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A nation of small family farms clustered together in rural communities, thus an agrarian republic
"those who labor in earth are the chosen people of God” TJ
Why???
Against the Federalist Ideal America???
Jefferson’ Revolution (Jefferson presidency begins) First peaceful transition of political
parties Undo damage of Federalist by:
Paying down debt…which he did Gallatin killed two birds with one stone
by selling off US government shares in Bank of US to finance debt pay off. This also effectively ended the connection
between the US government and the Bank of US (which was now owned entirely by private individuals...)
Reduce size of Military…which he did and had problems later…
Reduce the size of govt. Repeal Whiskey Tax make up for loss of
revenue / land sales out west & rise in tariffs
Allow Sedition Act to expire
Lessened Federalist power in the Judiciary Removing Federalist appointed judges
(Midnight)… which he did
(Won repeal of Judiciary Act of 1801 & Key impeachments of Fed judges )
Jefferson successfully maneuvered Congress to impeach notorious drunkard/Federalist Pickering from the bench...but lost his case to remove partisan Federalist Judge Chase
First Barbary Wars Refused to pay bribe
Attacks by pirates
Marbury v. Madison Marshall lectures Jefferson
for not sending commission, but also states that Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional.
This establishes Judicial Review BIG, BIG, BIG established
principle that only the federal judiciary could decide what was constitutional!!!
Louisiana Purchase Secure the port of New Orleans
for farmers all the way up to Cincinnati
Constitution-no authorization to purchase Strict or Loose interpretations?
What about the future of the yeoman farmer?
To realize his agrarian democracy, Jefferson flip-flops on interpretation and purchased the Territory...effectively doubling the size of the USA
15 million –largest peaceful acquisition
I’ll sell you some
land.
Election- Jefferson re-elected by landslide victory
Burr/Hamilton Duel: Burr challenges Hamilton
to a duel and he fatally wounds Hamilton
Burr conspiracies…
http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-
and-video/video/lin-manuel-
miranda-performs-white-house-
poetry-jam-8-8
Chesapeake Affair 3killed/18 wounded/4
removed No war-Congress not in
session & no military TJ following Gdub’s
policy
Orders in Council-established a blockade of French controlled ships on the continent of Europe
Continental System-Napoleon’s response, a series of proclamations that ships obeying Britain’s regulations would be subject to French seizure
Non-importation Act 1806-did not work this time…
Embargo Act 1807: Its goal to pressure France & esp. Britain
into respecting American neutrality. (Peaceable Coercion)
No imports or exports However, it hurt the US more than it
hurt France & Britain Consequences:
Angered many Americans Forced a shift in capital from commerce
to manufacturing. 1807-$108 million 1808-$22 million
To enforce the embargo on Canadian border, TJ had to send in the troops...an act he had denounced when Gdub did it (Whiskey Rebellion).
The unpopularity of the O Grab Me! Act gave Federalists in New England a bump and put Republican Madison's bid for the Presidency in jeopardy in 1808
Madison elected president..
Pinckney still lost pretty bad…but some
gains due to failed embargo
Embargo Act replaced w/ Non-Intercourse ACT: Opened trade with all
nations except Britain & France, but allowed for trade with either country if our neutral rights respected.
The cartoon shows trade represented
as a snake caught between the two
laws, saying; "What's the matter tail? - I
can't get out".
Macon’s Bill # 2 Re-opened trade with Britain
& France with bribe---if either country repealed restrictions on neutral shipping, US would halt trade w/ other. (2nd Hour)
War Hawks The Congressional election of
1810 brought new, young republicans to office who were eager for war w/ Britain.
I’m Henry Clay (KY) I want to rid our parts of those
Native Americans!!!
I’m John C. Calhoun (SC) I want to rid our parts of those Spaniards !!!
We both want the British
out!!!
Cycle: invasion, resistance , and defeat TJ solution: acculturation or
reservation (Louisiana Purchase/ too late) Cycle: acculturation, removal, or
extinction.
1805: “The Prophet” and Tecumseh gather allies at Prophettown, Indiana for a great Indian Confederacy. Tecumseh and the Prophet: Pan-
Tribalism Resistance Shawnee leaders gather Indians across
all tribes to resist American westward migration
British supply arms and supplies through Canada
1811 WH Harrison leads military expedition to victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe and Tecumseh enters into formal military alliance with British for War of 1812
1811: Battle of Tippecanoe Gov. William Henry Harrison led army
against Shawnees, winning a decisive victory and destroying Shawnee headquarters.
1812: Declaration of War
In June of 1812, Madison & Congress declare war on Britain because of failure of Macon’s bill #2. (19-13; 79-49: more divided than any other war)(No Federalist vote for it) War in 3 areas:
1. Canadian Border-failed US invasion
2. Chesapeake Bay-British invasion of D.C. and Baltimore
3. Deep South-troops led by Andrew Jackson
Native Americans-Creeks
Battle of New Orleans-Jackson wins
US War Strategy: Don't try to take Britain at sea Focus on invading British
Canada to stop the funding of Tecumseh
US war in Canada failed miserably and in the Summer of 1814, British attacked, invaded and temporarily held Washington DC, forcing the US government to flee the city.
Fort McHenry in Baltimore was attacked next by the British which inspired Star Spangled Banner
Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814
Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key
Gave proof through the night, That our flag was still there..
“sine quo ante bellum”- state of affairs before the war.
Consequences: 1. Secured US/Canadian border
2. Weakened tribal political and military power
3. Saw emergence of Harrison and Jackson
4. “Killed” the Federalist party (Hartford Convention)
Some Americans regarded this war as a victory a "Second American Revolution"...
As treaty is being negotiated, angry Federalists met in Hartford, Conn to discuss possible secession!?!
Specifically, they proposed Constitutional amendments that would radically shift the power in US Congress to New England
*repealing 3/5 clause
* 2/3 majority vote for commercial regulations, declarations of war and admission of new states
With the elimination of Federalists, and fading fragility of republics, Republicans begin embracing doctrines associated with the Federalists.
1. Development of military affairs: Emphasis on development of the military
2. Development of banking: In 1811 the charter of the 1st B.U.S. expired. In 1816 Congress chartered the 2nd B.U.S. (Hamilton-Fed Idea)
3. Protective tariffs: This was the first protective tariff in US History (Hamilton-Fed Idea)
4. Internal improvements: (Hamilton-Fed Idea)
5. National University: Idea for National university never actually crystallized.
IN THE END WHO WON? JEFFERSON’S OR HAMILITON’S DREAM OF AMERICA????
1815
Diplomatic Triumphs-Sec of State JQ Adams
JQA gets Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817- British and US agree to limit naval maneuvers in the Great Lakes, settle Northern border with Canada and US receive lucrative fishing rights off Newfoundland.
Spain: Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819-Spain cedes all claims to Florida
Monroe Doctrine: at advice of JQA, Monroe issues declaration to European states that newly independent Latin American states were off limits to European meddling.
Monroe blends the political ideals of Jefferson with aspects of Hamiltonian economic theory
Named Federalist JQ Adams as his Sec of State
Monroe is a bridge between the Founding Revolutionary Generation and the 19th Century.
Modern, but still dressed in breeches with stockings...old skool.
Ushered in 19th Century by advocating internal improvements, dispatching JQA to negotiate treaties with European powers.
1819: McCulloch v. Maryland: A state cannot tax a branch of the US Bank within its borders
Very controversial ruling! Established legitimacy of Hamiltonian Bank and limits the power of the states to regulate Federal institutions.
Many Southern Republicans were driven to develop a more aggressive version of states' rights.
Especially with regard to nullification...
Gibbons v. Ogden: Steamboats!
Federal power over interstate commerce did not end at the borders of each state, but extended to within states when that commerce was intermingled with economic activity that crossed state lines.
This places the power to regulate interstate commerce firmly in the hands of the federal government.
Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution for the first time.
US NY
NY gave me the right Congress gave me the
right 1824
Maryland, you can’t touch this
Economic and Technological Innovation
Disruptions with European trade had the unintended impact of spurring American technological and industrial growth.
By the end of the war, the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry had developed the technology to mass produce breech loading rifles
Eli's Whitney's cotton gin enabled cotton to be ginned in record time
1790: south produced 3,000 bales of cotton 1810: 178,000! 1812: 334,000!!!
Slater's Mill: Samuel Slater's stolen plans for a mechanized spinning factory was the first MILL Town in American history
FIRST EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINED CAPITALIST ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN MANUFACTURING!
Panic of 1819:
Now dependent on the cotton boom, state banks (which were popping up everywhere!) and the newly chartered Second Bank of the US, engaged in a lending boom.
Land speculation in Western territories added to the boom...
But when the price of cotton and other agricultural exports dropped in 1819, the entire country, including the financial institutions fell into the first major economic depression in US history.
3 of 4 lost their jobs in Philadelphia...8,000 paupers in NYC up to 13,000 in one year!
Missouri Crisis
Missouri applies in 1819 for admission as a slave state!
Henry Clay helps to negotiate the Missouri Compromise
established 36-30 line
allows Missouri in as slave and Maine as free
1822 South Carolina Vessey was hired out
under the 'task system' of slavery and allegedly conspired to seize an arsenal, arm slaves, hijack a ship and run to Haiti for freedom.
Trial proceedings were secret and evidence is spotty at best...
Vessey and 34 others were sent to the gallows
