AND KEADEE
undertook
sheets
were
1891
me to
seemed
worth
lan-
guages
to
prove.
Nothing
is
to
another.
by Brugmann
 
already
completed
and
nothing of the
For
the numbers running
which
I
Brugmann are
in
manuscript.
Dr
and
former
tutor
of
Trinity
College,
(p.
xxxviii)
along
one
original
9
—10.
Distinctions
11
12.
other
Idg.
languages
26.
Component
66.
102. Grassmann's Law
Pronunciation of
is
followed
by
one
or
217
288.
.......,,
without sex .
227
: lost in Latin . . . 228
299.
Schmidt's
Instrumental
postpositional.
Table of
syncretism 235
Instrumental singular.
380 -do-; 381
-TO-, -ero- ; 387
(6)
roots
in
Other
mainly secondary
long vowel
512.
516
 
indogermanischen
sprachen,
herausgege-
Dr
W.
s[achsischen]
G[eseUsohaft]
Lmg[uistique].
=
1889.
Hermes,
herausgegeben
In 30th vol.
menhange mit
ben von H.
Skutsch,
P. Techmer.
Hovedtrajk
af
p.
86
p.
147
analogical
form.
p.
253
now
elsewhere.
p.
314
p.
832
sexagesimal system
to
inexactness
of
science
information.
Thus
Geology
which
denotes
accepta-
tion)
to
it
a
language
looked
at
from
the
it is better
of
distinction
between
\oyo5 tTri tw
to BiKaiov
, , ,
„
be studied
in connexion
as
these
languages
influence on
great group
which
which belongs
of languages
belong
dates
these languages
the
objection
to
the
use
nor in
Europe are
that prima
languages
case
Peninsula
from
Deccan
by
origin.
this family,
note the
which
tribes, yet Iceland
In
them out
as members
dialect
was
to
be
treated
merely
a
time
under
the
and
the language
Norman
French
affected
life, and
good
the flesh
importation
was
presbyter,
both
Germanic
and
(2)
origin are
been said that the common rustic uses as a rule
scarcely
more
the
of
technical
terms
the
classical
languages
for
without
much
regard
compounds.
From
the
ordinary
English-
man.
The
poem of
now.
11.
But
words
into
it.
12.
Hard,
however,
as
fined
a
pronounf md
favour
numerals
a
k,
g,
y,
z,
j
we
might
be
sure
that
Greek
;
branch of this family which has wandered to the West.
(b) The Iranian dialects,—
Zend, the language of
the sacred books of
the fifth
century a.d.,
the
common
people
—are
descended
the
case we
bank
Low
Franconian,
from
Of
English poem
of Beowulf
in the
of
dialects
down (the
earliest date
G.
P.
2
civilisation
had
reached.
as
some object
as a
the
trees
2—2
the
European
tongues,
and
thus
occupies
families in
form
the
-/-stems,
between
certain
nasal
sounds
languages.
such
important
coincidences
' i >i«<='s.
verbs
—the
which appears
in
we
may
mark
off
by
subst.).
(4)
-U0-.
the older,
in the form which
English. It
If the early his-
English
related to
case, dolmetscher being
as
the
Lithuania
verb,
except
of
or
whicli
serve
the
similarity
between
inflexion and
verbs. Sometimes one
or one
the
personal
pronouns.
observe
is a
relations
within
and
may
be
anything,
nomena
in
languages
doubt that
no stem,
or
curious
that
it
possessive here
and there.
has died
out of
sung; come, came, come.
of them to pass
over to the so-called
the verb,
for it
also
but
qcii-er-is
in
sing, sang,
verbs sang
objects to Scott
when he writes
'Twas thus the latest
(1)
and
which
cannot
the
advantage
endings as the singular
one who
is
the
suffix
used
In
Hungarian
hal-unk
is
this
class
language, the verb is formed mostly of a participle with
the
very
like
to a
The
inflected,
consists
of
they
can
long
history
and Indo-
dates from
of
the
consonants
paid
constantly,
and
work, which appeared
languages, and which make
known perhaps
Hence this
England
as
Bopp was
The first systematic book of
derivations
on
a
scientific
landmark in the history of
philology
after
simultaneously
and
variety
results were fir.st
probability an
belong
to
it,
this
tended
however,
'False
'Language
not
in
the
the past
theory;
of pub-
dragged in, the
is philology
a 'body
science im-
philological
knowledge
scientific?
Eng-
lish
w
becomes
in
from
the
standpoint
were
spirit
stances must produce the same
results, otherwise
the
sounds
which
they
produce.
The
some
cases
had
an
-0-
has
taken
place.
In
Greek
the
only
traces
the
been
carried
as
numerous
but in lever the
we have partially
there is no form
up
and
as
the
Greek.
Xiov-ro<;
has
arisen
from
a
the
one
ablaut
to
various dialects
and
Norse
and
In
late
pando
makes
1
G.
Meyer,
Iliad,
viii.
206,
xiv.
265,
xxiv.
word
had.
a
neuter
have
changed
the form. If sedes
ex-
ratSos eSefaro
OVTa,
619,
the
poet
writes
in
noun
by
be
notion
of
pagan
developed
Chase as
ordinary
word
for
boy.
of
meaning
was
a
the
at
tice
of
verse-writing
containing
Borrowing of
law may
often be
is
often
much
of the
their original
the best Scotch writers as Hume and Adam Smith were
never able to
his
and
puzzling
an
it more
up to speak a
understood
him
every
man
by
cause
his
country
will
manners
and
Here
as
it
really is a
eyren
apparent
seem
not
only
possible
but
even
inevitable.
64.
The
division
of
peculiarity ends and
When a body of
independent
states
within
it'.
other hand,
broke down most
communication with
at present. In modem
times the locomotive and
the steamboat ruin local
did
itself, though
in
in
conjunction
with
This
largely
dependent
on
the
perhaps more
„
,.
,,
pre-scientinc
tion
of
natural
the
violently at
did not
and
accelerate
or
retard
the
action
of
analogy
been,
though
we
may
not
greater
extent
for
voice
is
however
speaking
produced
only
these chords into
duction of
middle of this
to which they
^° '''-
blowing across their
not
vibrate,
of being expelled from
stopped conso-
(§
the mouth
where
t
followed
by
a
breath
against
the
/,
lip being pressed against the
teeth of the
tongue
position
for
to
pro-
nounce
J>
and
 
cerebrals,
though
another?
p
and
the
in their
from
the
before another sound is produced.
Sounds of this
wat-her etc. The
cor-
responding
spirant
aspirates kh
thin) and
palatal,
w
velar)
—the
the
differ
from
spi-
corresponding
stops
and
the
(1)
the
tongue
loosely against the sockets of the teeth and causing it to
vibrate
with
a
strong
breath
palate
which
hangs
of words is the
in distinguishing
r is
found in
the com-
a
moment
kind,
passage are the tongue, the lips and the cheeks. The
tongue may
be
by
to
front
vowels.
the
upper
surface of the tongue to the roof of the mouth.
(b) Vowels may also
its
and
and
low
vowels.
For
example,
in
pronouncing
vowel
the
no
difference
in
sound.
The
second
liquids by
on
history
and
it
sounds.
appear
a, a
Division
labies.
combination
syllable.
Where
two
sonant
r.
It is
we
apply
the
glide.
87.
All
consonants
we
have
reason
of history as
more equally balanced there than they have been in the
later development of the Indo-Germanic
languages. It
absence
of
•
there is
sentence, nor was the
as
far
back
unaccented.
cleared the
congeners.
100.
Changes
3,
un-
changed.
oKTw,
the middle of Ger-
sented
by
7,
S;tr,
it
the
participle
1,e-soden
for-leas,
noun forms. Com-
declension
md-ta{r);
with
a
-g^^^^
^;th
assi-
^y-^ ™^-
after the Norman
and many vowel
which
of
g
E. palatal A--sound in cild-re
into the
little
dif-
EngUsh
speii-
the
a
but is
is
con-
stant,
philologists always deal
number of
further changes.
unintelligible,
and
which
at
first
vowels and consonants. The
^
volume of
which appeared
(c)
way
yi
is correct probahly
philologists
represent
3. (a)
final.
(b)
Voiced,
o-
y
is
represented
by
4
spiritus
asper
Greek
°^^-
original zd-
represented
by
K
as
in
(for
first syllable
In the diphthongs
the
original
records.
Before
the
Augustan
period
ou
sounds
not
to
(see
Appendix),
ti
corresponding
pronunciation
English
sound
Latin'^'IpSits
for
s
was
z.
When
combined
consonant
and the consonant
gener-
written
before
cp. also
circu-eo. n
two sounds seem
to have been
Latin
e
was
machine,
o
and
u
were very similar in sound and there is a con-
stant
Empire.
u
is
i2g.
6. ai had become ae in writing by 100 B.C.,
though
even
in
Cicero's
time
e,
repre-
sented
by
e,
p.
In
Keltic
in all the
escapes
d the mouth passage
6vpa
rufus,
which
dialects
in
which
dh
Indo-G.
pojjjy tj,ree
(a) Before
/(/ge)--)
quitli 'the
; Eng.
s
and
7-
according-
Slavonic.
s
and
ultimately
in
some
cases
appeared.
i'fu^
able from an early period. Recently an attempt
has been
2
— si-zd-O
a
^
^
for money
dh,
the
phonetic
stronger
spirant
original ii
the corre-
of forms
*agrs,
agros.
154.
Indo-G.
see
accent falls
respectively
with
middle of
t^ieory.
accent
as
different from the
c/cnu-bus
from
gen-u.
i68.
Indo-G.
u
all
the
separate
languages.
jUUS
have
the
r
in
as
ve-Fo-i,
no-vo-s,
syllable
as
ai,
ou.
u
sometimes by a
F
remains also in
but
modifications of stems in
the
early
Latin
system
of
accentuation,
t
have
of
nounced
'00',
wound
'oon'
(00
o
explain
o-stems
: v'tc'ts
Slav,
period
ai^-avia
Under
what
circumstances
rubus 'red
element.
(1)
di.
A
diphthong
+
Latin res,
Skt. rdi-,
as
connected
with
I
think,
that
dative.
original
language'.
xii.
positions
of
a
and
others
over the
In English
difference
in
Latin
between
collis
collis, no doubt the
been vollus. But
with Brugmann
of phonetic law
the root
are said
longer
from the same root dec-us), would
become
*lugna,
but
exception
of
a
consonant
Double
conso-
Simplification
•
consonant.
This
a-wXayxvov,
in
Latin
by
larly
up
initial combinations
to
or
twice
an adverbial
phrase *in
combination
-ttr-
the
change
is
the
ployed, cp. English grass,
In
all
very early
very early
the
combinations
of
combinations
^it^oi
is
with
ks-;
ktcivco
is
arrived
at.
binations of
•
is also much doubt.
the
supporters
gerund {A.
no-m
vowel
without
doubt
is
from
following
i
are
in
Greek
fertile
treatment in
Greek of
o--;
Initial
u-
in
hence
^''''''^-
combinations
in
ped-
ttoS-.
In
Latin,
s
preceding
original
bh
is
the existence
other,
been connected with
is
fr'igus
factory argument
a
else-
where
(cp.
for
-pp-
j_
stantive
tenebrae
{=*temsrae)
but
the
con-
sonant
forms
*i-veiJ.-cra,
'ijxtv-a-a
come
lubernos
becomes se-cerno.
The process by
stages
the
and
consonant
:
;
-\+i-
becomes
-A.X-;
cp.
lating an
tlie nature
01 the
with
a
plural
were
contracted
into
a
later
development
more attention. The number of such contractions seems
to be greater in Greek than in Latin, because in Greek
the number of important
so many others, it is
impossible
pare also
sedi than
etc.' In
Greek, and contraction
augment and the
by the
u
is
rare,
but
latrina-
*ki,vatrina'^.
-o--,
cp.
contractions
vowel
between
a
u
sound
respectively
must
have
suffix
*o-raA-T'd.
KdXo's
in
Homer
has
that
etc.
other shortenings, as in
same manner
syllables of
Latin.
The
many
others
sound which we know,
e
before
/x-;
c-vp-u-s;
ivX-qpa
(Homeric
appear,
thus
;
forms
from a wrong
changing
nickname for an
eke name, a
cases being added to
second than of the final consonant
of
they adopted
clause
i
vco-tijs,
novi-ias
with
final
-s,
-s
avoiding
hiatus,
but
was
extended
from
cases
where
dialects. The
unaccented form
of both
prepositions became
Hence on
developed
largely
at
final
s
language in writing
Scansion
of
in
oXKwv,
the
a
is
This rule finds an explanation
in this principle
of the genitive suffix,
ablative and
which show
before
short
forms
of
the
accusative
the
effects
/
;
vowel according
to the
oblique cases
the
\ owe
series,
a,
ri,
figure
only
as
form, while the forms in i, u, I, r, m,
n, or
-n-oiO-
and
irovd-
(in
Tri-TTovO-a)
a
place in Latin
,
^
, ^
has
we
Pricis de la Grammaire
any way
/
' •
sounds
on this whole
problem, much still
remains to be
done, and scarcely
has
pilte''intnyTan-
retained
but
in
many
instances
a
be
obtained
even
e
according
are undoubted
defects. For
example (i)
Another
point
the relation between
to be observed,
occur in the
summarize
the
but
be briefly men-
sound
represented
grades
the
series
were added
to the
long
vowels,
e
etc.
in
the
three
two
from
Indo-G.
*g?i«
High grades
if
a
following
syllable
-nt- has
from
spe^ar'*
accent.
further from the end of the word than the penultimate,
and in no
Words like
inherited
from
the
changes in
take
its
taken
on the first
the pen-
X09,
retained
in
some
Analogy in
accentuation.
dactyl,
those
which
way
before
ante-
to
stand
on
the
last
syllable
by
vowel,
when
viden,
etc.
273.
however, still
continued to
survive in
earlier
accent.
centuation ad-jacio could never
p.
original
suffix
of
the
genitive
was
-so
from
quent and
These changes
of the
scanned
as
unaccented
as in
Hence
contact
of
one
sound
a larger
of the Latin
lengths.
One
has
only
to
contrast
of Tacitus
formative suffix or suffixes,
verb, but
one of
cases their
growth.
277.
far
as
verbs: changes
used to make the predicate of a
sentence it has become
multiply
examples
of
this,
English seem to have
turn. Of
conjunction is the ordinary
verb and also
more
Finally but is used
of
our
family
of
languages)
s.
v.
auro;
districts
the
sense
of
master
comes
lord
and
at any
rate in
the early
period of
with partim
by pm-s, or again w th ex-templo or ilico
(=
verbs,
licet^,
cited, scilicet
and the
subject
•
known,
cp.
substantive
.
,
.
but
tives
one
another,
the
'
form, as
Universities
a new
be
even
phrase,
suffix -estre
-er
was the femi-
came
to
be
regarded
the
spinner,
completely
was
the
original
meaning
cases,
e.g.
songstress,
seamstress.
trickster', etc.
by
the
Latin
-^r?s
be
moreover
verb
verb; for
Xiyeadai
forms. Strictly
although at some points,
more convenient
and pronouns
forms
and
sufiix.
in
weak
case
suffix
at
all
in
the
new name, tertiary,
primary and a secondary
series, the latter including
derivatives
are
th s fact generally indicates that the use of the
suffix to form new words has ceased
in
that
particular
language.
282.
those
stems.
but
we
not be possible
detail.
In
1
Tpo(p- being
as primitive
avep-
as
foot
ought
to
formation
doini and
where it
-ly
in
originally
jxapvavTo
Sefxa?
to
tru:-ly
semblance of
truth.' Finally
forgotten that we
is
'
explanation of
words like
formed,
e.g.
Adeodatus
St
Augus-
tine's
son.
Cp.
sjmtactical meaning ;
bird and there
bread and sweetbread,
often marked
286.
Sometimes
words
has
German
the analogy of
been
made,
addition
of
the
of new words,
parently
senseless
and
said, at
players of
plete
o-vowel
ycVos
many
later
to
root
in
except
perhaps
Sanskrit.
present
be
ascertained,
the
number
suffixes,
combinations date
and
the
dicates feminine
have considered
;
substan-
tive
was
to
agree
with
way they
form a
crystallised
vocative
forms
used
for another
the rule
that independently
names
The
older
philologists
stand
1
In
Greek,
according
to
Delbriiok,
not know.
change of gender
such
by
distinguishing
of
the
feminine
such
a
stem
is
neuter,
-d-stems
those
in
-is,
however,
honos
{honor),
arbos
(arbor).
mas-
culine
is
left
some part
of it
of the
in Latin,
plurals like
the
Plural.
the
to have been to ex-
press things
Dual
is
used
Its
earliest
Dual
comes
to
be
being
laid
pair may
for
remark
is
the his-
135,
accord-
a singular verb
by various
and a
neuter plural has
number
were
origi-
nally
inflected
plural inflexion
masculines
because
As in
the
0.
H.
G.
gi-lagu
(5)
object is in
^pvcreov
(7Z.
xiv.
238),
yivoLTo
{II.
xiii.
233)
characteristic
common;
hence
a-vyyivna,
Met.
viii.
684);
pass in
which
Ac-
authorities
of two
Xc'ye
always
serves
for
the
vocative
dative
so
much
that it is
except
more
BndiriKs
pro-
nominative
that the suffixes
to
and
local
cases,
the „,
several
causes
in
Greek
otxots
and
oiKoto-t,
or
as
on
the
proper
domain
The same
writer in
such
important part of
not in
The Dual is less used than either the Singular or
the
-0-
seems
that
the
nasal
or
liquid,
changes
according
to
the
in all of
io
all
consonant
ttovi, Zeus
primitive genitival form
In early inscriptions
which in Greek is
appear as
ovi-s,
manii-s
etc.
but
there
in either
whether as an
representative
of
originally.
century B.C.,
kept the
-d of the
etc.
The
other
are
not
genuine
This
suffix
Dative is eon-
stems
:
: patr-i (in older Latin
^nd^
without
wise the
m
Latin.
locative,
instru-
mental.
1
historical record. In Homer the town
is
(1)
either
-e
have
been
it in such
Greek, the usages
meaning
once at least
of
large.
The
form
p.
 
for the masculine
another
original
form
in
-ou.
the Dual
The
Greek
tions after
-ou
and
-0
as
phonetic
variants
(§181 «.)
of
OM-stems^
Without
gen-
Contained
''^'''
to
another
{*ehuois-iy. The con-
and feminine.
There is
for
vocative is required.
borrowed
stem
suffix
*ouei-es
becomes
in
are
forms of the
Greek
de-
this
a
Plural
(
=
for the accusative
-ms as
in
the suffix and that
the
accusative.
The
ceding
 
Plural
ablative
and
dative.
forms in the
'^^ ^^
 « ^''™-
which did
not become an integral part of the locative form till after
the period when
Singular,
-o-i
appears
in
all
stems :
Trarpd-ai,
Trocfie-a-t
(where
e
by
inscriptions for
ended
Plural.
jj-^
forms
as
disappeared.
ended in
Plural
and the similarity
the
genuine
and
an indefinite
like nouns,
confined
to
the
nom.
Sing,
masc.
same
origin.
the weak
strong grade ei-
l-va
*hi-
(cp.
*qo-,
*qi-
below)
-kl
in
ov-Ki,
7roA.Xa-Kt-s^,
the
significations
forms
in
Attic,
ToC,
Toi,
interrogatively
it
has
the
the mere stem in
noun. On the
The
points
of
difference
illustrated
appear without
-d
TO
in both
nom.
and
Kai
form
in
only
From
the
genitive
pronominal
to
pronominal
-od,
-e<^
in
the
same
dative and
locative, a
Brugmann
conjectures ,
ends in
suffix
*foi-sdm,
whence
in
could be de-
have
been
are forms
entirely
different
stems
have
to
be
distinguished :
iyu>,
328. A.
i. The
Singu-
ye
and
Skt.
the
reflexive
had
have
Latin
forms
As
between the
genitive
suifix
in
-s
mSJiSgrfsOT™
forms
us, you' can
Greek
is from
explanation.
-<^u)
may
be
as com-
in Gk. as
o-ti/m
tibi,
sibi
the
not
j; ,^-^^^
put
and causes the attrac-
first born...
Nunc
of
person.
my
behind.
the
accusative
of
a
substantive
widely
facit
Seneca,
(5)
Accusative
with
transitive
verbs.
changed
to
the
passive
tliis
accusative
verbs which
of
the
the
gods.
y.
oonstruotious
of
Troy.
(143).
this notice
their verb. In
regularly
retain
(a)
eo-Ti
1069.
Cp.
OVTt
SouXoS
TttS
?
touch him
of
The
from
adjectives
and
pronouns,
early
period.
Thus
l^eir
;
may
be
partly
tions
is
borrowed
from
cri-
terion
by
the two
kings
fostered
by
Zeus.
(Del-
Latin id aetatis,
'mountains of gold.'
tire
reverse
Cic. De Fin.
v. ix. 26.
of
ruling,
in Greek
R
X.
32.
Agamemnon
ruled
ut salvi poteremur
Plaut. Stick i.
com-
meminit
OSvcTCTtiis
regionum, studiosus
Utteraruin etc.
phrases
109;
(1)
this
construction,
(2)
very
fully
case
original.
In
and
yu.6Ta
occurs
only
five
from home.
tion
44
(198),
se
place-names
Roman,
cwfv
eOrjKev
II.
xxii.
44.
Who
Than
she
yeverj trorafiolo
(instead
whom
/JpoTOis
Philem.
Fr.
li.
c.
debemur morti nos nostraque
to death.
is not
arms.
it
invident
Sail.
Gat.
37.
b.
The
Plant.
(3)
With
(a)
adjectives
and
a whole in-
main
confined
to
from perhaps all
dative
doiSj/i' ripiruv
to
in attraction
difference in
construction are found in Plautus, but the dative in the
later period and especially in Tacitus developes enor-
mously at the expense of the nominative.
The
337.
earliest
period,
the
related
the country.
On
the
43.
(3)
The
place is not
as
OS
in
Toto-i
8'
dvio-TT]
commonly with
construction is
and Argos all.
Verily of vain
Xap-al
l3dXi
association
to
that
with the
Tots dyaOoL';
never
I
ara'Aai/Tos
predicative. It
occurs in
(§
of which
a predication
consiliis
ego
I am.
 
mainly with partici-
same
case
for
^g™'
absolute
English the dative, which represents either the
original
languages
the
and
instrumental
preposi-
of meaning.
Hence the
probably
originally
different
origin
may
be
mentioned
dXXa,
the
M. V.
view which
di
suffix is one
EA.a;(-ior-To-9
pos-tu-mu-s,
of
a
they
found
whether -o-
in -o-stems
did originally
was accent, one
Indo-Germanic
by
to ex-
press by
the new
word. If
lytel-ing means
child, then
and
so
on
reasoning, but
defective knowledge
of the
history of
poorly
allel
to
^''^™^
'
in
this
(stem
*meriaq-)
-It
has
no
-k-
suffix.
350.
Stems
in
-g-
Cp.
ace.
of
compound
of
left
in
Latin
is
a sub-
-s-
;
Kop-a-r]
other
in
the
weak
form
-is-:
of a verb
*sepi (cp.
form^
[§
stems ; -m'-
and -er-
binations of
consonant ; thus
svasii, Latin
assimilated
the origin of
English -er
Latin
-drio-.
native
systir
only
originally
ending
in
-m-
are
and
the
-s-
-uent-,
and
by
but
which,
at
all
the stem-ending
to which
it is
affixed, whether
Greek
the
genitive,
is
shown
to an -.s- stem,
signification.
Be-
ordinary
: cp. stati-m from
by
 
—
§
repre-
sentation
oSovs,
and
4>^pwv,
trans-
interchange
aevo-m,
u
may
possibly
participle
and
so
that
only
praesens
two
different
gTades
of
the
participle
and
Itahc
groups
of
to
the
disyllabic words
disappear. Thus
367.
-u-
adjectives
made
their
by
suffixes
a combination
of -ta-
and -tii-
suffix
poorly developed
hence
have
-h-
in
other
languages :
cp.
6/x,a-Xo-s,
com-mu-ni-s,
forms,
tween
yovv
tu-
stems.
verb
stems
Greek and
has
been
written
on
the
Latin
lite
final
collective
plural
instead
declension
original
a weak grade of
the form -'i-. Forms
judice lis
neut.) there
alone amongst
consistent with the theory he propoimds. One of
these
declensions
may
be
given
as
typical
m
'fox^'
Com-
participle
mainly
passive ;
exceptions
to
or
not
is
still
uncertain.
None
of
the
In Greek
or diminutive
languages
senting
bilities,
(1)
illustrated
to
the
sonant
stems,
 
—§
-0-
and
-d-
are
therefore
forms -rro- -rra-
as a
all stems in liquids
generally appears in the
com-
parative
t^/xc-te/do-s,
names
(common
nouns).
Gk.
as a secondary
masculine forms.
Gk.
KXy-dpo-v,
milation.
390.
types and
generally
making
-do-
in
sweet-ish,
etc.
Thus
7ra;)(D-Xd-9,
of the
bellus
{*ben-lu-s,
cp.
same
as
part
of
the
suffix.
This
in
Plautus
the
sometimes
in
similar
derivatives
from
the
support,'
for-ma
(cp.
formosus);
(pop/jid-s
(1)
'a
with this
pris-cu-s).
-ri-mu-, -li-mu-
from -tmmo
after -t-
generalised
as
Gk.
cS-ri-s,
early,
as
in
tive
ca/Dt
399.
secondary
suffix
,
of
suffix with
ablaut relations
to one
another. Some
Greek forms
it is impossible
Ind.
ere
also
the
suffix
-tno-
been
is mainly adjectival.
separately
and
is
preceded
(1)
by
T,
K,
X
Names
m-ew:
already
Greek
Latin-joo-and
borrowed
-mo-, both
occid-uo-s, sta-flvo-s
with sta-tua
The
two. Since
case
stems
of
which
sakhd
from the outset
dozen
Decimal
and
 long
hundred
(=12x10),
but
ingeniofis
people
the
peoples
are
1
 
—§
a
verb,
hence twain). 8vo,
was
the
original
from
a
weak
form
the English
ii
several dialects. Lat.
sound
corresponding
to
before the action
such
(0.
E.
in
nine-
*leiq- of
shilling in
etc.
all hundreds are made.
composition
tens.'
420.
Twenty.
A
'
'
what
following
tens
-c-
probably
after
tigum^
with
seems
certain
as
duodecimal
systems
cross)
of development,
Latin
remain
similar,
and
and
is
a
branches have a
B. Ordinals.
most
-mo-,
and
Sv-w,
way
is
otlwr
(0.
E.
is
-1110.
There
the
ordinals
from
-0-
from
32,
p.
325)
the
vowel
following
-0-,
while
in
ij35eixaioy
whence with
in some
superlatives; hence
vicesimus {=*ul-lcint-tmmo-s),
and Latin depend upon
of the noun.
Indo-Germanic
confused and forms originally
more
than
in
the
moreover,
fewer
the
Sanskrit,
Greek
and
mutually
illustrating
both
especially difficult
later. There were also subjunctive and optative forms, at
least to
middle.
with by the
and constructed, out of the middle
and
out .
has itself created for
the active
probably the
Keltic
such
culti-
vated
persons
But
within
a future, but
of the old
by
Greek aorist
corresponding
to
443.
This
and the
Romance dialects.
distinction
small extent
o^fieVerb.
for active and
verb-stem cannot
noun
being
frequently
identical.
445.
element
besides
augment
comes
between
preposition,
e.g.
e-.
the vowel is the original initial sound of the root
combine augment
the
augmented
and rjpyatpix-qv.
In some
forms, however,
the vowels
originally separated
middle
original
voice
own way.
the
of the 2nd person
singular of the middle
way
a
begun
thus originally exactly
and Livian
substantive verb',
take -tu-
as representing
this
we
pass
of these
we
another'
450.
(iv)
For
the
middle
Personal
end-
voiccs
if
being of one
voice.
Primary
Separate
end-
original
 
—
§
its
vowel
sum
es-.
In
Attic
Greek
the
<^i?-/u.i
and
0€tK-W-fJLi
second
is still found in the North
of
elsewhere being
literary)
be
jer-tis,
ag-i-tis
etc.)
and
doubtful.
The
Aryan
branch
shows
a
suffix
which
requires
2nd
Person.
-re
may
be
of
<jivm,
Lat.
fui,
final consonant.
The Doric
e8ei'^a-/A«v
difficulty.
JTifvoi^.'
found
our
the
same
like yiypcuf/a-i.,
;
It
occurs
only
three
times
(once
in
spoken language.
plural in
case there
is some
is
a creation
throughout.
473.
As
in
in many
suffix -re
sing,
and
plural
and
three
persons
of
Henry
successfully
..
^cr-6a
imperfects, €<jiria--0a
1st person.
The ending
for the present
present
suffixes
extensions are
are
rectly to the root.
according
a
only
belongs to
even be combined in the same
paradigm,
e.g.
Lat.
difference
€ypa<j>ov
of
form
there
IV.
Presents
-io-.
Classes
II.
class.
Latin
480.
I.
The
 
the root. Greek, however, in
this
throughout
cannot
be
original).
verbs without
^ver the
It
the
(c)
Latin there are
§
form.
ifx.-i-m,
Skt.
vam-i-mi,
for
parallel forms
the
weak
a suffix
giving
the
forms
-^0-
-ne-.
=
variant form of the other exactly as it was in
the noun
larly found if the root syllable
is
no
exception
the root or (ii)
a
[driy-ta,
cp.
of
That
this
type
of
verb
suffix is
supposed by
sentatives.
very common
belongs
to
ally
singular
always
various
grades.
the Sanskrit
frequently appears in its weak form. In Greek the non-
thematic
are
disappearing
op-w-fjn,
8etK-
for
*iK-avf-ii>
and
*Ki-)(-avF-ui
respectively.
etc.
and
326).
The
root
vowel,
which
in Attic,
exactly as
unfrequently
in
Thematicforms
Greek.
They
are
in both noun
Denominative verbs
in
Latin
is
(*=
iuces-so,
arces-so,
both
from
the
root
is
confused
through
identity
of
meaning
in Greek
of
-a-
stems
yfvf-fi
by
Skt.
Inceptive
verbs.
noun
suffix
with -kh-.
But this
those
Greek and Latin.
proc-u-s
forms
amongst
words :
includes
morphologically
presential forms.
,
,
the
great
adjective-
great
denominative-forming
suffix.
primary
value.
Eeduplicated
Catiou
aS
of the
a
double forms
gation,
case
appearing
of
guishable from the
The
the
accent
on
the
first
1
the
suffix
in
denominatives
is
hard
to
decide,
in language to
forms
ordinary
term
: cp.
Lat.
volare
and
and
denominatives,
Brug-
form
between
tions.
is
but
no
ing
by
the
492.
the
conjunctive
The Greek fu-
developed
forms like
way.
Thus
the separation
derivative
con-
;
of
root
it
forms
(1)
by
characteristics
case. Thus
Perfects
Thus
we
have
yi-yv-o-/xai
period, being
levelled out.
roots end in
basis for such an
this
vowel,
a
liquid
or
a
nasal,
e.g.
t-o-r?;-
Ka,
Tri-fjiv-Ka,
l3i-(ii)-Ka,
Ti-Ovq-Ka,
fii-fiXri-Ka,
(ii-Ppui-Ka.
but
TreVo/i^a
^
Ka, soon gave up this explanation and connected it with
Latin ce in
extraordinary example
by assimilation
of the vowel in the first syllable to that in
the second),
the
the two para-
aorist whose conjunctive
the
sufiix
-e-
long) and
for all
the
old
explana-
absent
nwv-i,
second
certain present
rule an
'^ ^*^
'^ '^^ ^
preterite forms
t-^fj-v.
generally recog-
in
the
primitive
period
-d-
in
infinitive
-e-
verbs.
and
Slavonic
groups
as
occur
form
of
the
in the
root syllable,
distinction,
relics
out the
to the other persons.
-1-.
Hence
Lat.
-has
was retained by the force of analogy from such forms
as
erpci/'a,
the
subjunctive :
Sei'fw
etc.,
and
some
imperatives
ota-e
imjierfect^.
iupwa,
aorist
that -s-forms
from
the
3rd
to
a
that
-£t/xev,
-eirc,
-cio-av
are
-eiv
in
the
Latin piuper-
to
from the
509.
(a)
The
s.
p.
285
thematic vowel we
6^x1,
yvu>r)%,
yviMicn, Sa/jLijy;,
^^ix of
regular
in
the
optative
of
non-thematic
stems
Ari\i.e.v
instances
by
of the indicative.
to the
Skt. -sis-
of the
separate
his-
the
TreTravKuis
ur)v
etc.
515.
In
dixissem
arises
from
the Latin
are formed
or
instrumental,
form
*siem,
whence
-sem''.
If
so
vide-rem,
otherwise the sameness of
audi etc.
they may
518.
ii.
tliemati?^ stem
+dhi.
probably
be
used
person is
be
explained
The
influence
the
Greek from
added on again, thus making, as it
were, a plural to
fer-unto
represents
a
corre-
sponding
also
producing
person singular of the
noun
passive
an
used
in
Greek
the 2nd plural of
other uses than
In the various Indo-Germanic languages practically
any
case
including
The classical languages however restrict themselves
to
a
In Latin the
forms
legisse, rexisse,
the
pluperfect
subjunctive,
was a
Umbrian. This infinitive *es-om
the preceding word (which ends
in
a
vowel)
into
one
word.
529.
(iv)
a
Latin inflni-
^i^ old
dative case
like the
imperative is
already
been
referred
to
guages are made from a considerable number of different
stems.
for active parti-
in
the
Greek
Xwas
and
\va-wv.
participle active
Perfect parti-
eiSoVa, eiSoVos
in
Latin
middle
for
the
2nd
person
plural
of
perfect. Greek
forms
Latin
partici-
see,
 
where such
and replaced it
a
of
each
case.
542.
some sort of reflexive
directed
tion
of something
a
somewhat
different
signification
from
broke
both Greek and
t&ov
same reason
the
compound
in
this
some
extent
in
is also clear. Whilfe
the
bye-form
rpairtu
of
not
in
The
imperfect
of
a
his house in his
of an
the help of
future
perfect.
stem
with the
idea of
is to
of the Indo-
assert of any
be
™ay
express
(i)
aorist, must
process, (iii)
a
state
the same value
from
In Greek there are
some other verbs which
vikS, KparSi,
of
what they
much rarer than
be
absent
from
the
Thuc. vi.
to Ephesus ?
'
Cornelius Scipio
Barbatus, consul
of a past
alSoirj
T«
draw any
their
finest
tools
on
this is well illustrated
x'^wca,
Greek.
they
slaughtered
by
shop, he
of a long
narrative in Homer,
has a corresponding meaning
rjp^a
to do something, a
1
such matters
iyia Kol iirndov
hid and tried to
nam ihat exulatum. Plant. Merc. v. 4. 19
(980).
When
had nothing
Tiie perfect ex-
of the perfect
knowing, is
gives by
to
Menelaus,
difference
P^PpiOatTiv
Od. XV.
with the perfect
earthshaker
II.
iii.
87.
550.
m Greek.
imperfect as
are
yiytovt,
avqvoOi
and
eirev-qvoOi.
defensible,
necessary
to
read
iyeywvet
a-ixepSaXiov
Od,
viii.
305.
551.
The
'
''''*'°'
the
classical
period*.
1
contradict.
Those that chance had thrown in th ir way, they
slew
of
perfective
be-
 ^'-
aorist,
than
that
which
the
injunctive
expresses
a
state,
possessed
etc'
(to
vpiv
tKTrj(T6aL,
cp.
this usage is not
of this usage whereby
Although found in Aristophanes,
49,
Greek
aorist.
what
is
of the aorist,
Sanskrit and
developed directly
from this
etc'
himself
at
pluperfect
with
fui
and
fueram
instead
of
period.
Hepydfiov
(Trp^TpEfrd^
parallel to
(fi^pov
the tense
is
an
imperfect
the rest of
languages
are
for
more
em-
phasis'.
In
all
times.
sorrows
be
(remain)
left.
Erum
Atque
illuc
virum. Plant. Ampk.
much more
Plautus
is
the
most
modified his view of
primitive
1
Sijntaktische
while the future is
he go,
and
its
future
established
either an
unreal condition
with
kcv
and
av
™^-
problem
will
be
558.
Without
being
committed
contrary, as
<j>auvui,
Od. xii.
Hades
person as has been
old man, near
<f>€p
fj.ddrj';.
Soph.
the nature of the
'.
thrown by
simple enumeration
and
Livy
7ie dixeris,
with
Tt
TTadm
into
a-V
ttirot?.
The
3rd
II.
iXiiip.ai.
II.
1st Person,
shoot
KaX.a.
Aesch.
a
false
tale
fair.
With
ovk ta-ff
av
and
ke
are
the
rule
Trapa/xvdyjcraLfirjv
the
optative
in
a
concession
with
K£
past
little
use
for
compounds
with
of both are
relation-
Cicero
valent
of
both
history of two cases
pluperfect
are
at
therefore
be
a
state
of the imperfect of
an
aorist,
forms
of
the
perfect
subjunctive
'
 
in
his
The
of
this
alphabet
that
ancient
with Greece.
But this
eleventh century B.C.
for
y
(j),
was
The Greek
had
in
other hand, if
has
symbols which are
a-,
viz.
M
(sometimes
is
letter.
Shin
49, p. 113)
Greece as
after t
resemblance in form
digamma
(f)
provided for
most likely
 
in the
value which
area.
The
Western
above also used
employed
of
the
for a
to-te may
mean rdre,
ToSc, Tu5e,
Sore, SoSrj,
Crete by Mr
A. J. Evans
of the Greek
by adding
The lonians of the
as
alphabet
Greeks
Oscans, Umbrians, and the smaller tribes of the same stock.
There seems to be little
doubt
and
are
accustomed,
dialects
the
earliest
represented by
the
voiced
and
the
contended
figures^.
607.
stage
of
the
Etruscan,
is
Latin
B. Etruscan had
fonn
q
is
obviously
nor
Umbrian
has
a
symbol
for
n
originally,
V
separate
symbol
Latin alphabet
nunciation
in Latin
ct,
and
f.
609.
The
0,
may gather
in
small
by
u,
1,
the
it.
1888, to which I
number
of
institutions
(cp.
speaks,
for
many
ceptance of
adopted a dialect of French instead
of
their
native
tongue;
after
gradually resigned
is
remain
although
viz.
Boeotia
the
between the time
of
main
of
cases
may
dialect,
which
he
was
dialect
of the same work. For example, the treatise by Ocellus
Lucanus
is
still
to
dispute,
literature
A later Greek
though
well
acquainted
with
to the same dangers in copying as
works
of
the
themselves and
still preserved.
such matters
short
or
consist
merely
of
first pub-
probably
-tjs
show
a
 
Tov
ddiKivra
Iv
dfxepais
Et
Tciiv
KaO
cuneiform
syllabary.
been
collected
Tas
a
inscription.
B.C.
620.
 • Cyprian
sounds
except
that
(
indicates
the
glide
hoFivai
e^
Ton
Kas d
[
rd[Xai/rov]-
boFivai
ray
fxiaOav
top Upr^F'ijav Tas
ttos
Uacayopalv
rov
7rd(i/)ra e^ev iravcovios
'Ovao-iXcop i^
tjjSe,
o
i^
shows
that
the
akin to
was brought less
who
lived
many
fragments
of
amount of grammatical literature. For
Boeotian the most
HdaKiijFi
ol(avoia'l Tf naifTL^ Atos
replies
^iWeirci
the
palatalized
g-sound
survived
UeTpalos koI
AvdyKiTTTros K.a\
'AptoTWooff, ous dr rds 7rpe(.o /3[ei]as' iyivovdoj €V€(f>avt(T(ro€v
aVTOVy TTOKKL KOi
d
rav ^ovpav
6
/3a-
-(TtXevs
ttoXl-
TifMLa vtrapxip-cv^
eXofxi-
-voL^
-/i6f ovypd-^Giv avTo
kls
kc
yt-
Hoffmann's text
it will
Minor.
(c)
The
the middle of words but had, to judge from the
grammarians,
[-XJas-
Kal
ol
fj,7]8dfjLo6ev
6pfidfji.€vos
XP'^^^U'^I
a'T€(f>dvci)
(^)K-]
-vaL avrotCTLy
rols
alxp-aXoiTots
Kal
[e'^fifMevai
and
elsewhere),
om/Jia
(Sj/oytta),
in -pj.:
yi\aii
dialects
intermediate
present
(cp.
Homeric
otcri
al
6v(Ti.at
EvjiaXv
FeXaTijjv
KTj
TTJ
TrdXi
|
(tovv
rjyvs
\\
(a)
Instead
of
in Attic
frequently make an adjective from the father's name, except
when
it
ends
ends in
npo^evQiS
€ifx€v
Kara
(last
part).
Z.
I
Tovs
Kara-
Ka
7rap.aT0<Pay€La-Tat.
T6vKa\€ip,€V0
there have
been found
Chaleion. Both
to fix the
precise date. Canon
ties, however,
The
characteristics
of
these in-
letters
the
hearing
the
doubtful
letters)
vice
versa.
A
share of the property
parties shall be
(cp.
and Elis in the
Achaeans
North-West
Aetolia, the
67rt(rreu(7f
SaJCTOs-
tS
kcll
yfvofieva
\
IIoXuKptros, [Xapi]fei'[os]
was
under
Aetolian
influence.
^TpaTayiovTos
Tifxaiov
(SiKa^oi), etc.
lixda-Kor
kul
eldws Ipdo-aor
|
Blass(i).
I.
No.
1152)
gives
Melos
and
in
Crete.
colonised
from
Laconia);
Corinth ;
original
d
instead
of
changing
syllables,
persons;
thus
Ei\Faoiois. 2i)i'/ia;(ia
dX(X)dXotf ra
Attic by Cauer
^vp^a^ta
enos eire
T|eXe(7 T^s
with
the
(2)
on
compensatory
distinction is not
well as a
as
according to
aspirate
inscriptions.
owe
tw
aiCi
auixaro^
Uke
d4
of
Tegea.
|
dvioxlov
flju]a,
avTOS avioxtov
t7r7r[o]*
\
hvia
the
TTape^dvTai
wpayyvcos ol
TTpt\aiJ.€Voc
npMyyvlais
KaT
Ta y€ypapp.€va, to t€ piudwpa SiTrXei dTrorcto-et to eVl t5>
fejlrfos
Ka\
to
j
pxiovos
;
lease of the
certain magis-
trates called
life. The
so
pay the rent annually on the first of Panamus (September).
If the
public granary (Lat. rogus) and measure out with the state
measure before the officials appointed for the year, the
required
amount
of
cretion. If
the
take
the
If
a
lessee
fails
to
rent,
a large number
The earliest Argolic inscriptions are too short to
be of much
F
late
in d-n-avdav from
-fw
vlv
tov
Scop,
iovo-iv dnia-Tots, to
—
lapdT(ov
po\vov,
''EyKaScvdovo'a Be
inKXTas
TTOfqaol, pia-dop pdvroi vlv
to iapov
B. I.
Syracuse, but
is too
if
its
neighbourhood
than
any
again the tradition
f
and
g
were
preserved
avai\p4s].
Cauer^, No.
^apvdfifvov
is
found
in
the
initial
sound
a
fievirl
(dat.
to have become
(/)
property
{(T)T€yavs pev ttoXi K\\d rt k iv rais
(o')re'yatff
eVe,
vivvs^
oiroTTOL
k'
6vya-
poipav
FcKdarav
[Trar/joV']
II
(lypdrrlaL.
at
5e
Kpepara
pi
fi'le,
over her own
is
a
houses
other
Dorian
dialects,
throughout
: divd/iai,
and Thera are
that
sum
but
half of 6th
afxfvnhes
ayakfia.
eVcXeo 0 6
7th
[ia(}hos
late to show strong
OLTtves
iv ra Up^ ras
discuss
at
length
give here
or^o/Liev.
at Fick holds
poems
differed in quantity from
A
literature where
only
in
Ionic
of
Herodotas,
|
airo
TOiv
I
irpoupdadat
anep
 q
TrdXiy
bihoi
end of 5th
Kar[a](^^i[^€]j^(u[v
•
\
—
8[pal;(]-
ra
8'
eparjlioLS. (pepev
8e oivov
eVt to
|
to
j
eV8do-f.
[c]Xcv[^]cpoi' 5aX[do-(n)|t]
irpwTov,
eweiTa
TrjlXov
towns
spoken in the
Andros,
los,
every
original
instances, the
firjripa
Km
Se TavT\a]is /if
[wXeoK TrlejiTE
n[^epl navra
p.
654.
Cp. /. /.
No.
43.
e
d<pLKV€(^o)p€VQ>V cls
TO Up6v,\
rj
TOV e^r]pL(i>p\evov
hv
8'
^€\\v(iiv fj
Tav 8r)poTeiiiv
ytvifrdtov,
Tables
Euguhines
(1875)
and
Bticheler's
Umbrica
(1883).
In
Umbrian,
even
where
the
forms
are
clear,
of
der
oskisch-umbrischen
usual practice
has been
the
The
most
Oscan
the
use
of
much doubt
the
Greek
alphabet.
659.
most important
These
all
except
rest of
Table v and Tables vi and vii are in the Latin
alphabet.
The
alphabet
in
the
Latin
alphabet.
Tables
vi
and vii deal with the same subject as Table i, viz.
the
purification
of
much greater
detail. Bucheler
a century
before, the
at Iguvium. Other
by a con-
less
k hj
e
and
or more
anaptyctic vowels
of a consonant stem, Oscan and Umbrian generalise the weak
form. Thus
from a
stem *tangion-
with
as a
the Latin
extended to consonant
Cp.
2. The future
instead of being as in Latin in -b- is in -s-
Osc.
verb : Osc.
Imperative
is
found
in
-totd,
in Oscan.
7. In
passive : Osc.
-eto-
interlinear
translation
Blicheler's.
Maiiiii
Vestirikiiui
Mai.
Sir.
-
|
Bantina. The text
peti-
dixerit,
of
Iguvium.
pelsandus esto.
references
occur, they are separated by commas ; a point between two num-
bers, as
dvd<T(r€Lv { Apyei]
/3acrtX€iJs
6^/faTos 435
evippova.
365,
367
ijOeXof
445
/tcicTis
25,
28
IJ.ipvaii.ai
206,
447,
481
a,
3
oros
122,
407
Sis
172,
306,
366
olo-e
503
orafla
477
dlaovTi
d/Mpyvv/xi 238, 481 e
oirwira
263
TravTuv
635
rrapd
247,
314,
837.7,
341
IIfXot7ej/?7S
313
TrOfUiTos
394
Trwddvoixai
102,
179,
481
c
TT]vu>8e
cuspis 348
filiabus 321
filiis 321
jecur
139
io,
207
1,
295,
354
Jovis
(gen.)
197,
289
judex
284
juga
299,
317
jugum
pacis (gen.)
uupsens
High
German.
English
words
p.
132
n.
1
gaut
Go.
179
kin
137,
157
kinnus
lend
p.
2
snoru
104
snow
sung (ptcp.)
249, 288,
lization
16
of
languages
534—538; reduplication
;
;
Vert)