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Buffalo Bulletin (December 2014) Vol.33 No.4
485
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of strategic nutrient supplementation (SNS) on milk production of buffaloes and economics of milk production in central India. The average daily milk yield of individual lactating buffaloes was recorded daily. A total of 20 lactating buffaloes were selected randomly. These animals were divided into two groups (n=10) as Group 1 (Control or farmers’ practice) and Group 2 (Supplemented Group). Groups 1 and 2 were again divided into two subgroups i.e. CA and TA (post-calving period up to 5 months) and CB and TB (post-calving period more than 5 months). SNS was evolved on the basis of nutrient defi ciencies. Lactating buffaloes of Group 2 were supplemented 1 kg SNS/day for 60 days. The average percent change in milk production in all 4 fortnights in subgroups CA, CB, TA and TB were (-) 7.31%, (-) 34.7%, 0.72% and (-) 2.57%, respectively. Overall reduction in milk yield observed in Group 1was 21% and in Group 2 it was 0.93%. The average percent change in milk production after the termination of the experiment in subgroups CA, CB, TA and TB was (-) 26.2%, (-) 82.7%, 4.17% and (-) 9.91%, respectively. The cost of feed per kg of milk production before and after experiment, in CA, CB, TA and TB was Rs. 11.3, 10.0, 11.8, 7.9 and 14.0, 40.7, 13.8, 10.9,
respectively. Overall cost of feed per kg of milk before and after the experiment in Group1 was Rs 10.7 and Rs 9.89, whereas in Group2 it was Rs 27.3 and Rs 12.4, respectively. Results revealed that the SNS in the ration enhances persistency of lactation which refl ects the improvement in production and results in better farmer’s income by Rs 15.9/buffalo/day in early lactation and by Rs 35.8/buffalo/day in late lactation.
Keywords: milk production, Economics, lactating buffaloes, strategic nutrient supplementation
INTRODUCTION
Among the many factors governing the livestock productivity, feeding accounts more than 60-70% of the total recurring cost and hence qualitative and quantitative improvement in this aspect will improve productivity. Feed shortage has been identifi ed as the single largest constraint in improving livestock productivity in most of developing countries, which are characterized by growing population and greater demand for food leading to diversion of land for food production and shrinking of pastures and common property resources for livestock (Ramachandra and Anandan, 2009). Both quantitatively and qualitatively, there exists a large gap in demand and supply of feed
A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO IMPROVE PRODUCTION OF BUFFALOES IN RURAL AREAS IN CENTRAL INDIA THROUGH NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION
Ramesh Kumar, Sunil Nayak, R.P.S. Baghel and Ankur Khare*
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, *E-mail: [email protected]
Original Article
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resources. As per estimate, there exists a defi ciency of 33% green fodder, 10% in dry fodder and 35% in concentrate mixture in the country (Ramachandra et al., 2007).
Apart from poor genetic potential of rural dairy animals, lack of proper feed resources and balanced and adequate feeding of livestock, leading to the inadequate supply of nutrients, are the major constraints in the economic rearing of bovine animals in rural areas of India. The exorbitant feed cost, which is going higher and higher, is making it increasing diffi cult for the million of landless, small and medium type of farmers possessing a few dairy animals even to continue with this traditional way of sustainable livelihood (Walli, 2009). Since very limited land is available for production of fodder crops in rural areas, the forage part of the ration invariably consists of fi brous straws and other crop residues, which are very poor sources of energy and almost devoid of any proteins or minerals. For the concentrate part the animals’ diet, farmers have to rely mostly on agro-industrial by products. Thus, low productivity of livestock in India’s rural areas is a matter of concern. Therefore, there is ample scope for improving the productivity of livestock by better balancing of nutrients and optimizing the utilization of available feed resources through strategic supplementation (Ramchandra and Anandan, 2009).
It is possible to increase effi ciency of production of animals through strategic supplementation by up to fi ve fold over similar animals which are fed poor quality of forages. This has been done without changing the basal feed resources and has been achieved by identifying and providing critical nutrients that are otherwise defi cient in the diet (Leng, 1990). Therefore, increase in livestock productivity in rural areas will only come through strategic supplementation,
and the supplementation strategy for nutrients will depend on the status of the animal and the economic condition of the farmers (Blummel et al., 2009).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of strategic nutrient supplementation
Strategic nutrient supplementation was evolved on the basis of nutrient defi ciency in buffaloes. For preparation of strategic nutrient supplement, feed ingredients like maize grain and mustard seed cake were procured, ground and screened properly to get uniform particle size. The proportion of ingredients in the SNS was as 42% maize, 42% mustard oil seed cake, 10% urea, 5% mineral mixture and 1% sulphur powder. Then these ground feed ingredients were thoroughly mixed. Thereafter the mixture was packed in polythene bags for supplying to farmers in different villages.
Supplementation studyThe experiment was carried out in 20
lactating buffaloes having normal genitalia, selected randomly from surrounding villages of Jabalpur district. These animals were divided into two groups (n=10) as Group 1 (Unsupplemented or Control or farmers’ practice) and Group 2 (Supplemented or Treatment Group) considering their average body weight, milk yield, parity and stage of lactation (from 3rd to 5th). Groups 1 and 2 were again divided into two subgroups i.e. subgroups CA and TA (post-calving period up to 5 months) and subgroups CB and TB (post-calving period more than 5 months). Strategic nutrient supplementation (SNS) was evolved on the basis of nutrient defi ciencies in the buffaloes. Lactating buffaloes of Group 2 were supplemented 1 kg SNS/day for 60 days to see its
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effects on the milk production of the buffaloes and the economics of milk production.
Milk yieldThe daily milk yield of individual lactating
buffaloes was recorded (morning + evening) and the average milk production of each individual animal was calculated on a fortnightly basis.
Economics of productionThe economics of milk production was
calculated before and after supplementation study based on the expenditure on feeds and return from the milk production from animals.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total four fortnights’ average of milk production were recorded and are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. Variation in the milk production was such that there were two types of reduction in milk production: one with a greater rate and another with a lower rate. The highest reduction in milk yield was observed in subgroup -CB and the lowest reduction was observed in subgroup-TA. The average percent change in all four fortnights in subgroups-CA, CB, TA and TB were (-)7.31%, (-)34.7%, 0.72% and (-)2.57%, respectively. The highest percent reduction in milk yield was observed in subgroup-CB whereas, a percent increase in milk yield was observed only in subgroup-TA. The overall reduction in milk yield observed in Group 1was 21% and in Group 2 it was 0.93%.
The effect of supplementation on milk production with percent change is presented in Table 2 and Figure 2. The average percent change in milk production after termination of the experiment
in subgroups-CA, CB, TA and TB was (-)26.2%, (-)82.7%, 4.17% and (-)9.91%, respectively. There were signifi cant (P<0.05) changes in milk production of all subgroups except subgroup-TA where a nonsignifi cant (P>0.05) change was observed. signifi cant, * = signifi cant (P<0.05)
The average percent change in the unsupplemented group was (-)21.31 % and that in the supplemented group was (-)0.93 % during the course of study of 60 days which showed a higher reduction in milk yield in the unsupplemented group than in the supplemented group. It is also seen that the group which comprising more than 5 month post-calving buffaloes had more reduction in milk yield (-34.69 %) in comparison to the group included up to 5 months post calving (-7.31 %) in the unsupplemented group while in the supplemented group, these fi gures were -2.57 % and 0.72 %, respectively. High reduction in milk yield may be due to the arrival of decline phase of lactation. But due to supplementation of SNS, reduction was nearly stopped. So supplementation of SNS increased the persistency of lactation and increased the milk yield as also reported by Garg et al. (2009) and Saha et al. (1997a). Similar results were also observed by Sampath et al. (2004), Sampath et al. (2008), Singh and Singh (2006) and Soder et al. (2006). Khare and Baghel (2009) reported that change in feeding schedule by strategic supplementation did not infl uence the milk production of animals when compared with the feeding regime prevailing in the commercial dairy farm.
The economics of milk production was calculated before and after the start of experiment to observe the change in cost of feed per kg of milk. Thus, the economics of selected animals before the start of experiment for experiment was calculated and is presented in Table 3. Before the
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Table 1. Change in average milk production (fortnight basis).
FortnightGroup I Group II
CA Change (%) CB Change
(%) TA Change (%) TB Change
(%)0 day 3.66 - 3.88 - 4.65 - 4.24 -
1st 3.35 -8.47 2.71 -30.1 4.75 2.15 4.05 -4.482nd 3.11 -7.16 1.31 -51.6 5.19 9.26 4.01 -0.993rd 2.95 -5.14 0.95 -27.5 5.14 -0.96 3.89 -2.994th 2.70 -8.47 0.67 -29.5 4.75 -7.59 3.82 -1.80
Mean ± SE -7.31±0.79 -34.69±5.68 0.72±3.50 -2.57±0.76Overall
change (%) -21.00±3.23 -0.93±2.13
Table 2. Effect of strategic nutrient supplementation on milk production.
Milk yield (kg) CA CB TA TB
0th day 3.66±0.83 3.88±0.69 4.56±0.35 4.24±0.4460th day 2.70±0.85 0.67±0.27 4.75±0.31 3.82±0.39
Change (%) -26.23 -82.73 4.17 -9.91‘t’ value 4.06* 6.25* 2.57NS 4.14*
NS = non
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Tabl
e 3.
Eco
nom
ics o
f milk
pro
duct
ion
in th
e ar
ea o
f stu
dy b
efor
e th
e ex
perim
ent.
Gro
upSu
bgro
upR
ough
age
fed
(kg)
Cos
t of
roug
hage
(R
s)
Con
c. F
ed
(kg)
Con
c. fe
edin
g co
st (R
s)To
tal
feed
ing
cost
Milk
yie
ld
(kg)
Cos
t of f
eed/
kg m
ilk (R
s)
over
all C
ost
of fe
ed/k
g m
ilk (R
s)
IC
A11
.220
.91.
8616
.837
.83.
3511
.310
.7C
B10
.018
.70.
908.
5527
.22.
7110
.0
IITA
11.4
21.3
3.70
34.9
56.2
4.75
11.8
9.89
TB
10.6
19.8
1.30
12.3
32.1
4.05
7.9
Tabl
e 4.
Eco
nom
ics o
f milk
pro
duct
ion
afte
r stra
tegi
c nu
trien
t sup
plem
enta
tion.
Gro
upSu
bgro
upR
ough
age
fed
(kg)
Cos
t of
roug
hage
(R
s)
Con
c.
Fed
(kg)
Con
c.
feed
ing
cost
(Rs)
Cos
t of
feed
ing
supp
lem
ent
Tota
l fe
edin
g co
st (R
s)
Milk
yi
eld
(kg)
Cos
t of
feed
/kg
milk
(Rs)
over
all C
ost o
f fe
ed/k
g m
ilk (R
s)
IC
A11
.220
.91.
8616
.90.
0037
.82.
714
.027
.3C
B10
.018
.70.
908.
550.
0027
.20.
6740
.7
IITA
11.4
21.3
3.70
34.9
9.54
66.7
4.75
13.8
12.4
TB
10.6
19.8
1.30
12.3
9.54
41.7
3.82
10.9
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00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
CA CB TA TB
Subgroups
Litre
0th day 60th day
Figure 1. Overall change in average milk production (fortnight basis).
Figure 2. Effect of strategic nutrient supplementation om milk production of buffaloes.
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start of experiment the cost of feed per kg of milk in Group 1was Rs. 10.7 and in Group 2, the cost of feed per kg of milk was Rs. 9.89, which was less than Group 1. Among the subgroups, in subgroup-TB, the cost of feed per kg of milk was Rs. 7.94, which was the lowest cost, and in subgroup-TA, it was Rs. 11.84, which was the highest cost among all subgroups. The cost of feed per kg of milk of subgroup-CA was Rs.11.3 and that of subgroup-CB was Rs.10.0.
Economics of milk production of different groups were again calculated after the start of the experiment and is presented in Table 4. The cost of feed per kg of milk production was Rs. 27.34 in Group I while it was Rs. 12.38 in Group 2, which was less than that of Group 1. Among all subgroups, subgroup-TB had the lowest cost of feed per kg of milk production (Rs. 10.9) and subgroup-CB had the highest cost of feed per kg of milk production (Rs 40.7). In subgroup-CA the cost of feed per kg of milk production was Rs. 14.0 and that of subgroup-TA was Rs. 13.8 (Figure 3).
The cost of feed /kg milk observed in our study was Rs 10.7 and Rs 9.89 in the unsupplemented
and supplemented groups, respectively, before starting the experiment, and after the end of the experiment (60th day), the costs became Rs 27.3 and Rs12.4, respectively. In the unsupplemented group at the 60th day, the higher cost of feed/kg milk was due to the signifi cant reduction in milk yield. Saha et al. (1997) also found that the cost of milk production per kg milk was minimized by using concentrate in appropriate quantity in cattle (Rs 3.90 vs. Rs 4.82). The cost of feed/kg milk in buffaloes was also reported by Baghel et al. (2004), who surveyed the dairies of the Mahakoshal region of Madhya Pradesh . They also observed a similar pattern of cost of milk production in buffaloes. Sohane (2006) concluded that the cost of milk production was reduced by providing concentrate mixture to the animals. Olfadehan and Adewumi (2008) also studied the effect of strategic supplementation in prepartum Bunaji cows and observed that strategic supplementation was benefi cial in improving the production of animals and reducing the cost of milk production. Khare and Baghel (2009) also calculated the cost of feed/kg milk in buffaloes of a commercial dairy farm during the study of effect of
Figure 3. Effect of strategic nutrient supplementation on economics of milk production.
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strategic nutrient supplementation and reported that liberal feeding of concentrate mixture increased the cost of milk produced. While, strategic dietary supplementation was helpful in maintaining the productive and reproductive effi ciency of these commercial buffaloes and was economical (Rs 10.8 to RS 12.3).
The present study also showed an increased farmer’s income by Rs 15.9/buffalo/day in the early lactating buffaloes and by Rs 35.8/buffalo/day in the late lactating buffaloes. Sampath et al. (2008) reported increased farmer income by Rs 15.7 and Rs 11.6/cow/day in Anagalpura and Rs 8.95 and 17.0/cow/day in Menesi villages in the two different phases by strategic nutrient supplementation. Similar fi ndings were also reported by Garg et al. (2009) and they found that the feeding cost of milk production reduced by Rs 1.99 per kg milk production and with ration balancing the farmer’s income was higher by Rs 26.4/day.
CONCLUSION
Strategic nutrient supplementation in the ration of buffaloes helped in increasing persistency of lactation which was refl ected the improvement in production.
By strategic supplementation farmer’s income increased by Rs 15.9/buffalo/day in early lactation and by Rs 35.8/buffalo/day in late lactation.
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