moving in Lee's rear, performing a massive moving in Lee's rear, performing a massive turning movement against him, Sherman turning movement against him, Sherman could possibly increase pressure on Lee, could possibly increase pressure on Lee, allowing Grant the opportunity to break allowing Grant the opportunity to break through, or at least keep Southern through, or at least keep Southern reinforcements away from Virginiareinforcements away from Virginia..

The campaign was The campaign was designed to be similar designed to be similar to Grant's innovative to Grant's innovative and successful and successful Vicksburg Campaign, in Vicksburg Campaign, in that Sherman's armies that Sherman's armies would reduce their would reduce their need for traditional need for traditional supply lines by "living supply lines by "living off the land" after their off the land" after their 20 days of rations were 20 days of rations were consumed. consumed.

Foragers,Foragers, known as known as "bummers", would provide "bummers", would provide food seized from local farms food seized from local farms for the Army while they for the Army while they destroyed the railroads and destroyed the railroads and the manufacturing and the manufacturing and agricultural infrastructure of agricultural infrastructure of the state. the state.

The twisted and The twisted and broken railroad broken railroad rails that the rails that the troops wrapped troops wrapped around tree trunks around tree trunks and left behind and left behind became known as became known as ""Sherman's Sherman's necktiesneckties".".

Sherman telegraphed to President Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, also about plenty of ammunition, also about twenty-five thousand bales of twenty-five thousand bales of cotton."cotton."

From Savannah, Sherman From Savannah, Sherman would march north in the would march north in the spring through the Carolinas, spring through the Carolinas, intending to complete his intending to complete his turning movement and combine turning movement and combine his armies with Grant's against his armies with Grant's against Robert E. Lee. Robert E. Lee.

After a successful two-month After a successful two-month campaign, General Joseph E. campaign, General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his Johnston surrendered his forces to Sherman in North forces to Sherman in North Carolina on April 26, 1865.Carolina on April 26, 1865.

Sherman's scorched earth policies has Sherman's scorched earth policies has always been highly controversial, and always been highly controversial, and Sherman's memory has long been reviled Sherman's memory has long been reviled by many natives of Georgia, but slaves, by many natives of Georgia, but slaves, many of whom left their plantations to many of whom left their plantations to follow his armies, welcomed him as a follow his armies, welcomed him as a liberator. liberator.

The March to the SeaThe March to the Sea is considered by is considered by many historians to have demonstrated many historians to have demonstrated Sherman's superb command of military Sherman's superb command of military strategy, and his commitment to strategy, and his commitment to destroying the Confederacy's ability to destroying the Confederacy's ability to wage further war may well have hastened wage further war may well have hastened the end of the conflict.the end of the conflict.

The Surrender At Appomattox The Surrender At Appomattox Court House Court House April 9,1865April 9,1865

On April 9, 1865 after four years of On April 9, 1865 after four years of Civil War, approximately 630,000 Civil War, approximately 630,000 deaths and over 1 million casualties, deaths and over 1 million casualties, General Robert E. LeeGeneral Robert E. Lee surrendered surrendered the Confederate Army of Northern the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to Virginia to Lieutenant General Lieutenant General Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant, at the home of , at the home of Wilmer and Virginia McLean in the Wilmer and Virginia McLean in the town of Appomattox Court House , town of Appomattox Court House , Virginia. General Lee arrived at the Virginia. General Lee arrived at the Mclean home shortly after 1:00 p.m. Mclean home shortly after 1:00 p.m. followed a half hour later by General followed a half hour later by General Grant. Grant.

The meeting lasted The meeting lasted approximately an hour and a half. approximately an hour and a half.

The surrender of the Army of The surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia allowed the Northern Virginia allowed the Federal Government to bring Federal Government to bring increased pressure to bear in increased pressure to bear in other parts of the south and other parts of the south and would result in the surrender of would result in the surrender of the remaining field armies of the the remaining field armies of the Confederacy over the next few Confederacy over the next few months. months.

The TermsThe Terms Lieutenant General U. S. Lieutenant General U. S.

Grant wrote the terms for Grant wrote the terms for the surrender of the the surrender of the Confederate States Army Confederate States Army of Northern Virginia in the of Northern Virginia in the form of a letter from form of a letter from himself to General Lee. himself to General Lee.

The terms of the letter The terms of the letter were generous and would were generous and would allow the former allow the former Confederates to return Confederates to return home feeling that they had home feeling that they had been treated with respect been treated with respect and dignity.and dignity.

THE GENTLEMEN'S THE GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENTAGREEMENT

Lee had sent a letter to Grant requesting a Lee had sent a letter to Grant requesting a meeting to discuss his army's surrender and this meeting to discuss his army's surrender and this letter overtook Grant and his party just before letter overtook Grant and his party just before noon about four miles west of Walker's Church noon about four miles west of Walker's Church (present-day Hixburg). (present-day Hixburg).

Grant, who had been suffering from a severe Grant, who had been suffering from a severe headache, later remembered that upon reading headache, later remembered that upon reading Lee's letter the pain in his head had disappeared. Lee's letter the pain in his head had disappeared.

He stopped to prepare his reply to Lee, writing He stopped to prepare his reply to Lee, writing that he would push to the front to meet him. that he would push to the front to meet him.

The location of the meeting was left to Lee's The location of the meeting was left to Lee's discretion. discretion.

Abraham Lincoln Assassination

                                                                                                                                          

                        

                                                                                          

                                                                                    

JJoohhnn WWiillkkeess BBooootthh

                                                                                          

                                                                                    

JJoohhnn WWiillkkeess BBooootthh

                                                                                    

JJoohhnn WWiillkkeess BBooootthh

JJoohhnn WWiillkkeess BBooootthh

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth Lincoln's assassination Lincoln's assassination

was part of awas part of a wider plot wider plot planned by planned by John Wilkes John Wilkes Booth and his co-Booth and his co-conspirators. conspirators. 

In addition to Booth's In addition to Booth's act, his henchmen act, his henchmen planned to assassinate planned to assassinate Vice President Andrew Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary Johnson and Secretary of State William of State William Seward.  Seward. 

                                                                                    

JJoohhnn WWiillkkeess BBooootthh

JJoohhnn WWiillkkeess BBooootthh

While the plan to assassinate the While the plan to assassinate the vice president was never carried vice president was never carried out, Seward was attacked at his out, Seward was attacked at his home.  home.  

Four conspirators were hung for Four conspirators were hung for their crimes, and Booth was shot their crimes, and Booth was shot to death by an officer who to death by an officer who discovered him nearly two weeks discovered him nearly two weeks after Lincoln's assassination. after Lincoln's assassination.

Others involved in Lincoln’s Others involved in Lincoln’s AssassinationAssassination

On the evening of April 14, 1865, while On the evening of April 14, 1865, while attending a special performance of the attending a special performance of the comedy, "Our American Cousin," President comedy, "Our American Cousin," President Abraham Lincoln was shot. Accompanying Abraham Lincoln was shot. Accompanying him at him at Ford's TheaterFord's Theater that night were his that night were his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, a twenty-eight wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, a twenty-eight year-old officer named Major Henry R. year-old officer named Major Henry R. Rathbone, and Rathbone's fiancee, Clara Rathbone, and Rathbone's fiancee, Clara Harris. After the play was in progress, a Harris. After the play was in progress, a figure with a drawn derringer pistol figure with a drawn derringer pistol stepped into the presidential box, aimed, stepped into the presidential box, aimed, and fired. The president slumped forward. and fired. The president slumped forward.

The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, dropped the pistol and waved a dagger. dropped the pistol and waved a dagger.

Rathbone lunged at him, and though Rathbone lunged at him, and though slashed in the arm, forced the killer to slashed in the arm, forced the killer to the railing. Booth leapt from the the railing. Booth leapt from the balcony and caught the spur of his left balcony and caught the spur of his left boot on a flag draped over the rail, and boot on a flag draped over the rail, and shattered a bone in his leg on landing. shattered a bone in his leg on landing.

Though injured, he rushed out the back Though injured, he rushed out the back door, and disappeared into the night on door, and disappeared into the night on horseback.horseback.

A doctor in the audience immediately A doctor in the audience immediately went upstairs to the box. went upstairs to the box.

The bullet had entered through The bullet had entered through Lincoln's left ear and lodged behind his Lincoln's left ear and lodged behind his right eye. right eye.

He was paralyzed and barely breathing. He was paralyzed and barely breathing. He was carried across Tenth Street, to a He was carried across Tenth Street, to a

boarding-house opposite the theater, boarding-house opposite the theater, but the doctors' best efforts failed.but the doctors' best efforts failed.

Nine hours later, at 7:22 AM on April Nine hours later, at 7:22 AM on April 15th, Lincoln died. 15th, Lincoln died.

At almost the same moment Booth At almost the same moment Booth fired the fatal shot, his accomplice, fired the fatal shot, his accomplice, Lewis Paine, attacked Lincoln's Lewis Paine, attacked Lincoln's Secretary of State, William Henry Secretary of State, William Henry Seward.Seward.

Seward lay in bed, recovering from a Seward lay in bed, recovering from a carriage accident. Paine entered the carriage accident. Paine entered the mansion, claiming to have a delivery of mansion, claiming to have a delivery of medicine from the Secretary's doctor. medicine from the Secretary's doctor.

Seward's son, Frederick, was brutally Seward's son, Frederick, was brutally beaten while trying to keep Paine from beaten while trying to keep Paine from his father's door. his father's door.

Paine slashed the Secretary's throat Paine slashed the Secretary's throat twice, then fought his way past twice, then fought his way past Seward's son Augustus, an attending Seward's son Augustus, an attending hospital corps veteran, and a State hospital corps veteran, and a State Department messenger.Department messenger.

Paine escaped into the night, believing Paine escaped into the night, believing his deed complete.his deed complete.

However, a metal surgical collar However, a metal surgical collar saved Seward from certain death. saved Seward from certain death.

The Secretary lived another seven The Secretary lived another seven years, during which he retained his years, during which he retained his seat with the Johnson administration, seat with the Johnson administration, and purchased Alaska from Russia in and purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867.1867.

There were at least four conspirators There were at least four conspirators in addition to Booth involved in the in addition to Booth involved in the mayhem. mayhem.

Booth was shot and captured while Booth was shot and captured while hiding in a barn near Bowling Green, hiding in a barn near Bowling Green, Virginia, and died later the same Virginia, and died later the same day, April 26, 1865.day, April 26, 1865.

Four co-conspirators, Paine, George Four co-conspirators, Paine, George Atzerodt, David Herold, and Mary Atzerodt, David Herold, and Mary Surratt, were hanged at the gallows Surratt, were hanged at the gallows of the Old Penitentiary, on the site of of the Old Penitentiary, on the site of present-day Fort McNair, on July 7, present-day Fort McNair, on July 7, 1865. 1865.

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