University of RichmondUR Scholarship Repository

Master's Theses Student Research

1954

A study in the development and use of the Place-A-Person testOla Frances Hill

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses

Part of the Child Psychology Commons

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion inMaster's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contactscholarshiprepository@richmond.edu.

Recommended CitationHill, Ola Frances, "A study in the development and use of the Place-A-Person test" (1954). Master's Theses. 1223.http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses/1223

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TM parpo .. e of tb11 paper- &n· Wo-tol41 tlrat, to praact

data 111 th4J .... lopscmb or tht i•1aoo-A-¥'or1oa to•t •o. too.'mi(fff

tor olin1nl at• ln •llet tlng oh11Atc•• C'*nm•1 •4 eibllt>g '""

tortc$tl• *114 aoo!1dl1,. to prewnt •sporimantal tlncll !'&• ot tM tea\

Sn N!tOd tlc .paretal profe,•OM la a 1lll°ti9 unpl•a fte1 th•I' of

11tio11e une haw bMD purtud u faf' u laten•- or ftluo 1'Wl4

~t• bu' ratbr •• ~ .uld perrd.t.. Ao~sl.7. UJ.11 pe.por

le tubal tt!ll4 •• • rHont at f\\d1alctaq ex1>lont1ou• int.o th•

poeetb111t.tf)a ot thi• nw FojMtl• t.•~ toW OhlldNa•

t wle-b to •"JtPN•• aw"ol•U«l -to t'f'• P41wt .i. f1let"

fof' b oppor•1 tr ~ ltn'Htt~ tins thle t>l"O'biom -4 torr !de able

g\t.14u. 'llblle the ata4,y •• la pror.nc1•

ror the.tr MO.,.Sr&tl.fJD en4 1nwn1~ goo• uawJ:ul

a~l.a~t to th9 prlnoll*l• cn4 toaoba-1, -.0 pl"O'ri.ded tbtt

.Ub.,.OteJ . lire. &dtp, ot the n ... , hpt11• hrl•F3'•

fttll• r..17 5baokletord ad vra. ~ JOllff ot Uw Collo~ato Couuti17

re, gchfJolJ ¥U• !!aael~ llD4 u111 Greeim9, or tti.-. Bou•• ot

819~•• all ot i11Clb!lcnd1 met lt1•• tl.ue l'iJ.1.ou, la.•• f t:M1 fqlor,

!11.•• Mo.r1.e SU-ttl•• Kc-a. JU1:10 Jar nou .. , ltr•• J. Urookle,J ot u..

~blio Sotwo1 8f•tem ot !iopoM JJen, n.r~ And, of oouno.

to tbtl 11\&bj-.ote the1U•l"M1 t fl• ~tit.Ila tor ad'1nc t'Hh a

ploe.-.sn bo:u1 ~ the pnjeot.

'4tbQu• tl>o ~gom1at -4 -...s.•tM• of llr• __.._ eanw

and S'ftt• MIUll Od"' l ~ • ..,.*' Jur9'0 un4-l"tU*11 ~W.i.

.. bool• to 1ib-, end .Pre f:llw, r.oc• "1 11.....00r••" t.1\4 ooc'1mdn$

•P~halation ~~ th.tr 1nta11octual attaol•td.ODt thitlr l'fltieno. M14

1nten•' Mt 'ozif14can•• u4 6ll tM1~ eonWiwUont; · 11411ch heft ,..,.

\lu • st.1oh an ln•.Plrin:.& GSa1>elcaU.0~ tor •• 1 wieh to Ultnotrle•ie;e:

t11't4tul la<l•litio.enou tor Ult O'Qt or ~ nuu.._ Follo&"lh1p.

'tor a lcm~ whll• 'bho ,.rsmwut 1nt1v.9Uo• on o~noopta ot

parental proteror..e~• @d th.e a1111oci~t10no th1rt1-.:lth •• Freu41u

payohoar.ia11tio tbtorJ• - epeo1t1o&l1)'. th• 1rcn.u11flll applie•\J.CA

ot tho unl·rer1al .O•dl5N-• ~p1ox. Jih11• thore aro otUl a r..

41 ... lu\rd propononta ot th• Ccmµl•x• ao1t autho'l"1Ue•1 reoozn,1dJlg

in. UlO .traoo of ei:ai..,..~01"0adng OTidenoo ~ t tbote a:-• 110 w;1•..rH1

pattern• ot tcmlly li fo, preawti culturally or1on'1J.d lnt.rpreta•

t1ona ot ch114uu•• r•lati~i;a 111th their pa:OerJ.W•

ln taot. lt would h41A now, co1t>i~ a atlll prtHn~ trfJl\4

in the 11t..ratur•• tilat U;e 00?1~01'0l"Q' o.t th• oe~ipuo Com.pln

•hould mot ba a FiJurJ l•auo. 9\lb rathc:.r, ao~hant of' Freud'•

r1{,h.ttul plan ot d1at1i:.ot1on 1n tho 'ba~k;;i-oun4 a.nil th• oaoa.alcmol

nU.d ooauronce ~ the Oodlpua Coi!pl•x la tb• olla1d1 th• 01"'1t1n1

11tu• at hud ~cmcernt how • IUlf bost advanoe iri mthode ot

obt&inin' eddl t..\:onal •mplrioa.1 1ntorMt1on• ~4 -.i.b••quentl7, 1A

our in~.r-pretation• ucl •xpltmaUon••

Pro\>abl.7 Do ett•ctiv.; b,.o:itive o1Wc1im 1n obild

p11eholo6,T baa ~or bo.fA ~•t1e1ent ~r corao porGonally V••tul

c.t'1oe or enbina.tlon or dovio•• tor oof)ial~ "With t..'°11• b port.9n'

nottd• !h111rtar, bea""u•s we are lnteneted 1n kn:O'Wia.~ tho child'•

.rnl fooUns•, not •a?l.1 TGtba.1 or 1Gc1et.lly 4PJi:pect•d lo•l1ng1,

toward bi• ttaNnte 11.nd brothn•11 a.n.t! tiat~u·•, 1t 1• eu•~t1al tmat

• beteM teiliar with._. ot tM appff&cll•a tbt.t hlrre '0.-. Uffett

-4 tt.t w ooa~ 9ftl•t1n&. ovolopins u..t p41rtooo~ with ~

F~•• ot •oh10Yln.~ 110r• a<lequaQ; tu~a ~tt41r controlled teob~S.~•

for tJ10 •U:do ~··H~ tho 1·1e1&. thio po.par con.oerna the 1~~ af a

11w a.thi l)t~oir.,c ooln ~en to th!• challct).n.~ probl~

LIBRARY UNIVE RSITY OF RICHl\-~CNO,

VIRGI NIA

TADt.E or oorrrnns

1. BAC.i\G::<:U!iL'1 toohniquo~ and PouibilS Uoa 1D th• Uoaauremont ot PQront e.nd Sibling ?rei'onno•• • •• • ... • l

z:. D!SC'tlSS!ON m) nm tt".S~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17

• • • • • •

PART 11. mm U$1~ ov il!F n a-:r F.A?tRitft:F.TALt.'f 10 DtTEm.i!Jrn .PA:iJ:.JTAL i'ii.;";.ir;.::;.JJ~C::S

18

6. Si~I !i:t~'fEilIDCts • • • • • • • " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17

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a.

AG~~ Llli'fL~Ci~S • • • • • • • • , • • , t • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

c. DIS'l'll!Bll1!01.I OF' SJ.Y?LE

cr. 02a::.r.ZJ-.1"l\jS : ,;_;· a ·u. Zvii A:lALY~4S CF' soc:C.1'Cvi~Ot:l c lilFFTR!i:?t c ~·.3

BI BL! 0 !.1 i<A.PlrY

68

i.· W.CIO~/tlt"f l'oa•1bS.U tl•• l~ tho· Uea•r-.t ot Parcmt ea 11til!D.oi: rr.r..ret.0••

·'to t.o1Utat. betw und•••'-4lBC ot th• 1-otc~ aacl

tt. noed• ot 1M• the .. ot ohlld P11oholo§, . • _....., ot con.la

118tbo4• th&._ hw '*- UM4l er eoul4 be uell. IA d.a1-ndr4ng tal1J

pntoteaon _, 1>e l>eaeftohl•

Oll• of '\U t1f'et cb114 p11711Mlo'1•'- wbo Mde • 41Not

ob1•nat1GM1 •tdf f1l oh114 4ow1t>p.-tl b. 3~1l ..S atU.1&14"

•• JHa '1apt, who tor,..,. ab .. n.4 -4 -..n-w Wit&

dil4ra ·s·a -....., M-.•rlud. · 61• ~'ioJ.opamia . et a4 .._.,

111tb the lit1Pl• •ll'~W as.to.ttoa •• • 'blal1 tor •ll•t1As ID4

1tadJla& 4-ta hd 11lQiH4 '°'nt.Uu4 ute u4 t.sgromaentl ot thi•

teobsilfl'J• (41)•

~' aigh.s" 11trud • eu1'ron\ 1'1~apn.d -nation ot

VJ.ase\'• .. tho4 i• t:M· oTaluaU.oii ot • Obild•• 1ttitu4o• tihl'olagb

o'baol"ftt.ion ot h1• doll•~ belwl~o.r • . jp;tllMl)l• to tlw •bjN\

ot pa.Nn.ial prof'•r•no•• 1• .Paulk• '41.ar'• ••• ot thio t.Mbal~·

~ tMQlopd tlw doll•t r•pHtentdng ·t2Mf aotlw.t, t•tbor• ltof'

•i'bl1ttw &trl eibling and t.114 htl'by. Faoh ot bor 150 oub;lute of

1

•

utbod ot a&eq,a.at.e tel1ab1Ut, tor bft•tS.pttng ohildrm•• UYN'balliecl

toel1n&•" (1)• Unipoatlonabl.7 tb1e apptcaoh produet1 ••llant kt.a

wblob rah 1 t ot oon••tatt•neo in th• oUniaal ••~ u wll at 11\

E;.toup tcuatt~Uon, -.hen suftleicmt contl'ola ai-• OQOUUH!• !aptt01a11J

u•ehl tit.ls tounser ohlldr'•, it 1• •~1• t.o · •"o~.• lpoii-.Ou•. otbot-

111•0 l•aa ._.a1S.b11 Mt.dale Anotbol" AO't'Uta~e li•t ID lte

tl•~1'b1lltf' oiid poootb1Utit toi- 'rar1at10#1 oxtondt.Ag '4• (a) 'lbether

1'Me i• • .. , o.r ftr1.od ~r ot doll•, ate,, \o) tlhetllw or aot

tt.. f..Ul7 l• wrballJ lt.A'tltltd u eh1lcl11 CM\• (o) 'WhotMr 1ih•

11-.ucm b tFM or partlall.J •ttuoturea, (d) whtthor OJ" Dofl ~

•N cr.i••tlou aooomp•nylri,; ~· 11 tu tlo.u• haat of *- aoiaal i'hldlnp

or thl• tilelmlqu• will be lnoorpotat.4 1.-, 1A WJ11 ,.,., ~­

napsr1*"1 witb -the Plao .... Phhfnl data.

the fl•ld or ohildren'• dra1dnt;• bas ~ ·~1orc4 u4

ll!JPl"DYe4 bJ •~!9 ••• ttr.'tbo4 ot ~Tlnf.nt; -1.qt '° bt.ertud~ oontUot

Sn dlet.al't>.4 ohild!°en• Sul•• 4l1qua1ea ~ 4rnln.&1 of llOftllal cthUdrta

la i.te011111.d pr.,..tal•ooco~ oeoeming the1r a1p1t1oenoe •• b­

Uoatora ot 1at:'atwl1 eontUot (II)• tb11 projeot1.,. ~obniqu

hat pc•dbWU•• tor a nluAbl• euppl..mtary ·parpo .. 1Nt ia pro'bab}¥

beet oo£it1ned iG th• olirdcal Mttins. tin• ib 1• ao'b •l_,.• ooapoaed

ot o'bjeotiw d&til•

i'ro"l1t1one are MJae to., d9terlio1.natlon ot th• ch11a•1

parenta.1 and 1lblin6 att1~de• and oedl9el tedo11aie1 b. 1.verol of

~ 11'idol7 kn~ projcoti-J• wata la u .. ld.th obildren.

•

~ Dlaoty Pio~••• ai. 1ndS:dduel . toa\ hfl'liriGC U A1mabte

por tftJ• the a<h'«lWP•• ot m.aok;r, •a n:all 4o£ ..tto1e ea ta

1damt111.~ .. Ula' ot th• o.-urlner• (7}.; l\ 1nolu~• a •oartooll

et..-uoturee to •rplc>re tll4I <~diJ-1 tfl•rtv• ~4 Gt.b•~ pqohoeal.JUo

~tJep~ (~) u well •• ollo1ti.Jlg mut'ttc~l aaterial ~1.-...o~ ti>

\l'.e 1Atfttan11J rolatioAiihlp.,

'ltlo CbildrM•a A:>~l'1Mpt1on. T••t tor Gh11~rm 3· Uirw~ 10,

a dlr•o~ .deac-.dlQt ot -..li.ll"'l"q•t l'h•~atio APil•retption w•t• .i.o.

holur: reoo~1t1oit. cf tho nae "1th whloh ehlldron 1<!ent1f7 wlth

an.J.&l•• .Allon" the .. tr ot ton p1o~nt• ar• Hfer.i 4•a1,,p9' 009"1allr

to •1$1tt1U~w the pmbl ... of eibUn& 1'.1ft~t'J• to ·lllulnate the

attJ.1"1do tonrd. pa.t'Cltal ft~ n~ th4t wq 1a ~ch tllN• t1£'Vl'U

uo •!'P•roo1"9~1 w learn abo\a\l ~ obUd•a • • • Oed1pua ~l••·•

(6, P• l)•

ill .Jo?m &1vot•• lioue .. !!'00-l>eP•C),Q '41•'9 "fal"iJ)UI or the M

au"°atio:i ~·•ttc2ut ia U. po1~..in, 1a.wropt1C1l <t) are woll

de•1.$A•4 to ellcl t an•won .n tb bearl1'g oo the ohJ.ld ' .• at.~ "°'e. tD

h1• tu1lf•· Ia pal"t1o11lar, OuOllit 1ap1

•jh• llou••• •• • · 4'nlUn~ aetu _to •.-OU" • al~tur-• ot eon1el.ou1 and un~1o1cu1 u1oolat1oae oo.no-.mt~ '* home au4 intt:,,,.r40:&l reJA'1n•b1p• ot \:lie mo•• laU.te tne• fo!' tho 6'1! te 1t ..... ~ atn1t adju~t tio e1i1Tni8ud "'j'U.aw tn4 ••P'•1•Uf the o:oth•r" ( 10. 9• s~s).

Bo atudy of eoelsl pht•r-eno•• woulc! ,...117 bf OM.iplow w1 th-

•

•Jeaoo4 to 1 ti aisplo1t tom. • ~lailltrl• prooo~ con•l•t. ot th obo1M l>J' ftoh ~ ot "'°" penne "1th •'M!a ho would llk• to ~ ?laced t.n nlat.lon to a .... u. o£ aot1'\111ii•h ~t.tb 1fohoa W!nlld he like to at, op to •rlr• • • • t ~111• IDff:ri-tual's todicsate ta.11" ponon.1 Cltof.oo• fros rtr•"' -. t.bir4, ot tn1a tu-a• to fitUh" (40; Ji• flt)• .

rua q1toll ha• ~ vied w .~athor tt1• •..n ~ ot aau: •• ~ Pla~.t-t:r~rsoia tec!m1q»o o~lidot•• ·ay MPloJlns thli.• aothocl, Cahn

aW.41•4 tho nlat.ion1h1p bttween \rct.hert G4 1l1wra ad )'ropond

tha~ aooloMtrJ holdsprom•• •• • wp-,leaont to oUidcal obaent.tletA ill

tbt.1 maitor (11)•

tanotd.al~ ro.ht.ed m eoclD1Hir;y la the •91e11 wbo• .to.ct.

:D1que1 whJ.oh ha• bM11 ~ ~•r .-14-ly •~U•t: 111 1lbo c,1a1eroom f'f>tn4

kitidor,rWtl to ~llo,r,• ill •licl t.ln& attUiuidet and pretoruo•• (lt}.

lt.o ai4lp1• ~·t>lqin& •;;rrotch ttaua iir · tapff191lJ ,apJ>Mlln& to

ob114rtn> C !S)• I~eti-uoUou ooll tor "•dfl'i tM pereoD wh01ll ta. ltea

f1t91 uii tb9 1 t4lll ue 1110rded1 •n.n 1• • ~r1on 1tbo • • • • • (14).

'lhi• dnloo an4 the tooiot:,na both pMIUat: Hlalblllt1e1 tor 'ftrit\ioae

appl:l.oabl• to meaauNOen' ot the tam1 ~ 1nte:-eoe1 .Md etti U:14e• ••

wll •• ti. olauros pnt•ren .. • &nd • t.t1 tludeee

111 •Mitt.on to ~ elrttclJ' nentlouct popuhr ollcS..•l

"4frloo• l\leh a• doll-islay, 4ravlnz•1 9"0jfftift porMU11 ff' W•te1

actS aoolomeit17, tall ~ whloh UY bo SVOO\lld\)J. S.11wat.l;:ator1 ot Oh1J.c&­

fu117 att.lw4••• 1\ l• bt.1"111tln.g cd he1?>tu1 to note • ~· ot

teau doc1i)le4 jua~ tor tb.1• tptto!.flo ~t'i><»"•

?he a1taat.1oA-qU•~ttoim&iN .,. of &p'FQIOh ftl aHd bJ

!Iott who •o1.at9Cl tbree ,.rtiu»t quoat!.ou troa fio1..•1'•' la.le tor

ialadju•ttant•

b

1t lt ~ WH t;Oin£ '° U.•• OA ....... , lolancl •4 oau.14' tllko OtllJ I f"Pl• wltt1 7"t 'Whloh three wou.ld S.\ Ht

i. 1.t )'oU •n ~in& 1io • •S.rou -.Nld ;rJU nth .. 1.,o dth 70ur• a)tatbar b)'be•ta trl-.4 o)~p of' frlend• d)mcthor o)aloeo.

'• lih1oh ptracn 1D your ta...,'117 dO ·rou loY9 'beatT ~ .... ,, third U.•tl

U.•• tbro• •••U•• oeeprJ.1•d tt.11 •-'· (at)• JM· Wr4 qq1tteo Sa

• oor. eu'b\l• ..._"1&'1on, ••• repn1entauw ts.pr• flaceMll•>t.a ~

u a tbirf VI• ot 41=-ntJ.cm la Uie lhc•ra..:P•l"DOA ••'- ot ·*9 dlN01'

fP•tUon lt,,.., \.e 1ald ht tbt eh1.14 noll••• th• t.atoratton 11hloll

h• t•N t1t. ftlle 111'10ll M 4oea not .-u ..... , blt btbattOI' l•

1n41•tbg, althou;h thar• YOUld be._. elUtaO• tor nni!• -4 •fMtnlry

.. i.cttioA Cl' .i • .,17 cec\!UtlOUl ••l•oU0t1, l' wou.14 ........ J.inq

thab h• 1'01114 t~l h1• tN• toeliage 1D \ho pl'Oj•c\l,.. tltuatlon,

'""14-d 1t. •r• aiiftS.ol•tl.7 •tra•ttand•

ftllGIO'A t<>llOhCl. que1U~H ~ proooGar• •lso, ...

oa a •ob..._ •l•bol'6te aoai.. Bo 4oTeleptd t.n luttant tor ntln&

.Ul4-paN11t nlatlnt tor aae •• eb!ld.._ tmder lt• .bJ' eG111llbg

oa 1tGtMi tl'Oll ttf'lc:iu• pattfllnUlr••• lt •• uae.s 1A tbe •tQq ot

dellnqamta (!2}.

hxl••• at.tot t'1gntt1 ww• u1ed b;r In.gland to •Ul43 ~

parcmtal pnterwoee u4 lc*-ltu1o.Ucm.• ot ls& oh11dren6 ~· "*'1'•

1her .. .._ P7•••te4 w1 tit. 11.e'bu.lou •1 tt\6tlon• an4 ,.q\leatod '1o l&O.l

~ e\lok tlgv.na b7 ..... tih•r•b7 ..,.11e, t1'e1r l~t4tl0lti.oa

tedtno1••• Dd.• atuq touat! ~ F.rudiaa O.p19'11 COl\plex u

luuttlo1enb •3:{}hnat!.on ot ~rwttl '•n1d.f1.oat1ori (17).

Fri~ $Ala~d th• P91"0Gtlal prof~reus of ble IObjeot•

by banaa ~- tOllt>le'- • uuti~wo tal>l•11 au •teat. taa••1•• to" thrM p~i)Wtoa (1'). .~•a•~ 1taA¢f be "'*"'°d •l• .• -.\ tf"pe of e.r.:•l;•l• -.1th • otorr OOQ;:Jlo 11.1oa ao a pi.••• .etor;r '-•\.

.. • ooabkict'1cn of me&Mll"GIUll~ WO ""4 b7 SJ.aPIOA Sa.

laros aoalo .u ~ilf.l'Ctl7 •11-Goatrollod ••J4tli.r!a'- mwt

(•) . •tlt•d • F~ ct 4iU••tlon•, · ( b) •llowa4 • At ot nine p1o\Uret•

(o) told. tao •tiol'l••• •• {d) ••kH tn. ohildren •*' th1r m.. lA a ocnttrolla4 ln~nih 4-•l.1Jl•4 to detor.siu pumtia'l ,,.r.rea1ea..

(•?).

All Sntitroatills toohnicpt ... , lay Wobtr i• ~ ttM

aHoola!.iot:a iawmow. Alter ••ta1>11•h.b~ ftpport. tM ln~nlowr

bttruott\\ the oJU.14 • ~ •io~• thtnkine• on eerta1.n t.oplo•, w apM tbe fir1t 10 ld•us tba~ oeu to ht:.. 'Zb11 la a proJeatS:n

teohttlqQ ffal.td•oet ·in ·.-. napto~ ot \he wo~. ••todatloa or

••ttu• aompl•tl• teo!mi~· '!he ,. .. pon.H• tc> aot.Mr encl tath01'1

ot OCtt.tn• couett.'-aW the data (S!)• teap1t9 ata'1tt1oal &he.G'blt9

of a O«l'Y9Atle»•l ••~.; ap;tJ"Cub1 ~!tlti•r tav~NCl ~ -.n .euti­

jMU al.t)lt •41ap101 •pc~t torldeatS.•t a• talk t.-..17• • •1.• wrat t-11•1.a a te.u ptctun •tenot1PO• ao4 nu« •"111114"

&OtfllHd bJ the e!:Uld•• (38)•

A te-.nt Brl.Ut!l ecm.tr1bQt1• u tqtUa la0k1011'• rt•• ot

f'lm117 4\'5. ttldoa"• 61.mla:r to t..w f4'f c4 e&t ta 4••10' n4

ln1*"p.ntation., 1' lnolud•• 1S.x ~1omre1 dnlao4 to 4.os>t.ot eoaimoa .

tmil.f 11 toa'ticzi•.

'

!IQ. Cb114•a dOpGad«tlCe CZ ~Otffl'• 1. Child'• 1eolu11iosi tr-a 1Dthaq t>e-.i panntft a. aealouq ,,r atbllllc a. "1'1'1m•&ret1lon and cm~b1; lo:i•llsina ... ea11t • .. ~ ot •g~o.a.i.on t'roa p.arntl• 6. Long!.ns t()'t'- ttt. torbi~<!o~ p(l r ..... ot pwa1ahattnt.• (28).

*' •~poer1· to b9 a co.~t1guouo Ttt.rlation flf tblt t.1t la c1•aor11>t4 ••

•tatl.7 plotau·•• • a p:r~Jootd.w ~•t. tor <Cblldrcm" u4 c=a11tfl ot •

eon•• ot plot\l.roe or u... tAUi1~ ( 16).

'OI••• -b.niquot are pnaent.d. with t.M illt.enUoa ot t-.t1•

1arl.~ the ro•dar \dth tbla kct~~u4 NV\o .. ~1 In \h11 t1•14 tiwouf;h

dioplqb4 • .-pu or t.h$ d•.,l••• ue·4l or ~ poallble ettootul

de~••• at;4 it la 1.nt.ru\e4. b.J n~ .-1 •• a eo_,i.tie ed ~ta11e4

~· ni. .. Ml•ot10r.1a u. fwtth«r oo=.fln•tl to oMl4r•'• •hcJ.qni

bl'1•t ooacoo~ v.poa the adul~ nva1pect.l'Y9 approooh le .Nsened tw

lat.I".

ieoiluto l\ ia .... usu th&• tlJ.e dil'M\ fiUMtlGD to ellol\

tullJ pi"Ot•ncoe• •,.7 ,...,..1 onq • n~tf1oia1 t..eerlp'1on ot

wbot Uw 1Ubj•c• c.oosoima1lJ' ~.1~u he foo.11, u ~11:1 l1k•l7•

"'*'be t&int.• bo ahoul.4 toel. th• ... ha•'"~' •• w haft HM, a ........ ,.._ wll•J••tii.tiff. an4 1noro••1A4 p1lgrlme~ to the doo• ot pro.jeotift

aeasuno. ~ ••eutQtloc liebin.d projeoUve t.1ta, o.t oour10, la tlht.t,

p~ a gr.,.planne~ 1t1.ncltrd) "l'&GQ• aita.Uou, -. aubJNt dll

d1wlt• baaJ.o an4 ot'8a u:nqoaaeioua r .. uu,. tha\ al~\ bo pointol

'CD the •t.o lt &llO'Hd. w ft'J.t.ia eo~ti.mu1u1l7 ill ocnacloua aoooa.

0.1b1ll•• ~•pit. 1ilhat 1eoa • ratMr G<>p1oua "1Pt>l1 et proJntin

"81te ot all. nrl•U.•a Md d•O"M•• w ecmdone '1.oriat1••1'7 "ts.Ut,

8 ·.·

ot th9 dniooe, th•ro 1• an apostn:; nnd to~ lmprovnent in

Tal14atloA ot ~010 1n preeowt u1• and 1nT•tUpt10D at the

ponlb11itlo• tor the C4lnatruoUon ot J1IOn adoquaw 1n•trw.oatae

t

As a au.~•• ticm tol' ool 1-~; tho problem. ot C.ti&m1n1Q&

ohildrtn!e .tamil7 attAuu1o and pratotenQe•• 1-'l'• Bobart YJ.J.or ooao.1'ft4

or what beoUDI tmo111i u taio riaa .. A-P•rac>ll te1t. 1t l• • ~-­

t.1'\1 ln wM.ah tbtl ehlld ~ ••loot &n4 OHUWeTor rofreNA'tiltift tuU.7

ea.rda in raal'(IDH to 1 teaa 4ttlS.pd to l'eTM1 lnforae\lao about hU

paon~l and a1bl.int; pntaranoo•• I• 1• 611 tn41ridua1 tA•t for

ahildrcr:a• ·~-ad taur throu::;b •• eel n~ll"O•• OD the • .,.,ras•.

ie m.mitea•

-re die;reaa ccucanina; the projoctl.,. t'a 'b10Z1.al.. on.a er-~ w3.uabl1 an4 12111; t:.o aspocta cf tho txnt• th• pl&Q-DDt D•alo tG'I'

ulocted tipmu, •~• t~ lte ut:iltu.tlon mie 11W61U&&ts.ca ot a

Le1rlnlan ~o1U'J• !w-t tn1n, tho ins.ti.al i)!"Opon~1> ot J'ielcl tbttQ'

m!nt.1:1 the p1'1db111~ or ooordlnatlcn batweon JD&ther.-.ats.oal Qd

1111ychodyn&:do 0-l).l'lo.t;ttla throu&i Lbe ueo or topolo:;t• Uitbl:l bl.a

"1•1-1 l• proU.a1oA- IOI' the ....,, 4Jf fOl'M wbi@-halt ... ,_ .. ,

~r."tt.m• Y•1-no• doffl'lkt the~ ot ld'oet fill• ,oa1Uw

..SOD.d {+) ntUlta trom to~ ettoo~i.n& •itPsto"oh• 'llh11• 11ept1.,..

ftlenoo (-), tna 1M•• ~oirl' withdn-1• or,.._..., (la).

•tho•• ti-1"flftl fol'Oea leea iMt looomttoa (n). 81apq, Wt b.pli••

~t objCHJte b~re~ fa~nb~ wtU b9 4rwa -olo•er Will• tho ..

,.l'Miw4 lot to.wrablr -..ill w pllhe<l ~arthff- ...,.. 14' i• f'roa

thi• -nuonia& Ui&t the ~ ~a1t.10A ec~d. ot ••

fl&o-.....roraoA teat -.ri..t. lt U.. -ah.ild •nt cl.-. aa op~rtwdtl

to plaa. fla.ti"t• ..-. ... • a lonti ca~ 1.4 nlA tS.oa '° tita. (hl•

HpnffQtatin tl~ tea; a1i the oatt...,.. tett. lett ot tii'n

~UCJA • tb9 le:; ou·c!), ~'114 bo $\Ot ditteNDtt•te hit p..._

t•NllO•• tllroc$b hi• placeJWCt.l _ luo!l 1• tb.• lvPotbta1•• _po19d bJ

Lnin•• ~'7.t to bit Yalldaf»(l ~or the _P~t_.._ teat.

ni.. ~~ tor tM Wit 1nolu4-1 & lOD& •Mbffrd •rd

••.a 18", ~into ••'NA epl bloot. ~t .t~• • ••• Ulen te •

abw:lclu\t ucortmen' ot t>0••1ble fud.lJ t1Qn .. •t S.•• • i)tber, tathor;

1Ml17, tbrff all .. or ffdl Hll ot •1b11~ dra'D otl i'lM'r.f •rdl>oar4.

a~• x. ••• (a.. A9Ptetl1a A)• 'fh• 2-{letJi• r••pora• abN\ ,roT1fit1

ate~ttlJ tor the rit0orc1n, ot tn. ~. ase, v-•f Md •G~io.,

eoonooio at.tu• of tho n 3Mt, ~• t1u; .. U~ .-bore •ltatea, tholr

11

· •D' at ••X. tl!a ti.a ••loott"1l act pltioounte, end t'WCordinG ot tJse

a'le.n i• diat.&aae am\ nuaber e.t po11t1,... and U£&"1ft &t.e ff•poaa•a

tot KR .ln41irldul (S.. Appediz D). ·

at.ron b9i;1md.q tho te•t s. \ 1• MOttMtT io 61tondae th9

where ~t the ham eD'l'lrot:LMut end teo1de '111\J.ch an raaat import£1lt

lor lM"e•t.1.tatlon. Gell0f'9.lly DO ~n the.a tlft ~lei H ee1•to4•

Downe&", 1 t 1• po1111:>1• tio u.. aix wt th auooe••• 1'h8 1dont1t1oat1on ot tM ti~•• abo\114 prooMCt a~t

u fQllow.n

ltt wan.ii you to pla)' a EJIM· w1 tt. •• 1 haw • lea; oard 11hloh n 1'111 pl.e.~• h•n ( pla.oo .u4 b lnm' ot ohild •11 1dthln naob) and a lo11 or litt le oardee C<C •oh or .,_ a.all oar4• tA•r• 11 • dra.S.n$ ot t. pen-on. tet•• tind 1wr tw~. 1• ~ Ol1• ~' Le\'• tleo• 1w •• the tn4 ot tho long card. th1a 0&rd u . . . .. • • Identlt.r eU t1.t1n•·e• tor tb9 Ohfll ucs piaoo th• 1za troa'G or the lon;: OU'd.

•1ow 1 wan• 7ou to toll r.;o who tluf poopl• are. 1lbo 1• Wit ( Car4 abould lHt ploku up nsidcelJ:. ft9.e•t1ns 1~e1ttt1c.tJ..oo 1t n.oosaaey. the n­aln1Aor omul4 not proceed w1 th U. tt•tl nt11 he 1• av. tlha;t the child om properlJ' l&mtlf>" tl\a •l"1m11 t'i~I"••·)

•.t • pug t.o •* you d1ttora' 4\ol••'1••• lnat-.~ ot aicswn11u tbo qquti.tvn• b7 talki~& 1~\10\1 to teke- ODe or ~people ucl plaae that ,,enc.~ CG tho lc&g oal'4. tou '" there a.rw cU.;·teron' ~ oo Wie .oara. 1>.de la 7ou bl ._, OOtHf'• mc1 JOU ahwl4. \'thee ~ ct t.b9 othor t*)ple ~ore elao on tho oara, e1 ther nar 1oa el' tar ~ f&"OS '°"• ,._ J. ... ~ question• fou =q a.-~ ot ~· poalt.Le 1za rnm' ot 70\I .... tLM.~~ l •ak 70u a que1tloit. 1 -=it :yCN to think ao~u.t Ju•t C4\G 0£ t.ho poopl• 1n ti-cm.- of JOUa *Dd th«a gut tl\a\ pel'40D «* ·tM Oard ~fl'e ~ Wrlfa to. ( L"fta ~ioiii)b .tom ot \taeff aq aot; k ••1• . alnyo pl1100 • ~~ an th• oard) • •

.Afttf •ob •1utolon. tlw -.11Sftor eho1lld ~ tM poeltkia

ot 't.M t1proa \bat are ln tron~ or tbo oh11J.. il\11 """ p:nballJ be

bo•t •oco:::.t)llthff b¥ giotc.t.ng "' tbiJ t1 f)'tu·••• aixln, th-, and th•

plavb4 tt.a O•He itt hoa1a of tbe .oh1l0• It •1 "Win .to eih•ok ~

obild.'• 14"AU.f1oaUcm of \be t1g.uu at 41tt•tc'\ painta t!lrou~\

~ a~attaU.on ct the teot. Art41" Moh altu.a+A.oa the reapcm"

•~ld ~ 1ndi•tl4 a• tlil'eGt.94 OQ ~ eaer.toa lheet u4 Pf ,..19'f'M\

OOO'JOAt. ~ ~ oh114 noted. It • ohlld 'h••S. t.t.• to plaM .. per1cm

on ~ ro•pm .. oard• b• Could bt ~unp« to 4o ao• lt be

·ati'Ymtl.1 ntu .. • -to pla~ eo=oon•• •••u.r. ht. tha\ l.\ dot• riot •tter,

aii4 oontlnu• witb *9 te•t. It_, be wna.h11• to -~ long

rea~na• eelsya that ooour111 Ant att-.r>t '1:) ro•i>orut "ftrballJ •houl.4 1-

la o~r w pw ·ta• oh114 au 1cl• ot iN _.. u4 ~ "'

tor pltioe:.ont. bofote th• S2 lteat ot th• aotQ.al WI~~ pTPcile4,

t.\ne ptaotiee ei~•tt.~• ara ~ro·'llde4 -4 ~ortted.

11

•• ·~ -sa• rou ... 4attd1°• .mtto p1rt0n lt ltf { t 'aU&O)e •ntlff tl\fl' pll'IOD Oft tht oud. nou you•" · (Wart eont1ft1i1ca. -. . --nw ahould be oonv1noe4 that ih9 ohUt1 vndoratan<l• the ptooaiiurt, .rope.Un& jn1truo­tion• 1t MHU4U°J' ).;

be Tou vould. 11to to '° on a vtp wi. th ~ • .. l• 1 ti 'loo •• of the peop:a.. - tM ear« olo.. to- 701a.

a. Somone t'SMtn•t troa" JOU •• nu .. Uw:r ahould. Plaae *' ve1-0n •the ... 4 tar __, froa 10'1•

l• loMbodJ llkff JD\'& ft'7 MOh. ''hi@ Si*l"90-ft I.a 1t1 Pltto• that pOl"IOA ~n ·Uw om.

It 8oncaon. #lltbt ruat at yov. P1o.c• that ~-= ~·" on -the 4Mr4•

S. aae ot u. .. ,.rlOl.lt 11 ~olns to eolo:t pioturu atb JOU• Which_. 1a 1'1

"• iov M. t eomeono• 'Ibo ea S.. tT

S. Tou cu~•t 11n eomoWns ttiat •• iJt thto• pera~ 414. 'Who•• th.At porson1

4. lombody wa11 -Nal ntoe to Y4U• Pi.<>a that ,_r,CA ll!lytt'hot•• GA ~ oe.rcl•

1. ~ asiahi: bf a1ct. flho 1• 1tt

a. &<>llo<=• told 700 tbsit y"'1 ._.a ba4 boJ (or girl}. 't.ho •• ltif Plaoo tbat peraon tfU' .. _, tro:s 7ou.

o. Tou tMak •~ 1• -nr.r 1110011 Plaoo U.t peraoo neai- you.

10• SOmoono 11 r,oinn to &lCll~P 1'1 th yau. '?ibo de 7ou ..-.t 't to bet

u. SoMone thiua th& 1a YO\I er. no\ n1o. onout;b. 'lho think• that?

J.~. .So::eone 1• t;;01u:; to t.e.te you to Ute olrC\lt• ~ 11 f.t1

16

la. s~ 1• 4••'17 ba;tpt• 1Jbic.b peraoo 1• itt

J4• <."AO ~t tncoo peopl• hit J0"9 l'Qiq ... tha~ f9r8CD1'

15. SooJbt:il,- doean1~ ~ ~u~jl .aiqntd.on ·to JOU• libo J.a UU..t pttto:lT

ltl• Yo\& 1o~ an oon• vory =Oh• rlue th4~ prarf'm Oil ~ 0trd, •!. t.hv llChr you or tu .._, trcm }"OU•

17 • 1'~ .,.. MG •t IOl»OU•• \;hJ..ch pOJ'OQQ. ..,. . , tf

16• ·rou are to1D~ to tu. ~ tor • •U: "1th 10\1• 'l'hioh P4Jr•oa 1• i tt

19• ~ l;iAYO 70Q •CM t:.O:lq ~ ~ ldlat 7fJU wan•d• l'lb\"t..,... l~f ·

to. loctbody t1z,htt with 10'! aomoU.•• 'ibo ta tb. ~ tJ9NOC. t

81. Ona t:>t tho•o peepl• dooan•t i)..YO you ~ thlnr,1 70~ .mt. Who l• lt.t

12. !oamcz&e thinU 'that 10\l t.N & iOO.d bOf (9-J•l)• Viho le itY

21. $ambodt httlp1 you 'aheoftr Jou ziM4 help• ~Moh cm• .S.1 i tf

26• SODOOM 414 10.tlt.i'll~ ibat &9.UI JOll "f'Ol"J QpPft J:l'lao• tiu.; ?,cu·az ~.tro QI). th• ou4.

26. &o~• doetn•t lin you tm.o~~h· ~ 1o S.tt

21. l'ou nnt ci:.t of f'.he1• peo.;>l• to plaf with JOU• t~o 11 1. u

as. toa ldt:_bt be ad vi th •~• PlaN ilbail penoa atq'flban CA th• ur4.

29. Jomeboly 11 not ;ol.2:1.g to let 1cu do *' J'W ant to do. li'ho 1.a 1tt

*°• IS0111$bo4J p.vo )'W. a Dia• prt•oat. Wot\ f41"*°1l J.e l.t1

11

ai. You wiah GOMCnO wocild leave t<M alone. ?Jw 11 1tf

u. Jou artt &0ln; to hall oomecm• w1 tb tho1i' work .• bb.lUb.. fOrron 1a 1 t.7

"tow )'OQ U, pl,co all tho ~plt OU tti. Oal'4 w1 th 7im at ·tho ~~ ti.e!O• lQ\I ~ pu·~ 1lhe 111. a.v ~t tho spao•• 1cu w!eh &rad you m1 plo." ~· JOU tftmt t;.) n.at to )'OU•"

16

'the toe' ftS ;,iY0'.1 io i:talli ·~l•I •\i ~ ~ftl'&l. ef

hnnl)'l\"'&11la, •d 1"9k• "&n11'•.retv bttore .\leu., ,1,.. la Ylf&bia•

OD th• ~.U 0£ Wo.nia '1on tl'<a tho•• W11ll• th• l taa' Mtt..,. ••

r.d\lO•t tra. 40 w 81 1-.. 80.,.l'A& ot th6 .1HI a&tq'il~ t. 1 tmt

•r• •ulu~d wh1lo •nllral » .. ~•. 'll'GZV •44o4 u.4 t•~l 014

at•rm~

1~ 11 •~wlot;~. t!\A' hN 11 pro'tKiW., • w14t 't'Ul•~

lo fib• ..Utdi ty of ~. 1 tema ant an 1 tos analya1t to t.cotrtd.a th ...

'4'Vlat.1.0tll 1• ?la.nn•d tor th• tutttr•.. ~11 ~11 centider oorrtlatlcm

of taOh l~, lttclt;din~ ~• p:taot1oo 11tl:.tat1~a,•• 'fllt.b thtt .Oftl'waU

toet roRlt..; M wll. .. UI• M1i0t1oe and ~ o.rigiu tJt the st'1.tia4••

tappoc..

I~ th• acwal tiGr.t t.Mro artl lG ltaa with a 1'0•1tl.._

!...:.plltati<m (+)a 1. lfa ~, ~. 10, ia. l~. l~, ie. 10. et, 21, IGt

2f• 80• -.4 12• ut\ lt wi·bh • P;;t.Uff bpltcetlon(-.) t a, 4; 8-

lT

. . . ... lbt 1\\qUtmOO 14 1nt&lad0~ tic !l.lnlilh U%imua tudoame•t .·

nootUtee l')l'Clllcl.nary ~a tin:; rtr1-rot.1od that• ..t. thcu1: IOU

au;;.~0:11~ c=tul Pt tor the y.>eitlvt-near and n.o;;aU~tat> tea~

aeao tsUbjo~t.a d1~ 110t 0~?1ibit a1~1ficc.:itq diffcrent1a'b1Slti plaoo­

~-. U.O l!Vtl)lo 11. tur. tio.n.11 a. b, and o, woro- 1'to4 to r"olntcroe

thl•• {l'196S• rater to 1teu a, b, and o). i'urthot i-.co:mal."rlns

.k. \itoup 1 r.ata, (Caaoc l-9!) h1nt.od t:utt thi• etrort .,,u14 be

lna~:1oion1> ntb.ou' o.:t:mdoo• Aceotd1tz1';, in ~up Ir rt.tA,

(C.1M 101-lB!l)a. tt.erc nrt ~o !'ollcw'ln~ •ooo~dtltl~~ tn101out•

•a. SO#.!?OA8 '!'.c1.d )'VU the. t; you W0:-6 . • bnd boy (j.;irl). ;:i~ ma 1ti •?la.c.e thot;;. Mtaon

- jli;,.;. "' tAr mz.!tt?J-~· ~. tou tb.ink •o~na ia '1'$:17' nlce. · •fla.c•

!;et f!l'•on noal" 12!:•

• 'lhese ••ro inobtlell lo. ·tho co--,utat1on.

Frc= tho bct111niut; of' r~up t £uplo, th•r• 11ae • .ubtl•

oaron•o. that acme Cl.2l!:l1xa.tccy opon.tlc-n •t tho conolu•1on ot \be

~ ndzh.t l.nnc11t 1t.aW.11t, and coheoiD;l• This lnd w th

18

u~tatl«:. that ooaul"l"04 ~lt •1 tbtav.~ lh'oup l a.pie la4

00$ltmu.4 thro\l~liou~ t!\e data. btMr 1hD e«tn& ihl fJl9 ••

elwiat1co 121 it•• ooncbdt4 "1th the ohi141• plae.-mt ·or .

•011 ~ p90ple oa Ut.• long oo.~ ., • ,• •'th• tlUl9 "'-••• ..t.thila

•c7 of ~· ·~ota, • and 11'! th •aDJ•• Jd ant mat to 70U•"

.Aol~• troa pt"O'fldlS\$ • taoil• •l~ting Jl"ff•tva M -­

t;ta~, W• +Aolm1que proda.1 ttft oaa1l7 atbirtlrsttH'•d na ••1.11

~-d •la .... tlon or th• ple.ouentt Clpprt>aoh tor ••n•••l•& ..

eh1l4'• preteretllO•••

Thf.1. teat qleJt tout' 41.ftenn~ orttona or tbe ohlW••

at'1~4o tc•r4 •ach ll'lt!l .. 1ctwa1 Sa 111• rw171 ~ 1 tm n1p011•

._... oa the ?0•11dw ••le• tt. lua na~ oa 1lbe D1tPtlW

Mal•;. ~· awtagt die-.. aa the ts.nal pl&eeta81lt. . C11Dloa111 ••

wll .. ~1DNlt41171 ~ m11u-acorsng ••~o' 11 qui ta adiYa'8geov.e.

Dowftlit1 ••'9o1tllf e:r:per1Dettta1):1, there l• a lntlnlifioattca of

th• :-•l&tl"ff nl1d1tf probl••

~ lt.oo i-eepoc .. aeon• al"tl ebpl7 tlhtt wa of \h• ••s-111.,.

Hl•oUonl a!h'l the •wa oe tho f051tin seleotlona tor •oh indlYidaaal

fi&Uff• ft\• 1nd1"1da.ala wore l'Ubd tl'OC --~to loa•t. pl"etorred

aooor&~ to th• t'i.'10 ot t.h• to-1tin •lootlona fl:t -· total Hleetiona

• mothd t1pre -b• bad

• ~,...-~ of vs. Rowwr• th1• .,. ... hilt b1) oo,uti~"'r tM

rele.tt-.. •~;th ot tile •oero•• lo't' o~le, :1.t U.. t•1'1ae• Jiad

8 potU:dw ~d i n•~U\'e l"fl•~MO• ~owin~ & 1"9hlo ' et g/4.~ ~ · • . t :~. ~ .

~roct"ao.• ot ?&• - llMc:h ~lei bo coat pm•~ the tathw or

·th. &othoPt It .. o~.tcC.d that 1n moat .... th .. ~~w 'etnn,ttb w:,~U ~oatt th• gut.. F.toMioe, en oxplexia~~· ~tm~t :~ an iAilr&ct mt,n! ;u.d• intal'pr.tetion or IAWin'• tore. nlenee theof1'

and .1tueio1 agf>{;•otin, plOca.ov.t aH'.)oiat!.en te be tliet"O tre~Oll~

~•red t.ltan tm9la11ilan~ cmoa. Aleo, in n.- or U.Ze qu•o·ttcma.bl•

natv.1'9 of nrt.aill ct_ t.ne 1 tou1 ( l • l tee nab9r 7 or • rnllJ'

nt.t'6tl'Ve er 11 lt •l~lr taottl$l e:e.d 1.in tOM oa•e• I'Q111tl.,.T) ...

.ad tu hcoen1t1on e! the a!dw that the enllttr th eamplt or

oboic••• t:h• lln!ll1•r tho NUab1ll., the ~thet would b:o de1f.enate4

tht .raon pref9~rett ti~"'· 1 t •• erbl tftr1ly ~ecldc:d '° •'1t?o­

atat1ot.111 exclude •'11 tlt.UJ'G 1el•cwd lcin then tlTO ti••• Ift

Mrl:ain · 1u~e .ru117 -;r-ou{)a tb1• bl"Otlch'Dd a problell• whof'81n ''

~ wte& ~ rctuoe the =rinimm to 6 ti••• 1h9 a<WJNLZC d1ata:oo or nch rit:Qro !• d1>t.$"111ned by dS.vlA-­

Jn,:. the 8W!I ot th4t plaatmtnlt; peei -Uon1 by th• =~ of ti.»ot tha

tii.u~ •• cUlolM• For eJtMl.,f)le if' tho mtliel' n• eolo~titd 8 tllMa

and had tb• following pl.Mn.ont.111 1, a. ·4, 4 41 3, 1, au4 1. her

nora.:.:e dlatamoo nuld o. 17 d1T1<lo4 'by e, or 2•13•

'th• final ;>1-e~t ia at OCff an •bln-etlatlon ot C.

antt.{,O d!11=ice dcrdoer and a variation. ot tho sa-ciottam appro&ob.

t'be eoon.n, or l'&.."lldne 11 etmoomltan' wltb th1e e.ot.1"1••

%0

i·of' n•e0l'l11 prtJll'.louo~ oot.ed the d&t& of tblcs to•t ta

eeqagat&ct 1nto two sralJp•, the t1rat lllo~1ns ~· nhltof'C11'.i; ••' ln

luu 8 an.4 91 end tho 1000~ 1nolud1n;; 1t. J;r~9 1 t-a·e. (Can Hoa.

l-98) 1• oo:ipoaod Q.f ff l.xl;;1 ana '8 glrlo, ar;oe s..n, r.prooenun,

low, =iddl• cmd h1Qb. oou1o-GOonom1o 1ta~~. ~oup ll 1• ooa.,r1aecl

ot 35 boy1 tAd ZJ zlrla, •~oo 7•9• rcproe~Un& low and. r.d.4dle olu1

~UP•• 111• •&.;l"Ol;l•to de. ta 1ZlOlUdc4 79 boy• ~ Gl. &11'1•· • '4~1 or 160 1ih.1tm ohildran., ror.>rooonti:lt. -.11 th:-oo 1-::01~00001!\10 vouP••

(S-H .lp~.ndlx C}1r

:b4I ~?lU.dr••• • &oo wiro r~a.ord•d by 'f&O.P •"- DCmth• u4

tbo7 pleood. 1n lLC• ei-oupe tros 5 \o 91 rounc!lnii: a501 ttJ the iu101'•H'

who1o JCf41°•

ttw oo•io-oo·~noo1 c cltiHl;t le A tton tor rtr "\JP I ta ta ••

~ot.d b'J tho l(\\l.~Oo ~~ c.~ntact. All t.hcu:e atu(lcmt4 •t the Qollegiate

Cou.nt.t-y r.~)' Sohool, 1& b~·· ant ~ :µ:-10,. wo~ contliarod SA tM

bit) c-laoe tr/ 't'lnuo ct thC'iir o~l'olaont tMro. It 11 u ~nai••

i'l"iv-to •lthoo1 locatt>d in fllt eiolullvo nddentir.l &l"CG• ~Mt low

o1au11 aul>Joot. ror Ctro\•? 1 wr-o all tro:a th9 ttouao of Eapplne11, a

ll~Dtlit C:m+.-.r loca~d in • poor 11ocio-too?1.0tl1., a~. ~-- •• •

.gl'ftt dnl ot dlttlcul.ty ln 11Hmrin0 •°"" to m1dd1'1 elau ohUdl'c.

~ fiT• 1nr old c11.h~l• el••• oh11dNn -.n t~alq loMto4 a~ tl'4t

nrot I!apt11• J?uroory. !h• !dddl• ola11 ., • o ~d t ,-t.r-ol~ wro

a~d~~ ai • typ1oally middle o~a• public •ch~~11.n lf~rt f!eve,

Vlr~• 81aco 1 t •• 1Jll-;lcaa1ble to reach • cr~ni) or t.iddle ~la••

ab J'~lt!G 1a ti:ao to bo 1n~luded 1D tbte nrk• t:.h07 an =1•11114

tr.,. tho li(Ml!tj,)lO•

Wot th4l M au\jeo~ la Group 11 oa. troa a publlo hbool

1n lln;:o.r• lno. Th4t itJ41ncSnal tftoh•r• •r• gt.-,• the re•~1b1llV

ot cll•tlnplahlns th• 10•1.o..,.eOJlQllSO ota•• or Ute ohlldNl:l• takhac

SAto ~ldoraUott their kn~wle4!.• ot the t1nuob,1. oco:1pat1anal an4

toQUl rQl.e ot tho rwi,. As c indication cl the l ntor--toaGhes­

roU.a.bllity 1t wlt,ht; t e1 m.t!'}.t 1onod thl.t u tcur OHG&I Where tiwo mnaber•

or th• t:~a t~ilf •n. wat&'fl, 4iti'e:-ont: ~aohM"i •creed ae to t.be

twl.7 •tat.;• oao.~ t111e. ·

·TM fUiilJ e1aoa CJ~tendo~ f'roci ~. inclv.:llnz tb• tubjoot. 1IO

1 U.oludlug t.u aubje~t. al t.'t~t;li ~ ~t•t ~ori ~ £ell beman

the•• t.o extr«:i~4•

All tba ttct. wro ·a~1•torcd b/ the autl\Qr ot thl1

aa

Mon& tb9 tir11t pioOffflunt m ~· •t&titt1oal .... l\:&UCll ot

the toa-t wa the d•~tioa ot the aipilfiow,noe of ti.Mt dU'hnnoe

'-~ tht ~ of th• tietr.i l 41ttGt.t08 or th• p,oa1t1~• itca -4 ..

total dlat.Gnot at th• ne~-t1TO l.tat.• 1'o ati;l.1;t. tbia the '10aJl tm4

12>.t o~ao}"d devl•.tioa ot th•· t.o tc.l po11 tl"T~ pho~n\I mid et the

to~ n•cat1.w plao•~A~ ao eoloa:t.ted•

T.A:a!.tt . t• '1M ~l.Q!ii'loa:i:io~ ot t.tu. t 1.!.r'·irj)neo ba'Drie".:l ~e IMA:il or th• to'41 dla~oa of tho poaii:.i'fo t ~ ~d tile ~ta! diis 'tt:\C,,(t cf' t he Jl~Z}\titt i+~rlD• ( 'Z:roti'1 I r-ata, C6o•• 1•92)

t:at& u <l' ~ !) <ff;

h~ti"l'e f.0.39 ltl.02 i.oa 0.06 z.11

Poaitiv. sa.M lZ.66 i.•a ' .•.

.' ' .

c. L

lttfl

. .

l t 0£1 be seen t roa !'Ar;: .;; l \Iha t the rean \iQ tA.l aoc;a t1..,..

diato.noe ••• a.o~ "'r~utr than t.h• •a.an total 1'"•1~'ff 41•tao•.t :.

tbdin~ whitJit 11' el~if'to&n\ .. .s.th plaoinii l••• thmt .01 411\IS • ca:ot a.,e.• rua tlndSng ottda quantlt.Uu euppoe-t tot the decsol'lbe«

Lnic \'t\IOq b ht \b• notatlvt 1telll ~o IMt\ to bo puGhed

f&rt.her au7 wile tta. poal titt 1 \tu •r• Nt&lud OlOI«•

J. moro c-o~oludYo 1nd1oattQl'l or Ou• _ph•ao~oa 11 touad

!J'1 Oroup u rats flbel"c, ae a ele:l'loo e.t t!nv~ lJ aho••• ~• dlfte)rono•

11 t:.Ulb. 1ett,4U•t pr'!.'t.1'~;ly ?rl-rUy •• t. t~ot10tt ot th• e~l'la,·tttallJ

1n,Ni'tt~ "ar!at\cn lrt t..i.• pltoO!lttnt •ot. ·

ntll3 lt• Tho e1gu1tloanoe ot the d1ttoronoe be~ tbe :.Mta:l• er the total d11~nc.:t o.t tho roe~ Uve l tiOt.to and th• tot&l c!14tGf.c,a or ·tho uo.:.._u..,. 1 te~. ( arcup n: t•to1 0.i.iOI lOl•lGe).

ta~ I( 0 ~'i p OD c.~.

i'tt$SU'YO f2.6& lf.64 a.u l.u.ai 2.&J. 6.11 ·--Poa1tive n,02 t u.87 1.~2

• .lll atat1at1oal Qrooef.'\a~'' al"ft ioode.led af"tvr OIU'r~tti and l•.,..l• ot a1;zmt1oanee tun .troa h1• •t9 table. (!if,.

to approub ta. pro)l• ot the .. eooiaUoa ~tale poat.iw

mtb noon.ea• Md th• aoz•tl,.. with &ff&wr cU.etant:Mt fS"Oll tlMthd

per1peouve. tU alsiitlMJtoe ot th9 d1tteftlloe be-.m 1be llffn• of

~ peng• 41.atanee of the JDHt pr.ten.cl tl9lft• end ot ~ 1-•• pret.rTod tigurea •• eltMlin•<\• Th• Mlt aud lKst pitetarred ft6f,U'e•

•ro de-a1gnted lq' --. i-. napoue 1ool'e•• ti• being enout:d

MOCr&g w u. pl'OOO&lr'O de•ar1be4 prnl0\lfl7 (le• P• 19).

~ "11• pro•"n .. 1eleoted ~ b61~dlla1 onr ~obtt• "1th

percent or ntto 100N al=oa~ aul.Jaau• to *'ct t.h• tint

iDdl't'tdual, t:he l'I08J1 of the •'"9NG• dht&noo• f)f thoae tao t1gurea

waa u1ed 1111:he oc.put&Uozh

'tAJ?L.F. IU. 11\e •l~1t'1c.n.O• ct the ditterenoe botaeon the &'for•~~c distuoe ot tllo ao1t pretel"J"fld tl~l'•t antt th• •ftrat• 4i••oe or tho l•s•t pn.t•rT04 tiGVOI ( '4'0up I 1-tcl1 Cl-••• 1•91)•

ta ta )I "" ov ti CS-J)

Loa•• rr.r • . 2.6& i.10 .ia tlguna

.6ls .u; ~., Pr'•t· l•D4 tiO .09 illl'lff•

o.a,

•• 10

mt~ lU tbow• ti. 11.~icanri ot the diftoren09 ot tM

.-n• ror Qroup 1 teta. SM ditronmo. or .ne So.,._.~ dl•tanoe

l• 1l~lou' wt.• a er. of 4.10, Cit l••• thu .01), tb.11 1tronw

tu&t ... ltil\g \hat. tho ••' pntorl"H tigtlrt• are trawri •loaer- 11h11-

th• lMI' F•t•J'l'O'd ft~ro•• · u "1$014 b,- Ul•lr a_,...ce ct11tano••

a.r• placed tanh•I' O'W1'•

nttnp Jl l'ata ~.,.. ho:A ll'lOJ"e 1••••1•e iu.lntlon ot

thla OOGVeff• Thl• tnerea1ett •S.~itioano. i• vro'babl7 • tu.l1otlco

of tho ph~• ••t !n lt.eu 8 u4 t. 'noUoe 't.& 1'1..~ tv • . ;

U1lt.'ii IV, n.. lign1tloar .. oe or th• dit.forcoo be~•en tbe P'8r&J;e dia\p<le ot th• ~•t; prei'of'red titur•• end the anre.~e d1at.anoo ot th• le;i.1-t prete.r:oed tltur•• (flrw~ 11 tata, taao1 101•109).

re.w jf

' 6'M t Gf;

Leaat ?Rt. a.es 1.21 .10 i1j;Ut"OI

.sg .1e --· i'ref• i.11 •" .oa 1.lgul'•• --

c.i.

.1.37

lleton ~•tin5'• 11i •• poa1 tod thtl1l a lCM" age....,.

tnttwlim. lte fteptmU Ca .omowha1> atruo1a.lr.4 ........ ) preteronee

tor a t1&W"8t m4 ;«nrat;a diatanoe (a pal'tlal]¥ 1ncstuftd ePlterlon)

or t1u1 pl~t j)retereoe top • .tltu ..... Bl&h~ rewl- rr.aa.

nuts.on ton•:tlml• the L.cnd.aian aonoap- ot r••tnhtng tol"OH•

'lddch ~tte•pou4 • bdr1••• o• o=W.at.td with 41"1'Yift& to&"eo•

'llhloh eottotpoa.4 to poa1 U"N .a.4 r.•satS.ve Yalonc•~ b!lf.ht Jt.lp

torw ln •ooounting tot- title pmm"'*lon (18). l'&n1..Dg both 4r1,...

lD& Q4 re1tl'&1uing toi-ooa 1c ~&&r4 to • ~1,.. i•we, a oh11d

.S.,a-,h' oonHlftbq bavo cm•• tU d.r.lrtft' toroe, told.n1 oon1Giou1

precs4en0o, *11• bo.rbot'in& th• other, tho re1train.1ug toroe, 1n

tubJugat1on to th• woonaoii:iu1. In aotual ooeuhlHle, ratb•r' t.ban

..... ·~-d nworou•• et t1sun•• ;oe1tift itea oh'l«Ht wt'th

Olcae politS.TO pl•ceJ.tm'b, tll•re WMl1¢ M a an1f'ct•t&Ucm or tit•

true hel1ng o~ U:.o aubjec1: fof' tho til,UNI, 1A th• rora ot ooo­

pecntoq aoti'ViV. (farther phoe;ac") on th9 long t.1t aarde

l'lb11tt ttiere hn• ~•on no oTtlo.attoa or ttit• aopeo' ot t.bt

teat. 1vt. .tt IDaJ' n• now pflOft a pruden~ oonlid.aratS.ou cor.t\ngec15

Oil tbl exi~oi••·. ot lnd1Yldl.aal tat4Jf'prata1'1oii1.

A tb.11'd 1nw•t.1iat.1on ooneernwti th9 toat111g ot th•

•ti}litie&noo of the ditter•neo t.~MU the aant or the aftrt,t,e

di1tanoe1 ot the fl~iarea with oloaoe~ t1nol pl.accent tJ:i.4 th.e

avorase diata:noe1 of the tlprco with tart.tut•t tlul placement..

1111pnt1on or tad rosulte indioaw1, .. oxpHted, bis

t:horo la • 1iii,1Utiaa~tl.1 olo1or ataS"a6• dlet.anoa tor the ele>t .. ,

ftnAl plt.emun.tt cd t&r'thor &Yer•~ 41atcnoe for tarihe•t t1."!&l -

pla~tt• A• arunm b.Y 'l'Al\Lg v~ thtiro t. • 41ttorenoo ~ •'~ in

t:be tw ...u. wltb a ca ot ••I&, 1:e1Dg •1Q11t1ocm't WI.th a pot

1••• ~. .oi.

V.Jil.Jl v. S1~tioanc• ot difto.l'.-c.oo bot.en e»•na of the ...,.ra~ d11-.UOe• of' th9 oloHati f1aal pl•o-...nts end ' '\ho &'f•t"-&• CU•taueee ot ~ ~ar~oat tiul plae«MD'We

tttia » <S" Ofl t> OD .

Cla•t•t le&O .11 .oi eTS .11

i'Uth••• ·~ ,- l•&i .. . 1.11 .• 1sa '

C.R.

t.as

I••• ~tiolpo~a that, it t.hoN W?"• ~· aox dltt•ronooa.

IA tbe avera~ dittuo• of ~· • pla~ntti and £,1.tla t plaoOMn ta. 1. 't

.ould be in th• c11.reot.1.:in. ot $1.rle hari.n' aore. oontol"'ftUT•, h•ce

oloHi- plftoemcmt., IU14 boya 1tanna ~re •enturou•, hono• tart.her

plaoetaeD'a. !l\11 ... t.iltloc 11 in ~oneno• w1tll ""°"'-in. the

literature t.h&t2 .c-i•ra.117 boJ• .... towad w •how .... awo••1ff,

esti-Oftrtee b•'!:1aY1f!)t, 1l'h11• prl1 e'11ib1t mon m thds-.'ldn~, infl....,_

'llel"tod 'b.ha'ri.or, ( ~m, ~e, !S, il5).

~er, •• oxatdnat1an or Te.blot Vl and VU 'ltlll ehow,

then data did not cs~ly nth •:tt>"t~ t1nd1n~•• It Ml ttt. strll

1n both 1ot. er ~ta th•• •xh1b1 to~ lllOft dU'terontlatt.ni , tartber

plaoo=Otlt•• In CJ'o-up l DA to., -11.h. a cm of !tSS, thi• i• algut.tieut

21

with • pct 1 ... -. .01. elle lQ uroup 11 tiata -. ca ot ••• i•

no\ 11gn.U1out_'. bu1a l• lacU.o.Uft ot the au• tr•l'I• 1.'lla. ditte:renoe

ta tbO two gr~ ot data•• poUiltlJ ett•at.ri bJ the dlttermce b

tbe ,eool~o U"CU;>l11g1 the high tl'Cl0t.1oa •• aot ropro•mtod

la Grotsp . llt · thl• aua e1t1ng girla of ~ h.if~h Ola11 d1tterat4.ate

tlett'.ar~ or W d1ttoteo• 1A tb• aet, thl• tugt••'1ng ta' gtrla

iH• tts. i.ftfllt4*1 oet Yittiouil nWoner:oo~ ~ than boya' 11ho·

li•utd re ttt. ... wor•.-t - approx'-•• tho Q.rla.

fABLft VI• !ho lig:nifioe ce ot ditf.;l'et)CHt t..etwen ttie Helli ot th• gtr-le' &Ttd bop• total d11Winn• ( Gr~p 1 t:ata, Caaeo 1•91)•

r.• a ~ 6j J) 6D

Girl• ea.as 2s .20 4.!t lthlft e.te

fiOJ• U.76 23.~2 a.s1

":ADU: \'TI. Tho e1&a1t1atrn.ee ot d1ttoren0-• bot*ltoen tho IMADI ot girl•• total &•~" u4 boJ•' to•l dl•tu• ( Uroup 11 t.ata. Caeca lGl.•168).

rate. If ff' 6ii ... \ 60 " i

01rl• 12.10 ae.ro ... 01 s.11 -G.10

~· -06.9~ e~.'7i 4.01

o.a ..

a.es

c.1a.

.&4

81DM th• more •;;;h•li" utw-• or tb• b07• 41' ao• auit'••' 1 taMlt oA til• M.at4aa• eoal•, l t •• 00oaol•tl4t4 tba1l 11h• ·

oaua• for~ cl1tfennM ••~be,_. othe• ta.et.or·OJl' ·trai"

a1aool&ted wiU. .. x t1tt•Nncte•• .&ubaOHI''• •m47 ~ ~

ditt•nmo•• in. a11• e1fdaf4osa• •how1D,c ao •ipllttoanta an du.

toreno••• 1eomd 'Co bell• poaalbillV ot 1m1 •ttee1i at en

ftl'i•bl.on.• iii 11 .. ••tl.ilatio.a tu~olH,. (a).. llO'llner, a •anla.

tor atu41ea r•l•ti.,• to gi.•1•' sr-w .. .s.tlntT nftaled

aberit.f''• fta41ag tba• 11C1MG •place .,,.. av..- ~t1 .. • • ••t of~ behavior end a\\S-ll"nea "than llOQ" •4 ~. ~rl• 1*14 to '.

ere •z'"-•· gnt.U•g tbeit kr• (tG).

Ia bl• 1tr&dJ flt tNo cr11Slo1• ot botb ..-r•ta troa 1000

ar.oloaoonta• &to~ totmd the etri. •t1D1'91J mn orUd.ftl .t

botll pannv" ( 51) • Seara po1t.\llate• •• • uplua~lcm . ot ibla

tba\ gt.rl11 •lJelDg aor• Terkl ancl lf.w1V7 a1ght.I haft bee llO!'e

orttieal ~17 l:!J' i>e1ng ..,,.. o~nt!w aad oon••l•'10U• • .

(d P• '1)•

the gnat.r Hna1'1'ritf' ot tb9 girl• a11 th• Pl~meoD

di•tamse ••le-., wll be •HDolaUct uil:l aoma 'ftl'latloll or U..

taetor1 delbftt.e4 lrf &hffl>itt u4 atot' ed. her•• J~ ..... to

arnn1J hrth.,.. hrnt1ti~ation.

toe• ttd• tea• rall7 annre *8.t 1 \ purport. tD .,....,.,

tun.dp:l!'ntal tam11.y preter1na•7 l'o diNCt. ex1i4n•1mental attim?\ at

90·

.. ta.b11ah1ng th• ttUdi• has b0tm -=adot totJ on a·a lnd1Het btat11

th• data p~ae'nted 1n hblo• l t!d'ou~ Y tmpUn 10De ht.a-t.1•

n11c!l~ inaemch •• 1t lndi•i:o• th• tbrff t'19*tv-=te aH tapping

10tJ01lib'G th9 eaiM att~Ui~••• P"aumably true ful.lf pnf'•r.not••

bttlti.or na..-d.natiaa of the .. ._.,. ot tbtt 1 teu oeNlttly

eugs-•t. a losioal pot1ibllifa' th' th• •Po •l!splJ ~2 waya ot in­

'1"1rins a.tdcb poraon do ,.ou fnl6rf*• tM ro11:1ltln1t anawer1 bl1ag

a prod\.lot ot the quo1 U.on• u••cl• 8-oauso ot th• ofi'ootl ot the

utvt'e ot thtt ciutet1one lt 'h\lld .... the.\ the t1rtt pne'tioal

1moet1gat1on of' t.h9 '\"aUdlty of the it••• rospon .. phaae .-ld 'be

ainte4 w.rd tlJ-0 aotu.al lteu rather ~ the teobnlque• or wMu

approaott, -. ftlidltr . ••ome doaotYtn: ot ~' ••IUJSPtlOft•

h~g the tlrsal ?lao-.on~ dimou!OA, •• wll ••• la

cm• 1on10. l\fta rotpMiH cllQlnelori, it !d~t 'bo ute4 tbtiJ •t1se

p117Chqeti'lo eonoept• or ftlidttv,.• •outo1dtt o:ttterio.a•, Cloe• not

avlr to .ooto=oti-1o te•ta s!.no• they cn:pl-07 dirtot •-=Pl•• or

MA&nlff tho obo1oe hha'riol" Ming atudi•d•" ( U).

'!hit ..,.ltt ct tbe tteie.ge c!11tenco teone ••tr.at hen

experlMiltall.J en the ether ~ aore eoeoa•1bl!J M$etU"o11 lt' a

oontidonce 1ll theee """ me•eures la warranted, 1 t wculd tee,

aeo::rdl.11g ti;, tbo d•ta, i.Q\a~ '\ht 1iblrd1 !.'IO'rO ;tt"oJootift atp•e' of

th• teat, $.a •lac •Dl'th)' ct '°" contiden.oo.

Blum, tor bill ;>rojooti-,e ~•t• euMO•te the tollning

Po•n1b1li \iot to'f' ~llt:ta'\10111 ttoompo.riecn• 'dth thocr.ttoal

pr•4lot1cm •••• ozporlmon.i wohni~··· ~l'!mett ••• , '*•ch••

ratint...a and 9so1~trloo, u ... ~,un;9 (8).

tletpl te spee\llaUtt •tteaptll '° J••tlf.Y th• Tal1dit)' ot

the lnatf'Waellt, 1 ~ 1• rooo51\i1ed ~t tnrtb•.r and aore th!)l"OUth

1it~••tl~a'1w ot \t.11 mtter le 1n4loatloc!. ht.are plaac tulua

n11a.\1.a-obeU'a ar;ainst know caaea or deflu11- m'ther or tattler

prof•nmct••

Bn ._.1,ten• 1• tht1 tut1' Curao17 wpeotlcm ot' -.

•Pll ~lt M~d of teatlnt nUaMU t;r b. tbl• 1n•Wwln- 1•'4

to ilt •lllSba14on. &Mau•• ot the ~1l•IS lag\h ot t.be ._,

1n. rolaticm to l•re.• rw. ll••• 411pera1= ot ques Uon•• ooculoaal

tm.idet.i.c1•• ot au~J•ota to 9or1,vorate and pn>bl.bJ.r ~rt&1a eiiber

tooto • ...,, f.t-.- dooud loQ •de1t~to thaa 1lhe r.-te1t: •tbod.

Altita?us.h ~ ....,,_.,, Mthod p~d.\lced mor• Ma:t1nsful

reoul~, 1ti la port1",.n.' 'tlo mention that tbl1 type ot r•ll&bUiv

cq be • t\motion o.t ~ • ._,., ot tho aubjoou_ cltpondin& OD

•terlal .nd -'ttt.o '\'ilm u.w~l end that ....,, it ~ ... 1• lt.1wcl

r.116b11l ty1 it• r:AY- poeeibl~ l"9 •~lalnod b7 *" eQtuml ah1t'fJ L"l

th• oubjoot'• pr.torenco 4114 oonaequontl)' Qf no sroat c~nocu'll•

la th11 au-pl• 1 t •• poaalole to nteot only 1! ••H•• OOQ'\1 '1atied ot OAlttl 101•115, an4 bolns 6 boJ• tm4 8 ¢11'h• a&et

8 &nd o. J. per1o4 ot .tl "• dll.y• •1-P•~4 bot:nort testa. Still btla-4

OQ poet-ttat bqu117, 1 \ 1• bel!tt1d tha1i th• Mr.of7 t•otor ba4

-1u1aua 1ntlune••

SI

lh• d.11.,.. ot o~ta1"1nt111MDln tvl rtuiulw tl"Oll th1a

li~tod tW1nbor ot ca••• •• eol-red 1a tho toll~ 'tlQ'• ' · kah

t1&1Ql'O of IM1Gh protoool WU r"M.Pd troa llOlt to lMat proterre4

withm that tam~. ~94 to· ac ..... te.la th• hliab1111;J the .u. ..

o~ptno1•• ho~ th• ~· on tb.• tiniJ ud 1tcond wit.as wn

not.od Y1th1n •oh protocol. tl•inc thle Mtho4 1• •• po1albl• to

•xpre11, P41racnta~••• ~ nliab111'tr' et ~ !O Ud1"1dua1

tiitUrat 1nolua.d,. wUh l"•torouoe to •oh of th• t.bl"ee teat aoore

s>01•1b111t1e•• (Soe Apr>Rilx D) . Llkni" •notation ne •de

or t..'.e te.ti-roto•t - ·,tal diet.no• tlpr••• llth•dl no a\tflap\

h&1 \>~en made . '° ataUets.oallJ •nlute thi• pbah ot •• data,

a ourlofJ •aalriat.l.on 011trt.1n11 gi .... • the itl;tl"eaeiou of oon1l•Wn"J'•

-· ._ .... ..,_ -~

!'x.aat Rank·-- i uot; ozo l.1eYiat1ng &\lb ta• t4I Mtl1Dt.a1no4 ec17 Ono Poa.l Uon

eo. ~ Be. %

Itea b..,aPI• as 00 M ~

-~

nn.1 1lacement 2~ u 4i 81

.A,TeN~

I Dlttanoe 18 '° 88 es _ ... _ .. _._ ......

A.1 Uawl1 b7 TA3U~ Vl n &oeordiilt to l)ot.h enal190•• mo•

nnk and. '4th ono doYS..tt.t1t1, the· ltea Nspcmee diJncmalon •ns•rs ••~ re11able; 'With flml plll04CQC1' eel aiwera~e dt.otanoo following

tn that order. Thia Wormatton baa oes-tab\ l'Ud.fioations oa the

Ullditq ct tb.a eubteo~, too. ' !be Tef7 ll1de f11ttenti .. • la *9

J:i'O-f'ODnt.apo aro probabl7 moro •-"¥•rant tban •otual• being a

tunot1on or tbe Mt.hod ot a.ul.1•1•• . ~... l ti 11 th• tao._ ot

tihetr 41apen10ll oftr a wide ru(9 that ler:.d1 aup~r' to tti.11'

i:iplioe.t.lon• 1ft Us• abscm•• tJt 4IDT meatunta d thct 'ftlr.le~1lltf'•

'the Mt.hod ot nUa'btlt. '7 aal.1•1• 1• ju1Utl•~ aot ••

an •t.aoluta _.aun ot nU.abllit:.J but 01 a nftioiently wll•

ecmt:rollod l:>n11e fer role.tiva COS:£lllF'hona ot ~ r-~l1abU1t1•1 ot

th8 th:"H aubW•t•• ma.11• tbla 10•1 a 10Mia•blo ba111 tor •

p~lltdnary kapeot.lon of th4t rel&d•l'ff r•U.o'b1.1Ur 1dth1D the

teat amt tor Qathet1'1r.ii 1nteto'*tin~, thi>Ulh nebuloua hlnta, toward

actual rolt•b1Utu. 1t !e certainly aokntmlo"-&•4 th~t tt:wre 1• a

n"d tor e1ploration ot ~o ?1"0b1es iu1nc •re tu.bjeoto, aor1

aoounte &nd e:zao.t 1te.t11t1cal dOTi"'• ancl poadbl1' Ya171~a ~

time interYala and u11u$ a altoruto tol'Jl ot ~ t:o1t.

la ... 1ow or th• (1ftan.~ t.o date, th• Plaoe-A-r.r•on •••

•~ t.o 'bG a tund.u,.rata1l7 aoceptab1e ln1truaont t~r the •Uo1t1ns

ot pet.!'Ont and aibliug puto'l".z.nce•·· Ana1Y•i• or tho. &nelo~t

data load.a t.o ~e to1loatn~ ooncU-111.onet

1. A tl.1;-Ul'O ·ta tpnorall.7 t>lt.ced oloe•r tar l'Ol1U• 1 te=- end to. Uler &ftf for ~•z.e t1 <te 11*ul•

2-. Th• tiz,urea 4el1'1'.l•~d aott pr1>ftJ'M'6d by i ta We•pona• tt1noe el~1can ~ olosef' ._.,.,..e• di ... tlnooa than thos• d••l~~t.d •• loae\ preferrad.

8• fhe f1t)Jl'•S 'llt1 th tho ctloHtt tinal placo:Mnte •1~tab a e1~!.t1oan\l.y olot·or •wrae• dl•tanee than thee• 1f1 th tatneet. tln•l plaeennt.

•• A ••~ dltfl>rcm.oe i• pre•e.t in th• awnee dte­tlM• ot the plaoeen~e. GS.rla 1:ieml to ..,. • .,. t&l"~•t en th• •cola t>ind be ere oiftorm tia t.ln& ancl 1on•1 tiw '° tho seal••

!. All 1n41eatlcm ct th• relst.lft r&l1ab11ttr or ... teat showo the it-ea retj.)!)DU to be moat reU.abl• 91 th the t1M.l d1etanoo and aTe!'a&o 41•tila• beb.~ tooond ud. 'third.

ha oUn1ot.1 use, th• to1t baa J:W!Hl'ou.1 p-oa11biU. U.. •• a

dlajµat;lo 1hrdc.. The gtJM approach fQ.ro=s a bflGie tor l"&p-,?or\ and

the ol1111olcut c.1 \lt.ilir• Vil• tn further probin;~• Th• obo•naticm

ot t.."'9 nb-J-.tt' -~•r- or takict tho ttt1t, of 1poo1r10 oemicmte and

bel.d.nts roJ.Ate-d1 of lt')ng ~uao1 e>n corttln lteno and ot Atunl

to bn•r O•rtot.n 1'H£&t1'ff 1~ eonatitutea a ftluable 1up?l~'b

to the ~Ut:at1-n roeult. tne cbild 1• alao h"leallc& por\tnon­

J.ntoroatlon abou.t hio prtt"~ronoea 1'hen he aceidont.lq OG1 ta a

tuiilJ r.e:mbe~ or be.11.ng 1!«n:~tf1ad hie. 1S1J.oNe him, tmd• whe he

1U1ett OA ha~~ tl.Qt..-•1 10• trlendn, aonanto, £'0W1 'tlbo are

not acttu.all7 lil tl1e crO"up,. lncl\:tled• the laet =ont1ont1t .._. to

bo a re~t1t mo•~ prov&lGftt U100' "0Cll1" oblld.ren.

:0 turt.ba oxt.nd the teat tQ the )lrojeot1Te :on~. th•

aa •1t.J.• owld be utt.lit•c in a play a.eution 1.u cou.1unot1on 'd th

the S. titu or, if rtor. toao1blo iu a tree pi., ••aaion, vi th h:m.1.~

fit.Ur"•• 1*b.t t.ho oMld'• a. t'wlJ r1aun1 o"f' e!aplJ •OM ab1tno'

twq 11~•· Ptn1<!1ng the oh1141dth •t.r1.al ud allowing Ma

to 4i-n hi• om tut)1. to ?Jo u11cs in. the wit , thua inoorporaUAc

• dnw ••pOJ'leon v~ ot te1t, m~t pro.,. JudioS.ou• oooalioaally•

St.ill a~otbfto -m.r1at1o~ l•n"ing pro3ofJU., a1g,uUJ.eane• m.,bt 1Dftl4"

&llowla&. th• o'h.114 to Hleot bi,e 0"1ll! tipn11 troa a ooll•oUoa 11hioh

~ld tnolu~ figun1 w1 t'h tubtl.J dlf't•riat taoial •z.ttN••1on, ie.

ail•~ f'ro'm., o-• pld1'. 1u,,.•4. or their all haT1n.G th* .... l'lon•

oomitt.l. raaial exp.ro111on appea.ranco1 •• ta no• ua•r:t• thee• Mc1

1U.ft1 othor 't'aria~one ot tbt1 teat, while probabl.1 not 'Wid•l7

appl1oabla. a1,<;ht be _pJ"!)ti tabl)I' emplo,.•4 )7 a ollaioisn 1D oeJ"tain

1ndiv1dUa1 Oil•••• A po1aiblllt; tor 1~at1tut1on ot °'°r. 1en1U:in &'ffnl&•

41atuoo ooor• m1~t 11• in ~ u1• ot a toroed oho1n planment,

aoo~Uehed. bJ' allO'fJin~ th• ohilctrcm, •• tb.q aoaet1•t reqae1t.

to- nleot; ~re thu one tioir• tor •ach 1te. t'OILJOA"•

Al thoudl eta t.J.at1nl a."'laly1S.1 a.a tU" •• 1 ~ ha• proc.ede4

verJ.tiod the b,Jpoth••i• a1a1.I09d by th• te1t, ( Sff TA.81.f;S I throvth v).

•4d1'1anal 1ft#t 11 Jlffded 1n tho dr.r•lopullt pba•• &1 prnioua)J'

n&&a•ted• Th11 1noludecl tu.rth11" oorroboratioa ot the data proHD.t.4

and. nl1ab1U tq ~4 "1111d1 t1 n1oarob.

Jleu11h1lo, uao of tho toat •• an •~•rlMrltal dnloe to•

detondning paront1ll pr•toro:ieec baa ~ioodu1ed ln" ... •t.in,; result.•

· th• eocond hall ot tho th•ate te dc•ote4 to th• pr'•••ntatlOD u4

dieou1ion ot theoo tUi.dini••

PA~t Il. t'ij! Uflt or ms ffSf EJPEfUUetr.At.t.f 'TJ U~ttFJUtl't: f'ARr~1AL ?R8f'.t:nrncrs

!h9' mo•' poutntting ot the attcle::l'to at r.oosniclng an4

nplainlng oh1ldn!l'• ffX dltreren090 la regard t<J pcret\tal ~

tenmce• •• -~• lJ7 Freud. who conctl'fod an4 do:tlned the unt.'ffl'O&l

Oe1Upu1 cotlplo-ga

•.a. pattern ot (att..ohamt) tonN tit• pa.rent ot th• op?Oal to sea 1ea.d1D~ to uncouac1ou• je•l0'-'07 an4 hat.rod ot th• 9u-ont1 ot th• •!!DO ••%• to(;et.hor wtt.b A oertl\1.a amount ot ldOD.tlt1ont1on 1d.t.b the ~t; ot tho ••ff ••.x• 11 Freud bollevOd tb1• ooiapla.:l to bo •uni'\'araAl uc1 ln1t.1noti1t0•• {41.>thS?O}·

Thero hue becm im:'.uraora.blo cr1 u.~lan end mo(llt"icat1-ou1 of

tb11 l)t't>.t'Ja•al1 All d11ou111.on1 and e,;,erwata on paront.1 pre­

tere:noo1 ln. the 11td'ature are oosn1~anil or tho Go .. 11-puo 001;1plox.

&oo11nto th15 d.octriM antl 1 ta ni"1nt1a-n1 haTo hi;d suah • w14- la-

peot, ••peaiall7 on. elln1eal ohild t>0'10holoa. uny tn4"atii.atora

ho.Te oono1dored it eaoontial 'U\t;'t it Teoelve ••rl.mont.1 ftll~·

t1c:m l"Gtbor then ac!dlt1cma1 &pooulo.ti\'O w'bj•ot1w 1ntel"pNt4ti0?1•

Hen~ titt101' to di•cu••1ns tho reo:ul t.a ot tho a•arch o! the

If

~ ~blo111 o=tront th• inquir-er on pCO)'o1-.oanal7ale.

As 'Elnob 0011Pl•1n1 in orie t>C bl• attttmpt.1 •it i• not .. ey to ..,

'lth.•thar OJ' not thee• dat.. ooft'Oboraq the PIYC?ican&lytlo tbeo17 1n

that th• thoor, itnlr 11 neit~ olear nor eon111mt". (M). \le

r•bitn to th9 que1t1on, 11 1t pl)•dl>lo to attain an o'bjeet.!T•

quut1tat1'9't uesun ef an unCOA•c1oua ?hUG1nt:1'on -.b1ch aq not be

•n1labl• to th• ueual hhancrhl l\:lft~t1af -r·b• na.ture ot the

pr~iblt>a r.ntet"a valici.1 ty elue1T4• ! t la exn.~11i"1e4 by a etud)t

wMrebl 1ou .avldene• Vi•lded a =ot.hor prot1reuoe by Ul.• g1rl1 bu' other l•t• di.root a;ip:roaeh@a 1t.1:;:.:.;o•ted just th• 09poa1 te ( 19 )• lth1o'h

ta J.tf lluoh na.earcho2"• •• lilum, 'lfbo o.ritlnated the Blaot, toet t~

11hG purtoae ot .b.'ft~t1~t1n~ l'QChi)anAl)'tlc concepts. MP'J to pn­

Title en f'11H/Or aome dD.f• .An ol>J•ct1on tba~ ha1 orten been

dote~• ohlld.'K>o4 pN!'aro:tce1 •1• ~l'J conoorna both ft.U.d.1 ty

and re11ab111t.r•

1'h•r• 11 a obaraotenst1• tendoru:IJ of pqehoualyat., th•

P'CNP -.Mob ha• Ws6J.7 brttn 1"88llCDdble tcf' &fl7 P?'Ol'•!At10D ot the

0.d1pq theo1'7 88 a 11111-n>Plal eU •• to ent;•go in •ubjootlTO

litef'U1 ~ 1ut.rpntat1on•• without em;i1r1o1D 4emoo1traU.on••

Cited •• roul;hlt •pitoJDit1n~ t.Ma 1• • awe,- la whlah ou the baaS.1

at aubjoot1vo obaern."nn. an4 at.rpr•tatlon of tcvr ohlldftn•a rr..

..

plq1 lt •• ®no.lu~ad that ther. S.a • O•~U;A.11 COO?lox nen 1zl a

a Vi l.11l•al toci•tJ . ( 4.-&) •

Souj Ulin 1n hi• enelt•1• tL"\d.a onlr 19 or woo pa Uenta

in• ~'9o:t. ollldo w!Ua thii l'l.&£ipoaodl:r tta.ittroal c3Slplu. lio 1tat.••

~oit, til&t "itb.1~ tboeo 19 oe.10• theta 1• ~oti~lto o<int1n:iat.toa

a!' ~ of the Oedipal <1ot.ll11• (6). Althou.E,h, hit 19 1• prob&bq

• more oo.nt•J"fttU'Te ea&~to ~ moat enaly1t1 "VQUld nn~,..,. lt

1e.n-e1 to point \ll> th• f1i~t tbft\ in aou ~ .. oa1e1 tb.e tiod1~o

oonoept ln t.he olillio 11 r>nll.7 "laluabl••

In a aruq o!' Uio rolat10ll&h1p ~f O~UT't:$hip l'1 tb Oodlpel

intol"•t te, Y\Ule'h, =~•uf)\ed fr.om pf"wlcue 11t1• 1\le#eHfUl •t.tonpta,

oloiu t(> find. -.11 Wt IUtietloallJ d~U1011ut OOJ'~bcftticn

tor the C.d1p-a1 e011$1lOJ{ l;c :tale• Wt l\Ot 111 f-..101, e <t ho otter••

a crulwhl oxpl11.nat;lcm ot ~ t1tid1n~ ( t {,6).

A~!.D a~aohb:l~ t-M ch!lt booO t)rofoi-euoea from c

adult: va.r.. tep p-ol!lt. therer la a atu~y by Toman. Cnntzoary to

'1-tm4. ~ tw.nd o:o differences ':~1-GO:! aoxos 1n attaa~~ to

pare.nu. Jn both Clll98 lt 11191 z rH.t.,'fl" with the ao~r (46)e

'ft11a IAH ~d 11'1.nch in~rp~tC>d aa tioorroborat.1ol'l ft>t' Oedlp..l•

o~~Pl•~ 1%1 IL«le but~ot 1.n te:ftele•.

f.fei th.er 4!oca a "°"~ .. ot expar1U>On ta ttt ehil drtm '1

atst1.t-1Zdoa ~'w~4 ,P !•l"~tt hem 1~4-1936 lend SU?p::>rt to 1'.ruetlian

theory. At that tuae ln co t"tanoe bod "• roUablm d!i"t<u·ctt

bet.Mn 'bo1• pd ~lrl1 ~eort tound a1 to pro rt ri1no• f of' et t11er

parent•. lt a~uld. ~ k•pt ln l!llnd that thee• are ?J"t}UP lact

naearch otter• Wo~t.1on &'bo"&at 1tbo total l)Opulation ao.4 i:ot;

·tlngt• ee. .. • (~)• ·' Ia ,Sta~tl"" ud ti'®chti'• •b.idJ, uel.n;g tlwr•toa•'•

•t:bod, n•i\het' =-nor 'WOHn tn collo~• abowd a "11t'tet"onoe bet1Net&

p&t't1l'- (49).

M4-o• r.:t lnto..-.Ultura1 •1&D1floMOe l• d•riwa t'l'Oa a

1t.ud7 ot 18 and 19 7oar old. C1seoha. Hu·• glru rt~rto4 Ht•

N1&'10r1• -.J.th !)oth MthCI~ l.tid fat:h•t thaii bo)'I tan<! both boyl 6J1d

tlrlt r.potted betttt N1t.Uonoh1pa Witll tM mtt..r tboti th.9 tether

(~&).

~Uler 01"01 .. eultJJr• ew.ey ~1th e.,lc!i:no• ct ~ com

treft4 (l i·!41a ..Journal er rqc'holoa) reportl thot rcpl1•• to

flUOSd.onnain• reTeal ,1ri1 ad bo:• both to prefer mctJtoro ( 21).

HtA"tio.at.ng M eer.x diftortmect ln th• profeMt:t, but tu ~

pnf'or•·e., ChOl\S in f!ot"th Cld.na tttneti.i:atet the •zracted atr•oticm

or eWnl •tnt1119fl~ or lM ehUctren es•• .e throu;;h Ui ~ t«i

e1to,&0i-ie1 or tud.lJ mcmib81'ta gd!lg lhur1t.one•1 psil"ttd coq;.&J1.1ari

Mt.hod• 'lhe ·reaulta 4eeenbe rJ tbe fCUiU.11 tavontl.as cm th.11

ocnti..-,.uu. troa M1Nt to 1.etmta mothor, faUl(u•, ~d'!oth~~, eld.el'

11ater, J'cunot:- brother, eltn bro t:Mr• gNndCa.t!i~r, 1~ter elater,

•th•r'• llOthtsr, l!IO~J"'·• tath'l!l9• 'fhl.a ehoQ tM..t tho tomal•

M!lt't..et' sl_,.. ttarubs Mf;h•l" t.hsn t1\e conetP4ftdiBG toal• (except

tn t.119 Ottff ot the )'owst;er •1•t4r) (18)•

th• aothe:r aleo l"8JlkK ~l'S!M\mt in a le•a•tll"Oat rolt.te4

•wdJ b7 RU.bkrc• ll• e:tt)lored the prtnt.oh114 rolntlouhipi ill

a"1.tude an.4 .noted that tho mrHlwr•• U.d • cloaer relat1onlhip wltb

tbeU ohUdren than 41cl thoir tatber1 (24).

Mott fcr.lllct the DOther olwnn. ~ both •••• in ~•renae

"° the tath9P on tbe •<1 ... n 11lan411 qt101t1on. ht a lart'W'

peront of , s.rla pt.ud the111 tat.her tint in 1lhe 41:reet ra\lng

ot the 1alo4lat. la!J.7 C•>• tunUllg now '° ob•ervo.,ioiia pr0'71d'ld by U.lt&CJl"• 1lbo

'ba• publi•hed at l•••t. tour report• on tb4I nbJ•o~ ot fl&Nlltlll

pret•:-moea 11noo 1935 ( te&, •a&, •.u, '43)a w •vl""fe)' what lllllV

be ooiua14ered h1e aani thel etu.41 en tho IU'hjHt in .lSMI!. Ull1n3

hi• prov1o-.itl,J ~earlt>M tne ••aoe1ation a otho4 (See P• 7 ), '1.eltlol'

eU!d.ft04 1& elrll and 76 boJ•• gnadel 6 thl'cUgh I• tl"OIL thrH

aohool• Npn...,,t1n$ t.hl'oo 1oolo-eocmcmle lewle, and. 1U1•l7rod

the1r fttj)t'.n•e• in ftJUJ" O*i:etorl.et. la \he .1 .. 1•'911 or dotoPlp.­

Uoa he t~mid f;il"l• tleoenhl tt.tr IQOthan l'.o:>• 1n th• terltlom11

-.nu&l and •ec>notdo tpherea, ""11• bo:f• U{)rettJ.on• ot th•l• •then

aro .,N •••ul11to4 with tile ~ol•l, i:t•ll•o\U~l md !tbfdoal

.,...,. a.'*"lti' h teellng '°'1•1 th• ee.t.s<>rlo• ~ "llhl.ch are

pro'be\lJ moa\ •U.gne4 "1th WorMtd.on e11a1tod b7 11e11~ 'tie•'- .a Uut pr•••t atudy1 Meltzar atate1 thtlt gi!'l1 haT• mon pl••HD1:J

toollns toJ.\o ii\aa boJa to both pue:a~. •4 •• • 190uld •xp90'bt

bof• Md GJ.rl• both baff moto ?l .. nnt r .. ling toM to th• &other

than the lt. ther. lie alto rorien ~ d.lfr•reooe IA th• rota et

.-tlo.l upn111on• <f.irl• and. kqa averag• co~ ucept..nM

nao'tioa• to ~· •thv tbaD f&tti.r. &UU &.irl• •,.....t• aon

butillt)' to t.1S9 mo•:-• 1'hlle boya • ._ 'to dlspla7 more ho-atilt.tr

to th• t•tb•r· (~6)•

On tbi• 1t1ll. -.ol<!oring 1oeu• ot the Oecnpu• oompl.s ~•n

11 pro41GJ.ou• tu.?r-ort tor • wltnral dof1n1t10# end 1iitorpret.t1••

Arter a etuq ot p&Hnt.1 ~r'1teronoo1 tm4 1dent1tlcat1on.a 11\ ohild•

ron. age• 6 tlu'o•t)l 15, !.llgl~d oonolU6•4 1:M lr'ftdie.a 00.'"'4oep\ ot

•go da~elopau~ ailt'911l'O hadOfiU9t.I •• an upln.nation ct' .reaul\a.· tr.I

teelt "- ztol• ot ciilunl milieu .,. toublng ecS tho tatlUtr•OOll

t.nd Mth•r-4au4bt.er a11ooiaUOft .. maf haTO been Wd.ol"ea~m.ted•.

Be obae,.....e t.\at ~th ••x~• l.'l"ator tho :.other ( 17).

Oln'iettaly then are any tactor'1 11hloh contribute to the

pl"tthlbltlen ~t a tm11\"1J"1l tefl.1· letting all4 t.hD $ilblCQU4-:?.t mli'ftl"tal

0941LtU• otr.ap1er.. r.tuertblnt t~ ettoot of parental per•~na11tr OA

•h114' 1 prCJte~nce; La ••111 t "th• d.e:ta abOtl that • mob hly)l.er

percentage ot parent• 'Wh.c are moro doalnout than theil'" apou••• it

reporte« to haTO contltat; .-elt\t1anah1pa ts1 tla tholr oh1leren than

thoo• ~10 t$ke •qual1torlan or a,;it=l•oS.~ rolen11, (30) 'thie type

ot 1.ntlucnct 1'0U14 oerta1n17. nther ttum ottecUng a 'Dlolot.la.).

ln•ttnetin ao.~ dittoronoo, ;:>roduoe a ; r1mrily cul ti.;ral tz'/pt eta

dlttercuce.

Uimkott, !n J'GT~lt asei~at the Ootip~a co~plex pror101••

tho odt11r.\1 .taotnrs dt>01d1ns th• cb1lt1•• perent prcter~no11 ~will

tio toond 111 'ah•.t noh doct1 tor tu ol-.114 ao o~niea &rl4 di ..

e1plln1at1an• • • n:o tandimcq tor lilOhr or t•tber to •d::Unl1W

nmard• and putdehlaente wr1•• frca. on. oultaro to anothor, and

betv:Hn t'o~.11101 k • ohc;lo ct.ltttre.• It 1• pred1oted that •tt.J.a

tmJ&mcy .i11 be carrol&~" ~th th• 41tterettttal att!.wde ternr4

mthOl" and tathor in c'l"Oe .. oulb.lral date cbtalnod 'bJ" tho

anthro?olo~iate.• (42).

8tozdlll ~o reole :::•rt,n.t prttorocco1 •~$ !o~tH~ on, "ftltt•

reoai'V..t• MIN (ec). ?iut s1a.-,te?t rir.!!1 oor.rolr.ti-cna 'bcme:1 c..,r~ral

pu.?)i~t and rror~,.~~aes aro ~e~1tt·ve (41).

!'roa aott of t.'ts ~rt!nrmt liteN.tcre it eec.ot • t«1

ab1t:raot the t1n(f.h:!• that, !ti t;~or"t\1, i;;1t-le ~nd ~,eye ceen to

pt~tor th•1f' Zl()~er tr.! their tat.hOP and that t...~ori; 11 Uttlo support

fo!" ~the tm.14Nr'!a1 ~Od.1~JC &~~:\)l!:?:.t but srett tndircnt S"..!~port tor a

tal tur:t.ll.J.' d!ttrm!.ne~\ 91 t:.l~ t~.o~a1 lerirn.ln s ot pl"t'to:-caaoa.

Ccmoe:m1n~ 1~d1nn theo17 ~ol.t!o~ ~oto~a tMi oror.holon1

•?qoholo~stl ~o-.ilt\ net 4.:!tirr ch~ ll'roud1cut con0'1?U nor e!!t Uf>

•tudlee to 4il~roTo thom, bu~ ehollld r.t~t ~ d..hooTer tho ta.ate

about the!l•• (is). ln a atr-rJs!ll!) to tem,orarlly n!:i,ut; tl-.e lcl'Uo•

dleroht 1 t ot t tis h1etor1eal enou!?lbor~coo &!Id attain a ;:or• obJootlve,

«ap1t"1~lo o'1'tlook1 ~ tltould t\Ot tht1 r1H\GI •?ayah'llo.;,hta ch"!uld • • •

attel:t!'t to 61100"\!'')r thd taete a~ut • • • * paronta.1 t>:>oterc::.a<!D1

Poel1?>1y th.t r~~tt ot t!tct 1Huo to ly:J~ic chili! psycl-.olog my tiu4

1t ~arlwd.

It will bo r~ber&d •Jiat ttio Plao'!l•A•Porson t.t• t'Ocponae•

are •e~orc!ot! on a po11 t1,.. and a 11• ga t1 w acal111 and th1. t nl thou Gh

oo::ibln•to17 m.c.euret wre used tio expoM te th• ~it0r:t11 v tor de~tn::iin-

1:.tz =eet ~nd lenet pJ"O!'orrod filU'.r\)I ln i'U't i. the acorea c.ro

aotuallr ~ie• aoaningtul u· allowed to r~1n an o~pren1.on ol

43

po•1\1To t4"1lioga •t n•s•W.n fffliA!•• 'filth th1• la nind ~ .._

auaber ot S. tea roe'*o~••• of both kt• and o,h•l• for eaob '*""1~ i::n

bo~ eontl~ IJld oopti.,e •oalee 'RI 4-t9n.1ne4 (a.. A~pendt.z · B.,)

i.a\Ul' tor th• e1pU'ieaa°* o.t tM 4U'tetotlff of tt.

seu• nYUl" ~ 1atonatiOA oo•pU.•d .ta 1'a'bu1 11.. anti .t. .Al lhown

la ?Ail.a llt th•r• 11 • 111tn1tlean.\ ••;a ilttor.ue 0.ti&HD boJ• an.S

,1rl1 on +Ji• f'o1lUv. tlothor 1oal•• Tb9 en: ot 1."18 'tlhich i• a1g•

nUi0tnt 'lrltb a p ct l••• than. .01. 1::.cllcato1 tho at!"en~tb cf -­

prl•* poa1Uft .. 1.auon• of their moth•t• 1• gao.ter than the

boy•' poaS.tlvo aoleotloo• to'I' tbeS.r mo1:hor•• Cbeo'ld.ns th.S.• tftd91'10J

on the 1'•11a\1 "11 lfot!ler ao•l•• • w;:u.14 ~t'ect to dllco\"'91" that th•

ts.rl• acol"ed lner cu n«,atiw to11lin&a the tho bo71. lthllo '211•

ten.d•n07 la ill til.• •~poctod d1roat1on 1 t 11 no\ •i.~11·1c~t.

OA t:!ae Poeitiw FathoJ' aoal• 'bo10 •b.ow • greater tawr1t1a

to the11'" tatho.ra than [!1r11 t.;, thelr toth91'1• Thia tred 11 nb-

1t.antliat.d on th• ll•t•tlft fathor eoal• When tx>1• •hoY l••• 1ies;atlw

tfflinc• to t.he t•th~ than tlrla do. Alth.out,b ~ cri.•e, ~th 1.81.

-p 6ff•~r the.1l .10. ln bot.h caa~• aro tco ISlll, thdr OOl'toboratlon

or <m• aother teuine t1:1 tmhanM their •1"11f1oanco.

l.n Uf,L~ 1. it S.• thom from. th• rodt1Te •nle• th•' boy•

&?~tlt ,reter 4\t:.e mctt.er oard to tho ta ther oard, al tho\.tt,;h 11ot;

w • a1Q11.t1o.nt de~ee, the CR being only i.n~. On the N•Q>t1TO eulo

th•ro 11 a trend in th• oon~platoc! d1root1on, tho baya •hoYl:ng

llOr'e ne~at1Tt rot?on••• to ~ tatbor than to tho mothe,.. thouzh llO'ts

to a •l0.'lltl0&11t d•$Ho, "1. t!l a "t" acoro ot •11•

%h• ma1ti tlgiU!oant 10• 41.tt'•rtnoe 1• found on tbit ?o11'1••

.o&lo wbon th• ~rl1 4o.f1%d. t.l;y pnt.- th• mother o&l"da to 1lbe

fathor oar4a, •• oddenoed by a. CR ot e.so (p au.oh le11 t.hu eOl).

lofting oorrea~imd1n.; c!ata ca ttla n.e~ttft eo'11•• w find. a11 aattetpated,

the.' d.rla n:bib1t 11oi1t1oantb lo•• neptiT• .reepon••• to moth.,.

than to th4 tathot, t.b• ca. 2.1 •• being •S.itlit1canit (p lo•• than .01).

tA.OLB 1x. Sox ditfenmoea 1n penmtal praforuno•1 bot&wan bci'• ·· · aD4 ~1rl1 !n J"eterenee to Moh panmb ..

Bets GIRLS

• 0 on c.n • ~ 0 or.~

..,____,,. l'oa. I . &etl a.a& 6.62 2.01

·"' 1.s! .21 ~---t ,,60 2.G? 4.20 2.00 POI• F !

j

··~· ~ 2.49 2.os I .a .11 2 •• n 2.10 •. u

Nez. f 2.1a 1.09 s. f;4 z.02 ___..,. . _,.,... , ............... _

TAtU.~i. .r.. Sn· cllt'tercoee ot boJ• cd ,;J.rla 1zl rtt•ren~• w both pa.ren ~~

c.a.

s.&5

2.14

- - - ·-· Poe. -st tltg, M roe. F l1$S• r

JI tr .fil er M er lf tr

Bo,y• e.u 2.:us 2 •• 9 r.os 4.oo 2.6? 2.1s S.01>

Girlo e.sa 2.e1 2.u 2.1e •• 20 2.06 ~.f.4 ~ .• oa

~ c.a. <lo c.ll. "?>· c.n. OD c. lt.

.40 2.1.s .za .2r;. .~1 1.61 .49 1.67

1ll .,,_.ry, fr= th$ oTid.enco ~tboroci b7 thi• :I.tea l'G•p<m••

Mtm4 1 'b wcu1d. eeemt

to a aS.z.pitiout doer• th• naot1on1 oculd be 1nt.er1u·•to4 that a

z. Girl• •ho• a •tl"-®6~ pi-.et'et'i:::lff !or thoir aaothsr1 th.aG bo11 1hcnr tor ~oil' moth.ere.

Aleo tb•r. ..... • van 4 thA t I

le !of• pHfor their 11!.:»thero to tholr teUIOI'••

2. &11 •ho• a atransor p!'efetcnoe tor the~ f•theN than e;lrla 1how f"Jr thoil" tathora.

1-ts =a:t be d•dr.&oo4 ti-on th1 a u ta, •• 1ntood tror.. a $004

portion ot the Utoratur•, that th• aothor 1• th• preferred tle:w-e

by both 1.u1. Te\ 1n t.h1• dfta tbaP• 1• •110 •vidr.i.oo that ld.tth'

be 1nttrpR'bl9'1 to lndioe.t .. th•t the &irl1 a1n~1n a 1t1'on~ti­

ldont1tioatJ.on ldtb ~ moth•• "'111• bo7• 1~ntit) rit.h t.he father.

••

S.t.t''• fl.ntllnc \hat; tht fathwa• ab1et1oe .fJtom the boae ettoot1

"baYior or bqe ant no~ &irle, aeou to 1nc!1oate th.11 b"e.nd

too ( t&). Thero 11 •eoln md.enoe to-r th~ ,1rl•' Gl'Oll!ter

•ta.sitlvi~ od attin1ty tor utrn.J.t:.r. to<r both 11snS.t1oant

tlndht;a •T• prcduoed b:f· the loud.cine rathoi- than tile aeoulln•

Pb.1•ota.

''

to pr•pan t:h• uta t~ anel711• ot at,o cJlttoreuoe .rtect4t

the metma of" th• poait1Te and noa,.atlv• •oaloa to:r noh panut .._.

debtnid.ne<l fer ••oh •&• &n>UP Qf both bo:r• and strla. Tb.y wn

then •Dl:l!nod: tor- ·~• dittcr«lote •1-thlD oaoh "" on ~ poaltin

Met n•&&d"• toale• ot both J)•rentl•

.

BoJ• A&• Jr fr p «SD c.1.

i• l;ll 1.d:n •5 4.11 1.u5 5.06 .9a 3.11 Ko~it •6 1.11 1.13 ---· - -1 2.1s 2.2., ·- - -8 2.11 le!!I - -- ·-G 2.16 1.47 -· - -hit.tin & 6•!0 1.oa - -- --&o\bor • §.RD i.1. ·--- -- -' I:~~ 1:¥8 - -- ·-e - -- --!J 6ef16 2.so --- -- -

boja• ?1".t"•rcno•1t fol' their moth~r1, t.'ierc 1G Qbnou1ly no &_f.• d1t•

t&ra?iC!• ln their poe1t1vo aioloat.tona. _ tiownor. on the »O~t!t1vo

~calc. tbon i• as 7at inuplioablo ooourGM• Thel"«J 11 • pra111oa•

docrcraM 1n tha proportion ~t nepthe nlecttono Ot' the mot.~~ .. , : · - '

troll a. • 5 to ·~ u, tbo ca b4'1n& s.n. ha:ir>ot1on or b table

ro'too.la a at..t!onary rotoluUon or ~11 oxtretr.0 teolh;i;a 1n a.;01

T, 8 an.ct e. 'fbat oould t>0 the oau11 or ~11 rolaU'11ely bl()i.

hoa'11lt¥ at a~o e and the onwe1ns lack or tt at•&• 6'f l'en

thou ohU.dnn all roorut ted trcin a 11 tuatton 11bor• the ~ yoar old

bad ba4 no aooial exptrienco 1D a b.roup, io. achool or nt.U"HJ'1

•~hcol and 1thorct tba G you ol~• _had, 1 t would ~ oon.,.n1cnt and

:lo.-;ical to ola1D th1t ohan;;c ai~t hAT• rnuiwd from pleunat

••.ooiaUona with th• teachor and. idonUt1o::t101l ot heit "1th ih•

..._. not the e1t:uation. Since the~• ••ro no al.ddle cl••• ohildnna

W1 th tbeae tw-o •ttJi-Ue e1f'tor~.1, tor the p1"eu-nt turt.hor

1paeulat1~• explanat1Qn ebould conal~•r the a::all eiie or th•

aampl•• the pou1b1l1t.1 of' a.vs dlrrerenoee ln applioatio.n ol'

oortas.n ot the 1tell9 .ud the _pua111ng fact that thle d1fterenoe

ehowd up o~ thd 1\0ijat1TO Hal• and no~ on the pod UT& eoalo, -

thoae all IJO<ll~t auz,;;,estin& that 1t m•1 cot be eo true a

41f£oronc• •• th• a ta th~! oe 111 rl1oa t.e.

807• .Ago M ' di i) 6'j, c • .a. :

•!5 :

'·'" a.92 i.os li•.o&t1"ftt 8

. $.51 s.4:! 1.~o 2.8, let9 · 2.41

father ,, 3.?6 3.96 .91 e 2.36 :?.CO .oo .

•O l.78 1.ae .sa

•5 s.71 2.96 1.0& 1.06 1.28 1.e1 ~o,1t1.a •6 a.11 1.e, .76 l ather 7 4,95 · s.s&

& 4.6SJ 2.06 9 t.ea . 2.sa

ftl9 boya 11\ow no eignifioant &i;o ditto.renooa ou the Poaltlu

fathe?' 1ealo. lfoweTor, th•re 11 a tr0r1d. tor tb.a i:o beoau le11

poalti'O'e to the f'atAtie t~ ·~· 6 to 6 (S.e l'A!lL?. XU), th• tame

p•dod. during 'Wbioh th.,- •••11ed to booome lesa negat1T• to tho mothar

(See U BLR .n). en the N•t,•tl" father scale the boy1 allow a

raC.r ay•tematio gradation toward le111 and l•H n•gat.in t .. lb.p

with t.noreaein& ag•• Th• dif-teronoe bebea tho highHt ne$'At.l••

expr•••lon at •$• 5 and ~ loYMat at ·~· e la •1C)lif1oa.nt# (p l•••

than .ol)., 1li th a CR ot 2.ts. nus wgr,eat.a an lnoret.111ng idatiti•

cation ot the boJ wl tb. hi• t• tbor •• he t row• older•

Apparentl.7 there are no a ge cUtteronoee in pa.rcnt.l

pretercm.oee in ~rl• (S.. App~nd1~ F)•

ln ...... .cy. ,,. t1124.

>.. ilo:f• ohew oi0111"1cantl¥ lee.cs nvu,at1vo e~i-eulcu1 to t.btt ~othu· •t a40 6 tbm ·~· s. there atti no a~ · 41ft•rcm~•• on the pou1t1va aoalo.

2• 2--C>yl •~t'H"OH lea• @d le111 llO&flti•to l'011ilb.p to tattutr t'l"om. ·~ 5 oonthluins 91e~t1colly to ago e. i.ulu•1v• of' •&e s there 1a & •lid! tl1 para11ol toedontr1J ~n tho po11tlve 1e~le.

Se .A.pparontly there AN!t nt.> a~o ditt'•reneoa ira girl•' parcmtal pret(!!rencea ..

61

, llitonnoe iD Nprd ~ father prorernoe. On th• ~oil U \·e Fa th.8"

80Cll• lt mq be 1oe that mid.db ~la1e chUdren ha'V'o a stsnl.f'iectl1

gr•atv poa1 '1v• expreulon tw thdr t•\hnr• than the low olua,

sith tho hlGh olan• tallin:; ;~ers bO~eon the10 hroe the C.R.

ot 2.95 1• 1if11J.flcant (p l••• than .01) (:3e• TMll.r XIII). In1,e1t1on

ol th• data. ror 1ez dlt't•rencea bere 1ndic;ateo thJ.11 •1t111tioeee

l"Otultff pr.l-.ri.lJ from t.n• Mtoulln• data.

th• nma t.ad•n07 _, be note4 on th• ll4~ t1 ·ve FaUwtr aoale

1'b~ th• ~iddle cl••• obildr•n &TOra~e l••• ne~atl~• reapon1ee thaa

ha.mg • •t• 1cor. or 1.15.

A ow-•0'17 eumin•tion ot the data ln ! H.JLl?. :av rnea11

th• liHk ot •'df cardinal 1l'ldiOOt1cm ot 1005.o-eoonomlo d1trer9na. ill

pnter•c• tor the 110ther.

63

Father Group }! ~ ~ t 0-0 c.a.

High a.21 !••O

r.:ao1t!w •Mi.dell• 2 .. 11 ~.10 .za .u1 ·G3 1.1&

•Low Sa38 2.a1 .87

81~ .,.82 2.11

Poei t.1,,o •M1c!dle 5.0'1 z.ta .ro lal8 .40 a.g&

~.Low 3.89 2.0l .a.7 ·'

Qroup ll O""' Group I( " lloi aUve J>oeitl••

rtit;h 2.~-l l.69 ~~other 2!1t:h e.co 2.t2 Mot.Hr

~d;:.le a.u, le62 iiid~l• &.9'1 2.80

Lo• · 2.s~ Z109 tow 6a96 2.2a

ihUe the t.1 t !'1nd1nt• uy be oond4lnaad 1

1. lho middle olnaa chll~r-on ar4 Z!lQro f&?~rable b thoir tathora. aa roToaled Ol:l both poti tiw L"ld AO&a-ti..VO l$CUlOI•

2. Tbo~• ·aeom. to bo no aoclc-eaonoeno ditterencee 1n pr•t'8renu ~or th• ir.other tii;ure.

A• M a14 to •xplant.tiOD Dt tho mddlo-loWOJ' Ol&ll d!.lte~oe

1n tattwr pretereno~, the cluaa1o l1:.v1• And liaTl~rat &\,'Ud.y my bt

altod. ?hoy toUDd that "ciddlo 0-l.4ca .fatbe-r• 1pr.id ~re time •ltb

aot1v1 Uoa 1!'1 th their ahildr<m ( ttu;,chillz., r.:i~1nt &ncl takin' to.aa

.•alk1} 111 llO)., :th1• obHrvation ind101!i.to& that the child. l•aru an4

Erioaon.. ancl ~a.a• note th• g.reater 1ocial 11 bortf and.

tr•odos to •X9r•1t1 ph)Paioal awu11cm and 1eneral p1m11eivan••• ot

th• lower · •lt.•• over- the m1dc!l•• . (18, :ti). RoWt'er. Er1cl0ll

beline1 the aiddl• ol•H 11 probably moro tru1tl"at:e4 (18), While

l<aal on the other himd olaima th• aiddlo ola1e hb• llO:"e p17oholog.ieal

tr~e<toa. •'l'h• oloa•d• r1c1d paront-ohlld r.letionehi? ln t.he low.r

ala•• cauaee th• ohild to f•ar parents d••vite their aoci•l tl"eedom.•

'nle low ola.es prol:abq ha• m:-e t'eoUn~• of rojeotion an4 unol"th1ne11

at a reault ot d1~btfd1onoe (31}. !toGuire notea Q"tat.el" lower olao1

use ot p~1.1bmea t ( 32) pl"ob&bl7 intlictod by the tathor.

tia1Dg tbe Blaoq- teat ~ ••tilM'lW ohlldbooc! oontUo' 1n

12th gnde boy• trom low at&tu1 boaea. Cou o.nd. .Rauth d1100.,.red

that bOJ• ah<»•illg leaat 1dentif1oa tion w1 th the1r tat.her aleo 1h0ft~

aoat 00ntl1ot. (12). t-tir.;sdu$ that th• Plaoe-Ji•?e~oon data doea

iluUoat.e '2".&t ciddle clau bG71 i<!antt.t, .. u.b thoii- tather1 ~re

r•••1111' than lonr el1ue, A\ald'• clue!¥ aho111l;i; hS.1£bor ola11oa to b9

oupei-iar ~ lcnror olaaaoe 1n at':.itu4o a:14 &~juatllect (~) le tolatod.

stoltior alao ctu~lod eoonc:.dc ncuriv t.sid ehil<!ron'• attltudo• to

parn.t1 with hie treo-aHocii•t1.on teolmlque. Rei d1'71decl them io.t.

low lU, Jaldi!l• 11 aud hlrJ\ x. aeeorl.1Dt ~ teS.J.: rent ~rouping a

l a UW1 • u atti•E2, 111 t *l!-20. lie fot1J1d the heal thi••~ •tt1w4••

in s roup II 'ftlth bf'OYpe 1 and U! tolladna; 1u that eaquenee. Ille

111ddle cl11.to ~up bd th6 •moot plo11utly toned atUtudea•, "the

=n•- hoalth.7 U£ff0 of 111.'t.aebment t1> paftft\•, •t\e mott aoc•ptuoe"•

9 tht l•a•~ ngJlofllTeno11", an4 "the loaait 80XlfUot aad hoa1d.U."'1•

(.Sa). then et\241•• •oat to cor,..latie ... 11 •1th eaoh otU. and the

Plao ... A.-Vw1on data. lt tM mddl• olua 1• lllpot-1or 1n adjuata.t.

and. lf h1~ 1cleii,if1o&Uon with the tat.htr 1how1 le11 -eontliot. 11-

1• 1:,() be •;q.ot4td that tdd41.e ol&ll bo7• will •how El'fft81' id•Utic&tlOD

witb ~ tafJler ti&Un•

l'hia hae been a atuq in th• dOTOlopma\ of an 1n41T1.._1

projoctiv• toat tor chilC.:ren L"lo lta u1e 1A dot.mining puctal

proft>?''DnOUh J'rg.s lCO childron, A£01 5 1:.'u"Ol.l&h. 81 4at& bu been

nou~ed ubleh 1au11oatoa \he lolloving oouoluaiou -

lte~rdills iibe dttelopaent ot tho t4at1 (Sn pep 16).

&tQirdin; the l1t.:d1nt• ct th• teat 1n * eapertMntal

lnn•'t.t'*t1ou ot parent:al p:retennae11

1. To 6 ei&l11'1ca.nt de,ree, ~irle 1 retz:tonH• tJ1\ the tes1i are ~ttr~l'Gtod to 1nc!1oate that '11'la l)t'efor t.Uir ut.bor to t.h•1r father and ahcw • ttt'CJ1:1,i<'I" protoroe1cc ror their mothfl'• than 'bo7a ®·

2. Thor• 11 a 1trong tendonoy, while not e!~lfi• os~~. tQr bay•' r~·~o~•e• to ~rojec~ prorerucoe or thoir a.othOI" to their tat..ur, bu~ w ahow • •t:"on+1•l' pntorono• fai- th.tr fo.there than &irls dO•

es

$• toyai ehow lua1 ~GAt!.'to toolini ~o tho tio':heJ' fi~ &f; a;~it£ $ thtm at:• e. L'1d leta 4l:ld lffl n•(}Ltiv• !'o•Ull~• t~> tatbor troa a t;o r, th;oou~ •$• o. 1n•r• CU'O ~o •~?aro~t ·~· ~1tto~onc•a in &ir-la.

4. ~~l• thore •~8:4 to be no aoolo-eco:iO~a dtt• ter~oo• ~ ~rottri:l!ea• for mothor. u. \1 ah'()1Ql that ~dale cl~ •• ohildten. u~poe1ally bo-;a. aro dot£.nitelf ~r• p:nd. tin 1n the1&- •X?t'<tltlon1 to 1'b.e t~~..-r t.'ui.~ l~vt~ olAee chill!r•~•

M.mtion •boulr~ ~ ::.Ado ot .ae·nral po1db1l1tie1 tha1' 1r81"9

10.roonod tor- uao 1n th1• 1.nvi>stib&ticn... 'n\o •vara~e d1atuce an4

f inal plaoo!i\en't •cal&• wore i i;noi-ed la. th• tin.al analye11 or th•

1peote4 ud ut•\1• lt ~Gull! bo lnt~n·@eUnt; to d.otond.no th• etteot

of the l~, tho •f.f'ttot of bel11!i an o:iq oh11'1, or the ettoo1s ot ·

eorta1n pvaona11 tij' tro.1 ts ( 1e1 incZo;>endenoo, Gdjua b:ient) on the

•~r•s• pllcOflMtllt d1ftore~t1At1ort•

cartdnl7 ano ot Ulo oardinal t•P• iu thl • •blclJ 11 th9

exclusion or retorence to tho d"JllH~ic• ot eibl1n5 nlat1e111hip1.

ftlturo .111veet1yi t.1on• pQ111bly 1'fi th th1• ..a d.a ~. 1hc\lld lnolude

th1a ar&&• Other Tor1ation1 m1~bt seek ou~ the rolatlon1blp ot

pntt~rsnco1 w.lthin the .l'Oi!ill' by t.4;1t.1n; chU~rcm with tho aaM

pareat11e Th• ef'feota cf ouch t$otol"a •• the numbor ot children le

~· t~11J and thelt" piodtico m1~bt be 1w6104 '11th th1c teat.

fiT

It hat bofln -postulatee thcat ohil'5ron .. 1th lou teeU.nE:•

ot hoati11ty tr.! the 110ttltn• W\1ld 11tJj111t t -•ttQ1" t 1> th• teochtr 1n the

Hl'l.7 Sl'9~9B• A Ot;l'lWollod tne~~Otion of thia ni;zht pl"Ott 11P\1floan'fJ.

Al•o reo .. Toh on the r•nct!~n formation p~na1bll1tj, na aho.r\ b;y •

r•l•Uvoly gollt dt1on9anf}y 1r: t to~ rcaponaG •nd •••ra~:• d11tanoe

1oor••• 11 ne•do4. .Uthou~b mre ot thC11 dtvolopQentel rather than

t'oadb111 tlos ter future uoa or th• tfl1t include teteni1uat1on

ot crQea cultural var1a~iona rO£ard1r.~ parent.Al end a1bl1nG preteronc•••

Anothor 1nt.r'1rJt !.ll:; 9t1Hibll1 ty-, coneemin.~ t.h11 t:i_p1o.

·pGrcmt.• preferono•I tor tho1r obUdren. 'I'hS• a!'ff, elthou~ lt

would 9ro~ tll~at1n~. h•e boon nu~loo~~d probabl7 ~.-oag1e of

d1ft1.oul v 1n 1eo11rS.11~ a eu1 teble tct1t cmd coo?ar& tho at1bjecte.

It 11 re~4lly •~pu·en~ that tbore &re many 1ntere1ting

Llt3RARY ·---, \JNtVERSITY OF nICHMONV.

:VIRGINIA , _. -; ...

SB

APPENDIX A: REPRESENTATIVE FIGURES

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.u. '"•"'*°• 8~1• 11.AD -hioal Swdy ot the Otdipu• Compb:a«' • .A:#P• ,1?-o.z.~al., lSGO, ti, ~.

l!Ot .,. . le th.- Ar.unlal ~ .. _or P!J~lo.~e · 6tutord, Glu:. • 1um:uaI t:.Atvi'""'' ln~.

Ile OUrnt. lbry i.1 lit&t11·~01 le !-Y;~olOR: Ind f..tt1eto.t10D• hw ¥onu Lo&lpaitU, are.a "' co., lti'ta.

28. 5'lllri.ok, t. A• "S•x i'!ift•Hn~• 1n th• Ilehmor ot ?iurao17 khool Cblltlrea•. · .£!!_114 ~li!:!, l.911, B, · M&-!5&t

~3. Eulto, tU1tn.d c;. 9Ch1ldh~od Contllot F3proeeo4 th!"Ou~h tallll.J DrtnrJ.n&a--· . r!l.chole · _!l>•tr•, 1il&J, 21, •2~.

24• tlic-1cbbol"~• G. 6 1lill1land1 A• H• •Farcm~Oh1 ld P.elationahtp• !D lttl ma"• ~ • Abnont. ~C!,O• Payohcl"!I · lSl•z, 11, 126-l&ie

21. Jaclr.aoa. cydta. ·~tional A,tt1 tue.u Tonrda the ranily ot Honal, r:uero\le an4 Doluqvn.'$ Ch1lckeu" • · 91"1 t. J •• Pqehol•• 1eeo. u. ss-&1.

It. JSll'O•elfJ. A. J• · •nia &Dlatiou ot Older Cbildrc to 'J'h•l• 1anlite"• J• V«l•t. ?!Jchol., i.e•a, 12. et>-100.

l7• · 1119~....,. »• •PHUm1nary bpoP' ot a. 8tat11t1oal ltu.dJ ot tho Oe~1pu1 tMPl•x. • f'&ohoh .lt•tr•• li63t 47 • 17'9•.

u. IAwta. ![\u.~b. ~-'-J?Wtla ,!?t•o!I of · Pt;!!~l1!!,• In rorkt . W.Graw-nt.ll Co., lnot1 li36.

a. qeeht.Tloi- uc.t t.Telopet ao a lunotioo or th* '!'oiil vltuaticm•. la i.. Oaraiahael (Ed.), &anual of ChUd ~9o~lovz• ~n Yori:a ~11.,-, 1948, vo1-e4:r.

'°• Lu•· Ji•Chaang. "!"areottl !bl• tmd ftlrtnt CbUcl io1attoi11hlp1"• ~~~!~ ~ Faae Ll.Jin~• 10~2. 141 294-2i7•

a1. ... •• 11. &. Child 1Jeft1r-m., 1er;i, 22; 1•5-1!2.

IS• ateGGU., Caria. · · •PuU.1 Llto ill · Lo1"0l" •Jt4 Ji1cclle Cle11 Uoaet•• fttrr~;.• 6 r~!. ~!l,!\.£1 1961, 14, 1•6.

IS• Melt-ael't L •CMld.ren•• Attib&4• tio ranntt•. Ar..OJ'• J. ~rtbOillch1a-., 19561 &• · t'4.-2G5• , .

K• ·~neio ·s.ovri \7 and ChU4ren '• .At\S.tuda• 1so hrftt.1'• Allwr• orth<>p!loh.1~t.1 1uaa. e, &so-roe.

Ii• · · . · · · · "£e• t1tt•nneto ta Parental. Preteret'lOO Pattern••• ·. Charaot•,r t ?•"•i 19U1 10, u .. 12a. .

8tf• · •s.a titt•rno•• 1u Cb11ct.-u •• .a.•t1 twteo to f'U'es1te". ~! ~ot. P!f_-t~o1., 194!, et, 311•~24.

"• tnoh•i.wth, leJ'Mlb •U•• ot Sho.k1' 1-1.e=r•• .tt.h a Clllla mio1• Oedipal t?oalrea Ar• Cloae to Coceoioueneaa~. J. Cl1n. ~syohol., lotn. T, 2so-2a2.

ff• Ja1eteP1 A. •1.ctju.1tDlt\t of Chiltr«& aa R.etleot.4 ln !Jlq . Po~tot1rano••• ttrohol. Abntr:•• 1St9, 2~, lS2l.

at. Mott. a. llt1 9Jaoth9r-fatber Pt-orer~tto••·· Ch•J"a~ter~• fer•·· liM'. '· I02-l04.

'°• l1urpb)·. Gord.un-. !U.etcr1C3~1 Introeuct!o!!_ . 'to !~odorn P_gcl:o,locz• lletr l ork a Harcourt, llttlott c eo. • lU h.

61. ·a.;nooab1 l'ht-~ilc:-e. !ott.ol P&1,lch:ol,,,7. !few Yon a t-ryden ~,.. ... 1\15-2, 410.

u. UiXott.,, L F• •?be th1lt 1• ?rete.ronce1 tor i!lt.ber oJ" 3.iother•. ~r.~soo. iiov., l9t2. 11 61?•S2f.

'3• i'o~lnaq. ttni• !ttta.ninis ot Valld1 ty ~ct IteUah1U. ty as J.tt;1l1o4 to Sge1.oaetl'1o Teat."• r.cuo. ~hol,•,.Mtta8!!1~, 1949, 9, l\9-40.

"• ~M~, c. •r'l~ A:'.alyela 1d ttl tiOf'mOn°b)' l eland ChUdt'eu•. f1!.•-r• tf 1 Orthopa:o_!11at:_, Ul41, 11, 524•6We

46• soera, ?ouline• ~toll Pl&.7 Ag~e•ion in No~l to'JJl~ Child1"9llt Inr1~.uc• of &o~, A~•• ~lbli~~ Ste.tuo1 F•th•r•1 Atsonoo~. Paiop.oJ.• l1o~o~r·- l vtl, 66{$)•

66. S•an. li• Ti• ~"1 ot Objfft1•.!_Stud.1~ . Psyehoa!.Alft1~ ~oneopt~.- Now ~orka S~oial Scienco ~11el19ah Cou.nc111 1~43•

47• Simpson, v •• •Par.nt Pr•tereneoe ot Yt'iln'.; Ch1ldr.a"• Peycbo;. Abstr~1 19~5, 91 f"°6•

ta. £111a'tOT....; W• ln Le Cttmcha•l (Ed.), l!anual of £!~.,q(i, P!_lc~;-:>l?ffl• llew Jork:t Uiley, UtG• iO~.

49. lta;.n~r-; ~~., ~ J)f'l}a~t. ·If· •v.o-.ourtag Ch1ldNlri•• Attttudoa towarct 'l'he1:r r~anm.ta•. i• .. ~-03!~.!....~~l:cl•• 1~~5, 26, io11-11e.

tOe S"°i¢111, Be & •rturve:r o!' :E:cpetrs.Nntt ot Chtldren.tc Att1 tudcl 'lftOrCI .,.,.... 1894-1~:!8"• ~et. P!.t~J:ol., 1957, &1, 29!-P."QO.

Sl• · Stttt_ L• L · •Mote1oont1o t'ialik•a J,io!S.~rd1n! Parental DehaT10!" ud their :ii~f.S.can.cct"• .J,, ilo..'1ot. ~,OZO~()M~·· lfitQ, li11 SO:S-41••

sa. &nnttTU, Do. e. 0 tbo t eVOlol"*l11 or tm Inatr\ieent tor ~At1ng Cbt.10.pa:ND\ Relat1on11h1pa•. !<:..'!..!_ ~?r~!!I 111®, 2!!1 at.-zo.

65. 1\ld~ It. c. tn 'fh! .Ann!!!. ~1!...!~~!~t~1!2!~~· s tantord • Annual E·•~icrwa, ltio., l~M, a.

M. 1!1noh, !'t• 1. •1ho iielntlon Bo~en C~ul"tohlp ~hu'"ior G:tc! Att1:wifoa Tow.rd :f'cu•ttnto l.J!OJ'J..G Col.lo;-.• 11.en"• A.'!:Or•. f;oc. Rev •• . 1943. s, 164-17,.

55. "Sam r..eta lie&M.rl;s 011 tho \iOtUpue Hy~t.'lHh·· :r. Xbnorm. ~a. ~·g~ol., l'VW, 4$; 4ul•ite.s.

! ' Ill - •

VITA

Ole. Ft'l\Cooa 5till 'Q41 'bom 1n Eowport N~11. 'V1r~it'l1a, ~

hpteber 2?, 1932• tho ett.«ldod a~r&Q ?iy~•• School 1n f!ae:ip t<m troe

1&18 to U45, and waa r;radut'ltild troe l!n!:'ior~ !1Q111J lJi )\ Sohool in U.50.

In .JW'ao 19&1 .ah• roee1'ftd bGr B. ,A, c!o~N in p$)'Oholo~ tr-om

Wfte~toa Co11 .. , ., and in Sept ezbot" 1~6! enterod tho Or.1•c!"d"t:rf ot

Jl..ichmoud Oradua.to Sobool.