A . Polite and Commercial People

ENGLAND

17 2 7-1783

PAUL LANGFORD

CLARENDON PRESS· OXFORD

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES

TABLES

1. INTRODUCTION

Contents

2. ROB IN'S REI G N, 1 72 7 -I 742

The accession of George II-The growth of opposition and the fall of Townshend-Walpole's supremacy-The case against Robin­ocracy-The excise crisis-Nobility and royalty-Church and State-The politics of protest-The policy of peace-Walpole's fall

3. THE PROGRESS OF POLITENESS

The middle class-Material wealth and politeness-Middle-class divisions-Middle-class vulnerability-Middle-class schooling­Commercial education and its ',limitations-Books and the bour­geoisie-Association and assembly-Spa and seaside-Women in polite society-The unity of polite society

4. INDUSTRY AND IDLENESS

Moral instruction-The reformation of manners and the charity school movement-The hospital movement-The Foundling and the Magdalen-Patriotism and population-Poverty-Crime­Recession or recovery?-The Atlantic economy-The decline of economic regulation

5. PATRIOTISM UNMASKED, 1742-1757

Pulteney's patriotism-Carteret and Continental warfare-Broad­Bottom-The Forty-Five-The Pelhamite supremacy-The Peace of Aix-Ia-Chapelle and the legacy of the Forty-Five-ConciIiation in England and coercion in Scotland-Newcastle's diplomacy and Leicester House politics-Faction and the' Jew BiIl'-The Newcastle ministry-Pitt and patriotism

6. SAL V ATION BY FAITH

The deist threat-The evangelical awakening-Evangelical anim­osities-The evangelical revival and the people-The established

XVll

X1X

X1X

9

59

123

235

XlV CONTENTS

Church-The war on the Methodists-The evangelical challenge to contemporary values-Enthusiasm and reason-Superstition

I " 7. THE FORTUNATE ISLE 289 lil Religious liberty and tolerance--Lawyers and the law-Artistic back-

wardness-Languages and letters-English arts and foreign influ-i, ences-The arts as national institutions-English nationalism and I; the foreigner-English nationalism and the Celt

8. PATRIOTISM RESTORED, 1757-1770 331

Pitt's politics-Pitt and the Seven Years War-The new reign-The peace of 1763-Bute, the empire, and the growth of opposition-Wilkes, Grenville, and the American colonies-Rockingham and the Stamp Act crisis-The' Chatham ministry-The Middlesex elec-tion-The fall of Grafton

11 ~ i 9. NEW IMPROVEMENTS 389

I;!,I Turnpikes--Canals-Urban growth-Urban improvement-Agri-

:1" cultural improvement-Enclosure, engrossing, and rural paternal-

I ism-Harvest and shortages-Price inflation-Resisting the price

,1;1 rIse

[rll 10. THE BIRTH OF SENSIBILITY 461

I The sentimental revolution-S,entiment and religious reaction-, , Romantic scenery, the Gothic Revival, and Celtic legend-The sen-, ,

I timental challenge: moral standards and subversion-Sentiment and illi,! ~ i I the new philanthropy-Population, finance, and credit-Legislative

,

reform and its limitations--Children, animals, and popular re-

I

creations-Travel and exploration-Enlightened opinion and non-European peoples

" "

11. BRITANNIA'S DISTRESS, 1770-1783 519 North's ministry-North's opponents: Whigs, reformers, and Dis-

11

senters-India: the Regulating Act-The American crisis-The American War-Volunteers and associators-The Gordon Riots-,I, The fall of North and the peace--Constitutional crisis

"

12. MACARONI MANNERS 565 Speculation and bankruptcy-Gaming and the State--Fashionable diversions-Royalty and morality-Aristocratic vice--Duelling-Aristocratic power-Aristocratic influence--F emale accomplish-ments-Cultural crisis

l3. OPULENCE AND GLORY 61 5 British arms: success and failure--Attitudes to war-The experience of war-The economic effects of war-Population and procreation-

i

CONTENTS

Finance and taxation-Commercial optimism and early indus­trialization-Class and interest-Invention-Innovation and enter­prise-The impact of industrialization

14. THIS HAPPY CONSTITUTION

Change and the constitution-Balanced government-The State­Parliamentary supremacy-Parliamentary representation-A poli­tical culture

CHRONOLOGY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

xv

Index

Note: Titled persons are normally cited by the titles or names under which they first appear in the foregoing pages.

Aikin, John (1747-1822), physician 478---<) Aikin, Lucy (1781-1864), author lI6-17 Aire and Calder Navigation 41 I Aislabie, William (c. 1699-1781), MP 683-

4 Aix-Ia-Chapelle, Peace of (1748) 210 Albemarle, William Keppel, second Earl of

(1702-54) 596 Alexander, William, author 605-6 Algarotti, Francisco (1712-64),

mathematician 279 All Souls College, Oxford 238 Allen, John (ft. 1732-61), schoolmaster 82-

3 AlIen, John, academic 250 AlIen, Ralph (1694-1794), 'Man of Bath'

103, 106, 351,482 Alien, William (d. 1768), rioter 380, 381 Alliance between Church and State, by

William Warburton 43-4 almanacs 280, 281 Alnwick474 Althorp, George John Spencer, Viscount

(1758-1834), second Earl Spencer (1783) 628

American colonies: trade 168, 17crl 'salutary neglect' 17cr4,215 rivalry with French 219-20,227,231,

353 Dissent in 256 after Seven Years War 352-3, 359-60 Stamp Act crisis 366-8, 708 and Chatham ministry 371, 373-4 and Grafton ministry 383-4 War of American Independence 259,

322,351,352,452, 54cr4,545-7, 553, 624-5,626-7,628---<),631-3,635,554-7,617-19,623,64crl, 643,645,70cr 2,723

and slavery 517-18, 627 and North 525, 534-40

Amherst,Jeffrey (1717---<)7), later KB (1767) 339,34°,382

Amhurst, Nicholas (1697-1742), author 47 Amory, Thomas (1691?-1788), novelist

286,472 Analysis of Beauty, by William Hogarth 316 Andrews, John (1736-1809), historian 679 Ancaster, Mary, Duchess of (d. 1793) 276 Ancient and Modern Rome, by George Keate

474 Anglesey 147 Anglesey Copper Company 178 animals, attitudes to 503-5 Anna, by Agnes Maria Bennett lI8 Anne, Queen (1665-1714) 31, 42 Anne, Princess Royal (170<)-59) 35, 36 Annual Register 91 Anson, George (1697-1762), first Baron

(1747) 173, 339, 621-2, 634-5 Anstey, Christopher (1724-18°5), poet 107,

438 Antiquities of Athens, by James Stuart and

Nicholas Revett 314 apprenticeship 18crl, 503 Aram, Eugene (1704-59), murderer 156 Argyll, John Campbell, second Duke of

(168crI 743) 46, 53-4, 55, 187, 216 Arkwrighl, Richard (1732---<)2),

manufactUrer 485, 655-6, 660, 666, 668, 669

Arminian Magazine 248 Armstrong, John (1709-79), physician and

poet 120, 140 Army:

size of 17, 19, 185, 210, 687-8 officers 78, 79, 33<)-40, 451-2,595, 689 recruitment II7 conditions in 451 and warfare 621-2 threat of 687---<)

Arnall, William (I715?-1741?), journalist 47

INDEX

Arne, Thomas (1710-'78), composer 192 Art of Preserving Health, by John

Armstrong 420 Ascot 364 Ash, John (1724-79), lexicographer 307 Ashton-under-Lyne 420 assemblies 101-2 associations 100, 203, 548, 552-3, 563-4 Astell, Mary (1668-1731), author II2 Astley, Sir John (1687-1771), MP 505 Atterbury, Francis (1662-1732), bishop 21,

45,521 attorneys 299 Aubert, Alexander (1730-1805),

astronomer 663 Augusta, Princess of Wales (1719-72) 36,

37,221,355,363,523 Augusta, Princess Royal (1737-1813) 578 Augustus Ill, King of Poland, Frederick

Augustus 1I of Saxony (1696--1763) 49

Australia 496, 509 Austria:

and Peace of Utrecht 13 negotiations with (1728) 17 settlement with (1731) 18-19 and War of Polish Succession 49-50 trade 176 in War of Austrian Succession 190-4,

196--], 209-10 after 1748: 219-20 and Seven Years War 229, 337, 347

Austrian,Succession, War of 53, 189--94, 346, 624,633,640,642

Aylesbury 710 Ayr Bank 570

Bacon, Anthony (c. 1717-86), MP 544, 634, 671

Bacon, Francis (1561-1626), philosopher 308

Bacon, John (174o--g9), sculptor 134 Bagot, Sir William (1728--98) 524 Bahamas 351 Bailey, Nathaniel (d. 1742), lexicographer

307 Balguy, John (1686--1748), clergyman 240 Balmerino, Arthur Elphinstone, sixth

Baron (1688-1746) 210 Baltimore, Frederick Calvert, sixth Baron

(1731-'71) 585 Bank of England 179, 214, 551, 642 banking 438, 568-'71

Bankrupt, by Samuel Foote 571 Banks, Joseph (1743-1820), later first

Baronet (1781), scientist 477, SI 1,663 Barbauld, Anna: Letitia, nee Aikin (1743-

1825), poet 109,471,478, 504, 603 Baretti, Giuseppe Marc' Antonio (1719-89),

author 507 Barnard, Edward (1717-81), schoolmaster

83 Barnard, Sir John (c. 1685-1764), MP 39,

46,49, 53, 214-15 Barr, Francis (1779-1848), Methodist 273 Barrass, Edward, engineer 657 Barre, Isaac (1726--1802), MP 516 Barrington, George (b. 1755), convict 495-6 Barrington, Shute (1734-1826), bishop 582,

595 Barrington, William Wildman, second

Viscount (1717--93), MP 380, 444 Barry, James (1741-1806), artist 304, 316 Barrymore, James Barry, fourth Earl of

(1667-1748) 200 Bartolozzi, Francesco (1727-1815),

engraver 310, 514 Basingstoke 670 Baskerville, John (1706--]5), printer 92 Bate, Henry (1745-1824), assumed name of

Dudley 1784, clergyman 578 Bath, King Edward VI School 84 Bath 104, 105-7, 108, 181, 253, 350, 405,

418, 656, 662, 716 Bathurst, AlIen, first Baron (1684-1775) 32 Battie, William (1704-'76), physician 140 Battle of Hastings, play 542 Bavaria 190, 192, 197, 219 Beaconsfield 434 Beattie, James (1735-1803), poet 95,469-

70,471 . Beauchamp Proctor, Sir WiIliam (1722-73),

MP 382 Beaufort, Henry Somerset, third Duke of

(1707-45) 266 Beauties of Nature Displayed, by William

Jackson 504 Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana (1735--93), jurist

300,490 Beckford, William (1709-'70), MP 228, 371 ,

372, 386, 521 Bedford 411 Bedford, Francis Russell, fifth Duke of

(1765-1805) 691 Bedford, Gertrude, Duchess of (1719?--94)

246,594

INDEX

Bedford, John Russell, fourth Duke of (1710-71) 27, 174, 187, 194-5,206, 207, 2II, 223-4, 225, 233, 335, 350, 363,374,375,426,428,442,455

Bedford party 382-4, 523, 579 Bedfordshire, politics in 27 Beefsteak Club 576 Beggar's Opera, by John Gay 23-4,125,

157,612 Behn, Aphra (1640-89), author II2 Bell, George, Methodist 277 Bell, John (1745-1831), publisher 94 Bel~ Joseph, Comptroller of Post Office 186 Belle-lIe 209,346 Benezet, Anthony (1713-84), Quaker 517 Benfield, Paul (1741-1810), MP 562 Bengal 175, 353-~ 532, 534, 561, 619 Bennett, Agnes Maria (d. 1808), novelist

II8,476 Benson, Joseph (1749-1821), Methodist

268 Benson, Martin (1689-1752), bishop 41,

260 Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1837), jurist 300,

406, 485, 496, 703 Bentley, Richard (1662-1742), scholar 240 Bergen-op-Zoom 209 Berington, Joseph (1746--1827), author 551 Berkeley, James, third Earl of (1680-1736)

15 Berkshire 444 Berridge, John (1716--93), evangelical 237,

247,268,274,275 Berry, John, criminal 160-1 Bethlehem Hospital 140, 427 Bethnal Green 298, 486 Bickerstaffe, Isaac (d.1812), dramatist 278,

638 Bideford 243 Biographia Britannica 156 Birdlip 442 Birmingham:

poor-rates at 63 manufactures 68--<), 175, 651, 665 religion at 74 Moseley Hall 120 riots at 291-2 canals 411 growth of 418,421, 671 appearance 431 theatre at 6II Lunar Society at 661 government of 694

and Parliament 7II, 713 Black, Joseph (1728--<)9), chemist 661 Blackburne, Francis (1705-87), clergyman

292, 530 Blackheath 420 Blacklock, Thomas (1721--<)1), poet 329 Blackpool 72, 103 Blackstone, William (1723-80), MP, judge,

author,. knighted 1770: 1-2, 6, 89, 90, 300,517,665,704

Bladen, Martin (1680?-1746), MP 172, 173 Blane, Gilbert (1749-1834), physician 631 Blue Stockings III-12, 467, 470, 473-4 Blundell, Bryan, philanthropist 132 Boddly's magic lantern 609 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, first Viscount

(1678-1751),25--'7,47,48, 125, 126, 176, 195, 222, 305,469

Bolton 72 Bolton, Charles Powlett, third Duke of

(1685-1754) 24,31 Bolton, Harry Powlett, sixth Duke of

(172 0--<)4) 592

Bolts, William (c. 1740-1808), author 533 Bombay 532 Bon Ton, by David Garrick 601 book publication and sale 90-4, 329, 664 Bordeaux 321 Bordoni, Faustina (1700-81), singer 315 Boscawen, Edward (17II-61), admiral 228 Boston 366, 37i, 383, 481, 525, 534-5, 540 Boswell, James (1740--<)5), biographer I, 62, -

384 Botanic Garden, by Erasmus Darwin 503 Bougainville, Louis Antoine de (1729-

18II), circumnavigator 512, 513 Bou!ton, Matthew (1728-1809),

manufacturer 69, 635, 649, 659, 660, 661,666,668,709

Bourne, Henry (1696--1733), antiquarian 500

Bow porcelain 69 Bower, Archibald (1686--1766), author 549-

50 Bowood406 Boyce, William (1710-79), composer 317 Braddock, Edward (1695-1755), general

227, 228, 353 Bradford 82, 95, 674 Bradstreet, Dudley, Jacobite 198 Brakenridge, William, demographer 636 Brand, John (1744-1806), antiquarian 97,

281, 47~ 500

770 INDEX

Bray, William, author 660 Brazil 176 Breslau, Treaty of (1742) 191 Brest 53 Bridgeman, Charles (1688?-1738),

landscape gardener 3 I I

Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, third Duke of (1736--1803) 410-II, 414, 599

Bridport 295 Brief and Impartial Review 680 Brighton 104, 108,275 Brindley, James (1716--72), engineer 4II,

416--17 Bristol:

elections 32, 537, 554, 7II, 712- 13 library 94-5 hospital 136 chartered government of 161 trade 168 evangelical revival at 244,247,249,251,

276,277 diocese 258 statue ofWilliam III at 305 and turnpikes 392 canals 411 growth 418, 419 prices at 448 business and sentiment at 465 arson at 480-1 charity 482

Bristol, John Hervey, first Earl of (1655-1751) 596

British Museum 318-20, 609, 618 Briton 355 Broad-Bottom ministry 195-'7 Broadstairs 442 Bromsgrove 147 Brooke, Frances (1724-89), aut;hor 439-40 Brooke, Henry (1703-83), author 48,279,

549 Brooks's Club 574 Brown, John (1715--{j6), author 143, 592,

647 Brown, Lancelot (1715-83), landscape

gardener 310-II Browne, Moses (1704-87), poet 276 Brownrigg, Elizabeth (d.1767), murderess

503 Bryant, Jacob (1715-1804), antiquarian 508 Bryant, Thomas, Methodist 278 Brydone, Patrick (1736--1818), traveller

95 Buchan, Agnes, Countess of (d. 1778) 270

Buchan, David Steuart Erskine, eleventh Earl of (1742-1829) 254

Buchan, Henry David Erskine, tenth Earl of (I 71 o--{i7) 254

Buckingham 710 Buckinghamshire 386, 423 Buckinghamshire, John Hobart, second

Earl of (1723-93) 545, 593 Bulkeley, William (1691-1760), diarist 147,

185 Bunbur~, He~ry William (1750-181I),

cancatunst 310 Bunker Hill, battle of (1775) 540, 701 Burgh, James (1714-'75), author 441, 530,

553, 643, 720 Burghley, WiIliam Cecil, first Baron (1520-

98), minister 19, 724 Burgoyne, John (1723-92), MP 533-4, 541,

604 Burgundy 658 Burke, Edmund (1729-97), MP, author

91

rhetoric of I, 555, 703, 706 on Walpole 20 on Jacobitism 2II Reflections 260 on Dissent 296, 532 as Irishman 326 on George In 344 on Grenville 360 and Rockingham party 367-8, 370, 385,

527-8 and Wilkes 386 and agriculture 434, 447 on Rousseau 467 on sublime 471 and penal reform 487, 494 on wrecking 497 on America 537 and electors 542,554, 711, 712-13 and reform 548, 558 on marriage 580 as patron 603 and India 619 on France 620 and impeachment 687 on aristocracy 690-1

Burlington, Richard Boyle, third Earl of (1695-1753) 7, 305, 31I, 313

Burn, Richard (1709-85), author 658 Burnett, George, clergyman 246 Burney, Frances (1752-1840), author 96,

604,608

INDEX 771

Burrington, George (d. 1759), demographer 636

Burslem 265 Bute, John Stuart, third Earl of (1713--g2)

231-3,263,317-18,327,333-4,345, 347-56, 362-6, 369, 370, 371, 374, 375-6,522,523,527,687,724

Butler, Benjamin (1698?-1788), schoolmaster 82

Butler, John (1717-1802), bishop 259-60, 623

Butler, Joseph (1692-1752), bishop 85, 239, 241

Buxton 105 Byng, John (1694-1757), admiral 231, 232-

3,298 Byng, John (1743-1813), traveller 671-2 Byron, John (1723-86), admiral 506, 5Il,

512,513

Cabinet, as institution 701-8 Cadogan, William Bromley (1751--g7),

clergyman 262 Caesar, Mrs Mary, diarist 31 Caius College, Cambridge 80 Calcutta 231 Caleb Williams, by William Godwin 304 Calm Address to our American Colonies, by

John Wesley 251 Cambridge 135, 4Il , 473 Cambridge, Richard Owen (1707-1802),

poet 67, 498--g, 513 Cambridge University 42, 90, 212, 245, 258,

342,351,.471 see also universities

Cambridgeshire 17, 672 Cameron, Archibald (1707-53), Jacobite

221 Campbell, Colen (d. 1729), architect 313 Campbell, John (1708--'75), author 647 Camp bell, Robert, publisher 92 Canada 5, 196, 293, 300, 338--g, 346, 347,

352-3,540,550,556-7,619,631 canals 410-17 /. Candler, Anne, (1740-1814), poet 121 Canning, Elizabeth, alleged kidnap victim

156-7 Canterbury 387, 418 Cape Breton 196, 209 Cape Lagos, battle of (1759) 338--g Cappe, Catharine (1743-1821), author 79,

441 ,485

Carq, Henry (d. 1743), poet 192 Carlisle 198, 200, 630 Carlisle, Frederick Howard, fifth Earl of

(1748-1825) 541 Carlisle House 574-5 Carlos Ill, King of Spain (1716-88) 348

(350 )

Caroline, Queen (1683-1737): at accession of George II Il-I2, 15, 18 and Church 12, 16-17, 136, 238--g and Walpole 15, 18, 21, 31, 37-8, 49-50,

207 and Tories 16 as patron 35, 121, 317 death of 37-8 satirized 49

Caroline Matilda, Princess (1751--'75) 579 Carron works 634, 661, 670 Cartagena 52-3 Carte, Thomas (1686-1754), historian 98,

153 Carter, Elizabeth (1717-1806), Blue

Stocking 276,282-3,467,470-1,473-4, 603

Carter, Francis (d. 1783), traveller 506" Carter, Nicholas (c. 1690-1774), clergyman

276 Carteret, John, second Baron (1690-1763),

second Earl Granville (1744): in opposition to Walpole 16, 34 as minister 187, 191-5, 196--? and Forty-Five 198 and Pelham ministry 204--'7, 349

cartoons 22 Cartwright, John (1740-1824), reformer

530

Case of Ireland, by William Molyneux 546 Castle ofOtranto, by Horace Walpole 475 Castlemaine, Barbara Villiers, Countess of

(1641-1709) 682 Castlemaine, Richard Child, first Viscount

(1680-1750), later first Earl Tylney (173 1 ) 313

Catherine II, Empress of Russia (172g--g6) 665

Caution and Warning, by Anthony Benezet 517

Cave, Edward (1691-1754), printer 91 Cavendish family 32, 592 Cavendish, Henry (1731-18:1'0), scientist

663 Cecil, Richard (1748-1810), evangelical 264 Cecilia, by Sophia Lee 466

772 INDEX

Celle 579' Chamber of Manufactures 709 Chambers, Sir William (I72'~6), architect

3II, 314, 319, 428 Champion, Sir George (d. 1754), MP 52 Champion, Richard (1743-<)1),

manufacturer 655 Chandler, Samuel (1693-1766), Dissenter

40, 85, 295, 343 Chandos, James Brydges, third Duke of

(173 1- 89) 592 Chapone, Rester, nee Mulso (1727-1801),

author 112, 576,607 Characteristics of the Present Political State,

by Robert Wallace 449,647 Charitable Corporation 22, 178 charity 481-3 charity schools 130---3 Charlemont, James Caulfield, first Earl of

(1728-<)9) 558 Charles I (1600---49) 12, 529, 547 Charles VI (1685-1740), Holy Roman

Emperor 19,50,53 Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, Holy

Roman Emperor (1697-1745) 190, 192 ,197

Charles Edward, Prince (1720---88) 197-<) Charleston 627 Charlotte, Sophia, Queen (1744-1818) 83,

145,317,355,415,440,479,581-2, 607, 665, 692

Charteris, Frands (1675-1732), rapist 22, 125

Chatham452 Chatterton, Thomas (1752-']0) 475,479,

480 Checks to Antinomianism, by John Fletcher

250

Chelsea 69, 262, 420, 618, 622 Cheltenham 102-3, 431 Cherbourg 338 Chester 404 Chesterfield, Melusina de Schulenberg,

Lady (1693-1778) 254 . Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope,

fourth Earl of (1694-1773) and opposition to Walpole 31, 36, 38, 48 and Johnson 93 Letters 95, 586-'], 590, 600 and Broad-Bottom ministry 195 (197) and Newcastle 206 and Pelham 207 and Lady Huntingdon 276

and calendar 283 and Garrick 608

Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, fifth Earl of (1755-1815) 276, 491, 598

Chichester 430-1 children 501-3 chimney sweeps 502-3 Chinese taste 70,314 Chippendale, Thomas (d. 1779), furniture_

maker 312 Chippenham 56 Chiswick 311, 313 Choiseul, Etienne-Fran90is de, Duc de

(1719-85) 348,350,383 Cholmondeley, George James, fourth Earl

of (1749-1827) 598 Chorley 669 Christ Church, Oxford 222, 258 Christian VII, King of Denmark (1749-

1808) 579 Christian Magazine 248 Christianity as old as the Creation, by

Matthew Tindal 238 Chrystal, by Charles Johnstone 405 Church of England:

Tory party and 16 under Walpole 38-44 and Dissent 73-5, 293-6 libraries 95 and reformation of manners 129-30 and charity schools 130, 132 and hospitals 135, 136 and deism 240---3, 280 evangelical ministers in 245-'] strengths and weaknesses or 258-64 and Methodism 267-74 and arts 304-5 under Gebrge III 342, 343 churchyards 430 and enclosure 436 and American War 538 and peerage 595 and war 622-3

Churchill, Charles (1731-64), poet 300,

354, 355 . Chute, John (1701-']6), amateur architect

432

Cibber, Colley (1671-1757), poet 317 Cibber, Susannah Maria (1714-66), actress

30 9 Cit's Country Box, by Robert Lloyd

423 civil list IS, 36, 148, 343, 558

INDEX 773

Clandestine Marriage, by George Colman, senior 421

Ciapham Sect II9, 245 Claremont 3II Clarissa, by Samuel Richardson 142 Ciarke, Alured (1696-1742), clergyman 136 Clarke, Samuel (1675-1729), theologian

239, 240, 279 Clarke, Thomas (1740?-93), clergyman 246 Clarkson, Thomas (1760-1846), Quaker 275 class as concept 652-5 Ciaude le Lorraine (r600-82), 38, 312, 610 Clayton, John (1709-73), clergyman 84,150 Ciayton, Robert (1695-1758), bishop 239 Cieland, John (1709-89), novelist 144, 298,

305-6,441 Cleone,by Robert Dodsley 467 clergy 72-3, 77-9, 259-63, 273-4, 452-4 Cierke, Charles (1741,9), navigator 509,

51 5 Cierke, Philip Jennings (1722-88), MP 544,

558 Cierkenwell 40, 269,0 Cievland, John (1707?-63), Secretary to

Admiralty 339 Clinton, Sir Henry (1738?-95), general 541 Ciinton, Hugh Fortescue, fourteenth Baron

(1696-1751) 31 Ciive, Catherine (17II-85), actress 309 Ciive, Robert (1725,4), first Baron (1762)

174, 338, 340, 353-4, 533-4, 570, 619 clubs 99-101, 255, 574 Ciues, Mary, of Coventry 285 coal trade 177, 416, 449, 455, 457, 657 Coalbrookdale 250, 657, 670-1 Cobbett, William (1762-1835), author 443,

459 Cobham, Richard Temple, first Viscount

(1669?-1749) 31, 36, 3II Cocoa Tree club 356 Cock Lane ghost z86J Codex Juris Ecclesiae Anglicanae, by

Edmund Gibson 41 coinage, new 568-g Coke family 593 Coke, Lady Mary (1727-18II) 581 Coke, Thomas (1697-1759), later Earl of

Leicester (1744) 313 Coke, Thomas (1747-1814), Methodist 252 Coke, Thomas William (1752-1842), MP

682-3 Col, Laird of, Donald Maclean (d. 1774) 62 Colchester 418

Cole, William (1714-82), antiquarian II9, 293,549

Colley, Thomas (d. 1751), murderer 282 Collins, Anthony (1676-1729), deist 241 Collins, Benjamin (d. 1785), printer 92-3 Colman, George, sen. (1732-94), dramatist

--79, 103, II7, 315, 421 , 422, 465-6, 469, 576J

Colne 265 Colston, Edward (1636-1721),

philanthropist 482 Combe, William (1741-1823), author 465,

575,584-5 combinations 100, 177, 179-80 Commentaries on the Laws of England, by

WilliamBlackstone 1--2, 6, Sg, 300, 704 commerce:

commercial spirit in general 1-4, 6J and consumption 68JI see also trade

Commissary, by Samuel Foote Common Sense 48 Companion to the Festivals and Fasts, by

Robert Nelson 284 Compton, Sir Spencer (1673?-1743), first

Baron (1728) and Earl (1730) of . Wilmington 14-15, 54, 189

Concord, battle of (1775) 538 Conduct of the Allies, by Jonathan Swift 347 Confessional, by Francis Blackburne 530 Congleton 265-6 Congreve, William (1670-1729), dramatist

6II Connolly family 326 Considerations on India Affairs, by William

Bolts 533 Considerations on the Present German War,

by Irsael Mauduit 347, 626 Convocation 42, 293 Conway, Henry Seymour (1719-95), MP

361,364,371,372,374,554 Conyers, Richard (1724-86), clergyman

246 Cook, James (1728,9), circumnavigator

509-15 Cooke, George (c. 1705-68), MP 2i3, 381 Cookworthy, William (1705-80),

manufacturer 279, 622, 655 Cooper, Henry, carver 309 Cope, Sir John (d. 1760), general 197 Copenhagen 579 Copley, John Singleton (1737-r8IS), artist

322, 542, 609

774 INDEX

copper industry 177-8, 635 Coram, Thomas (1668?-1751),

philanthropist 142-3 corn and corn laws 165,442-47 Cornbury, Henry Hyde, Viscount (1710-

53), MP 213 Corneiys, Theresa (1723--97), entertainer

574-5 Cornwall 55, 210, 138, 712 CornwaIlis, Frederick (1713-83),

archbishop 263, 276 Correggio, Antonio Allegri (c. 1494-1534),

artist 316 Corsica 351,382-3 Cotton collection 319 Cotton, Sir John Hynde (c. 1688-1752),

MP 195 Course of Lectures, by Joseph Priestley 307 Covent Garden 309 Coventry 175, 295, 404, 4II, 414, 416 Cowper, Lady Elizabeth 282 Cowper, George Nassau Clavering (1738-

89), third Earl 313 Cowper, William, first Earl (d. 1723) 282 Cowper, William (1731-1800), poet 108,

354,665 Coxheath 628 Cox's Museum 572, 609 Cradock, Joseph (1742-1826), author 283,

32 1

Craftsman 24-5, 27,46,47,125,185 Crespin, Paul, silversmith 312 Crewe, John (1742-1829), MP 558 cricket 574 crime 155-62, 297-8 Critical Review 91, 96, 466 Critical Review, by James Ralph 426 Croft, Sir Herbert (1751-1816), author 156 Cromarty, George Mackenzie, third Earl of

(d. 1766) 2II Cromford 660, 671-2 Crompton, Samuel (1753-1827), inventor

656 . Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658) 26, 128,533 Crosby, Brass (1725--93), MP 327,526 Crosby, Sarah, Methodist 275 Cruger, Henry (1739-1827), MP 537 Cuba 52, 338, 350 . Culloden, battle of (1746) 198--9,208, 2II,

310, 617 Cumberland 376, 658 Cumberland, Henry Frederick, Duke of

(1745--90 ) 571)-80, 585

Cumberland, George (b. 1754), clerk 108 Cumberland, Richard (1732-18n)

dramatist 329, 469, 630 ' Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of

(1721-65) 23, 175, 197--9,208, 209, 217,221-3, 225-J, 232-4, 334, 336, 356, 363-6, 369

Currie, James (1756--1805), physician 639 Cussons, George (1734-1817), evangelical

255 Cuzzoni, Francesca (1700-70), singer 315

Dalrymple, Alexander (1737-1808), hydrographer 5II

Dalrymple, Sir John (1726--1810), author 623,648

Damer, John (1744-J6), MP 574 Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of(1631-

1712) 21, 548, 560 Dance, George (1700-68), architect 427 Dancer, Ann (1734-1801), actress 326 Darby, Abraham (1677-1717),

manufacturer 657 Darby, Hannah (d. 17~2), diarist 671 Darley, Richard, of Bishop Wilton 267 Darracott, Risdon (1717-59), Dissenter

256 Dartmouth, Frances Catherine, Countess

of (c. 1733-1805) 253 Dartmouth, William Legge, second Earl of

(1731-1801) 246, 276, 287, 522, 534, 537, 538, 666

Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802), physician 286,501,503,659,662,666

Datchworth 443 Davies, Cecilia (c. 1750-1836), singer 315 Davies, David (d. 1819), clergyman 459,

645 Davies, Howell, evangelical 243 Dawes, Philip (fl. 1760-80), artist 309 Day, Thomas (1748-89), author 109-10,

478,482,501,517,626--7,662,666 Deacon, Thomas (1697-1753), nonjuror

2II Dean, Richard (1727?-J8), author 50 3 debt 76-J, 490-1 Debt, National 17,20,27,29,46, 179, 214-

15,362,449,543-4,635,640-4,647, 695, 697

Decker, Sir Matthew (1679-1749), MP 69,

724 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by

Edward Gibbon 99, (100),468,472

INDEX 775

Defoe, Daniel (1661?-1731), author 76, 101, 396,442, 568, 655 .

deism 237-43, 286, 468--71, 514-15 De Koopman 567 Delafaye, Charles, under-secretary 28 De Lamerie, Paul (1688-1751), silversmith

312 Dell, Henry (ft. 1756), bookseller and

author 93 Delme, Peter (171<>--70), MP 479 Demi-Rep, by Edward Thompson 584 Dempster, George (1732-1818), MP 62 Denbigh, Basil Feilding, sixth Earl of

(1719-1800) 365 Denmark 176, 579 D'Eon, Charles-Genevieve-Louise­

Auguste, Chevalier or Chevaliere (1728-1810) 571- 2

Deptford 101 Derby 69, 85, 198, 275, 574-Derbyshire 32,386,434,444, 592, 662 Derwentwater Trust 22 Desaguliers, John Theophilus (1683-1744),

scientist II, 242 De Saussure, Cesar (b. 1705), Swiss

traveller 66 Desolation of America, by Thomas Day 626 Despenser, Sir Francis Dashwood, Baron

le (1708-81) 365 Dettingen, battle of (1743)191-3, 197,

621 De Veil, Sir Thomas (c. 1684-1746),

magistrate 171 Devis, Arthur (17II?-87), arist 69 Devon 136, 386 Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of (1757-

1806), 514, 601-2 Devonshire, William Cavendish, third

Duke of (1698?-1755) 57 Devonshire, William Cavendish, fourth

Duke of (1720-64) 232-3, 344-5, 349 Devonshire, William Cavendish, fifth Duke

of (1748-18II) 105 Diaboliad, by William Combe 584-5 Dibdin, Charles (1745-1814), song-writer

629,638,674-5 Dickens, Charles (18 I 2--']0), novelist 567 Dickinson, Peard (1758-1802), Methodist

269 Dignam, David Brown (ft. 1777), convict

495 Dimsdale, Thomas (1712-1800), physician

640

Dingley, Charles (d. 176g), merchant 380 Dingley, Robert, philanthropist 144 Discourses, by Sir Joshua Reynolds 316 Disney, John (1746--1816), Unitarian 240,

292,530 dispensaries 141,484,490 Disrael~ Benjamin (1804-81), prime

minister 69 I Disrael~ Isaac (1766--1848), author 489 Dissent:

incidence 73-4 conflict with Church 74-5, 129-30, 343,

530-1 relations with Walpole ministry 38-43 Dissenting academies 85-6 and universities 89 libraries 95 and evangelical revival 256--'] and science 280-1 and toleration 292, 293-6, 531-2 and American War 538 and machinery 670 in Lancashire 673

. and politics in general 723 Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water, by

Richard Russell 103 divorce 582-3 Dobbs, Arthur (1689-1765), author 509 doctors 72-3, 327-8, 639-40, 664-5 Do~trine of Grace, by William Warburton

271 Dodd, William (1729--'77), clergyman 144,

248,254,491,492,495, 517, 598 Doddridge, Philip (17°2-51), Dissenter 39,

138, 256, 257 Dodington, GeorgeBubb (1691-I762), MP

54,644 Dodsley, Robert (1703-64), bookseller 91,

93,107,121,464,467,587 Dominica 369 Dormer, Sir Clement Cottrell (1686--1758)

3I1

Dorset, John Frederick Sackville, third Duke of (1745--99) 120,576

Douglas, by John Home 329 Douglas, John (1721-18°7), canon 512,550 Douglass, William, author 174 Dow, Alexander (d. 1779), author 533 Dowdeswell, William (1721--,]5), MP 356--

7, 364, 368, 370, 489, 523, 527 Drake, Sir Francis (1540?--96), admiral 52 Drapier's Letters, by Jonathan Swift 546 dress 602-3

INDEX

Dresden, Treaty of (1745) 209 Drury Lane theatre 44, 309, 320, 610 Dublin 147, 325, 327 Duck, Step hen (1705-56), poet 35, 121, 148 Dudley family 668 duelling 587-90 Dulwich420 Dunbar, James Murray, Jacobite Earl of

(1690-1770) 222 'Dunciad 24,. 125 Dundas, Henry (1742-1811), MP 560 Dunkirk 18, 19, 27, 51, 368 Dunning, John (1731-83), MP 548-9, 550 Dunstable 321, 404 ' Dupre, John (1752?-1834), clergyman 617 Durham 344 Dyer, John (1700?-58), poet 472 Dyson, Jeremiah (1722?-76), MP 256

Eagan, J ames, criminal 160 Earl Percy, by Hannah More 612 East India Company 29,68, 166, 179,209,

214, 353-4, 372-3, 532-4, 561- 2, 642, 708

East India trade 168, 170 Eclectic Society II9 Eden, Sir Frederick Morton (1766-1809),

author 152,459,497 Eden, WiIIiam (1744-1814), later first

Baron Auckland (1793) 494, 547, 636 Eden Treaty (1787) 176 Edgeworth, Richard Lovell (1744-1817),

author 662 Edinburgh:

riots at 45--6, 215,535 Argyll at 53 in Forty-Five 197 and anglicization 325 publishers of 329

Edwardes family 324 education 79-90, 109, 130-3 Effingham, Thomas Howard, third Earl of

(1747-91) 583 Eidophusikon 609, 610 Eidoranion 609 Eldon,John Scott, first Earl Of(1751-1838),

83,708 elections:

general elections of: 1727: 17; 1734: 31-3, 44; 1741: 55--6; 1747: 210, 212, 213; 1754: 206; 1761:348-9; 1768: 374-7; 1774: 537; 1780: 554; 1784: 563

triennial elections 46, 527

by-elections 212-14 county elections 343, 591-2 and representation 710-15

Elegy to Captain Cook, by Anna Seward 515 Elibank, Patrick Murray, fifth Baron (1703-

78), 213, 221 Elizabeth Stuart, Electress Palatine (159~

1662) 36 EIIiot, Sir Gilbert (1751-1814), MP 328,

356,365 EIIis, Welbore (1713-1802), MP 276 ElwaII, Edward (1676-1744), alleged

heretic 240 Emden 337 Emile, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau 467, 478,

501 enclosure 432, 434, 435-7 Encyclopaedia Britannica 306 Enfield 82-3, 156 Englefield, Sir Henry Charles (1752-1822),

scientist 663 English Garden, by WiIliam Mason 3 I I

English Merchant, by George Colman, sen.

466 Enlightenment 242, 663-4 Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase

of Robbers, by Henry Fielding 159 Epsom 103, 420 Esher 311 Essay on Charity, by Bernard MandevilIe

133 Essay on Man, by Alexander Pope 280 Essay on Spirit, by Robert Clayton 239 Essay on Suicide, by David Hume 479 Essay on the future Life of Brute Creation,

by Richard Dean 503 Essay on the Nature and Immutability of

Truth, by James Beattie 469-70 Essay on the Population of England, by

Richard Price 636-7 Essay towards an English Grammar, by John

Fell 307-8 Essays Addressed to Young Ladies, by

Hannah More 607 Essex 387, 423, 444 Essex, James (1722-84), architect 473 Essex, WilIiam Anne Holies Cape!, fourth

Earl of (1732-99) 613 Estimate of the Manners of tlze Times, by

John Brown 143, 592, 647 Eton College 42, 83-4, 86, 87 Evangelical Expositor, by Thomas Haweis

268

~"l i

INDEX 777

evangelical revival 237-<)1, passim 518 Evangelicals, of Church of England 119 Examination of the Scheme of Church Power,

by Michael Foster 41 Exeter 181, 418 Exeter College, Oxford 66-7 Eyles, Sir John (1683-1:745), MP 22

Fablesfor the Female Sex, by Edward "Moore 115

Fabulous Histories, by Sarah Trimmer 503-4

Fair Quaker, adapted by Edward Thompson 577

Falkirk, battle of (1746) 198 Falkland Islands 323, 351, 509, 525, 568,

570,622 Fanny Hill, by John Cleland 306 Farinelli (Carlo Broschi) (1705-82), singer

315 Farmer, Hugh (1714-87), Dissenter 257 Farnworth Grammar School 80-1 Fashionable Lover, by Richard Cumberland

329 Father's Instructions, by Thomas Percival

503 Faujas de Saint Fond, BarthHemy (1741-

1819), scientist 406, 663 Faustina see Bordoni Fawcitt, Christopher (c. 1714-<)5), recorder

222 Felbrigg 440 Fell, John (1735-<)7), Dissenter 307-8 Female Congress 583 Female Government 606 Female Quixote, by Charlotte Lennox 66 Fenton, Lavinia (1708-60), actress 24 Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-

Wolfenbiittel (1721-<)2) 336-7, 340, 578

Ferguson, Adam (1723-1816), author 553, 648

Ferrers family 254 Ferrers, Laurence Shirley, fourth Earl

(1720-60) 298 Festival of the Golden Rump 49 jetes-champhres 576, 610 Fielding, Henry (1707-54), author 24, 48,

66, 93, 95, 127, 144, 156, 159, 161-2, 298, 316,464, 608

Fielding, Sir John (d. 1780), magistrate 161-2,445

Fielding, Sarah (1710-68), novelist 127

Finch, Edward (1697?-1771), MP 204 Finch, William (1691-1766), MP 204 Finisterre, battle of (1747) 209 Fishery, British 178 Fitzgerald, George Robert (1748?-86),

duellist 578, 589-<)0 Fitzroy 523 Fitzwilliam family 326 Fletcher, John William (1729-85),

Methodist 249-50,254 Fleury, Andre-Hercule de (1653-1743),

French minister 14, 18, 19 Florence 313,315 Florida 50, 172,351,352,557 Fog's Weekly Journal 47, 158 Folkes, Martin (1690-1754), antiquarian

663 Fontenoy, battle of (1745) 197 Fool of Quality, by Henry Brooke 279 Foote, Samuel (1720-77),actor and

playwright 67,278,309, 346, 533, 571, 578, 608, 638

Fordyce, Alexander (d. 1789), banker 421, 569--'7 I, 606

Fordyce, James (1720-<)6), Dissenter 570, 606-7

Fordyce, Lady Margaret Janet (1753-1814) 421

Fordyce, William (1724-<)2), physician 570

foreign relations 13-14, 17-19,49-53, 191-4,196-7,209-10,219-20,227-30, 336-40, 347-52, 368, 382-3, 525

Forster, George (1754-<)4), naturalist 513 Forster, Johann Reinhold, naturalist 513,

664 Forster, Richard, demographer 636 Forty-Five 171; 197-203, 210, 301, 627,

629-30

Foster, James (1697-1753), Dissenter 49, 211

Foster, Michael (1689-1763), judge 41, 302 Fothergill, John (1712-80), physician 496 Free Briton 47 Foundling Hospital 142-3, 145,427 Fountains Abbey 683, 684 Fox, Charles James (1749-1806), MP II4

and George III 189,559,686-7,724 Libel Act 302 on shopkeepers 450 and reform 548-<) Fox-North Coalition 559-63, 691 on divorce 583

INDEX

Fox, Henry (1705-74), first Baron Holland (1763) 114, 225-8, 231--2, 233, 338, 350, 371, 709, 716

France: and social progress 2 Anglo-French alliance of 1716: 13, 18, 19 and Dunkirk fortifications 18, 19 and War of Polish Succession 49-50 and War of Jenkins' Ear 53 treatment of servants in 120 resources of 145 trade with 175--6,632,721 in War of Austrian Succession 192, 193-

4, 199, 209-10 anti-French sentiment 213, 321 after 1748: 219--20, 622 in Seven Years War 228-30, 231, 336-<),

347-8,350--2 after Seven Years War 382-3,525--6 'liberality' of 488 travel to 506 and American War 540, 541- 2, 547, 556,

557, 627 Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (1708--65)

197 Franklin, Benjamin (1706-<)0) 286, 367,

373, 556, 627, 661 Franklin, Richard (ft. 1721-56), publisher

47 Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales (1707-51)

plans for accession 14, 222, 342, 344 break with court of George II 3fr7 and Quakers 43 as patron 47 and fall ofWalpole 55, 56, 187 as 'Frederick I' 178 and Pelham ministry 206,207-8,210,

212 death 213, 220--1 and Lady Guilford 522

Frederick I1, King ofPrussia (1712-86) 191,192,229,33fr7,347,349,351-2,622

Frederick V, Elector Palatine (d. 1631) 36 Free Enquiry, by Conyers Middleton 284 'freedom'181-2,344 Freemasons II, 242 Freind, Robert (1667-1751), schoolmaster

222 Friendly Advice to a Patient, by James

Stonhouse 138 Fullarton, William (1754-1808), MP 547 Furley, Samuel (1731?--95), evangelical 246

Furneaux, Tobias (1735-81), circumnavigator 514

furnishings 69-71

Gage, Thomas (1721-87), general 540 Gainsborough (1727-88), artist 441 Galton, Mary Ann (1778-1856), later

(1806) Mrs Schimmelpenninck, author II8-19, ~o--I

Galton, Samuel, manufacturer 622 game laws 301 gaming 29fr7, 571-4 Garbett, Samuel, manufacturer 635, 709 gardening 310--12 . Garrick, David (1717-79), actor 308--<),328,

601, 6°3,608-10,612-13,638 Gay, John (1685-1732), poet 23, 24, 48,125 General History of the Christian Church, by

Charles Walmesley 281 Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director, by

Thomas Chippendale 312 Genius, by George Colman, sen. II7 Genoa 382 Gentleman's Magazine 65, 91, 224 George I (1660--1727):

accession of 13 statues of 12 foreign policy 14, 26 death of 14 opposition to 16 and Church 239-40

George II (1683-1760): as Prince of Wales 12, 15, 23, 34, 37 accession II-16, 18 and foreign affairs 13-14,48--9,175,190-

4,621 relations with Walpole 14-15, 30, 31, 35,

38, 207 civil list 15 and Tories 16--17, 201, 214 unpopularity 35--6 relations with .son 3fr7

. satirized 48 and America 170 and fall ofWalpole 187--9 and Broad-Bottom ministry 195 and Forty-Five 197, 201, 202 and Pelham ministry 203-5, 223-4 and Pitt-Devonshire ministry 232 and Church 238-40 and calendar 284. as patron 316--17, 319

T !

INDEX 779

death 340, 343 and Parliament 704

George III (1738-1820): plans for accession of 14 and Eton College 83-4 and Weymouth 103 and Fishery 178 correspondence of 209 as Prince of Wales 221----2, 231, 333-4 and Church 276, 293, 342-3, 470, 595,

681 as patron 317-19, 440, 603-4, 60B--9 and Scots 327 accession and effects of 340, 342-52, 355-

7,72 4 moral standards 355, 580-2 and Grenville 362-4 and Rockingham ministry 364--1), 527,

558 and Chatham 370, 388 and Wilkes 378 tours 415 and City 421 popularity 446, 724 and North 521, 522, 547, 555, 559 and absolutism 528--1), 685--'7 and American War 537, 555, 625 and crisis of 1782-4, 559--64, 692 on coins 569 as Briton 701

George IV (1762-1830) 200, 560-1, 563, 578,602,724

Georgia 50, 172-3, 243, 244,247, 271, 274 Georgia Trust 142, 173, 178, 243 Gibbon, Edward (1737--1)4), historian I, 81,

90,99,468,472,620-1 Gibbons, Grinling (1648-1720), sculptor

12 Gibbs, James (1682-1754), architect 305,

482 Gibraltar 13, 50, 322, 348, 383, 556 Gibson, Edmund (1669-1748), bishop 40-

3, 130, 244, 26,2-3, 271 Gideon, Sampson (1699-1762), financier

215 Gilbert, Thomas (1720"-98), MP 484,497 Gillam, Samuel, Surrey magistrate 381 Gillray, James (1757-1815), caricaturist 310 Gilpin, William (1724-1804), author 472,

671

gin consumption 44, 148--1) see also Statutes, Gin Act

Glanville, William (c. 1686--1766), MP 39

Glasgow 168, 215, 397, 4Il, 418, 431, 545, 671

Glenorchy, Willielma, Lady (1742?-86) 254 Gloucester 136, 146, 181-2,397,419,421,

43 1,448 Gloucester, William Henry, Duke of(1743-

18°5) 103, 579-80 Gloucestershire 32, 44, 167,392,444,496 Glover, Richard (1712-85), poet 52,568 Glynn, John (1722--'79), MP 381, 386 Godschall, Sir Robert (c. 1692-1742), MP

52 Godwin, William (1756--1836), author 304,

346 Goethe, Johann Wolf gang von (1749-

1832), poet 479-80 Goldsmith, Oliver (1728-j4), poet 95,98,

296,441,466,504,664 Goodmans Fields theatre 48 Gordon, Lord George (1751--1)3), MP 544,

550

Gordon riots 291-2, 550----2, 688--1) Goree 338 Gospel 248 Gothic taste 314, 432, 473-5 Governess, by Sarah Fielding 127-8 Gould, Sir Henry (1710"-94), judge 590 Gower family 163 Gower, John Leveson Gower, second

Baron (1694-1754), first Earl (1746) 195,212

Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, third Duke of (1735-18II) 351, 364, 370, 374-5,378,382-8,521,547,588

Grafton, Charles Fitzroy, second Duke of (1683-1757) 17

Graham, James (1745--1)4), physician 639 Graham, by Thomas Blacklock 329 Granby, John Manners, Marquess of

(1721--'70) 387-8, 624 Grand Repositary of the English Language,

by Thomas Spence 308 Grand Tour 312-13, 321, 461, 472 Grand Trunk Canal4II, 414 Grattan, Henry (1746--1820), Irish MP 546,

558 Graves, Richard (1715-1804), author 66,

84,201,274,404,422,479 Gravesend 420 Gray, Thomas (1716--'71), poet 319,621 Greece 314 Green, John (1706?--'79), bishop II7, 531 Green, John, tavern-keeper 457

INDEX

Greenwich 420, 584 Greenwich Hospital 427 Greg, Samuel (d. 1834), manufacturer 660 Grenville family 233, 334, 710 Grenville, George (1712-70), prime

minister: on bishoprics 262 and Pitt 335 foreign policy 351 and colonial policy 353, 359-60, 361, 366,

368, 369 ministry 354, 358, 359-64, 686 in opposition 272, 274, 386, 523, 524-5

Griffith, Elizabeth (1720?-93), author 603 Griffiths, Ralph (172CT-1803), publisher 306 Grimshaw, William (1708-63), evangelical

247,273,278 Grosley, Pierre-Jean (1718-85), author 291 Grosvenor family 594 Grosvenor, Henrietta, Baroness (d. 1828)

579 Grosvenor, Richard, first Baron (1731-

1802) 579 Grosvenor Square 13 Guadeloupe 338, 631 Guelfi, Giovanni Battista (ft. 1715-34),

sculptor 305 Guest, John (1721-85), ironmaster 671 Guilford 417 guilds 180 Guilford, Francis North, first Earl of

(1704-90) 522 Guilford, Katherine, Countess of (d. 1766)

522

Guy's Hospital 134 Guy, Thomas (1645?-1724), philanthropist

134,482 Gwyn, Francis (1648?-1734), MP 682-3 Gwynn, John (d. 1786), architect 426---7

Hackney 86 Haddock, Nicholas (1686-1746), admiral 51 Hagley 3II, 313 Haines, Henry (ft· 1726-39), printer 47 Hales, Stephen (1677-1761), inventor 630 Halifax 674 Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, first Earl

of (1716-71), 171-2,353,363,373 Hall, John, physician 141 Ham 420 Hamilton, Elizabeth nee Gunning, Duchess

of (1733-90) 576 . Hampden, John (1594-1643), MP 305

Hampshire 32, 136,554,592 Hampstead III, 420 Hampton Court 37, 581 Hanau, Project of (1743) 192 Hanbury, William (1725-'78), clergyman

96,482 Hancock, John (1737-93), American

merchant 383 Handel, George Frederick (1685-1759),

composer 35, 142, 192,305,317 Hanover, Alliance of 13-14 Hanover, Electorate of 26

George II's preference for 14, 35-6, I~_ 90,223

anti-Hanoverianism 191-4, 196, 229-30, 232

in Seven Years War 233, 336---7, 347, 351- 2

in American War 627 Hanway, Jonas (1712-86), philanthropist

144, 483, 499, 723 and infant mortality 5, 486---7, 490, 498,

638 on seaside 102 and Foundling Hospital 142 on Levant trade 166-7 Marine Society 489 on pleasure 567 and tea 645

Harborough, Bennet, first Earl of (1677-1732) 596

Harcourt, Simon, first Earl (1714-'77) 221-2,441,545

Hardwicke, Philip Yorke (169CT-1764), first Baron (1733), first Earl of (I754) 388, 708

and Walpole 34,37,54 and Church 41,43 and Robert Nixon 45 and Marriage Act 114, 226, 709 and fall ofWalpole 188-9 and George II 195 and magistracy I96 on Forty-Five 199 and Scotland 215, 217-18 and Newcastle ministry 226-8 and Pitt 334

Hardy, Samuel (I720?-93), schoolmaster 82-3

Hare, Francis (1671-1740), bishop 239-40

Hargreaves, James (d. 1778), inventor 669 Harley, Robert (1661-1724), prime

minister 21, 25

--"-r I !

INDEX

Harley, Thomas (1730-1804), Lord Mayor of London 379

Harlot's Progress, by WiIliam Hogarth 23, 125

Harper, John (d. 1742), actor 48 Harrington, James (16II-77), political

theorist 26, 718 Harrington, William Stanhope, first Earl of

(1690?-1756) 194,206 Harris, Howell (1714-'73), evangelical 243-

4,245,249,266, 267-8 Harrison, John (1693-1776), horologist 656 Harrison, John, surgeon 135 Harrogate 102 Hartley, David, coiner 492 Hartley, Thomas (1709?-84), translator 279 Haslar Hospital 630 Hastenbeck, battle of (1757) 233 Hastings 715-16 Hastings family 254 Hastings, Warren (1732-1818), Governor-

General 354, 532-4, 562, 619 Havana 351 . Hawaii 512, 515 Haweis, Thomas (1734-1820), evangelical

140,268 Hawes, William (1736-1808), physician 484 Hawke, Sir Edward (1705-81), admiral 209,

383 Hawkesworth, John (1715?-'73), author 95,

512,514 Hawley, Henry (1679?-1759), general 198 Haworth 278 Hay on Wye 266 Hay-Drummond, Robert (17II-'76),

archbishop 246 Hayes, gambler 571-2 Hayley, WiIliam (1745-1820), poet 81 Hayman, Francis (1708-'76), artist 142, 318 Haymarket theatre 35, 48,575,612 Hayter, Thomas (1702-62), bishop 221-2 Hearne, Samuel (1745-()2), traveller 509 Hedges, Simon, poet 121, 446 Heeley, Joseph, poet 672 Henley, John (1692-1756), 'orator', 47, 285 Henry, Frederick, Prince (1594-1612) 221 Hensey, Florence (ft. 1758), spy 408-() Henson, Gravenor (1785-1852), historian

179 Herbert family 591 Hereford 135, 259 Herefordshire 44, 392

Heroic Epistle, by William Mason 3II

Herring, Thomas (1693-1757), archbishop 202-3, 295

Herschel, Sir WiIliam (1738-1822), astronomer 664

Hertford 640 Hertford College, Oxford 90, 269 Hertfordshire 423 Hervey, Augustus John (1724-'79), third

Earl of Bristol (1775) 585 Hervey, James (1714-58), clergyman 138,

243,244,249,276 Hervey, John, Lord Hervey (1696-1743),

MP, memoirist, summoned to Lords in father's barony ofHervey (1733) 14, 15, 18,34,38,208

Hesse-Cassel 228 Hessian mercenaries 17, 18,27,229,232,

542, 627 Hickey, William (1749-1830), memoirist

574, 688 Highmore, Joseph (1692-1780), artist 142 highwaymen 157 Hill, Sir Richard (1732-1808), evangelical

250,251 Hill, Rowland (1744-1833), evangelical,

250, 251, 268 Hillsborough, Wills Hill, first Earl of

(1718--93), 383-4 Hinchcliffe,John (1731-()4), bishop 595,623 Hindon 530 Hirons, Jabez (1728-1812), reviewer 504 history 96-(), 472-6 History of England, by Catherine Macaulay

603 History of England, by David Hume 685 History of Hindustan, by Alexander Dow

533 History of Lady Julia Mandeville, by

Frances Brooke 439-40 History of the Popes, by Archibald Bower

550

History of Women, by WiIliam Alexander 605-6

Hoadly, Benjamin (1676-1761), bishop 41, 42,238--9,24°,259,276,469

Hogarth, William (1697-1764), artist 310, 316,318

and politics 23, 198, 323, 355 and social progress 2

social satires of 69-70, 125-6, 127, 148 and Foundling Hospital 142

Holcroft, Thomas (1745-1809), author 99, 323,405

INDEX

Holden, Samuel (c. 1675-1740), MP 39 Holderness, Robert D'Arcy, fourth Earl of

(1718-78) 206, 347 Holkham 313 Holland 200, 209, 219, 352, 353, 556, 623,

642, 685 Hollis, Thomas (172C>-74), republican 261,

292 Holophusikon 609 Home, John (1772-1808), dramatist 329 Hopkins, Benjamin (c. 1734-79), MP 571 Hornsea 108 horse-racing 404,574 Horsley, Samuel (1733-1806), bishop 286 Horton, Mrs Anne (1743-1808), wife of

Duke of Cumberland 580 Hosier, Francis (1673-1727), admiral 17,

52 Hosier's Ghost 52

hospitals 134-41 Hotham, Lady Gertrude (c. 1696-1775) 276 Houghton 21, 38, 69, 313 Howard, Henrietta (1681-1767), Countess

of Suffolk (1731) 15,23 Howard, John (1726?-<)0), prison reformer

5,343,483-4,487,490,492-3,496, 499

Howe, William, fifth Viscount (1729-1814) 540, 541

Howlett, John (1731-1804), author 113, 422,424,439,636-7,640

Hudson's Bay Company 179, 509 Hull 95, 266-7 Hull Tragedy 320

Hume, David (17II--'76), philosopher 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 284, 308, 328, 467, 468, 470, 479, 647, 681, 685

Hume, John (c. 1706-82), bishop 268 Hunter, John (1728--<)3), surgeon 72-3, 665 Hunter, William (1718-83), anatomist 72-

3,477,583 Huntingdon, Selina Hastings, Countess of

(1707-<)1) 106, 140, 249, 250, 253-4, 268,270,275-6,277

Huntingdonshire 672 Hurd, Richard (1720-1808), bishop 260,

475 Hutchinson, John (1674-1737),

philosopher 279 Hutchinsonians 243, 280 Hutton, Catherine (1756-1846), author 72 Hutton, James (1715-<)5), Moravian 248-

9, 627

Hutton, William (1723-1815), manufacturer 431

Hyp-Doctor 31, 47 Hypocrite, by Isaac Bickerstaffe 278

Idea of a Patriot King 222

Ilchester, Stephen Fox, first Earl of (1704-76) 591

India 174, 219, 231, 338, 35J-:4, 373, 532-4,556,557,561-2,619-20

Industry and Idleness, by William Hogarth 126

Ingham, Benjamin (1712--'72), evangelical 243,246,249

Inns of Court 79, 88--<) Inquiry in(o Principles of Political Economy,

by Sir John Steuart 647 inventions 655--<) Irish:

riots against 44,324 peers 75 trade 168, 710, 721 government of 215,699 English attitudes to 324-5, 326-7, 455,

457 and George III 544-5 and American War 545-6 settlement of 1782-3 558

Irnham, Simon Luttrell, Baron (1713-87) 580,585

iron manufacture 168, 170 Islay, Archibald Campbell, Earl of (1682-

1761), third Duke of Argyll (1743) 45-8,216

Isleworth 132 Islington 103, 108 Italy 50, 312-13, 315-16, 507 Ives family'421

Jackson, John (1686-1763), theologian 240 Jackson, William (ft. 1769), author 504 Jacobitism:

. under George 116 at accession of George II 12-13, 16 and Walpole 20, 21, 44-5, 50, 53, 693 estates 22 in Forty-Five and after 197-203, 210-

13, 221-2, 542 decline 292,357,549,688 in Lancashire 674 and Parliament 704

Jamaica 348, 369 James I (1566-1625) 36

INDEX

James II (1633-1701) 12, 372, 547 'James Ill', James Francis Edward Stuart

(1688-1766), the Old Pretender 13, 201, 203

James, banker 570 James, Robert (1705--'76), physician 487,

664 James, Thomas (1748-1804), schoolmaster

81-2 Jane, Joseph (b. 1716?), Methodist 268 Jay, William (1769-1853), Methodist 277 Jealous Wife, by George Colman, sen. 466 Jebb, John (1736-86), reformer 90,530,553 Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826), President

of USA 661 Jekyll, Sir Joseph (1663-1738), MP 39 Jenkins' Ear, War of 51-3, 173 Jenkinson, Charles (1727-1808), MP 547,

560 Jenner, Charles (1736--']4), novelist 87, 407 Jenyns, Soame (1704-87), MP and author

67,449,470,504,575,601,620-1 Jephson, Alexander (d. 1768), clergyman

254 Jersey 322 Jews 177,224-5, 294 John the Painter (d. 1777), arsonist 480-1 Johnson, James (1705--'74), bishop 222 Johnson, Samuel (1709-84), author 621,

681 Boswell's Life ofl Livers of the Poets I, 94, 679 Dictionary 93, 307, 679 and the Club lOO

as patron 121, 603 on America 251 on Whitefield 252 and Scotland 283, 328 and Shakespeare 308 politics 355 on Lichfield 419 on Rousseau 467 and Dodd491 on Falklands 525 on commerce 648---9 on government 688---9

Johnstone, Charles (1719?-1800), novelist 40 5

Jonathan Wild, by Henry Fielding 24, 127 Jones, Griffith (1683-1761), clergyman 133,

244 Jones, John Paul (1747---92), privateer 543,

625

Jones, Samuel (1680?-1719), Dissenter 85 Jones, William (1726-1800), clergyman 241 Jones, William (1755-1821), curate 263 Jones, William (1746---94), knighted 1783,

orientalist 90, 484, 59 I Jonson, Benjamin (1574-1637), dramatist

308 Joseph Il, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-

90) 219-20 Joseph Andrews, by Henry Fielding 127 Journey from Gibraltar to Malaga, by

Francis Carter 506 Jubilate Agno, by Christopher Smart 279,

320 Julie, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau 463, 466,

467,478 Junius, ~nonymous author 327, 375, 381-

2,523

Kames, Henry Home, Lord (1696-1782), judge 638, 648

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804), philosopher 470

Kauffmann, Angelica (1741"':1807), artist 603, 604, 664

Keate, George (1729---97), author 81, 108, 308,309,429-30,474,506

Keate, William (d. 1795), clergyman 653 Kedleston 314 Keir, James (1735-1820), chemist 286, 661,

663 Kelly, Hugh (1739--'77)"author Il6, 327,

441 Kelly, Samuel, seaman 627 Kendal, Ehrengard Melusina von der

Schulenburg, Duchess of (1667-1743) 682

Kenrick, Williain (1725?--'79), author 656 Kent 17, 32, Il7, 132 Kent, Nathaniel (1737-1810),

agriculturalist 440 Kent, William (1684-1748), architect 310-

Il, 313, 427 Keppel, Augustus (1725-86), admiral 547 Keppel, Frederick (1729--'77), bishop 623 Kidderminster 418, 444 Ki1marnock, William Boyd, fOUIth Earl of

(1704-46) 210-II Kimber, Edward (1719-69), novelist 87,

100, 119, 128, 422 Kimber, Isaac (1692-1755), author d'8 Kindersley, Mrs N. E., traveller 507 King, Peter (1669-1734), first Baron 17

INDEX

King, William (1685-1763), college he,ad 52 9

King's College, Cambridge 240 King's Friends 355-6, 364-5, 366-7, 369,

523,527 King's Lynn 156 Kingston, Elizabeth Chudleigh, Duchess of

(1720--88) 585 Kingston, Evelyn Pierrepont, second Duke'

of (17II-'73) 585 Kingston Grammar School 81 Kingswood School 268, 272, 274 Kippis, Andrew (1725--95), author 156 Knaresborough 156 Knole 120 Knox, Vicesimus (1752-1821), author 88,

108,305,422-3,477,488,552,590, 600, 606, 6II-12, 691

Knox, William (I732-181O), author 620 Kunersdorf, battle of (1759) 337 Kyrle, John (1637-1724), 'Man of Ross'

482

labour relatiop.s 454-8 Lackington, James (1746-1815), bookseller

94, 107, II3, 278, 485 Ladies Diary 280

Lake District 472 Lambert, George (1710-65), artist 318 Lambeth, orphanage 144 Lancashire:

society in 72 economic depression in 163, 165 Catholicism in 294 roads in 396 canals 4II, 414-15 and American War 539 manufactures 651,667 machine riots 669--'70 growth 672-4

Langford, Abraham (17II--'74), auctioneer 449

Langhorne, John (1735--'79), poet 493, 584 Lardner, Nathaniel (1684-1768), Dissenter

238 Laud, William (1573-1645), archbishop

355 Lauffeld, battle of (1747) 209 Lavington, George (1684-1762), bishop

268,271 law:

explained by Blackstone 2

lawyers 72-3

deficiencies of 296-304 and Church property 453-4 and fraud 491-2, 571- 2, 573-4

Law, E~~und (1703-87), bishop 263, 595 Law, Wilham (1686-1761), devotional

writer 241, 274 Law Student, by Robert Lloyd 300 Layer, Christopher (1683-1723), Jacobite 45 Leadhills 660 League of Armed Neutrality 556 Leasowes 3 II Ledbury 392 Lee, Arthur (174o--g2), agitator 384 Lee, George (1700?-58), knighted 1752,

MP 56 Lee, Sophia (1750--1824), dramatist 466 Leeds:

Grammar School 83 library 95 apprenticeships 180--1 Methodist conference at 251 canals 4II, 414-15 growth 418, 421, 674 and Parliament 713

Lefebure, John (d. 1752), of Post Office 408 Legge, Henry Bilson (1708-64), MP 233 Leicester:

infirmary 138, 139 freemen 181 corporation 295 conservatism 430 prisoners of war at 625 machines at 670

Leicester Journal 138, 669 Leicestershire 591 Leland, John (1691-1766), theologian 468-

9 Lennox, Charlotte (17~0--1804), author 66,

603 Lennox, Lady Sarah (1745-1826) 255, 580 Leslie, Charles (1650--1722), nonjuror 242-

3 Lestock, Richard (1679?-1746), admiral

193,621 Letter to a Noble Lord, by Edmund Burke

691 .

Letter to Chesterfield, by Samuel Johnson

93 . . Lettersfrom Italy, by Anna Miller 507 Letters on Chivalry and Romance, by

Richard Hurd 475 Letters on the Improvement of the Mind, by

Hester Chapone 607

INDEX

Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol, by Edmund Burke 542

Leuthen, battle of (1757) 337 Levant Company 166-7,179,624 Lever collection 609 Lewes 104 Lexington, battle of (1775) 538 Liberal Education, by Vicesimus Knox 88 libraries 94-5, 407 Lichfield 100, 212, 419 Lichfield, George Henry Lee, third Earl of

(1718--'72) 342 Life and Adventures of Joe Thompson, by

Edward Kimber 128, 422 Lightouller, Thomas, coiner 492 Lillo, George (1693-1739), dramatist 126-

7,612 Lincoln 404,419,473 Lincoln College, Oxford 238 Lincolnshire:

elections 17 infirmary 135-6 evangelical revival in 246 and Wilkesites 397 demography 672

Lind, James (1736-1812), physician 5II, 630 Lindsey, Theophilus (1723-1808),

Unitarian 500, 530-1 linen manufacture 165-6 Linley Elizabeth Ann, later Mrs Sheridan

(1754-92) 106, 603 Lisbon 176-7 Lisle, Samuel (1683-1749), bishop 295 Lissoy 441 literacy 91, 320 Literary and Philosophical Societies 662 Literary Club 100 Liverpool:

Dissent at 39 merchants of 72 charity school at 132 infirmary 139 chartered government of 161 trade 168 canals 4Io-II, 414-15 growth 418, 673-4 and American War 542, 629 privateering at 624-5 medicine at 639

Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second . Earl of (1770-1828)209, 225

living standards 62-5, 76-9, 147-50,442-58

Llangollen 476 Lloyd, Evan (1734--'76), poet 77-8, 255 Lloyd, Sir Richard (1696?-1761), MP 153-

4, 158-9 Lloyd, Robert (1733-64), poet 300, 354,

423,477 local government 693-4, 699--'700 Lochiel, Donald- Cameron of (1695?-1748)

218,221 Lock, Matthias (fl. 1740-69), designer 312 Lock Hospital 139-40, 144, 145,254,484 Locke, John (1632-1704), philosopher 87,

II2,501 Lombe, Sir Thomas (1685-1739),

manufacturer 657 London:

royal statues in 12 riots in 44-5, 379-80, 455, 457 influence of 71 clubs in 100 and tourism 107-8 Society for Reformation of Manners

128---9 charity schools 130, 132 hospitals 134-5, 139-40 prostitution in 143-4 population trends in 147, 636-7 trade 168 coal trade 177 immigration to 224 evangelical revival at 224, 245, 254, 265 bishopric of 262-3 new parishes 264 earthquakes 284-5 Catholicism in 294 executions in 298 Celtic invasion of 326-8 and Wilkesites 377-80 and coach travel 406, 407 growth of 420,421-3,425-6 improvement ·of 426-30 food supplies 444, 448 prices at 448-50 labour relations in 454-5, 457-8 infant mortalitiy in 486-7, 490, 498,

502-3 hygiene in 505 and reform 548 development of 594 snobbery in 601 and Parliament 71 I

London, City of: and accession of George II I I

INDEX

London, city of-cont. and excise crisis 30 and theatre 48 and War of Jenkins' Ear 51-?

government of 161, 166

and finance 179, 567 and fall ofWalpole 185 in Forty-Five 198, 203 and Pelham 204, 214-15 and Newcastle 544 and Pitt 228, 232-4, 337, 348, 371

and Mansion House 313, 427

and George III 346, 354, 521

and Wilkes 358, 386, 421-2, 526, 529

improvement of 427-<) London and Westminster Improved, by John

Gwynn 426--7 London Framework Knitters Company 181

London Gazette 563 London Hospital 134-5 London Journal 47 London Magazine 405, 657, 7II London Merchant, by George Lillo 126--7,

612 London Tradesman 92 Long Island, battle of (1776) 540

Longton Hall porcelain 69 Lorraine 50 Lothian, Jean Janet, Marchioness of (c.

17II- 87) 253 Lothian, William Kerr, third Marquess of

(c. 1690-1767) 253 lotteries 572-4 Loudoun, John Campbell, fourth Earl of

(1695-82) 339 Louis XIV (1638-1715), King of France

II, 529, 618 Louis XV (171G-74), King of France 18,

49,192,525 Louisburg 174, 337 Louise, Princess 23 Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques de (1740-

1812), artist 609, 610 Lovat, Simon Fraser, Baron (1667?-1747)

210-11 Lovibond, Edward (1724-'75), poet 81

Lowth, Robert (1710-87), bishop 90, 263,

307, 469, 6II Lowther, Sir James (1736-1802), MP 375-

6 Ludlow 104-5 Lunar Society 100, 660-2 Luttrell family 326

Luttrell, Henry Lawes (1743-1821), MP

385, 386, 580, 589 Luttrell, Temple Simon (I738?-1803), MP

301- 2

luxury 3-4 lying-in hospitals 139 Lyme Regis 32 Lyons 321 Lyttelton family 3II Lyttelton, George, first Baron (1709-'73)

48, 95, 98, 313, 585-6, 608 Lyttelton, Thomas (1744-'79), second

Baron 321, 600 Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton

Bulwer, first Baron (1803-'73) 156

McAdam, John Loudon (1756-1836),

engineer 392 macaronis 576-8, 608 Macaulay, Aulay (1758-1819), clergyman

65 Macaulay, Catherine (1731-<)1), historian

98,528-<),590,598,603 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron

(1800-59) 664 Macclesfield 175 Macclesfield, George Parker, second Earl

of (1697-1764) 283-4, 663 Macclesfield, Thomas, first Earl of (1666?-

1732) 299 MacDonell, Alexander of Glengarry (d.

1761) see Pickle the Spy

Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527) 26

Mackenzie, Henry (1745-1831), novelist

481,586 Macklin, Charles (1697?-1797), actor 309,

608 .

Maclaurin, Colin (1698-1746),

mathematician 279 Macpherson,James (1736-<)6), author 475-6

Madan, Martin (1726-<)0), evangelical 139-

40, 276, 484, 494 Madden, Samuel (1686-1765), author 178

Madeley 249-50 madhouses 140-1 Madras 174, 209, 532 Magdalen House 142, 144-5

magistracy 130, 148, 161, 195-6, 302-4,

302-4,342-3,344,694 mahogany 69 Mahon, Charles Stanhope; Viscount (1753-

1816), later third Earl Stanhope

(1786) 599

. INDEX

Maid of Oaks, by David Garrick610 Maidstone 640 Malcom, Sarah (d. 1733), murderess 31 Malplaquet, battle of (1709) 617 Malvern 102, 138 Man, Isle of 171, 283 Man and Wife, by George Colman, sen. 577 Man of Business, by George Colman, sen.

79 Man of Feeling, by Henry Mackenzie 481,

586 Manchester:

manufacturers 72, 444, 656, 721 Grammar School 84 academy 86 history of 97 lunatic asylum 141 poor of 150 and Jacobitism 211-12 Methodist conference at 272 roads 307, 405 horse-races 404 and canals 410 growth 418,671,673-4 and American War 542 theatre at 6Il government of 694 and Parliament 7Il, 713

Manchester, George Montagu, fourth Duke of (1737-88) 547, 599

Mandeville, Bernard (1670?-1733), author 133

Manila 350, 351 Manners family 523, 591 Manners, Nicholas, Methodist 267 Mansfield, Elizabeth, Countess of (1704-

84) III

manufacturers 6~, 649-52, 666----72 Manzuoli, Giovanni (c. 172C)-c. 1780),

singer 315 March to Finchley, by William Hogarth 198,

32 3 Marchmont, Alexander Campbell, second

Earl of (1t75-1740) 31 Margate 108, 253 Maria Theresa, QjIeen of Hungary (1717-

80) 190, 191, 192, 193, 197,209,219, 623

Marine Society 489 markets 431 Mart.ham, William (1719-1807),

archbishop 623 Marlborough 634

Marlborough, John Churchill, first Duke of (1650--1722) 191, 194,213,261,682

Marlborough, Charles Spencer, third Duke of (1706--58) 3fo

Marot, Daniel (c. 1663-1752), designer 312 Marriage a la Mode, by William Hogarth

125 Marra, John, gunner's mate 512 Marryott, Matthew, workhouse master 151 Marseilles 147 Marshall, William (1745-1818),

agriculturalist 43 I Martin, Benjamin (1704-82),

mathematician 279 Martinique 338, 346, 631 Marylebone, Fountaine's school 88

pleasure garden 101 poor relief in 151-2 expansion of 422, 426

Maseres, Francis (1731-1824), author 81 Maskelyne, Nevil (1732-18II), astronomer

663 Mason, William (1724--97), poet 272, 3II Massachusetts Bay 383-4, 535--6 Massie, Joseph (d. 1784), author 62-4 Memoirs of a Magdalen, by Hugh Kelly 116,

441 Mathews, Thomas (1676--1751), admiral

193,621 Matlock 321 Mauduit, Israel (1708-87), pamphleteer

346----7, 626 Mawbey, Sir Joseph (1730--()8), MP 580 Maxfield, Thomas (d. 1784), Methodist

277 M'Daniel, Stephen, criminal 160--1 Mead, Richard (1673-1754), physician 305 Meissonier, Justin-Aurele (1675-1750),

silversmith 312 Mells, John, customs officer 419 Memoirs of the Twentieth Century, by

Samuel Madden 178 mercantilism 3 Meredith, Sir William (d. 1790), MP 494 Meretriciad, by Edward Thompson584 Meriden 404 Merthyr Tydfil671 Metcalf, John (1717-1810), road-maI.er 392 Methodism:

origins of 243-5 organization of 247-8 divisions 248-52 social appeal of 252-5

INDEX

Methodism-cont. persecution of 264-70, 294 opposition to 270-5 and reformation of manners 499 and politics 723

Methodist, by Evan Lloyd 255 Methuen Treaty (1704) 176 middle class:

make-up of 61-8, 75-6 and material goods·68-71 divisions 71-6 impoverished 76-9 and evangelical revival 254, 469 and taste 314,322 and inflation 449-52 manners 464-5 and drama 466-7, 610-3 and tourism 471-2, 473-4 and charity 482-3, 501 and social reform 488 and morality 582 and taxation 645-6 and language of class 653-4 and politics 692, 721-5

Middlesex: Hospital 134, 139 magistracy 148, 161, 302-3, 455 elections 213, 323, 377-81, 386-7, 527,

529-30,589,712 Middleton, Christopher (d. 1770), voyager

509 Middleton, Conyers (1683-1750),

theologian 284, 469 militia II7, 199,230,325,334-5,628-<),

689 Millar, Andrew (1707-68), publisher 93 Millar, John (1735-1801), author 61, 475,

516, 605, 648 Miller, Anna, Lady (1741-81), author 507,

604 Miller, Sanderson (1716-80), architect 432 Milne, Colin (1743?-1815), clergyman 484 Milner, Joseph (1744-<)7), evangelical 266-

7 Milton, Andrew Fletcher, Lord (1692-

1766), 45, 216-17 Milton, John (1608-74), poet 280 Minden, battle of (1759) 337, 338, 340, 351 Minor, by Samuel Foote 278 Minorca 13, 50, 228, 231, 334, 347, 555,

557, 617 Moir, John, authorlII Molyneux, Williani (1656-98), author 546

Monck, George (1608-70), general 682 Monmouth 266 Monmouthshire 552, 588 Montagu, Elizabeth (1720-1800), Blue

Stocking 109, 604 Montagu, John, second Duke of (I 688?-

1749) 242 Montcalm de Saint Veran, Louis-Joseph,

Marquis de (1712-59) 231 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron

de (1689-1755) 291, 296, 723 Monthly Review 91 Monticelli, Angelo Maria (c. 1710-64),

singer 315 Montreal 339, 346 Montrose, James Graham, first Duke of (d.

1742) 31 Moore, Edward (1712-57), poet II5 Moore, Francis (1657-1715), astrologer 281 Moravians 243, 247, 248-<), 272, 279 Mordaunt, Sir John (1697-1780), general

340

More, Hannah (1745-1833), author 99,478, 483,498,506,603,607,612

Morgan, Macnamara (d. 1762), poet 203, 299

Morgan, Mary, author 476 Mortlake 442 Morton, James Douglas, fourteenth Earl of

(1702-68) 515, 663 Moulins 658 Murray, Alexander (d. 1777), Jacobite 213,

70 3 Murray, Lord George (1694-1760),

Jacobite 197 Murray, William (1705-<)3), later first Earl

of Mansfield (1756) 222, 225-7, 231-2,300;302,335-6,371,378-<),517-18, 522, 523, 536, 55.1, 552, 571, 621, 708-<)

Muscovy Company 178-<) Musical Lady, by George Colman, sen. 315 Musical Tour, by Charies Dibdin 674-5

nabobs 375, 533 Namier, Sir Lewis Bernstein (1888-1960),

historian 344, 710-1 I Naples 50, 321 Nash, Richard (1674-1761), 'Beau' 105-6 navy 176,283, 301-2, 335,339, 347-8,451-

2,577,621-2,630-1,634-5 Needham, Elizabeth (d. 1731), brothel­

keeper 125

INDEX

Nelson, John (1707/4), Methodist 251 Nelson, Robert (1656-1715), devotional

writer 284 Netley Abbey 473-4 New Bath Guide, by Christopher Anstey

107 New Brighthelmstone Directory 104

New Shoreham 530 New System, by Jacob Bryant 508 New York 359, 371, 383, 538, 541 New Zealand 5II-12 Newark 431, 514 Newbery, Francis (1743-1818), publisher

512 Newbery, John (1713-67), publisher 93,

664 Newbury 417 Newcastie-upon-Tyne:

infirmary 136 lunatic asylum 141 coal trade 177 in Forty-Five 198 growth 418 churchyard 430

Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, first Duke of (1693-1768), prime minister 6, 356, 524, 708

as minister of George I, 14 and Walpole 18, 54 and Church 43, 292-3, 342, 531 and fall ofWalpole 188-<) and George Il 195 and Pelham Ininistry 206, 208, 210, 212,

217, 219-20, 223-4 ministry 225-32 and Pitt 233, 333-6 gardens of 3 II and George III 345, 347-51, 354, 355,

356,364,365,369,370,374 and finances 544, 641 and mob 721

Newdigate, Sir Roger (1719-1806), MP 213,524

Newfoundland 557 Newgate 156, 161, 213, 298 Newmarket 356 Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), scientist Il,

243,279-80,281,663 Newton, John (1725-1807), evangelical

276, 61 7 Newton, Thomas (1704-82), bishop 187-8,

263, 552, 567 Nichols, John (1745-1826), antiquarian 724

Nicolson, Joseph, historian 658 Nihell, Elizabeth, midwife I I I

Nine Years War 346,621 Ninth Report, by Edmund Burke 561 Nivernois, Louis-Jules-Barbou-Mancini-

Mazarini, Duc de (1716-<)8) 321 Nixon, Robert (d. 1746?), nonjuror 45 Noailles, Adrien-Maurice, Duc de (1678-

1766) 191 nonjurors 2II, 218, 242-3 Norfolk 32, 165, 375, 433, 434, 497, 593,

599 Norfolk, Edward Howard, ninth Duke of

(1686-1777) 242 North, Frederick, Lord North (1732-<)2),

prime minister 6, 206, 521 as patron 259, 476 and religion 261, 293 foreign policy 351 early career 356, 370 and Wilkes 378 ministry 388, 451, 521-55 passim, 569,

576, 687, 724 and Fox 558-<) on Pitt 559 and theatre 613 and finance 641, 644

North Briton 355, 357-8 Northampton 138,404 Northamptonshire 630 Northington, Robert Henley, first Earl of

(c. 1708-72) 708 Northumberland 591 Northumberland, Hugh Percy, first Duke

of (1715-86) 369, 473, 591 Norwich:

religion at 74, '1-77 Grammar School 81 chartered government of 161 freemen 181 Scottish Society of 328 growth 418, 420-1

Nottingham 295 novels 95-6 Noverre riots 320 Novia Scotia 538 Nowell, Thomas (1730-1801), college head

529 Nuneham Courtenay 441

Oaks, house and race 574, 576 Observations conce~ning the Distinction of

Ranks, by John Millar 605

790 INDEX

Observations on Civil Liberty, by Richard Price 542

Observations . .. on Executive Justice, by Samuel RomillY494

Observations on Popular Antiquities, by John Brand 500

Ogilvie, John (1733-1813), author 471 Oglethorpe, James Edward (1696-1785),

general 172, 243 Oldknow, Samuel (1756-1828),

manufacturer 666-7 Oliver, Richard (1734?-84), MP 526 Oliver, William (1695-1764), physician 106 Omai, Tahitian (d.c. 1789) 514 Onania 638 Onslow family 365, 523 Onslow, Arthur (1691-1768), MP 56 Onslow, George, first Earl (1731-1814)

259-QO Onslow, George (1731--<)2), MP 526 opera 35 Orford, George Walpole, third Earl of

(1730--91) 599 Osnabrugh 14 Ossian 475-Q Osterley Park 314 Oswald, James (1715-Q9), MP 356, 365 Oxford 405, 4II, 414, 416, 445,672 Oxford Movement 260 Oxford University 42, 90, 212, 213, 228,

243-4,250, 258, 269, 279, 293, 324, 342-3,469--'70,6II

see also universities Oxfordshire:

in Forty-Five 203 election 213-14, 284 and militia 334 magistracy 342 smuggling 634

Paine, Thomas (1737-1809), author 693 Paley, William (1743-1805), author 470,

494 Palladio, Andrea (1518-80), architect 313,

314 Palmer, John (1742-1818), mail-coach

introducer 40<)-10 Paltock, Robert (1697-1767), novelist II9 Pamela, by Samuel Richardson 87, 96, II2,

II3, 127,463,466,585 Panama 52 Panorama 610 Pantheon 314,575,578,601

Paoli, Pasquale de (1726-1807), general 382,384

Pardo, Convention of (1739) SI, 53, 52 5'

Parent, Francis, workhouse maste~ 151 Paris, Peace of (1763) 347-52, 358 Paris fashions 68, 312, 322 parish administration 154-5; Parker, Thomas, Viscount (1723--<)5), MP

283 Parliament:

House of Commons: and commerce 3, 170--1, 175, 17<)-80; and American colonies 170--1, 172, 528; and Scotland 215-18; and improvement 391, 435-7; and the corn laws 446-7; and social reform 485--'7; reporting of debates 526, 705-Q; supremacy 528--<), 539, 703-4; reform of 548, 552-3, 563-4, 710--19; and peerage 596-8, 690--2; composition 703; and legislation 70<)-10; parliamentary sessions: 1727: 15; 1728: 17; 1729: 18; 1730: 18, 19; 1733: 30--1; 1734: 31; 1735: 33; 1736: 39,41, 42-3; 1737: 36,44,46,49; 1738: 51; 1739: 39, 53; 1740: 53; 1741: 54; 1742: 56, 185-Q, 188; 1743: 192-3; 1744: 193; 1747: 216-17; 1748: 218; 1750: 213; 1751: 224; 1753: II4, 224-5; 1754:225;1755:227;1756:228--<),230; 1757: 335-Q, 336-7, 339; 1759: 338, 339; 1760: 336; 1763: 343,350; 1764: 358, 361 ; 1765: 361; 1766: 367-8, 373; 1767:372-4,446;1768:376; 1769:376, 383, 385, 387; 1770: 387-8, 521, 524; 1771: 523-4,526; 1772:446,494,580-­I; 1773:446,532-4; 1774: 535--'7,576; 1778: '542, 550; 1779: 546; 1780: 546, 547,548--<),554; 1782: 554-5; 1783: 560; 1784: 562-3

House of Lords: Walpole and 27, 30, 33-5,43; and opera 35; and prime ministers 225; and George III 562; and Crown 598--<); power of 690--2

Parsons, Anne (c.I735-c.1814), mistress

375 Patricians 590 Patriot King, by Lord Bolingbroke 48 Paul, Sir George Onesiphorus (1746-1820),

reformer 496 Paul, Lewis (d. 1759), inventor 669 Paxton, Nicholas (d. 1744), Solicitor to

Treasury 186

INDEX 791

Peak District 472 Peirson, Francis (1756-81), Major 322 Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850), prime

minister 20, 683 peerage 75, 591-600, 689-<)1 Pelham brothers 174 Pelham family 233, 365, 523 Pelham, Henry (1695?-I754), prime

minister 6, 374, 521 and Walpole 31 colonial policy 171 and fall ofWalpole 189 and Broad Bottom ministry 195-6, 342 basis of power 203-8 foreign policy 209-10, 219 fiscal policy 214-15, 643 and factions 223-4 and Jew Bill 224 death 220, 225 and the arts 3II, 319

Pell, William, magistrate 302-3 Pemberton, Henry (1694-1771),

mathematician 279 Pembroke, Henry Herbert, tenth Earl of

(1734-<)4) 591 penal policy 158-60,493-'7 Penlez, Bosavern (d. 1749), rioter 298 Pennant, Thomas (1726-<)8), traveller 283,

285-6,404,417,476,508 Pennsylvania 517, 538, 541 Penny, Edward (1741-<)1), artist 623-4 Penrose, John (1713-76), clergyman I06,

293-4,405 Perceval, Sir John (1683-1748), first Earl

of Egmont (1733), MP 22 Percival, Thomas (1740-1804), physician

134,503 Percy family 591 Percy, Hugh, Lord (1742-1817), MP 540 Percy, Thomas (1768-1808), scholar 475 Perreau brothers 492 Perse School, Cambridge 80 Persfield 472 Philadelphia 383 Philanthropic Society 484-5 Philipps, Sir John (1700-64), MP 195 Philosopher in Bristol, by WilIiam Combe

464 Philosophical Grammar, by Benjamin

Martin 279 Philosophical Transactions 281

'Pickle the Spy', Alexander MacDonell of Glengarry (d. 1761) 221

Pitt, George (1722?-1803), MP 102 Pitt, James, journalist 47 Pitt, WilIiam, elder (1708-'78), first Earl of

Chatham (1766), prime minister 6, 106, 206, 121, 621, 683, 703, 716, 724

opposition to Walpole 20, 36, 646 on Hanover 190 and Pelham 195, 204, 207 strategy 219, 232, 336-40, 620 and Newcastle ministry 225-32 first ministry 232, 333 second ministry 233-4, 333-40, 342 death 322 and George III 345, 346-8, 354, 355,

363,365 and America 367-8,557,627 third ministry 369-'74, 382, 446, 703 in opposition 388, 523-4, 526, 535, 542

Pitt, WilIiam, younger (1759-1806), prime minister 6, 232, 521

and mail-coaches 410 and crisis of 1782-4: 555, 559, 560-4 appeal 681, 692, 724-5 and Thurlow 708

Plassey, battle of (1757) 338 Plymouth 452, 481 Plymouth, Other Windsor, third Earl of

(1679-1725) 596 Poland 49-50, 525-6 Political Survey of Britain, by John

Camp bell 647 Polly 24 Pomfret, George Fermor, second Earl of

(1722- 85) 547, 582, 583 Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson,

Marquise de (1721-64) 620 Ponsonby family 326 Pontypool 244 . Poole, Mrs, wet-nurse 486-7 poor:

law and poverty 150-5,328,458-<),497 rates 63, 152-3,488-<) Methodist appeal to 252-5 taxation of 644-5

Pope, Alexander (1688-1744), poet 48, 106, 126

poetry of I, 24, 123, 280, 482 and Gay 23 and taste 35, 311

Popham, Alexander (1729-1810), MP 406, 493

population 145-'7, 418-20, 424, 636-40 porcelain 69

792 INDEX

Porteous, John (d. 1736), army officer 45-6,49, 215, 535

Porteus, Beilby (1731-1808), bishop 260, 270,499

Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of (1738-18°9), 364, 376, 560

Portman estate 428 Portsmouth 101,452,481,63° Portugal 17&-7, 348, 350, 353, 623 Post Office 47, 51,408-10 Postlethwayt, Malachy (1707?-67), author

62-3,224,657 Potter, John (1674?-1747), archbishop 43 Powell, William Samuel (1717--'75), college

head 90 Pownall, Thomas (1722-18°5), MP 446--'7 Pragmatic Sanction 19 Pratt, Charles (1714---i)4), first Baron

Camden (1765), 186, 358, 372, 382, 387-8, 52 3

Pratt, Samuel Jackson (174CJ-1814), author 463, 587, 626

press 46-8, 92, 248 Preston 670, 674 Prestonpans, battle of (1745) 197, 198, 202 Price, Charles (d. 1786), convict 573 Price, Richard (1723---i)1), author 256,328,

424,542,618-19,627,63&-7,643-4, 681,720

prices 147---i), 163, 443, 447-59 Priestley, Joseph (1733-18°4), sCientist 280,

286, 291-2, 307, 504, 663, 666, 703, 720

Principles of Penal Punishment, by William Eden 494

Pringle, Sir John (1707-82), physician 663

Prison Thoughts, by William Dodd 491 prisons 158---i),483-4,492-3 privateering 624-5 professions 72-3, 77---i) prostitution 79, 143-5 Prussia:

trade with 176 and War of Austrian Succession 191,

209-10 after 1748: 219,221 and Seven Years War 229,33&-7,351-

2, 368, 371, 620 Pryce, William (1725?---i)0), antiquarian 138 Public Advertiser 381, 580 Puerto Bello 52, 192, 617

Pufe~d~rf, Samuel, Baron von (1632---i)4), JUrist II2

Pulteney, William (1684-1764), MP, first Earl of Bath (1742) 16, 56, 187---i), 198, 204-5, 230, 371

Pupil of Pleasure, by Samuel Jackson Pratt 587

Qy.akers 42-3, 74, II8, 274-5, 517, 622 Quebec 174, 338---i), 536, 55&-7, 631 Qy.eensberry, Catherine, Duchess of (c.

1701--'77) 24 Qy.eensberry, Charles Douglas, third DUke

of (1698-1778) 24 Quiberon, battle of (1759) 339 Quin, James (1693-1766), actor 309

race 515-16 Rack, Edmund (1735?-87), author 465,656

662 ' Racton, Lines, 453-4 Radcliffe, John (1650-1714), physician 482 Radway, Warwicks 432 Raikes, Robert (1735-18II), Sunday school

promoter 421, 484, 500-1 Rake's Progress 23, 125 Ralegh, Sir Waiter (1552?-1618) 52 Ralph, James (1705?-62), author 426 Ramsay, John, ofOchtertyre (1736-1814),

historian 109, 329 Ranelagh 101, 575, 601 Rapin, .Paul de (1661-1725), historian 25-

6,98, 205 Rasbotham, Doming (I730---i)1), magistrate

669 Ravensworth, Henry Liddell, first Baron

(1708-84) 222 Ray, MartlIa (d. 1779), mistress 480 Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas-Franc;:ois

(1713---i)6), historian 95 Rayner, John, lawyer 160,453,664-5 Rayner, William, printer (fl. 1731---i) 23 Reading 104-5, 262, 275, 474 recreations, popular 266, 499-500, 574 Reeve, Clara (1729-18°7), novelist 608 reformation of manners 128---i), 499, 691 regatta 575 Rehoboam, son of Solomon 16 Reliques of A~cient Poetry, by Thomas

Percy 475 Repton 276 Repton, Humphry (1752-1818), landscape­

gardener 81, 420-1, 440

INDEX 793

Revett, Nicholas (1720-1804), architect 314 Revolution of 1688: 5, II, 26, 528,680-2 Reynolds, George (1700-69), archdeacon

42 Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723-92), artist 316,

319,470,514 Reynolds, Richard (1735-1816),

manufacturer 666 Rhode Ishmd 534 Rich, John (1682?-1761), theatrical

manager 24 Richardson Samuel (1689-1761), novelist

87,95-6, II2, 127,316,396,463-4 Richmond, Surrey 420 Richmond, Yorks. 404, 472 Richmond Park 35, 3II Richmond, Charles Lennox, second Duke

of (1701-50) II4, 135, 188,205 Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of

(1735-1806) 547, 592, 598 Rights of Women, by Mary W ollstonecraft

II2 riots 44-7, 179,264-6,291-2,298,320,

346,443-5,550-1,669-]0,721- 2 Ritson, Joseph (1752-1803), antiquarian

504-5 Rivington family 93 Robin's Progress 23 Robin's Reign 23 Roderick Random, by Tobias Smollett 53 Roberts, John (1712?-]2), MP 206 Robertson, William (1721-93), historian

93,95,98 Robin Hood Club 705-6 RobinsOll, John (1727-1802), MP 522, 547,

560,561,563,715-16 Robinson, Mary (1758-1800), 'Perdita'

577-8,602 Robinson, Sir Thomas (1695-1770), MP

227 Robison, John (1739-1805), scientist 661 Rochdale 674 Roche, 'Tyger' (b. 1729) 589-90 Rochefort 338, 340 Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth,

second Marquess of (1730-82) 189, 356, 364-]0, 373, 374, 387, 545, 547, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557-8, 559, 599, 686-7

Rockingham, Thomas Watson Wentworth, first Marquess of (1693-1750) 313

Rockingham party 386, 388, 523-4, 526-8, 533, 590, 598, 691

Rodney, George Brydges (1719-92), admiral 556, 631

Roebuck, John (1718-94), inventor 635, 661

Roehampton 570 Rolvendon 251, 294 Romaine, William (1714-95), evangelical

247,262, 284 Roman Catholicism:

Stuart family and 16, 202 'anti-popery' 40, 291-2, 549-50 schools 86 relief of 261, 293, 550 and science 281 and toleration 294 in Canada 352-3, 536 incidence of 551-2 in Ireland 558 in Lancashire 673

Rome 5, 13,312,314,315,316,472-3 Romilly, Samuel (1757-1818), law reformer

494-5 Rosa, Salvator (1615-73), artist 38 Rose, Joseph (1736-1816), jockey 404 Rossbach, battle of (1757) 337 Rotherhithe 101 Roubiliac, Louis Frans;ois (1695-1762),

scuiptor 305 Rousham 3II Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-]8), author

5, 109,463-4,46],478,481, 501, 626, 648

Rowlands, Daniel (1713-90), evangelical 243, 249, 278

Rowlandson, Thomas (1756-1827), artist 310

Royal Academy 318-19, 609 Royal African Company 178 Royal Brass Foundry 634 Royal College of Physicians 89 Royal Humane Society 484 Royal Society 281, 283, 286, 509, 618, 662-

3 Royston, Philip Yorke, Lord (1720-90),

later second Earl of Hardwicke (1764)

319 Rugby School 81-2 Ruins of Palmyra, by Robert Wood 314 Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor'

Diocletian, by Robert Adam 314 Rumpsteak Club 34 Rundle, Thomas (1688?-1743), bishop 40-

1,239

794 INDEX

Russell family 594 . Russell, Richard (d. 1771), physician 103 Russia 49, 228, 337, 352, 368,487, 525-6,

556 Rutland, John Manners, third Duke of . (1696-1779) 591 Rutland, John Henry, fifth Duke of (1778-

1857) 671 Rutty, John (1698-1775), physician 147 Ryan, Sarah, Methodist 274 Rysbrack, John Michael (1693?-1770),

sculptor 142, 305, 482

Sacheverell, Henry (1674?-1724), clergyman 25, 129, 682

Sackville, Lord George (1716-85), MP, in 1769 took name of Germain 340, 522, 540,541, 547, 553, 555, 588

Sacred History, by Sarah Trimmer 501 St Andre, Nathanael (1680-1776),

anatomist 285 St Cast 338, 340 St Clement Danes 486 St Edmund Hall, Oxford 250, 268, 269,

273 St George's Bloomsbury 12, 132,486 St George's Fields 380, 381, 385, 688 St George's Hospital 134, St Giles in the Fields 132,486 St Leger race 574 St James's Palace 12, 37, 581 St John's College, Cambridge 90 St Luke's Hospital 140 St Malo 338, 340 St Paul's Cathedral 283, 305, 423, 486, 618 St Thomas's Hospital 134 St Vincent 516 Saints, battle of (1782) 556 Salford 84 Salisbury 397-403, 418 Salisbury Plain 434 Salmon, James, criminal 160-1 Salmon, Mrs, wax-modeller 479 Salte, Samuel, merchant 667 Salters Hall 40, 257 Sandby, Paul (1725-1809), artist 316, 318,

476 Sandford and Merton, by Thomas Day 478,

501 Sandwich, John Montagu, fourth Earl of

(1718-92) 194-5, 223-4, 363, 452, 480,540,547,553,634-5

Sankey Brook canal 410

Saratoga, battle of (1777) 541-2, 544, 701 Sardinia 192 Savage, Richard (d. 1743), poet 120 Savannah 244 Savile, Sir George (1726-84), MP 270, 376,

527,550 Sawbridge, John (1732?-95), MP 528, 530 Saxony 219 Say and Sele, Richard Fiennes, sixth

Viscount (1716-81) 598 Scarborough 103 (104) Scarborough, Richard Lumley, second Earl

of (c. 1688-1740) 15,34 scenery 471-2 Scheemakers, Peter (1691-1770), sculptor

30 5 School for Scandal, by Richard Brinsley

Sheridan 610 schoolmasters 77, 80-4, 450 Schoolmistress for the Poor 500

schools 79-88, 109, 130-3 Schimmelpenninck, Mrs see Galton, Mary

Ann Schwellenberg, Mrs Elizabeth Juliana (c.

1728-97), Keeper of Robes to Qy.een Charlotte 581

science 278-87,660-4 Scotland:

Scottish Enlightenment 3 peers 34 Porteous Riots 45-6 elections 53-4, 55, 348 women in 109 linen manufacture in 165-6 policy towards, after the Forty-Five 171,

215-18,508 in Forty-Five 197-9, 202 government of 215-16,699 superstition in 283 and English language 306 Kirk in 325-6 English attitudes towards 327-1), 355,

589,700

militia in 325, 335 and American War 542,545 and Catholicism 550 banking in 568, 570

Scot~ GeorgeLewis (1708-80), tutor 221-2 Scrope, John (1662?-I752), MP 15, 32 seaside 102-5 Seasons, by James Thomson 148, 280 Seeker, Thomas (1693-1768), archbishop

85,258,268

INDEX 795

Selby 4II Selkirk, Dunbar Douglas, fourth Earl of

(1722--99) 625 Selkirk, Helen, Countess of (c. 1738-1802)

625 Senegal 557 Sentimental Journey, by Laurence Sterne

468,478,506 Sentimental Magazine 291, 610-II Serious Call, by William Law 274 Sermons to Young Women, by James

Fordyce 606 servants II8-20 settlements, law of 79 Seven Years War 336-40, 345-], 359, 617,

620,624,627,631-3,640,647 Seville, Treaty of (1729) 18-19, 50-I Seward, Anna (1747-1809), poet 105,471,

515, 604, 670

Seward, William (1703?-41), Methodist 266

Shad Thames, assembly 101 Shadwe1l379-80, 457, 486 Shaftesbury 591 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, first

Earl of (1621-83) 357 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper,

fourth Earl of (17II-]I) 591 Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) 69, 142,

305, 308-10, 612 Sharp, Granville (1735-1813),

philanthropist 483, 518, 619-20 Sharp, Richard, author 308 Sharp, Samuel (1700?-]8), surgeon 507 She Stoops to Conquer, by Oliver Goldsmith

466 Sheffield 418, 421, 658, 674, 713 Shelburne, William Petty, second Earl of

(1737-1805), later first Marquess of Lansdowne (1784)=

on Scots 328 on Bute 354 as minister 371, 373, 374, 382 and Bowood circle 406, 643 on 'liberality' 488 as duellist 547, 588 ministry 555-],559-60,618

Sheldon, Gilbert (1598-1677), archbishop 682

Shenstone, William (1714-63), poet 121, 2II, 3II, 517

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751-1816), dramatist 106, 555, 603, 610, 629

Sheridan, Thomas (1719-88), actor 306 Sherlock, Thomas (1678-1761), bishop 17,

43,44, 210, 239-40, 241, 263, 284, 286, 295

Shipley, Jonathan (1714-88), bishop 623 Shipley, William (1714-18°3), drawing-

master 656 Shippen, William (1673-1743), MP 15, 54 Shoreditch 486 Short Introduction to the English Grammar,

by Robert Lowth 307 Shrewsbury 95, 138

·Shropshire 342, 652 Siddons, Sarah (1755-183r), actress 315 Sidney, Algernon (1622-83), republican

357,529 Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 238 silk manufacture 455. . Simeon, Charles (r759-1836), evangelical

245 Sinking Fund 29, 643 Siraj ud-Daula, Nawab of Bengal 231, 338 Six Discourses on Miracles, by Thomas

Woolston 238 Skelton, Philip (1707-87), theologian 96 Sketch of a Tour, by William Bray 660 Sketches from Nature, by George Keate r08 Sketches of the History of Man, by Lord

Kames 638 Skinners Company 82 slavery 74, 516-r8, 721 Sloane, Sir Hans (1660-r753), physician

319,663 Small, William (1734-]5), physician 661,

662 Smart, Christopher (1722-]1), poet 279,

320,471

Smellie, William' (1697-1763), man­midwife III

Smiles, Samuel (r812-1904), author 489 Smith, Adam (1723--90), author 20, 468,

516 see also Wealth of Nations

Smith, John, Methodist 265 Smith, William, physician 493, 495 Smollett, Tobias George (17t1-]1),

novelist 52-3, 96, 98, 140, 2Il, 284-5,303,316,355,431,464

smuggling 733-4 Snape, Andrew (1675-1742), college head

239-40 Society of Ancient Britons 324 Society of Antiquaries 663

INDEX

Society of Artists 318 Society of Arts 656 Society for British Troops 489 Society for Constitutional Information 591,

713 Society of Dilettanti 314 Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge 130, 281 Society of Supporters of the Bill of Rights

385--6, 527, 529 Soho works 661 Solander, Daniel Charles (1736-82),

botanist 5II Soldier's Faithful Friend, by Jonas Hanway

498 Somerset House 314,319,428 Somersett; James, slave 517 Somerville, Thomas (1741-1830), historian

340,618 Sophia Dorothea, Queen (1666-1726) 579 South Carolina 384 South Sea Bubble 22, 25, 178,201,521,567 South Sea Company 21, 51, 134, 178, 179,

214, 642 South Seas 508-15 Southampton 102, 108, 132 Southampton, Anne, Baroness (d. 1807)

III Southwark 134 Spain:

and Peace of Utrecht 13 war of 1727= 13, 17-18 negotiations with (1728-9) 17, 18-19 'depredations' 17-r8, 27, 50-I, 283 and War of Polish Succession 49-50 war of 1739: 51-3, 632 and Georgia 172-3, 353 and Portugal 176 in War of Austrian Succession 192, 210 in Seven Years War 348-50 and Falklands 525 and American War 541-2, 547, 556, 557

Spalding 100 Spanish Succession War 13,49, 346, 621 spas 102-8 Spectator I, II8, 127 Speculation, by Christopher Anstey 438 Spedding's lighting 658 Speech on American Taxation, by Edmund

Burke 706 Speech on Conciliation, by Edmund Burke

537,706 Spence, Joseph (1699-1768), author 3II

Spence, Thomas (1750-1814), republican 308,592-3

Spenser, Edmund (1552?-99), poet 308 Spershott, James (1709-89), diarist431 Spiritual Quixote, by Richard Graves 275 Spitalfields 455 Spithead 17 Spleen, by George Colman, sen. 103,422 Spranger, John, author 429 Staffordshire:

pottery"69, 650 economic conditions in 163 elections 212 Methodism in 265

Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal 414 Stair, John Dalrymple, second Earl of

(1673-1747) 31, 193,621 Stamford 132 Stanhope, Eugenia, widow 586-7 Stanhope, James (1673-1721), MP 722 Stanhope, Philip (1732--68), diplomat 586 Stanislaus Leszcynski, King of Poland

(1677-1766) 49 Stanley, Edward, Lord (1752-1834),

twelfth Earl of Derby (1776) 576, 610 Stanley, Elizabeth, Lady (d. 1797) 576 Stanley, Hans (1720?-80), MP 516 Stanley, Thomas (1753?,9), Major 629 State of the Prisons, by John Howard 487,

493 Statutes:

legislation in general 298-9 Acts: Test and Corporation Acts 38-9,

75,257,293,294-5; Habeas Corpus Act (1679) 335; Toleration Act (1689) 256, 258-9, 269, 531; Licensing Act (1695) 358; Act of Settlement (1701) 26; Copyright Act (1710) 93; Occasional Conformity Act (I7II) 39, 256; Schism Act (1714) 39,256; Vagrancy Act (1714) 48; Riot Act (1715) 155,244; Septennial Act (1716) 31,46, 185,210; Transportation Act (1718), 159; Bubble Act (1720) 178; Irish Dependency Act (1720) 366, 546, 558; Bubble Act (1721) 391; Black Act (1723) 155, 301, 396; Poor Law Act (1723) 133, 150-1; City Elections Act (1725) 214; Attorneys Act (1729) 299; Bribery Act (1729) 717; Forgery Act (1729) 160; Special Juries Act (1729) 47, 300; Spirits Act (1729) 148-9; English Law Proceedings Act (1731)

INDEX 797

300; Justices Qualification Act (1732) 303; Molasses Act (1733) 170-1,359; Hat Act (1733) 171; Gin Act (1736) 44,45, 129, 149; Mortmain Act (1736) 42, 45; Witchcraft Act (1736) 282; Smuggling Acts (1736, 1745) 129, 155; Edinburgh Act (1737) 46, 325, 535; Licensing Act (1737) 49, 127; County Rates Act (1739) 694; Vagrancy Act (1740) 153; Place Act (1742) 185; Gin Act (1743) 149; Vagrancy Act (1744) 153; County Elections Act (1745) 718; Act against Nonjurors (1746) 218; Highlands Disarming Act (1746), 216, 218; Forfeited Estates Act (1747) 216-17; Heritable Jurisdictions Act (1747) 216-18; Highlands Disarming Act (1748) 216, 218; Iron Act (1750); Calendar Act (1751) 283-4; Regency Act (1751) 221; Gin Act (1751) 14; Murder Act (1752) 159; Marriage Act (1753) II4-15, 226, 690, 709; Broad Wheel Act (1753) 396; Jewish Naturalization Act (1753) 224-5, 291-2; Woollens Act (1756) 180; Militia Act (1757) 334-5, 698; NavyAct (1758) 335; Qualification Act (1760) 336; Hanway's Act (1762) 487; Durham Act (1763) 344, 718; Annuities Act (1763) 344; Sugar Act (1764) 359-60; Currency Act (1764) 359; American Stamp Act (1765) 359-60,366-8,710; American Mutiny Act (1765) 359, 371, 373; Declaratory Act (1766) 366, 368, 525, 535; Duties Act (1767) 373, 383; Infant Poor Act (1767) 498; Crown Lands Act (1769) 376; Grenville's Elections A.ct (1770) 524-5, 529-30, 717; Repeal of Townshend Duties (17'70) 525; Royal Marriage Act (1772) 559, 580-1; Pownall's Act (1773) 446-7; India Regulating Act (1773) 532-3; Spitalfields Act (1773) 455; Tea Act (1773) 534; Coercive Acts (1774) 535-6; Popham's Acts (1774) 493; Madhouse Act (1774) 140; Quebec Act (1774) 300, 550,709; Hulks Act (1776) 495; Catholic Relief Act (1778) 550; Further Toleration Act (1779) 531; Irish Trade Act (1779) 546; Penitentiary Act (1779) 496; County Elections Act (1780) 718; Irish Trade

Act (1780) 546; Burke's Act (1782) 558; Clerke's Act (1782) 558; Crewe's Act (1782) 558, 646, 715-16; Gilbert's Act (1782) 497; Renunciation Act (1783) 558; Libel Act (1792) 302

Bills: Peerage Bill (1719) 34, 690; Ecclesiastical Courts Bill (1733) 130; Quakers Tithe Bill (1736) 42-3; Seamen's Registration Bill (1740) 53; Militia Bill (1756) 230; Habeas Corpus Bill (1758) 335-6,690; Jury Bill (1771) 523-4; Insurance Bill (1772) 489; Toleration Bills (1772-3) 531; Wrecking Bill (1776) 497; Economical Reform Bill (1780) 548; East India Bill (1783) 561-2, 690; Naturalization Bills 224; Pension Bills 27, 185; Place Bills 53, 185

Stebbing, Henry (1687-1763), clergyman 40,244

Steevens, George (1736-1800), critic 81 Sterne, Laurence (1713-68), novelist 95,

343,463-4, 467-8, 478, 481, 506, 621 Steuart, Sir James (1712-80), political

economist 647 Stirling, James (1692-1770),

mathematician 660 Stock, Thomas (1749?-1803), clergyman

500 Stockport 666 Stockwell 634 Stone, Andrew (1703-73), MP 221-2 Stonehenge 97, 496 Stonhouse, James (1716-95), physician 138 Stormont, David Murray, sixth Viscount

(1727---<)6) 588 Stourbridge 672 Stout, William (1665-1752), diarist 163,165 Stowe 35, 3II, 593 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, first Earl of

(1593-1641) 355 Strange, Robert (1721---<)2), engraver 310 Stratford-upon-Avon 69, 309, 384, 609-10 Strawberry Hill 43z, 473 Stroudwater Canal 415 Struensee, Johann Friedrich (1737-72),

Danish minister 579 Stuart family 5, 13, 16 Stuart, James (1713---88), 'Athenian' 145,

314,424-5,427,600 Stuart Mackenzie, James (1719?-1800), MP

363, 365, 369 Studley Royal 683

INDEX

Stukeley, William (1687-1765), antiquarian 97,319

Styal660 Styleman, Nicholas, landowner 440 Sublime and Beautiful, by Edmund Burke

471 Suffolk 17, 444, 497 Suffolk, Henry Howard, twelfth Earl of

(1739-'79) 523 suicide 479, 490 Sulivan, Laurence (c. 1713-86), MP 533 Sullivan, Richard Joseph (1752-1806),

author 659, 670 Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de

(1559-1641) 354 Summary, History and Political, by William

Douglass 174 Sunday schools 74, 421, 485, 500--1, 502 Sunderland 418 Sunderland, Charles Spencer, third Earl of

(1674-1722) 34 Sundon, Charlotte Clayton, Lady (d. 1742),

court lady 239 . superstition 28 1-'7 Surrey 181, 381, 423 Surrey, Charles Howard, Earl of (1746-

1815), MP 552 Sussex 592, 634 Sutton, Daniel (c. 1735-1819), inoculator

640

Sutton, Sir Robert (1671-1746), MP 22 Sutton, Robert, inoculator 640 Sutton, Samuel, inventor 630 Sweden 176, 337, 352, 525 Swedenborg, Emanuel (1688-1772),

theologian 279 Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745), author 48,

126,347,546 Switzer, Stephen (1682?-1745), gardener

311 Sykes, Arthur Ashley (1684?-1756),

latitudinarian 240 Symonds, John (1730--1807), professor 90 Syon House 314,317,474

Tahiti 512, 513-14 Talbot, Thomas (1708-88), clergyman 135 Talbot, William (1719-74), clergyman 247,

268 Tamworth 134 Tavistock, Francis Russell, Marquess of

(173g-Q7), MP 246, 600 taxation 76, 543, 644-'7, 695--6, 698

excise 28-33, 346, 354, 356, 362, 368, 646-'], 698

land tax 17, 28-9 salt tax 19, 29

Taxation No Tyranny, by Samuel Johnson 251

Taylor, John (d. 1775), manufacturer 665, 667

tea 645 Temple family 593 Temple, Richard Grenville, Earl (1711-'79)

335, 357, 386 Templeman, Peter (1711--69), physician

319 Terrick, Richard (1710-'77), bishop 263 Tewkesbury 85, 431 Thames-Severn Canal 415 Thatched House Society 491 theatre 48-9,308-9,326,465-'7, 608-13 Thicknesse, Philip (1719-92), author 20,

328, 506 Thirty-Nine Articles 259--60,295,469 Thistlethwaite, James (ft. 1775-80), author

611 Thomas, John (1696-1791), bishop 222 Thomason Tracts 320 Thompson, Edward (1738?-86), poet 577,

584 Thomson, James (1700--48), poet 48,93,

148, 280, 291, 316 Thornton family 144 Thornton, John (1720-90), evangelical 245,

255, 261, 269 Thoughts on Executive Justice, by Martin

Madan 494 Thoughts on Slavery, by John Wesley 517 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present

Discontents, by Edmund Burke 527-8,537

Three Choirs 315 Thresher, by Stephen Duck 148 Throc!9norton, Sir Robert (1702-91),

Catholic 261 Throsby, John (1740--1803), historian 625 Thurlow, Edward, first Baron (1731-1806)

553, 560, 708 . Thurot, Franc;ois (1727--60), privateer 624-

5 Times, by William Hogarth 355 Times, newspaper 92 Tindal, Matthew (1657-1733), deist 237-8 Tindal, Nicholas (1687-1774), historian

205

INDEX 799

Tintern 472 tithes 75, 261-2, 452-4 titles 65-6 Tiverton 418 Tobago 557 Todd, Anthony (1717--98), of Post Office

408,409 Tofts, Mary (c. 1701-63), 'rabbit woman'

285 Tom Jones, by Henry Fielding 127, 142 Tonbridge School 82, 88 Toplady, Augustus Montagu (1740--'78),

evangelical 248, 249-50 Torgau, battle of (1760) 337 Tory party:

on accession of George II 15, 16-17 and magistracy 17, 195-6,303 and Church 16, 43, 225, 258, 343 and opposition to Walpole 27,28,32,36 peers 34 and foreign affairs 50 anticipated death of 54 and commercial society 126 and crime 155 and fall ofWalpole 187 and Broad Bottom ministry 195--'7, 207 and Forty-Five 199--203, 207 and opposition to Pelham 207-8, 212-14 and Pitt 228, 230, 334, 336-7, 346 under George III 342-3, 357, 362, 524-

5,527--9 and American War 538--9 party prescription 722

Totworth, Glos. 454 Toulon 53, 193 Tour, by Daniel Defoe 396 Tour in Scotland, by Thomas Pennant 508 Tour to Milford Haven, by Mary Morgan

476 Tournai 197 Townshend family 365, 523 Townshend, Charles, second Viscount

(1674-1738) 14, 16, 18, 28, 165, 433 Townshend, Charles (1725-67), MP 172,

23°,353,371-4,383-4 Townshend, Dorothy nee Walpole, Lady

(1686-1726) 18 Townshend, George (1724-18°7), fourth

Viscount (1764) 230, 276, 545, 588 Trade, international:

Spain's American trade 13 fears of decline 18 in grain 164-5,445--'7

in woollens 165--'7 in Levant 16fr-7 pattern of 167--'70 Board of 171--2, 353 and diplomacy 176 free trade negotiations 558 war and 631-4

transportation 159,495-6 Trapp, Joseph (1679-1747), author 244 Travels of Dr Syntax, by William Combe

465 Treatise on the Art of Midwifery, by

Elizabeth Nihell III Trelawny, Sir Harry (d. 1834), clergyman

25 1

Trentham, Granville Leveson Gower, Viscount (1721-18°3), later second Earl Gower (1754) 2.12-13, 553, 666

Trevecca 243, 248, 249-50, 268 Trimmer, Sarah (1741-1810), author 501-

2,50 3-4 Tristram Shandy, by Laurence Sterne 463-

4,467-8,621 Trowbridge 444 Truro 24fr-7 Trusler, John (1735-1820), author 87,- II9,

665 Tryalofthe Witnesses, by Thomas Sherlock

241 Tucker, Josiah (1712--99), author 539,

681 Tunbridge 102, I(l5-6, 108, 253 Turkey merchants 166-7 Turner, Baptist Noel (1739-1826), author

618 turnpikes 391-408 Turpin, Richard (1706-39), highwayman

157 Tweedale, John Hay, fourth Marquess of

(d. 1762) 216 Twickenham 35 Tyburn 298 Tyrawley, James O'Hara, second Baron

(1690-1773) 7°3

Unconnected Thoughts on Gardening, by William Shenstone 3II

Universal Beauty, by Henry Brooke 279 Universal Dictionary, by Malachy

Postlethwayt 224, 657-8 Universal Etymological Dictionary, by

Nathaniel Bailey 307 Universal History 98

800 INDEX

universities 79,88-<)0,212,262,449, 531, 6II

Upper Ossory, John Fitzpatrick, second Earl of (1745-1818) 375

urban life 417-32, 693-4 Utrecht, Peace of (1713) 13, 50, 351, 621

vagrancy 153 Vanbrugh, Sir John (1664-1726), dramatist

6II Vandeput, Sir George (c. 1717-84),

parliamentary candidate 212 Vaughan family 324 Vauxhall 101, 108, 305, 575, 578, 589, 601 Vazeille, Mary (1710?-81), Wesley's wife

274 Velvet Cushion, by J. W. Cunningham 262 Venn, Henry (i725-<)7), evangelical 245,

246,273 Venn, John (1758-1813), evangelical 237,

241 Venn, Richard (1691-1740), clergyman 41 Verbruggen family 635 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de

(17 Hr-87) 556 Vernon, Edward (1684-1757), admiral 52-

3, 55, 378, 621 . Versailles:

Treaty of (1756) 229 Treaty Of(1783) 556---7, 559, 618

Vertue, George (1684-1756), engraver 310 Vicar of Wake./ield, by Oliver Goldsmith

273-4, 308-<) Vienna:

Alliance of 13 Treatyof(I731) 19, 28

View of Evidence of Christianity, by William Paley 470

View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Religion, by Soame Jenyns 470

View of the Principal Deistical Writers, by John Leland 468-<)

Virginia 366 Virtue in Humble Life, by Jonas Hanway

483 Voltaire, Fran~ois-Marie-Arouet de (1694-

1778)291,308,309,480 Volunteers 546 Vyne, The 432 Vyner, Robert (1717-<)9), MP 541

Waddington, Edward (1670?-1731), bishop 238

Wade, George (1673-1748), general 198, 200

Wake, William (1657-1737), archbishop 42,

43 Wakefield 674 Wakefield, Gilbert (1756-1801), scholar 81,

85, 625 Waldegrave, James, second Earl (1715-63)

222,23 2 Waldegrave, Maria, Countess of (1736-

1807) 579 Wales:

charity schools in 133 poor relief in 153 and evangelical revival 243-5, 249, 266,

278 Welsh language 28 I Welsh superstition 283 English attitudes to 324-5, 700 tourism in 472, 476

Wales, William (1734?-<)8), mathematician .636,663

Walker, Samuel (1714-61), evangelical 246---7, 251

Wall, John (1708--']6), physician 138 Wallace, Robert (1697-1771), author 449,

647 Wallingford 181 Wallis, Samuel (1728-<)5), captain 509, 5II,

512 Walmesley, Charles (1722-<)7), Catholic

bishop 281 Walpole, Horace (1717-<)7), memoirist:

letters of I on father 37, 54-5, 239 on Smollett 98 . on Pelham 221 on patriotism 230 on John Butler 259-60 on gardening 3 10 on militia 335 on George III 344, 363 on Wilkes 378 and Gothic 432, 473, 475 on peerage 598 on Batheaston 604 on exhibitions 609

Walpole, Horatio (1678-1757), MP 14, SI Walpole, Sir Robert (1676-1745), first Earl

of Or ford (1742), prime minister 6, 19-21 ,33,206,374,521 ,722-5

under George I 16, 37 ort accession of George Il 14-15

INDEX 801

management of Parliament 15,18,7°4, 70 6

financial management 17, 20, 163, 175, 214-15,644

break with Townshend 18 foreign policy 19, 28, 49-53, 525, 693 alleged corruption 21-2, 385 criticized and satirized 22---,], 127 excise scheme 28-33, 129, 149,201, 207,

361 and peers 33-5 and Prince Frederick 36---'] and religious controversies 38-43, 239,

257,292,293 on Jacobitism 44-5, 201 and 'media' 47-50, 127, 355 fruI53---,], 126, 185, 186-8,687 taste 69, 3 I 3 colonial policy 171, 172 and Pelham 205 compared with Pelham 206---'] and Scotland 216 sculpture of 305 on army 688 on Cabinet 707 .

Walsa1l212 Waiter, John (1739-1812), printer 92 Walthamstow 257 Wandewash, battle of (1760) 338 Wanstead 313 . Wapping 101, 379-80, 420, 457 war:

economic effects of 162, 631-6 and international standing 617-21 attitudes to 621---'] experience of 627-31 State and 692-3, 697

Warburton, William (1698-1779), bishop 43-4,106,263,271-2,467-8,469, 621, 623

Ward, John (d. 1755), MP 378~ Warley 628--<} Warren, Peter (c. 1703-52), admiral 174,621 Warrington Academy 85-6 Warton, Joseph (1722-1800), critic 88 Warton, Thomas (1728--<}0), poet 90 Warwickshire 291-2,634 Washington, George (1732--<}9) 227 Waterland, Daniel (1683-174°), theologian

239 Watson, Richard (1737-1816), bishop 658 Watt, James (1736-1819), engineer 649,

659, 661, 669

Watts, William, physician 138 Ways and Means 590 Wealth of Nations, by Adam S.mith 3, 71,

166, 174, 391,447, 539, 635, 646, 648 weather 442 Webb, Jane (d. 1741), pickpocket 157 Webber, Francis (1708---']1), college head

66---'] Wedderburn, Alexander (1733-1805), MP

523 Wedgwood, Josiah (173o--g5), potter 414,

485,649,650,665, 666,709 Weekly Miscellany 248 Weekly Register 129

Welch, Saunders, magistrate 143-4, 145-6 Wellington 257 Wenham, Jane (d. 1729), witch 282 Wentworth Woodhouse 313,599 Wentworth, John (1693?-1747), general 52 Wentworth, Lady (d. 1774) 604 Werther, by Goethe 479-80 Wesley, Charles (1707-88), Methodist 243,

249,251,252,274 Wesley, John (1703--<}1), Methodist 621

and origins of Methodism 243-5 relations with other .evangelicals 246---'] contribution to Methodism 247-8, 272 and Methodist divisions 249-52 social appeal of 252-5, 720-1 as Puritan 255-6 and persecution 265---,]0 politics 270-1, 723 and lay preachers 272-3 and women 274 and patronage 277 and enthusiasm 277-81 on slavery 517

West, Benjamin (1738-1820), artist 624 West Indies:

trade 168, 170, 171, 361, 369, 631 French rivalry in 219, 338, 556 Stamp Act crisis in 366 transportation 496 colonization 516

Westminster: Abbey 41, 305, 618 School 42, 83,222,319,354 elections 55, 212-13 government of 161 Convention of (1756) 229 Second Treaty of (1758).337 and Wilkes 387 improvement of 429-30

802 INDEX

Westminster-cont. flooded 442 tithes 454

Westmorland 101, 376, 658 Weston, Thomas (1737-'76), actor 608 Weymouth 103 Weymouth, Thomas Thynne, third

Viscount (1734-96) 380-1. Wharton, Philip, Duke of (1698-1731)

242 Whatly, George, philanthropist 496 Wheatley, James, Methodist 277 Whig party:

local Whig oligarchs 12-13, 196,342-4 'malecontent Whigs' 16, 27 in relation to 1688: 26 Walpole's appeal to 30 and Dissenters 38-9,256-'], 531 and foreign affairs 50 anticipated death of 54 and commercial society 126 and crime 155 and Jacobitism 201-2 under Pelham 206-8 and Scotland 215, 217 and Church 258, 342 and George III 356-7, 370, 523-4, 528,

685-'7 and America 539 party prescription 722

Whiston, WiIliam (1667-1752), latitudinarian 40·

Whitaker, John (1735-1808), historian 97 Whitchurch 404 White, Gilbert (1720-93), naturalist 442-3,

458-9 . Whiteboys, 457 Whitechapel 75,486 Whitefield, George (1714-'70), evangelist

243-5, 248, 249, 252, 256, 273, 275, 277.,278

Whitehall 12 Whitehaven 168, 658 White's Club 574 Whitehead, William (1715-85), poet 105 Whittlebury Forest, Northants 13 Wilberforce, William (1759-1833),

philanthropist 518 Wilcocks, Joseph (1673-1756), bishop 16 Wildman's club 356 Wilkes, John (1727-97), MP 47,213,259,

300,3°2,323,354-5,357-8,361,376-82, 386, 521, 526, 552, 589, 705

Wilkesites 327,381,385-'7,457,521, 530, 531, 688, 713, 721

William III (1650-1702) 16, 193,305,474 William IV, Prince of Orange (1711-51) 36 Williams, Thomas, manufacturer 178 Wilson, Richard (1714-82), artist 317, 318,

.473,476 Wilton 591 Wilton, Joseph (1722-1803), sculptor 317,

318 Wiltshire 386, 444, 447, 591 Winchester College 42, 84, 87, 88 Winckelmann;Johann Joachim (1717-68),

archaeologist 314 Windham family 440 Windsor 440, 474, 581 Wingham 283 Winn, Sir Rowland (c. 1700-65), landowner

441 Witney 418 Woburn 335, 442 Woffington, Margaret (1714?-60), actress

309 Wolfe, James (1727-59), general 5, 339-40,

353, 624 W ollstonecraft, Mary (1759-97), author 11 2 Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal (1475?-1530)

19,724 women:

changing status of 109-16,603-'7 reform of 143-5 and religion 273-5 and morals 478, 582-5, 638-9 manners of 600-2 dress 602-3

Wood, John, sen. (1705?-54), architecqo, 106

Wood, Johri, jun. (d. 1782), architect 106 Wood, Robert (1717-'71), traveller 314 Woodeson, Richard (17°4-'74),

schoolmaster 81 Woodfall, William (1746-1803),

parliamentary reporter 526 Woodhouse, James (1735-1820), poet 121 Wood's Halfpence 323 woollen trade 165-8, 179, 635,710 Woolman, John (1720-72), Qy.aker 409-10 Woolnoth, Miss, milliner 585 . Woolston, Thomas (1670-1735), deist 238

: Woolwich 452, 496-'], 634 : Worcester 69, 167,418 . Worcestershire 117, 138,383,634 : workhouses 150-2

INDEX 803

Works in Architecture, by Adam brothers 314

World, essay paper 67, lI8 World, newspaper 422 Worms, Treaty of (1743) 192, 193 Worsley 410, 417 Wortley-Montagu, Lady Mary (1689-

1762), author 639-40 Wren, Sir Christopher (1632-1723),

architect 426 Wright, Fortunatus (d. 1757), privateer 624 Wright, Joseph (1734-<)7), artist 316 Wright, Patience (1725-86), wax modeller

610 Wrottesley, Elizabeth, Duchess of Grafton

(1745-1822) 375 Wyatt James (1746-1813), architect 314 Wye Valley 472 Wynn family 324 Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams (1692-1749),

MP 200 Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams (1748-89), MP

476, 61 3 Wynnstay 613 Wyvill, Christopher (1740-1822), reformer

548, 563-4

Yarmouth 418 Yarmouth, Amalie Sophie Marianne

Wallmoden, Countess of (1704--65) 208-9

Yates, Sir Joseph (I722-'l~), judge 379

York Buildings Company 21,178 York 141, 418 York, Edward Augustus Duke of (1739-

67) 578--<) , Yorke, Charles (1722-70), MP 366, 388,

479 Yorke family 233 Yorkshire:

in general election of 1727: 17 woollen manufacture 167, 539,568,635,

651,674 and Forty-Five 203 and ev~ngelical revival 246, 249 and Wtikes 386 roads in 392, 396 canals 414-15 and reform 547-8, 553 ..

Young, Arthur (1741-1820), agriculturahst 113,165,417,432,433-5,438-9,440, 444,472,488,599,645,647

Young, Edward (1683-1765), poet 316 Young, Robert, philanthropist 484

zenophobia 320-3 Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig von (1700-

60), Moravian 249 Zoffany, Johan (1733-1810) 5Il, 529,

664 Zorndorf, battle of(1758) 337