A process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into
two or more cells, called daughter cells.
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genetic material in cells contain
info that determines traits that living things inherits found in
nucleus of cell DNA wraps around protein to form a complex material
called chromatin before cell division DNA is duplicated
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Chromatin- organized into specific lengths called chromosomes
Chromosomes threadlike structure that condense in early stages of
cell division a duplicated chromosome consists of 2 identical
structure called chromatids held together by a centromere
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Part of cell cycle during which nucleus divides In eukaryotic
(nucleus and multicellular) cells undergo mitosis Prokaryotes (no
nucleus and unicellular) do not undergo mitosis
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Results in two nuclei identical to original nucleus At end cell
has 2 identical sets of chromosomes in two separate nuclei Makes
body cells
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A parent produces sex cells have half of genetic information
that body cells have when genetic info combines from two parents
offspring has full set of genetic info (same # of chromosomes as
parents)
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each chromosome found in pairs are identical to the other in
size and structure (carry genes for same trait) only one pair
differs - sex chromosomes X or Y
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Diploid - two sets of chromosomes (2n), in humans 23 pairs or
46 total Haploid - one set of chromosomes (n) - gametes or sex
cells, in humans 23 chromosomes
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What is Meiosis? A type of cell division that produces haploid
sex cells When an egg cell is fertilized by sperm cell a new
diploid cell is formed which may develop into offspring
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Meiosis Mitosis
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The difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis
produces two identical daughter cells and meiosis produces four
genetically different daughter cells
The cells created from mitosis are diploid or 2n. The cells
created from mitosis are diploid or 2n. The cells created from
meiosis are haploid or n. The cells created from meiosis are
haploid or n.
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Mitosis occurs in normal body cells (i.e. skin cells), and
meiosis occurs in sex cells (i.e. sperm and egg) only.
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To replace other cells that have been damaged or worn out To
replace other cells that have been damaged or worn out To allow
multicellular organisms to grow To allow multicellular organisms to
grow For asexual reproduction For asexual reproduction Because the
cells get too big! Because the cells get too big!
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Meiosis results in four cells with half the number of
chromosomes so that when the sex cells (sperm and egg) combine, the
original or normal number of chromosomes will be restored.
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Fill in the Venn diagram with your table mates.
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Both are forms of nuclear division Both involve replication
Both involve disappearance of the nucleus, and nucleolus, nuclear
membrane
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Meiosis produces daughter cells that have 1/2 the number of
chromosomes as the parent. Go from 2n to 1n. Daughter cells
produced by meiosis are not genetically identical to one another.
In meiosis cell division takes place twice but replication occurs
only once.
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A biological process by which new individual organisms are
produced. Fundamental feature of all known life; each individual
organism exists as the result of reproduction.
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One organism produces one or more new organisms that are
genetically identical to self. The organism that produces the new
organism are called a parent. Each new organism is called an
offspring May differ if genetic mutation happens.
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Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction in
prokaryotes Parent organism splits in two, producing 2 new cells (
ex- bacteria) Budding is when an organism develops tiny buds on its
body Grows until new organism formed Result of mitosis (ex-
single-celled yeasts and multicellular hydras)
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A spore is a specialized cell that can survive harsh conditions
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can form spores ( ex- fungus) New
plants may grow from stems, roots, and leaves called vegetative
reproduction Runners- aboveground stems Tubers- underground stems
ex- potato Plantlets- tiny plants that grow along plant's
leaves
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Sexual reproduction requires two parents that each combine a
sex cell to produce a genetically unique organism. Half the genes
come from each parent Offspring not identical to parent Combination
of traits from each parent
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Need one parent to be male (y) sex cell sperm cells Need one
parent to be female (x) sex cell egg cells Sex cells have only half
of genetic material found in body cells Sperm and egg join together
in process called fertilization to form a zygote Cell has full set
of genetic material and new organism develops Zygote divides by
mitosis to form all of the offsprings cells
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Can replicate quickly Identical to parent favorable traits are
passed on Dont need partner to reproduce All offspring are able to
produce offspring
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Offspring are genetic clones. Very little genetic variation may
cause extinction to occur. A negative mutation can make organisms
susceptible to disease. Unfavorable conditions, such as extreme
temperatures can wipe out entire colonies. Some methods of asexual
reproduction produce offspring that are close together and compete
for food and space.
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Increases genetic variation Offspring have different traits
improves chances that at least some offspring will survive true if
environment changes Not identical to parents may produce new trait
to survive better
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Finding a reproductive partner and producing gametes demands a
lot of time and energy Slower reproduction rate many organisms
never become parents Genetic results are unpredictable genetic
errors happen more frequently because meiosis is complex diploid
organisms have more chromosomes to double
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Some organisms use both For ex- In favorable conditions- plants
and fungi reproduce asexually If environment changes- switch to
sexual reproduction to increase survival