A NATOMY 8/6/15 Please get out the following items: lab composition notebook textbook Permanent marker (if you have one)

ANATOMY 8/6/15Please get out the following items: lab composition notebook

textbookPermanent marker (if you have one)

CHAPTER 1HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

LAB NOTBEOOK SETUP1. Put name on the front cover as well as along the outside of the white pages.

2. On the first 3 pages (Front and back) put the following heading and underline.

Date Title of Activity Page #

THE HUMAN BODYAN ORIENTATION

Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

ANATOMY LEVELS OF STUDY

Gross Anatomy – when we look at our own body Large structuresEasily observable

Microscopic Anatomy – when we look at cells and tissues of the bodyVery small structuresCan only be viewed with a microscope

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

The parts of your body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.

Summary: Each structure has a specific FORM to fulfill its FUNCTION

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Chemical LevelSimplest level

Atom – tiny building blocks of matter

Atoms combine to form molecules.


Cellular LevelCell – the smallest units of all living things

Cells are made up of molecules.


Tissue LevelTissues consist of similar types

of cells that have a common function.


Organ LevelOrgans are made up of different

types of tissues.


Organ System LevelOrgan systems consist of

different organs that work together closely.


Organism LevelHighest level of structural organization.

Human organisms are made up of 11 organ systems.

STOP!

ANATOMY 8/7/15• Complete BODY Systems graphic organizer

that you received yesterday.• Turn into class box.• Then see Mrs. Lathem for next assignment.

AGENDA 8/10/15

1. PICK UP YOUR LAB COMPOSITION NOTEBOOK.2. ADD TO YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS. 8/10/15 BODY SYSTEM OVERVIEW/ HOMEOSTASIS NOTES

ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Integumentary SystemOrgan – skinFunctions:

Forms the external body covering

Protects deeper tissue from injury

Synthesizes vitamin DLocation of cutaneous nerve receptors


Skeletal SystemOrgans – cartilages, joints, and bonesFunctions:

Protects and supports body organsProvides muscle attachment for movement

Site of blood cell formationStores minerals


Muscular SystemOrgans – skeletal musclesFunctions:

Allows locomotionMaintains postureProduces heat


Nervous SystemOrgans – brain, spinal cord, and

nervesFunctions:

Fast-acting control systemResponds to internal and external change

Activates muscles and glands


Endocrine SystemOrgans – pituitary gland,

thyroid gland, pancreas, testis, ovary

Functions:Secretes regulatory hormonesHormones responsible for growth, reproduction, and metabolism


Cardiovascular SystemOrgans – heart and blood

vesselsFunctions:

Transports materials in the body through the blood

Materials transported includes oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes


Lymphatic SystemOrgans – lymph nodesFunctions:

Returns fluids to blood vesselsDisposes of debrisInvolved in immunity


Respiratory SystemOrgans – nasal cavity, pharynx,

larynx, trachea, lungsFunctions:

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide


Digestive SystemOrgans – mouth, esophagus,

stomach, intestines, rectum, anusFunctions:

Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible material


Urinary SystemOrgans – kidney and urinary

bladderFunctions:

Eliminates wastesMaintains acid-base balanceRegulation of water and electrolytes


Reproductive SystemOrgans:

Male – penis, testis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate gland

Female – mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina

Functions:Production of offspring

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

Maintain BoundariesMovement

Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc.Movement of substances

ResponsivenessAbility to sense changes and react

DigestionBreak-down and delivery of nutrients

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

MetabolismChemical reactions within the bodyProduction of energyMaking body structures

ExcretionElimination of waste from metabolic

reactionsReproduction

Production of offspringGrowth

Increasing cell size and number

SURVIVAL NEEDS

NutrientsChemicals for energy and cell

buildingIncludes carbohydrates,

proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

OxygenRequired for chemical reactions

SURVIVAL NEEDS

Water60-80 % of body weightSingle most abundant chemical substance in

the bodyProvides for metabolic reaction

Stable Body TemperatureMust be maintained at around 98F

Atmospheric Pressure Must Be AppropriateThe force exerted on the surface of the body by the

weight of air

HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostasis = Maintenance of a stable internal environment = A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

As we age, our body organs become less efficient, and our internal conditions become less and less stable.

MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

Control Mechanism:The receptor responds to changes in the

environment and sends information to the control center (brain).

The control center determines the set point (98.6) and determines the appropriate response.

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Negative FeedbackIncludes most homeostatic control

mechanismsWorks like a household thermostatYour body’s thermostat is located in

a part of the brain called the HYPOTHALAMUS

It shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Positive FeedbackIncreases the original stimulus

or disturbance

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

STOP!

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Anatomical Position – the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

Table 1.1 on page 12 – go over these

BODY LANDMARKS

Anterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms

Posterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms

BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15)

Sagittal Section A cut made along a lengthwise plane of the body

– divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal Section

When the cut is made down the middle of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size

BODY PLANES – 3 TYPES (PAGE 15)

Frontal SectionA cut made along a lengthwise plane -

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Also known as Coronal SectionTransverse Section

A cut made along a horizontal plane – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Also known as Cross Section

BODY CAVITIES

Dorsal Body Cavity – 2 subdivisions Cranial Cavity – the space inside the bony skull;

contains the brain Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial cavity

nearly to the end of the vertebral column

BODY CAVITIES

Ventral Body Cavity – contains all the structures within the chest and abdomenThoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and heart;

separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle = DIAPHRAGM

Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller subdivisions: Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver, and

intestines Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs, bladder,

and rectum

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

4 quadrants (page 17, figure 1.8A)

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

9 regions (page 17, figure 1.8B)

ABDOMINOPELVIC MAJOR ORGANS

page 17, figure 1.8C

Documents

A NATOMY 8/6/15 Please get out the following items: lab composition notebook textbook Permanent marker (if you have one)