A Review of the Colour and Condition of Lindow Man 20 Years After Conservation

8/11/2019 A Review of the Colour and Condition of Lindow Man 20 Years After Conservation

1/13

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A Review of the Colour and Condition of Lindow Man 20 Years After ConservationAuthor(s): Susan Bradley, Philip Fletcher, Capucine Korenberg, James Parker and Clare WardSource: Studies in Conservation, Vol. 53, No. 4 (2008), pp. 273-284Published by: on behalf of theManey Publishing International Institute for Conservation of

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2/13

273

A Review of the Colour and Condition

of

Lindow Man

20

Years

After

Conservation

Susan

Bradley, Philip

Fletcher,

Capucine Korenberg,

James

Parker

and Clare

Ward

The

part

body

known

as

Lindow

Man

was

found

in

a

peat

bog

at

Lindow Moss in

August

1984.

Following

excavation the

body

was

transferred

to

the

British

Museum,

where it

was

examined and

conserved,

and has been

on

permanent

exhibition since 1986.

Concerns about lightening of the colour

were

raised, irst in 1989 and on several occasions since, and in 2004

a

non-destructive

examination

was

carried

out.

The

history

of

colour

monitoring

of

the

body

and associated

experiments

was

reviewed,

providing

a

more

complete

picture

of

the colour

change,

calculated

as

the

CIE

2000 colour

difference

(

E00).

The colour

change

was

rapid

in

1989-1997,

AEQ0

=

10.0,

but much slower in

1997-2004,

AEQ0

=

3.4,

when the

light

level

on

the

body

had been 30-50

lux with

less

than

50

W.lumen?

of

ultraviolet

light.

When

examined,

the

body

was

in

good

condition,

the

skin

was

flexible

with

no

evidence

of hrinkage

r

cracking.

nalysis

of amples

f

the

polyethylenelycol ppliedduring

onservation

by

ourier

transform infrared

spectroscopy

showed that oxidation had occurred. The

history of

exhibition

of

the

body,

colour

change

over

20

years

and condition

of

the

body

in

2005

are

reported

and discussed. Recommendations

for future

monitoring of

the condition

of

the

body

and

an

approach

to re-treatment

are

given.

INTRODUCTION

The

part

body

known

as

Lindow

Man

was

found

in

a

peat

bog

at

Lindow

Moss

(Cheshire,

north-west

England)

in

August

1984.

The

body

which

was

naturally

preserved

due

to

the acid anaerobic conditions

in

the

bog,

was

dated

to

ad

410-560

[1];

however,

more

recent

radiocarbon

dating

has attributed the

body

to

the first

century

ad

[2]. Following

excavation the

body

was

transferred

to

the

British

Museum where

it

was

examined

[3]

and

conserved

[4?6].

The

body

was

first exhibited

at

the

British

Museum

between

July

1986

and

February

1987

in

the

Archaeology

in Britain exhibition. Since

then,

concerns

about

lightening

of the

colour have been raised

on

several

occasions. In 2004 the issue was raised again and itwas

decided

to

take the

body

off

exhibition

for

one

day

to

allow

a

non-destructive

examination

to

be carried

out.

The

exhibition,

colour

change

and

the

results

of

the

examination

of

Lindow

Man

that

was

carried

out

on

26

January

2005

are

reported

here.

Received

October 2006

CONSERVATION

TREATMENT

A

detailed

account

of

the conservation

treatment

carried

out

in

1985-1986 has been

published

[4],

and

only

a

summary

of

the conservation

treatment

is

given

here.

After

consideration

of the

techniques

in

use

to

treat

waterlogged

materials

it

was

decided

that the

body

should

be soaked

in

polyethyleneglycol

(PEG)

and then

freeze-dried. PEG had been

in

use

for the

treatment

of

waterlogged

wood for

many years

[7,

8].

Following

immersion

in

a

bath

of 15%

w/v

PEG 400

in

distilled

water

for four weeks the

body

was

wrapped

in

cling

film

and frozen

at

?28?C. The

cling

film

was

removed

and

the

body

was

freeze-dried

at a

pressure

of

100?200

millitorr.

At

the end of the

treatment

the skin

appeared

to have generally lightened. Dark marks present on

some areas

of the

skin

were

reminiscent

of the folds of

cling

film. At the time of the

treatment

freeze-drying

had

mostly

been used for

the

treatment

of

waterlogged

wood,

and after

treatment

wood

was

much

lighter

than

it had been before

treatment,

so

the

lightening

was

not

unexpected.

Although

not

reported

in

the

publication,

the

treatment

record card

[5]

notes

that,

because

of the

studies

in

conservation

53

(2008)

pages 273-284

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3/13

274 S.

BRADLEY,

P.

FLETCHER,

C.

KORENBERG,

J.

PARKER AND

C.

WARD

very

dry

appearance,

presence

of fine cracks

on

the

stomach

area

and the

strong

colour

contrasts

of the

body

inJune 1986, three urfaceapplicationsof 10% PEG 400

in

distilled

water

and

one

application

of 50% PEG 400

were

made

to

the driest and

lightest

areas

of

the

body

These

applications

had the

effect of

making

the

fine

cracks

disappear

and the

skin

become

more

flexible,

probably

due

to

the humectant

properties

of PEG

400.

On

completion

of the conservation

treatment

the

body

appeared

dark

brown

(see

Figure

1).

SHOWCASE DESIGN

Because

of

the

high-profile

nature

of the Lindow

Man

find,

it

was

important

that the

body

was

put

on

exhibition,

but when

considering

environmental

conditions for the

display

there was no

precedent

from

which

to

work. At that time

a

relative

humidity

(RH)

range

of

55

? 5%)

was

in

common

use

for

organic

objects,

but because of the considered

sensitivity

of

the

object

the

initial

specification

for RH

was

55 ?

2%.

Temperature

was

specified

at

19

? 2?C and

light

t

100

luxwith

no

ultraviolet

(UV)

radiation allowed

[9].

Because

of the

Figure

1

LindowMan after onservation in 1985.

difficulty

of

achieving

this

specification,

before Lindow

Man

went

on

display

the H

was

widened

to

55

?

5%,

and the ambient gallery temperature was accepted. Later,

in

1989,

the

specification

for

light

was

reduced

to

50

lux.

It

was

decided that

every

effort

should

be

made

to

keep

theRH

as

stable

as

possible

and

that

the best

approach

would be

to

control

the RH

inside the

showcase.

There

was a

history

in

the

Museum

of

dehu

midifying

showcases and

a

modification

of this

approach

was

adopted

[10].

A

Munters

desiccant

dehumidifier

and

a

Defensor

humidifier,

both

connected

to

a

humidistat,

were

plumbed

into the base

of the showcase.

A Rotronic

HT 100

humidity

and

temperature

probe

was

positioned

in

the

same

area as

the

body

and

this

provided

a

continuous record of the showcase conditions.

Modifications have been made to the showcase

design

since the

body

was

first

put

on

exhibition,

the

most

important

being

the installation

of

a

canopy

to

reduce

light

levels

on

the

body

and

a

mixing

chamber

to

reduced

peaks

and

troughs

in

RH.

The latter

were

caused because the

capacities

of the

humidifier and

dehumidifier

were

much

greater

than the volume of the

showcase

being

controlled. The showcase

constructed

for the first exhibition

of

Lindow

Man

was

in

use

until

1997,

when

a new

showcase

was

designed

for

a new

gallery

on

the

Bronze

Age

and Celtic

Europe.

The

new

showcase

was

made

in

metal and

glass

instead

of

wood

and

glass

and utilized the

same

RH control

system

as

the

original

showcase.

EXHIBITION

Lindow Man

was

first

exhibited

in

the British Museum

in

July

1986

in

the

temporary

xhibition

Archaeology

n

Britain in

galleries

49 and

50. There

are no

records of

light

measurements

from the exhibition

but the

level

is

likely

to

have exceeded the

specified

100

lux maximum.

The relative

humidity

inside the showcase

was

between

53 and 58%.The exhibition closed

in

February

1987 and

the

body,

with its showcase and RH

control

system,

was

then loaned

to

The

Manchester

Museum.

There

are no

records

of

light

levels

during

this loan

period.

On its return to the British Museum in 1988

Lindow

Man

was

redisplayed

in

the Central Saloon

(galleries

36 and

37).

The showcase

was

subject

to

light spill

fromboth the

skylight

bove and

spot

lights,

which illuminated

an

adjacent

mosaic

pavement.

Light

measurements

made

between 1988 and March

1990 show that the

body

had been

exposed

to

light

levels

of

up

to

1200 lux.The

daylight

exposure

would

STUDIES IN CONSERVATION 53

(2008)

PAGES 273-284



4/13

A REVIEW

OF

THE

COLOUR

AND

CONDITION

OF LINDOW MAN

20

YEARS

AFTER

CONSERVATION 275

have been for

up

to

15 hours

per

day

in

summer.

An

integrating

light

meter was

installed in the

showcase

on

17

October

1989.

For

five

weeks

from

17

October,

assuming

a 45 hours

per

week

exposure

to

light,

the

illuminance

on

the showcase

averaged

175-302 lux

[11].

As

a

response

to

these

findings,

in

March 1990

the

position

and external construction

of the showcase

was

changed.

The back of the

showcase

was

changed

from

two

towers

that

contained information

panels

and

the

hologram

of the

body

to

a

lower solid back with

a

canopy

attached

to

it

to

reduce

light

spill.

The showcase

was

turned

to

face the

south

wall

of the

gallery,

beneath

a run

of three

small

skylights

with

closed louvres.

To

limit the number of hours of

light

exposure

the

body

received,

a

cloth

to

cover

the

case

during

closed

hours

was

introduced.

Between March and

August

1990 the

average

illuminance

on

the

showcase,

calculated from

the

integrated

light

meter

readings,

was

40?129

lux.This

indicated that the

repositioning

and

change

in

design

of the showcase had been successful

in

reducing

light

ingress,

but the revised

specification

of 50 lux maximum

was

still

not

being

achieved.

Apart

from

a

second loan

to

The Manchester

Museum

in

1991,

the

body

remained

on

exhibition

in

the Central Saloon until 1997.

In

1997

the

body

was

transferred

to

a new

RH

controlled showcase

in

gallery

50.

The

new

showcase

had

integrated

sides

and

canopy,

and

was

positioned

facing

into

a

corner.

Since this

redisplay

the

light

levels

measured

at

the surface of

the

showcase

glass

and

on

the

body

have been between 30

and

50 lux.

MONITORING COLOUR CHANGE

In

early

1989 the

possible lightening

of the

body

was

raised.

In

the

discussions

which followed

it

was

decided

to

take

a

sample

of

the

skin,

skin

sample

1,

from

the

back

of

the

body

and

this

was

done

in

July

1989.This

sample

was

for

use

in

two

light

ageing investigations.

First

it

was

cut

in

half

and

then

half of each of the

pieces

was

covered

with

black

tape

to

prevent

light ingress

so

that

the

effect of

light

and dark

ageing

could be

discriminated. One half

of

skin

sample

1

was

placed

in

the showcase

with

Lindow

Man

to

serve as a

monitor of

colour

change

and remains

in

the

showcase

today.

The

other half of the

sample

was to be used in

accelerated

light

ageing experiments.

In

February

1990

a

second

sample,

skin

sample

2,

was

removed

from the back of the

body.

Part

was

put

into the showcase

in

March 1990 for

two

years

and

part

used

for

experiment.

When the skin

samples

were

taken it

was

noted that the

back of the

body,

which had

not

been

exposed

to

light,

was

darker

than

the

front.

In

a

report

on

the

light-fastness

of the

skin of

Lindow

Man

two

hypotheses

for

lightening

of

the

skin

were

put

forward: that the skin had

lightened

through

exposure

to

light,

and that it had

lightened

through

rying

out

[12].

In

July

1989

an

experiment

was

carried

out to

determine whether

the

drying

out

of

the

skin

was

responsible

for

the colour

change.The

moisture

content was

determined

on

a

fragment

of skin

sample

1

by

drying

it

at

100?C

to

a

constant

weight, resulting

in

a

weight

loss of

8.7%.

The

colour of the skin

sample

was

measured before and after

drying

with

no

detectable

(visible)

colour

change

occurring, thereby showing

the

colour

change

on

the

body

had

been caused

by light

and

not

by

the

drying

out

of the skin.

Colour

measurements

on

skin

samples

inside the showcase

In

July

1989 skin

sample

1

was

half covered and

placed

in

the Lindow

Man

showcase

to act

as a

monitor of colour

change

for

the

body.

Four

measurements

were

made

on

sample

1,

which

was

with the

body

on

exhibition,

between 1989 and

2004

[12-15].

The method

of

monitoring

the

colour

change adopted

in

1989

was

based

on

measuring

the

UV-visible reflectance

spectrum

of

the

sample

using

a

Perkin Elmer

55IS UV-visible

spectrometer

and

was

used for all of the

measurements.

From

the

UV-visible reflectance

spectra

the

CIE

1976

L*a*b*

values and CIE

2000 colour difference

(

E00)

for both the

light-exposed

and the dark

(protected

from light) parts of skin sample 1 have been calculated

(see

Table

l).The

errors

associated with the method of

calculation of

AE0Qhave

been estimated

at

?

1

E00

units.

(For

a

description

and calculation method of

CIE1976

L*a*b* values and CIE 2000

E00

see

CIE Publication

15:2004

Colorimetry

16].)

The

spectra

from

which the LVb*

and

AEQ0

for skin

sample

1

were

calculated

are

shown

in

Figure

2a

(light

exposed)

and

Figure

2b

(dark).

From

Table

1

the

colour

change

(AEQ0)

between

1989 and 1997

of

the

light-exposed

area

of

skin

sample

1

averages

1.24

E00

units

per

year

whereas the

change

between

1997,

when the

light

level

was

reduced

to

30-50

lux,

and 2004

averages

0.45

AEQ0

units

per

year.

The

major

colour

change

appears

to

have occurred

between 1989 and

1995,

and

the

biggest change

would

be

expected

to

have occurred

in

the

1989?1990

period,

when the

light

exposure

was

highest.

However,

without

annual

measurement

of

the reflectance

spectrum

this

cannot

be confirmed

from this

data

set.

The covered

area

of the

sample

(dark)

has

also

changed

colour

with

STUDIES

IN CONSERVATION

53

(2008)

PAGES 273-284



5/13


6/13

A REVIEWOF

THE

COLOUR

AND

CONDITIONOF LINDOW

MAN 20

YEARS AFTER CONSERVATION

277

Table 2 CIE 1976 L*a*b* nd CIE

2000

AE

for kin

ample

2

exposed

for

238000 lux-hours

Value Light Dark

1990 1991 1990

1991

L*

41.7

46.3

41.7

43.2

a*

4.74

6.08

4.74

4.99

b* 2.19 5.69

2.20

2.71

AEm

0 5.30

0 1.50

period. Light

levels

on

the skin

sample

were

highest

in

the

period

between

1989,

when it

was

first taken

from the

back

of the

body,

and March 1990

and

light

fading

could

have

been

rapid during

this

period.

Skin

sample

2

was

taken from the back of

the

body

inMarch

1990 and

immediately

put

into the showcase. This

was

to

check that the

rate

of

fading

had slowed down

following changes

in

the showcase

to

reduce

light

levels

on

the

body,

but

in

the

one

year

to

March

1991 E

was

5.3. This is

quite

a

rapid change

given

that

the

light

exposure

the

sample

received

was

238000

lux-hours.

The

average

illuminance

in

the showcase

was

101

lux,

which

was

considerably

lower

than the

light

levels

when

skin

sample

1

was

first

put

into the

showcase.

Given

thatboth

samples

had

been taken from the back

of

the

body

which

had

not

had

any

light

exposure,

this

may

be

an

indication that

rapid

change

occurs

when the

conserved

skin

is

first

exposed

to

light

and the

rate

then

slows

down.

This would

be

expected

as

these

types

of

reactions

are

exponential.

From

Tables

1

and

2 it

can

be

seen

that the

largest

component

of the colour

change

occurs

in

L*

and

indicates

lightening.

Much

smaller

changes

in

a*

and

b*

indicate

respectively

increases

in

the

red

and

yellow

components

of the colour.

However,

too

few

colour

measurements

were

made

on

skin

sample

1

to

confirm this

hypothesis.

A

graph

of

E()0

versus

date for skin

sample

1

suggests

a

slowing

of the

colour

change

occurred

following

the

redisplay

f

Lindow

Man in

1997

(see

Figure

3).

When

the colour

change

which occurred

on

sample

2

in

one

year

(1990-1991)

is

plotted

on

the

graph

at

the

one-year

point

the

hypothesis

that the maximum colour

change

occurred when the body

was

first exposed

to

light is

further

supported.

Colour

change

was

also noted

on

the covered section

of the

two

skin

samples

put

into

the showcase

with the

body. Although

this

change

was

much smaller

than the

change

which

occurred with

light,

it

was

significant

and

suggests

that

a

thermal

chemical

change

occurred

resulting

in

lightening.

Between 1997 and

2004 the

-.-..?

.

'

;.?'

-

4

8

12

16

Date/year

Figure

3 E

versus

date

(years)

for kin

ample

1

exposed

in

the

Lindow

Man showcase

1989-2004

with the

ne-year

?E for

kin

sample

2.

colour

change

of the

dark

portion

of the

sample

was

just

less than

half

that f the

light

portion.

This

suggests

that

some

colour

change

would

occur

on

the

skin

even

if Lindow Man

were

kept

in

the

dark

at

ambient

temperature

and

not

exhibited.

ASSESSMENT

OF

THE

CONDITION

OF LINDOW

MAN

Lindow

Man

was

removed from

exhibition

on

26

January

2005

for

one

day

for examination.

It

was

not

considered

safe

to

move

the

body

to

the

laboratory

and

the examination

was

carried

out

in the

Department

of

Prehistory

and

Europe

area

off

gallery

40. This

meant

that it

was

not

possible

to

carry

out

any

non-destructive

analysis

on

the

body.

A Konica

stereomicroscope

and

a

floor stand

were

taken

to

the

room

to

facilitate

the

examination and

a

Minolta 2600D

spectrophotometer

was

available

to

make colour

measurements

on

the

body

Agreement

was

obtained

from

the

curator

responsible

for the

object,

Dr

J.D.

Hill,

to

remove

surface

samples

for

analysis.

Making

pH

measurements

on

the

skin

was

discussed,

but

no

suitable

method for

this

was

available.

There

was no

discussion

on

sampling

the skin

because

the examination

was seen as a

first step in facilitating

more

detailed

examination

should this be

necessary

Physical

appearance

On initial examination

there

appeared

to

be

a

slight

white

bloom

on

the

surface,

possibly

due

to

a

layer

of

dust.

Some

small white

specks

were

present (see

STUDIES

IN

CONSERVATION

53

(2008)

PAGES

273-284



7/13

278

S.

BRADLEY,

P.

FLETCHER,

C.

KORENBERG,

J.

PARKER

AND

C. WARD

Figure

4

Part of

the bdomen

withwhite

particles

present,

2005.

Figure

4),

and

some

samples

of these

were

taken. Under

the

microscope

the

appearance

of

the white

particles

suggested

that

some

were

calcium

sulphate

(i.e.

plaster

dust associated with

building

work).

Other

particles

appeared

to

be

a

textile,

possibly

Tyvek?,

a

non-woven

fabric used

to

fix

the

body

to

a

Perspex?

support

during

the

freeze-drying

treatment,

and

white solid

wax.

The

front

surface

of the

skin

generally

appeared

to

be

lighter

n

colour

than the

original

photographs

taken

after

completion

of the

treatment.

The

light

areas

of the

skin

appeared

lighter,

but

it

was

not

clear

if

the darker

areas

had

lightened

to

the

same

extent.

It

was

felt that

it

would

be

useful

to

see

the

underside

of

the

body,

which

had

not

been

exposed

to

light.

Turning

over

the

leg

to

examine

the underside

was

considered,

but

this

was

very

fragile

with loose

fragments

present.

However,

it

was

possible

to

look

at

the

underside

of

parts

of the

leg by

gently

lifting

p

selected

areas.

his

revealed

that

the underside

was

exposed

bone,

which

was

dark

in

appearance,

with

no

skin

present,

and

did

not

provide

a

suitable

comparison

with the

front surface. An

attempt

was

made

to

examine the underside of the

body

by

slightly

aising

t in the

shoulder

area.

Where

visible,

the

underside

of the

body

was

possibly

slightly

arker than

the

exposed

side but there

was not

a

marked

difference,

this

rea

of

the

body being

dark.

Examination under

the

microscope

showed

the

skin

to

be

coherent,

with

no

sign

of

shrinkage

cracks

or

dryness

and

flaking.

In

the

original

treatment

reports

[5], Margaret

McCord,

Organic

Materials

Conservator,

mentions the presence of cracks in the stomach area.

There

were

some crease

lines

in the skin

in

this

area

but

no

breaks

in the surface of the

skin

were

visible.

This

suggested

that the PEG

surface

applications

described

on

the

treatment

record card

had been

successful

in

hydrating

the skin and

closing

the cracks

seen at

the

time.

It

also

suggested

that the PEG

was

still

acting

as an

humectant.

The

surface

of

the

skin

had

a

waxy

feel

and

was

supple,

suggesting

that

the PEG

had

not

migrated

from

the skin.

Analysis

of

samples

taken

from the

body

Analysis

of

solid

white

surface

deposits

and materials

which

were

readily

extractable

from the

skin

was

necessary

to

establish

the

presence

and condition

of the

PEG

treatment. Four

samples

(i?iv)

of the

white

deposits

were

taken

by

brushing

them into

a

sample

tube.

The

surface

of

the skin

was

sampled

using

cotton

wool

buds

dampened

with

water,

since

PEG

is

a

water-soluble

wax.

Damp

swabs

were

passed lightly

over

the

area

of

interest

five

times. The

sampling

positions

are

shown

in

Figures

5

and

6.

Examination of the white surface

deposits

under an

optical

microscope

showed

that

sample

i had

a

textile

like

structure

suggesting

it

was a

residue

from the

use

of

Tyvek?

during

conservation;

samples

ii?iv

had

a

granular

texture.

In

the

laboratory,

the

swabs

were

soaked

for

24 hours

in 20

mL

of

water

deionized

to

18.2

to

extract

any

soluble

material.

The swab

was

then removed

and the

solution

evaporated

to

dryness.

The residues

were

slightly

brown

in colour

and

all

were

soft,

waxy

materials.

The

colour

was

probably

due

to

the extraction

of colorant

when

sampling

with

a

swab. The swab

from

the

leg

sample

was

redissolved

and

double

filtered

in

the

high-purity

deionized

water

before

allowing

the

solution

to

evaporate.

This residue

was

transparent

and

oil-like,

similar

to

new

PEG 400.

All of the

samples

were

analysed

using

the

Nicolet

Avata 360 Fourier transform infrared

(FTIR)

spectro

meter

with

a

diamond cell

attachment. The

results

of

the

analysis

are

shown

in

Table

3.

All

but

one

of

the

samples

analysed

had

polyethylene

glycol

as

the

major

component,

and

all

of

the

spectra

showed

the

presence

of

carbonyl

peaks

which

suggest

oxidation

of the

PEG has

occurred.

Too little

residue

was

extracted

from

the

swab from

the

dark

area on

the

shoulder

for

a

good

spectrum

to

be

obtained.

The

presence

of

high

levels

of PEG

in

three of the

swabs

taken from the skin surface confirmed that, for most of

the

body,

migration

away

from the

skin surface

into the

body

had

not

occurred,

nor

had

the

PEG

degraded

to

a

level

where

it

volatilized

from

the skin surface.

Analysis

of the

sample

from the

shoulder

area

did

not

give

a

good

spectrum

for

PEG.

This

may

indicate

that

migration

from the

surface has occurred

in this

area,

or

merely

that

an

additional

coating

of PEG

was

not

a'pplied

at

the

STUDIES IN

CONSERVATION

53

(2008)

FACES

273-284



8/13

A

REVIEW OF

THE

COLOUR

AND CONDITION OF

LINDOW

MAN 20

YEARS

AFTER

CONSERVATION

279

Swab

fromley

Sample

i

Figure

6

Sampling

positions

on

the

eg,

005.

Table 3 Results of

TIR

analysis

of

samples

taken from he

ody

Sample

Identification Comment

Sample

i

Sample

ii

Sample

iii

Sample

iv

Swab from

ight

rea on

the bdomen

Swab from

ark

area on

the shoulder

Internalwab

Swab from

ight

rea on

the

leg

Polyethylene lycol

Polyethylene lycol

Polyethylene lycol

Polyethylene lycol

Polyethylene lycol

N/A

Polyethylene lycol

Polyethylene

lycol

Oxidation

Oxidation

Oxidation

Oxidation

Oxidation

Not

enough

extracted

for

ood

spectrum

Oxidation

High

level f oxidation

STUDIES

IN CONSERVATION 53

(2008)

PAGES

273-284



9/13

280

S.

BRADLEY,

P.

FLETCHER,

C.

KORENBERG,

J.

PARKER AND

C.

WARD

end of the conservation

treatment.

The skin

in

this

area

did

not

feel

noticeably

less

supple

than the skin

in

other

areas

of the

body.

PEG

400 is a low molecular

weight liquid

with a

consistency

similar

to

heavy

oil. The

presence

of solid

white

particles,

identified

as

PEG,

on

the

surface of the

body

is

puzzling

since

oxidation of PEG

resulting

in

chain

scission

was

shown

to

occur

when the breakdown

of solid PEG 6000 used

to

consolidate

stone

was

investigated [19].

All the

samples analysed

showed

a

peak

at

around

1700 cm 1

which

is

normally

associated

with

carbonyl

groups

(carbon?oxygen

double

bonds).

These

species

are

not

present

in

samples

of fresh PEG

400 which

were

analysed

as a

comparison.

The

presence

of

carbonyl

groups

in

the double filtered

sample

from

the

leg

swab

indicated

that

they

were

not

impurities

and that oxidation of the PEG chain had occurred. The

susceptibility

of PEG 400

to

oxidation

was

investigated

in

an

accelerated

ageing

test.

New

PEG 400

was

placed

in

a

sealed

container in

the

oven

at

60?C

for

two

weeks.

It

was

then

analysed

and found

to

have

a

similar

peak

at

1700

cm 1. The

intensity

was

less

than that

found

on

the

body

but

this

s

likely

to

be due

to

the lower level

of

oxygen

available

in

the sealed container.

The solid

wax

surface

deposits

on

Lindow

Man

could have formed

through

combination of the

reactive

carbonyl

group

with

gaseous

or

particulate

materials

in

the

air,

forming

materials

that either

share

absorption

bands with PEG

or

do

not

absorb

in

the infrared.

Colour

measurements

on

the

body

During

the

examination,

two

colour

measurements

were

made

directly

on

the

body

using

the Minolta

2600D

spectrophotometer.The

L*a*b*

measurements are

given

in

Table

4.

These

measurements were

compared

with

measurements

made

on

the

body

in

1997

using

a

Minolta

Chroma-Meter CR300

[13].

The

number

of

measurements

made

at

each location

in

1997

is

not

known.

However,

the

measuring

equipment

makes

and

averages

multiple

measurements

when

each

measurement

is

taken,

and this is

a

mechanism for

averaging

differences

in

results due

to

topography

of the

surface.

The

locations of

the

measurements

made

in

2005

and the

approximate

locations of those made

in

1997

are

shown

as

sampling

points

A?E in

Figure

5.

Although

not

at

identical

locations,

the

measurements

were

made

on

the

same areas

of the

body.

Because

the

locations

of the

1997

measurements

could

not

be

precisely

located and

because

there

would

be

an error

between

measurements

with different

equipment

even

if

they

were

made

at

the

same

time,

the calculated

AEQ0

values shown

in

Table 4

have

an

unknown

error.

The value of these calculations is

that

they

show whether there is

any

relationship

between

the colour

change,

AEQ0,

determined

on

skin

sample

1

and that

on

the

body.

The colour

change

on

the

light

area

of the

body

between 1997 and

2005,

AEQ0

=

1.48,

is of the

same

order of

magnitude

as

that determined

on

skin

sample

1

between 1997 and

2004,

E00

=

3.4.

Location

masks

were

made for the

measuring

points

used

in

2005

so

that

repeat

measurements

can

be made

in

the future.

It is

worth

noting

that the

L*a*b*

values calculated

from the UV-visible

spectra

taken

on

the skin

samples

1

and

2

are

different

to

those determined

directly

on

the

body

using

the

Minolta Chroma-Meter

CR300,

and

the Minolta

2600D

spectrophotometer

(e.g.,

compare

the 1997 and 2004 L*a*b* values for the light-exposed

area

of

sample

1

with the

values

given

for the abdomen

area

in

Table

4).

The

measurements

using

the Minolta

spectrophotometers

will

always

be different from the

measurements

using

the

UV-visible

spectrometer,

as

the

two

spectrophotometers

have

a

different

geometry

from

the UV-visible

spectrometer.

Discussion

The

condition

of the

skin

was

found

to

be

good.

It

was

supple,

no

shrinkage

cracks

were

observed and there

was

no

physical

evidence

or

smell

suggesting

putrefaction

was

in

progress.

This

suggests

that the chemical

change

which is

altering

the colour is not

physically affecting

the

skin

structure,

only

the

colorant,

the

nature

of which

remains unclear. PEG

was

present

at

the surface of the

skin and should be

acting

as an

humectant

keeping

the

skin

hydrated.There

is

the

potential

for

the

hydration

to

promote

hydrolysis

reactions

on

either the colorant

or

the

collagen

in

the

skin

or

both,

but

there

is

no

evidence

of

hydrolysis

of the skin

occurring.

There is

more concern

about the chemical

stability

of

the

PEG used

in

the

conservation

process.The

chemical

analysis

indicates that the

PEG

is

oxidizing,

which could

result

in

chain scission and

increasing acidity,

but there is

no

evidence of

damage occurring

because of this.

CONCLUSIONS

Memory,

photographic

records

and colour

measurements

on

skin

samples exposed

in

the showcase with the

body

all

show

that the

colour of Lindow

Man

has

changed

and

lightened

since the

conservation

in

1984-1986.The

very

high light

evelswhich existedwhen the

body

was

first

STUDIES

IN

CONSERVATION

53

(2008)

PAGES 273-284



10/13

A

REVIEW OF

THE

COLOUR

AND

CONDITION

OF

LINDOW MAN

20

YEARS AFTER

CONSERVATION

281

Table

4

CIE 1976 L*a*b'measurements

and CIE 2000 E

on

Lindow

Man,

1997 and

2005

Date

Value Abdomen

(Light

rea)

Shoulder

(Dark rea)

E

1997/2005

1997

position

A

light

rea on

abdomen

1997

position

light

rea

on

abdomen

1997

position

C dark

area

on

shoulder

26

January

005

(position

-

dark

area,

position

E

-

light

rea)

L*

a*

b*

L*

a*

b*

L*

a*

b*

L*

E

betweenmeasurements

34.1

11.8

14.3

35.4

12.6

15.7

38.6

11.9

20.1

1.48

23.9

3.54

1.97

24.1

2.30

2.08

0.16

5.30

1.59

put

on

exhibition in the

British

Museum

in

1986 and

continued until

1997,

although

with

some

moderation

in

1990,

have

been the

major

cause

of the

lightening.

Lightening

is

still

occurring,

even

though

the

light

level

on

the

body

has

been 30-50 lux since

1997.

It

is

possible

that

a

thermal

ageing

reaction,

which is

indicated

by

the

colour

change

of

areas

of skin

samples

1

and

2

which

were

protected

from

light,

is

contributing

to

this

change.

The

average

rate

of

lightening

per

year

as

measured

on

skin

sample

1,

has

slowed

since 1997 from

AEQQ

per year

-

1.25 for the

1989-1997

period

to

AEQQ

per year

=

0.45

for the 1989?2005 period. When sample 2 was put into

the Lindow

Man

showcase

in

1990

a

substantial colour

change

of

E00

=

5.3

occurred

in

one

year,

even

though

the

body

had been

repositioned

in

the

gallery resulting

in

a

considerable decrease

in

light

levels. Both skin

samples

were

taken from the

back of the

body,

which

had

not

been

subjected

to

light

and should

therefore

represent

the colour

of

the

body

(ignoring

the minimal

dark

aging

contribution)

when it

was

first

exhibited.The

rate

of

change

in

the skin

colour

was

highest

when the

samples

were

first

exposed,

which

supports

the

reports

of

lightening

f the

body during

the 1986-1989

period

when it

was

first

put

on

exhibition.

The PEG

applied during

the

conservation

treatment

has

oxidized,

and this

change

could result in

migration

and

ultimately

have

an

adverse

effect

on

the

skin,

since

the

pH

of

PEG

becomes

more

acidic

as

it

deteriorates.

However,

visual

examination

of

the skin

showed it

to

be in

good

condition with

no

cracks

forming,

and

no

shrinkage

or

drying

out

occurring.

The

leg,

which

was

in

a

much

worse

condition

than the main

body

when

excavated and

consisted

mainly

of

bone,

had

a

friable

surface,

although

analysis

showed

that PEG

was

still

present

at

the

surface.

In

the

20

years

since its

conservation the Lindow

Man

body

has remained

in

a

good

condition,

the

only

major

change

being

lightening

of the colour.

Recommendations for

regular

monitoring

of the

condition

of

the

body,

identification

of the colorant

and

re-treatment,

should

this become

necessary,

are

as

follows:

Colour

measurements

should be made

on

the

body and on skin sample 1,which is exhibited

with

it,

annually

using

the Minolta

2600D

spectro

photometer.

Colour

measurements

should be made

on

skin

sample

1

annually, measuring

the UV-visible

spectrum

with

the Perkin Elmer

55IS UV-visible

Spectrometer

and

calculating

L*a*b* values

and

E00

from the

graph

to

maintain

continuity

with the

measurements

made

on

the

sample

since 1989.

An

annual examination of

the

body

should be

made

to ensure

that

the

skin

is

not

physically deteriorating.

A

protocol

for

doing

this in the

gallery

should be

determined.

The

chemical

stability

f

the

PEG

should

be deter

mined

annually

from

swabs

taken

from

the surface of

the

skin.The

potential

for

gas

chromatography?mass

spectrometry

(GC-MS)

as

a

means

of

analysis

to

provide

a

greater

amount

of

useful

information

should

be

investigated.

A

more

detailed

survey

of

the

presence

of

PEG

in

the

skin

should be undertaken.

STUDIES IN

CONSERVATION

53

(20?8)

PAGES

273-284



11/13

282 S.

BRADLEY,

P.

FLETCHER,

C.

KORENBERG,

J.

PARKER

AND

C. WARD

The

possibility

of

determining

a

chemical

fingerprint

of the skin

to

allow

comparison

in

the

future should

be

investigated.

Working

with the skin

samples

stored

separately

to

the

body,

analysis

to

determine

the

colorant

should

be

carried

out.

Any

re-treatment

of

the

body

should be carried

out

using

PEG after

an

investigation

of PEG

grades

available

at

the

time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like

to

acknowledge

the work of

Vincent

Daniels

who carried

out

colour

monitoring

on

Lindow

Man

between 1989 and

1997,Allyson

Rae

for her

support

during

this

review

and

Dr

J.D.

Hill

for

permission to examine and take surface samples from

the

body.

REFERENCES

1

?tlet,

R.L., Walker,

A.J.,

and

Dadson,

S.M.,

'Report

on

radio

carbon

dating

of the Lindow Man

by

AERJE, Harwell',

in

Lindow

Man:

The

Body

in

the

Bog,

ed.

I.M.

Stead,

J.B.

Bourke and

D.

Brothwel,

British

Museum

Publications,

London

(1986)

27-30.

2

Gowlett,

J.A.J.,

Hedges,

R.E.M.,

and

Law, I.A.,

'Radiocarbon

accelerator

(AMS)

dating

of

Lindow

Man',

Antiquity

63

(1989)

71-79.

3

Brothwell,

D.,

The

Bog

Man

and

the

Archaeology

of

People,

British

Museum

Publications,

London

(1986).

4

Omar,

S.,

McCord, M.,

and

Daniels, V.,

'The

conservation

of

bog

bodies

by

freeze-drying',

Studies inConservation 34

(1989)

101-109.

5

McCord,

M.,

and

Omar, S.,

'Conservation

record of

bog

body

from Lindow

Moss,

retrieval

by

requisition

number

1984,10

2.41.1

(body),

1984,10-2.41.2

(leg)',

Unpublished

report,

Department

of

Conservation and Scientific

Research,

British

Museum

(1985).

6

Daniels,V.,'Selection

of

a

conservation

process

for

Lindow

Man',

in

Human

Mummies,

ed.

.

Spindler, H.Wilfing,

E. Rastbichler

Zissernig

and H.

Nothdurfter,

Springer

Wien,

New

York,

(1996)

173-181.

7

Barkman,

L.,'The

preservation

of the

warship

Wasa,

in

Problems

of

the

Conservation

of

Waterlogged

Wood,

ed.W.A.

Oddy,

Maritime

Monographs

and

Reports

No.

16,

National

Maritime

Museum,

London

(1975)

65-105.

8

Rosenqvist,

A.,'Experiments

on the conservation of

waterlogged

wood

and

leather

by

freeze

drying',

in

Problems

of

the onservation

of

Waterlogged

Wood,

ed.W.A.

Oddy,

Maritime

Monographs

and

Reports

No.

16,

National

Maritime

Museum,

London

(1975)

9-23.

9

Omar, S.,

Memo

on

Specification

or

the

Display of

Lindow

Man,

7

fune

?985,

Department

of

Conservation,

British

Museum,

London

(1985).

10

Newey,

H.,

'17

years

of

dehumidified

showcases

in

the

British

Museum',

in

ICOM

Committee

for

Conservation,

8th

Triennial

Meeting,

Sydney: Preprints,

ed.

J.

Bridgland,

The

Getty

Conservation Institute,Los

Angeles

(1987) Vol. Ill 901-907.

11

Daniels, V.,

Integrated

Light

Measurements

on

Lindow

Man,

Conservation Research internal

report

1991/2,

Department

of

Conservation,

British

Museum,

London

(1991).

12

Daniels,V,

Light

Fastness

of

the kin

of

indow

Man,

Conservation

Research internal

report

1989/15,

Department

of

Conservation,

British

Museum,

London

(1989).

13

Daniels,

V.,

The

Skin Colour

of

Lindow

Man,

Conservation

Research

internal

report

1996/2,

Department

of

Conservation,

British

Museum,

London

(1996).

14

Daniels, V.,

The

Skin Colour

of

Lindow

Man,

Conservation

Research

internal

report

1997/17,

Department

of

Conservation,

British

Museum,

London

(1997).

15

Fletcher, P.,

Skin Colour

of

Lindow

Man,

Conservation Science

and

Analytical

Chemistry

internal

report

2004/6,

Department

ofConservation, Documentation and Science, BritishMuseum,

London

(2004).

16 CIE Technical

Report,

Colorimetry,

3rd

edn,

Publication

15:2004,

CIE Central

Bureau,Vienna

(2004).

17

Daniels, V.,

The

Fading

of

the

Skin Colour

of

Lindow

Man,


report

1991/29,

Department

of

Conservation,

British

Museum,

London

(1991).

18

Daniels, V.,

The

Skin Colour

of

Lindow

Man,

Conservation

Research

internal

report

1993/22,

Department

of

Conservation,

British

Museum,

London

(1993).

19

Thickett,

D.,

Removal

of

Polyethylene Glycol from

Stone

(II):

Preliminary

Investigation of

Degradation of

Polyethylene Glycol,


report

1993/11,

Department

of

Conservation,

British

Museum,

London

(1993).

AUTHORS

Susan

Bradley

has

a

degree

in

chemistry

from

the

University

of

London,

UK.

In

1972 she

joined

the British

Museum, UK,

to

work

on

conservation

problems, researching

deterioration

mechanisms and

conservation

methods

for

a

wide

range

of

materials

found

in

the

collections.

In

1988 she became head of

the

Conservation

Research

Group leading

a

small

team

of

scientists

in

object-centred

research,

and

in

2003

head

of

Conservation

Science and

Analytical Chemistry

in

the

Museum's

newly

formed

Department

of

Conservation,

Documentation and Science.

In

the

last few

years

her

main interest has been in implementing pragmatic

approaches

to

preventive

conservation

underpinned

by

the

results of the

Group's

research.

In

July

2006 she

retired from the

British

Museum.

Address:

Department of

Conservation and

Scientific

Research,

The

British

Museum,

Great

Russell

Street,

London WC?B

3DG,

UK. Email:

[email protected]

STUDIES

IN

CONSERVATION

53

(2008)

PAGES

273-284



12/13

A REVIEW

OF

THE

COLOUR

AND

CONDITION OF LINDOW MAN 20

YEARS

AFTER

CONSERVATION 283

Philip

Fletcher

obtained

a

degree

in

chemistry

from

the

University

of

York,

UK,

followed

by

a

Master's

degree

in

analytical chemistry

from

the

University

of

Aberdeen, Scotland,

and

a

PhD

from the

University

of

Plymouth,

UK,

developing

instrumentation for

analysing

additives

in

diesel fuel.

He

then

spent

two

years

as a

research

fellow

at

the

University

of

Pretoria,

South

Africa

developing

instrumentation

for

automating

methods

of chemical

analysis.

He

joined

the

British

Museum

in

2004

as

a

conservation scientist

analysing

glass

and

other

inorganic

material,

as

well

as

monitoring

pollutant

gas

concentrations

in

showcases. Address:

as

Bradley. Email:[email protected]

Capucine

Korenberg

obtained

a

degree

in

physics

from the Ecole Nationale

Sup?rieure

de

Physique

de Grenoble, France in 1998. She then specialized in

the

durability

of adhesive

joints

at

Imperial

College

London,

UK,

and

completed

a

PhD

programme

in

2002.

After

post-doctoral

research

at

the

Victoria

and Albert

Museum, London,

UK

and the Textile Conservation

Centre,

University

of

Southampton,

UK,

she

joined

the

British Museum

in 2003

as

a

conservation scientist.

Her

main

fields of work

are

preventive

conservation and laser

cleaning.

Address:

as

Bradley.

Email:

ckorenberg@thebritishm

useum.ac.uk

James

Parker

gained

a

BSc

and PhD in

chemistry

from

the

University

of

Kent,

UK,

before

joining

the

British

Museum

in 2001. His PhD dealtwith the

synthesis

f

novel

synthetic

polymers,

an

interest which

he

continued,

researching

the deterioration of

objects

made of

plastics

and

the lifetimes

of

conservation materials. Recent

research

projects

have been

on

the

use

of

low-oxygen

enclosures for the

storage

and

display

of

objects;

and

pollutant

gas

monitoring

in

the

museum

environment

in

galleries,

showcases

and

enclosures. This work involved

the

development

of

quantitative

solid

phase

micro

extraction

(SPME).

In

September

2006 he left

the

British

Museum

to

take

up

a

research

post

in

industry.

Address:

as

Bradley.

Email:

[email protected]

Clare

Ward

gained

a

BSc

(Hons)

in

archaeological

conservation from the Institute of Archaeology,

University

of

London

in

1981. She

joined

the British

Museum

in

1982,

and

is

currently

a

senior

conservator

in

the

Organic

Artefacts Section of the

Department

of

Conservation,

Documentation and Science.

She

specializes

in

the

conservation

of

archaeological

organics,

such

as

bone,

ivory,

wood and

amber,

and also modern

plastics.

Address:

Organic Artefacts

Section,

Department

of

Conservation

and

Scientific

Research,

The

British

Museum,

Creat Russell

Street,

London

WC?B

3DG,

UK.

Email:

[email protected].

uk

R?sum?

?

La

partie

de

corps

connue

sous

le

nom

de

Lindow

Man

a

?t? trouv?e dans

une

tourbi?re

? Lindow Moss

en

ao?t

1984.

A

la

suite

des

fouilles

le

corps

ut

transport?

au

British

Museum,

o?

il

fut

examin?

et

conserv?,

puis

expos?

sur

une

base

permanente

?

partir

de 1986. Des

inqui?tudes

concernant

le

palissement

de la

couleur

ont

?t?

exprim?es,

d'abord

en

1989,

puis

?

plusieurs reprises

depuis,

et

en

2004

un

examen

non

destructif

a

?t? men? ? bien.

L'historique

du suivi

de la couleur du

corps

et

des

exp?riences

associ?es

a

?t?

pass?

en

revue,

ce

qui

a

fourni

une

id?e

plus

pr?cise

des

changements

de

couleur,

calcul?s

sur

la

base CIE 2000 des

diff?rences

de

couleurs

(AEQQ).

Les

changements

de

couleur

ont

?t?

rapides

en

1989-1997,

AEQ0

=

10.0,

mais

plus

lents

en

1997-2004,

E00

=

3.4,

quand

le niveau

d'?clairement

du

corps

?tait

de

30-50

lux

avec

moins

de

50

pW.lumen1

de

rayonnement

ultraviolet.

Lors

de

son

examen,

le

corps

?tait

en

bon

?tat,

la

peau

?tait

flexible,

sans

r?tr?cissements

ni

craquelures

apparents.

L'analyse

par

spectrom?trie

IRTF

d'?chantillons

du

poly?thyl?ne glycol

utilis?

pour

la

conservation

a

montr?

qu'une oxydation

s'?tait

produite.

L'histoire

de la

pr?sentation

du

corps,

les

changements

de

couleurs

survenus

pendant

20

ans

et

l'?tat du

corps

en

2005

sont

pr?sent?s

et

discut?s. Des

recommandations

pour

le

futur

suivi

de la conservation

du

corps

et

pour

la

mise

au

point

d'un

traitement

sont

?galement fournies.

Zusammenfassung

? Der als Lindow Mann bekannte

Teilk?rper

wurde im

August

1984 in einem

Torfmoor

bei Lindow Moss

gefunden.

Nach der

Ausgrabung

wurde der

K?rper

ins British

Museum

?berf?hrt,

wo er

untersucht,

konserviert und

1986

ausgestellt

wurde.

Schon

1989

wurde

erstmals der

Sorge

?ber

Farbver?nderungen

durch Licht Ausdruck verliehen

und 2004

eine

zerst?rungsfreie Untersuchung durchgef?hrt.

Die

vorgestellte

Geschichte des

Farbmonitorings

erweist

die

Farbver?nderung.

Sie

wird als CIE 2000

Farbabstand

(AEQ0)

argestellt.

ie

Farbver?nderung

rfolgte

it

AEQQ

10.0

in

den

fahren

1989?1997

sehr

rasch,

verringerte

sich

aber zwischen

1997?2004

auf

AEQ0

?

3.4,

als die

Lichtst?rke,

der

der

K?rper

ausgesetzt

war,

auf

30

?

50 lux sowie die ultraviolette

Strahlung auf

50

.lumen'1

gesenkt

werden konnte.

Bei

der

Untersuchung

zeigte

sich

der

studies

in

conservation

53

(2008)pages

273-284



13/13

284

S.

BRADLEY,

R

FLETCHER,

C.

KORENBERG,

J.

PARKER

AND

C.

WARD

K?rper

in

gutem

Zustand,

die

Haut

war

flexibel

und

es

gab

keine

Hinweise

auf Schrumpfungen

oder

Risse.

Die

Analyse

einer

Probe des

zur

Konservierung

verwendeten

Polyethylenglycols zeigte,

dass

eine

Oxidation

stattgefunden

hatte.

Die

Geschichte der

Ausstellung

des

K?rpers,

die

Farbver?nderungen

?ber 20

fahre

und der Zustand des

K?rpers

werden berichtet und diskutiert.

Empfehlungen

?r

zuk?nftiges onitoring

des

K?rpers

und

f?r

eine

m?gliche

iederbehandlung

erden

gegeben.

Resumen

?

El

cuerpo

conocido

como

elHombre de Lindow

fue

encontrado

en una

turbera

en

agosto

de

?984.

Tras la

excavaci?n,

el

cuerpo

fue transferido

al

Museo

Brit?nico,

donde

fue

examinado

y

conservado,

y

ha estado

en

exposici?n

permanente

desde 1986.

Pronto

surgieron

cuestiones

problem?ticas

como

el

aclarado de

su

color,

primeramente

en

1989

y,

en

diversas

ocasiones

m?s,

hasta

el

2004,

cuando

se

realiz?

un

examen

no-destructivo.

Se

afrontaron

cuestiones

como

la historia de la monitorizaci?n

del color del

cuerpo y

de

diversos

experimentos

asociados,

obteni?ndose

una

idea clara del

cambio

crom?tico,

calculados

en

t?rminos

de

diferencia

e color

IE 2000

(

E00).

El cambio e color

fue

r?pido

ntre

989

y

1991,

AE0Q=10.0,

pero

muchom?s lento

entre

1997

y

2004,

AEQQ-3.4,

cuando el nivel de

iluminaci?n del

cuerpo

hab?a sido 30-50 luxes

con menos

de

50pw.lumen1

de

luz

ultravioleta.

Cuando

se

examin?,

el

cuerpo

estaba

en

buen

estado,

la

piel

era

flexible

sin

signos

contracci?n

o

cuarteado.

Los

an?lisis mediante

espectroscopia

infrarroja

por

transformada

de Fourier

del

polietilenglicol aplicado

durante la

fase

de conservaci?n

mostraron

que

cierta

oxidaci?n

hab?a

ocurrido.

Se

exponen y

discuten

en

este

estudio la historia de la

exposici?n

del

cuerpo,

el

cambio

crom?tico

a

lo

largo

de

veinte a?os

y

su

condici?n

en

el 2005.

Se

aportan

tambi?n

ciertas

recomendaciones sobre

una

futura

monitorizaci?n de

su

estado

de conservaci?n

y

criterios

para

un

futuro

nuevo

tratamiento

de los

restos.

STUDIES

IN

CONSERVATION

53

(2008)

PAGES 273-284

Documents

A Review of the Colour and Condition of Lindow Man 20 Years After Conservation