A study on the wetland avian species of Sultanpur National

Article Citation: Girish Chopra, Anil K. Tyor and Seema Kumari A study on the wetland avian species of Sultanpur National Park Gurgaon, Haryana (India) Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040

Jou

rn

al of R

esearch

in

Biology

A study on the wetland avian species of Sultanpur National Park

Gurgaon, Haryana (India)

Keywords: Wetland, Wetland Species, Water Birds, Water Associated Birds, Sultanpur

National Park.

ABSTRACT:

The present study was conducted in Sultanpur National Park Gurgaon, Haryana (India) from February, 2011 to January, 2013 to analyze the avian diversity along with its status and abundance. During the study period, a total of 79 wetland species belongings to 10 orders, 23 families and 56 genera were identified. The order Anseriformes was the most dominant represented by 18.9% of the total identified wetland avian species followed by Charadriiformes (17.72%), Passeriformes (16.45%), Ciconiiformes (15.18%) and Pelecaniformes (5.06%). The order Apodiformes and Podicipediformes were the least represented order (1.26%) with one species each, namely, Swift, Apus apus and Little Grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis respectively. Out of total 79 wetland avian species, 31 were ‘occasional’ species, 13 were ‘uncommon’ species, 12 were ‘abundant’ species, 11 were ‘common’ species and 12 were ‘rare’ species. Based on the frequency of sighting, Pied King Fisher, Ceryle rudis; Chestnut Headed Bee-Eater, Merops leschenaultia; Cotton Pygmy Goose, Nettapus coromandelianus; Eurasian Spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia; Little-ringed Plover, Charadrius dubius; Pheasant-Tailed Jacana, Hydrophasianus chirurgus were ‘rarely sighted’ wetland species.

1032-1040 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 5

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

www.jresearchbiology.com Journal of Research in Biology

An International

Scientific Research Journal

Authors:

Girish Chopra,

Anil K. Tyor and

Seema Kumari*

Institution:

Department of Zoology,

Kurukshetra University,

Kurukshetra- 136119,

Haryana (India)

Corresponding author:

Seema Kumari

Email Id:

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/

documents/RA0370.pdf. Dates: Received: 24 July 2013 Accepted: 30 July 2013 Published: 23 Aug 2013

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

INTRODUCTION

The wetlands can be defined as transitional lands

between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem where the

water table is near the surface or land is covered by

shallow water (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986). One of the

best functions of wetlands is that these provide the best

preferred ground for feeding, breeding, nesting, roosting

for birds as well as rearing site for their young ones

(Stewart, 2007). According to Vyas, (1992), freshwater

wetland alone support 20% of known range of

biodiversity in India Therefore, monitoring of these sites

provides valuable information about the ecological

health and status thereof, which can be a key tool for

developing awareness regarding the importance and

conservation value of wetlands. wetlands are used by

birds for the purpose of feeding, nesting and roosting and

these birds are generally classify as „water birds‟ or

popularly known as waterfowls and waders. According

to Kumar et al., (2011), bird groups like kingfishers,

raptors and some passerines are also ecologically depend

on wetlands, hence known as wetland dependent/

associated birds. These birds are the essential component

of wetland ecosystem, as they form important links in the

food web and nutrient cycles.

From time to time various ornithologists have

studied flora and fauna in various wetland ecosystems in

protected areas (Saxena, 1975; Hussain et al., 1984;

Singh and Roy, 1990; Hosetti et al., 2001; Bhat et al.,

2009; Chopra and Sharma, 2012).

Sultanpur National Park is one of the famous

wetlands in northern India. This national park is

considered as a major habitat for the cross boundary

migratory birds. Keeping in view of the conservational

values of wetland birds, systematic efforts have been

made during the present study with an objective to

prepare the exhaustive checklist of wetland and wetland

dependent/associated birds of Sultanpur National Park.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sultanpur National Park (28°28‟ N latitude and

76° 53‟ E longitudes) (Fig. 1) is located in a

predominantly agricultural landscape with an area of

13,727 ha and includes its core area of 143 ha of low-

lying marshes, which were notified as a bird sanctuary

Chopra et al., 2013

1033 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040

Fig. 1(a) Location of study site within the

map of Haryana Fig.1(b) Diagrammatic presentation of

Sultanpur National Park

by the Haryana State Government in 1971 (Kalpavriksh,

1994). Sultanpur Lake is a seasonal lake with irregular

margins and fluctuating water level throughout the year,

being maximum water level in rainy season and winters,

and nearly dried condition during hot summer season.

Periodic fortnightly visits were conducted from

February, 2011 to January, 2013 in terrestrial and aquatic

habitats in the area in the early morning and later in the

evening to record avian species. Line transects method

(Sale and Berkmuller, 1988) and point count methods

(Blondel, et al., 1981) were used to enumerate the

population of birds‟ species. Binoculars (Nikon 7×50

CF) were used to locate/identify the distant birds, Sony

handy cam models DCR-HC-42E and digital camera

Nikon L-120 model were used to take photograph of the

birds encountered. Later, the wetland populations were

identified with the help of different field guides (Ali and

Ripley, 1987; Grimmett et al., 1998 and Inskipp et al.,

1999).

Seasonal variation in avian diversity was

recorded in different season‟s viz., winter, summer,

monsoon and autumn seasons. On the basis of frequency

of sighting, the observed birds were segregated following

Srinivasulu and Nagulu (2002), as Ab-abundant

(encounter rate 95 % to 100 %); Cm- common

(encounter rate 65% to 95%); Uc- uncommon (encounter

rate 40% to 60%) Oc - occasional (encounter rate 20% to

40%); and Rr- rare (encounter rate less than 20%).

Status of the birds were categorized as: RS- resident

species (found in the study area throughout the year);

WM- winter migrant species (found in the study area

only in winter season); LM- local migrant species (found

irregularly in study site but resident of India); SM-

summer migrant species (found in the study area only

during summer season) and SU- status unknown species

(not observed in any of the above mentioned categories).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Besides being ideal indicators of the health of

wetland, the wetland birds play a significant role in

human lives culturally, socially and scientifically

(Stewart, 2007). As a wetland ecosystem, Sultanpur

National Park provided varied habitats, including forest

patch and low laying marshy areas for nesting and

feeding of various types of birds.

During the study period of two years from

February, 2011 to January, 2013, 79 wetland species

belongings to 10 orders, 23 families and 57 genera were

reported from Sultanpur National Park (Table 1). These

include both water bird species and water associated bird

species; former were significantly more than latter. A

checklist of the wetland birds observed during the study

period along with their conservation status and

abundance is represented in Table 1.

Earlier studies have also revealed the existence

of significant number of wetland avian species in the

wetland area of Haryana (Harvey, 2003; Gupta and

Kaushik, 2008; Gupta et al., 2011 and Chopra and

Sharma, 2012). Harvey (2003) reported a total of 102

wetland avian species which includes 58 species

occasional and 44 species of uncommon bird in the

wetland of Sultanpur region of Gurgaon district

(Haryana). Gupta and Kaushik, (2008) reported a total of

80 wetland avian species belonged to 10 orders and 20

families in northern Haryana. Gupta and Kaushik, (2011)

reported 47 species of wetland birds belonging to 9

orders and 13 families in the wetland area of

Yamunanagar District (Haryana). Chopra and Sharma,

(2012) reported 88 wetland avian species belonging to 17

orders and 32 families in the wetland area of Panchkula

district of Haryana.

During the present study, out of total reported 79

wetland avian species, 20 (25.3%) were „resident‟

species and 59 (74.6%) were „migrant‟ species. The

migrant species included 11 (14%) local migrants, 43

(55%) winter migrants and only 5(6%) summer migrants

Chopra et al., 2013

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040 1034

Chopra et al., 2013


Order Family Common name Zoological name Status Abundance

1.Podicipediformes Podicipedidae Little Grebe 1.Tachybaptus ruficollis RS Oc

2.Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Little Cormorant 2.Phalacrocorax niger RS Cm

Great Cormorant 3. Phalacrocorax carbo LM Oc

Indian Cormorant 4. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis RS Cm

Darter 5. Anhinga melanogaster LM Oc

3.Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Grey Heron 6. Ardea cinerea LM Uc

Purple Heron 7. Ardea purpurea RS Oc

Indian Pond Heron 8. Ardeola grayii RS Ab

Great Egret 9. Casmerodius albus LM Oc

Little Egret 10. Egretta garzetta LM Uc

Cattle Egret 11. Bubulcus ibis RS Ab

Intermediate Egret 12. Mesophoyx intermedia LM Oc

Ciconiidae Painted Stork

Black Necked Stork

13. Mycteria leucocephala

14. Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus

RS

WM

Ab

Rr

Open Billed Stork 15. Anastomus oscitans LM Uc

Threskiornithidae Black headed Ibis 16. Threskiornis melanocephalus WM Oc

Eurasian Spoonbill 17. Platalea leucorodia SM Rr

4.Anseriformes Anatidae Greylag Goose 18. Anser anser WM Ab

Bar Headed Goose 19. Anser indicus WM Ab

Spot Billed Duck 20. Anas poecilorhyncha WM Ab

Common Pochard 21. Aythya ferina WM Cm

Eurasian Wigeon 22. Anas penelope WM Ab

Tufted Pochard 23. Aythya fuligula WM Uc

Cotton Pygmy Goose 24. Nettapus coromandelianus WM Rr

Ruddy Shelduck 25. Tadorna ferruginea WM Uc

Northern Pintail 26. Anas acuta WM Oc

Mallard 27. Anas platyrhynchos WM Cm

Gadwall 28. Anas strepera WM Cm

Northern Shoveler 29. Anas clypeata WM Ab

Lesser Whistling Duck

30.Dendrocygna javanica WM Cm

Common Teal 31. Anas crecca WM Cm

Garganey 32. Anas querquedula WM Cm

5.Falconiformes Accipitridae Black Kite 33. Milvus migrans LM Oc

Black Eagle 34. Ictinaetus malayensis LM Rr

Shikra 35. Accipiter badius RS Uc

Brahminy Kite 36. Haliastur Indus LM Oc

Black winged Kite 37. Elanus caeruleus WM Uc

Sparrow Hawk 38. Accipiter nisus WM Oc

Pied Harrier 39. Circus melanoleucos LM Oc

Table 1: Systematic position, status and abundance of wetland species in Sultanpur

National Park Gurgaon, Haryana (India).

(Fig 2). The present study revealed that local migrants

such as, Great Egret (Casmerodius albus), Open Billed

Stork (Anastomus oscitans) and Pacific Reef Egret

(Egretta sacra) were observed irregularly from the study

site. Maximum numbers of migrant species were

reported in the winter season because migratory water

birds species like Bar headed Goose (Anser indicus),

Grey Leg Goose (Anser anser), Cotton Pygmy Goose

Chopra et al., 2013


6.Gruiformes Gruidae Sarus Crane 40.Grus antigone RS Oc

Rallidae White Breasted Waterhen 41.Amaurornis phoenicurus WM Oc

Common Moorhen 42.Gallinula chloropus WM Oc

Purple Swamphen 43.Porphyrio porphyrio WM Cm

Common Coot 44.Fulica atra WM Ab

7.Charadriiformes Charadriidae Little-ringed Plover 45.Charadrius dubius WM Rr

Red-wattled Lapwing 46.Vanellus indicus RS Ab

White-tailed Lapwing 47.Vanellus leucurus WM Oc

Jacanidae Pheasant-Tailed Jacana 48.Hydrophasianus chirurgus SM Rr

Scolopacidae Common Redshank 49.Tringa tetanus WM Uc

Spotted Redshank 50.Tringa erythropus WM Uc

Common Sandpiper 51.Actitis hypoleucos WM Oc

Wood Sandpiper 52.Tringa glareola WM Oc

Green Sandpiper 53.Tringa ochropus WM Oc

Marsh sandpiper 54.Tringa stagnatilis WM Rr

Little Stint 55.Calidris minuta WM Rr

Ruff 56.Philomachus pugnax WM Uc

Recurvirostridae Black-winged Stilt 57.Himantopus himantopus RS Ab

Black-necked Stilt 58.Himantopus mexicanus WM Rr

8.Apodiformes Apodidae Swift 59.Apus apus RS Oc

9.Coraciiformes Alcedinidae White Throated Kingfisher 60.Halcyon smyrnensis RS Cm

Pied Kingfisher 61.Ceryle rudis WM Rr

Meropidae Green Bee-eater 62.Merops orientalis RS Cm

Blue Cheeked Bee-eater 63.Merops persicus R Oc

Chestnut Headed Bee-eater 64.Merops leschenaulti SM Rr

Coraciidae Indian Roller 65.Coracias benghalensis RS Oc

Bucerotidae Indian Grey Hornbill 66.Ocyceros birostris RS Oc

10.Passeriformes Hirundinidae Red Rumped Swallow 67.Hirundo daurica WM Oc

Plain Martin 68.Riparia paludicola RS Oc

Oriolidae Eurasian Golden Oriole 69.Oriolus oriolus WM Uc

Dicruridae Black Drongo 70.Dicrurus macrocercus RS Ab

Muscicapidae Hodgson Bush Chat 71.Saxicola insignis WM Oc

Orange Headed Thrush 72.Zoothera citrina WM Oc

Blue-throat 73.Luscinia svecica WM Oc

Rusty-tailed Flycatcher 74.Muscicapa ruficauda SM Uc

Red -throated Flycatcher 75.Ficedula parva SM Oc

Motacillidae Paddy-field Pipit 76.Anthus rufulus RS Oc

White Wagtail 77.Motacilla alba WM Oc

Large -pied Wagtail 78.Motacilla maderaspatensis WM Uc

Yellow Wagtail 79.Motacilla flava WM Rr

RS = Resident species LM = local migrant species SM = summer migrant species WM = winter migrant species

Ab = abundant species Oc = occasional species Cm= common species Uc = uncommon species Rr rare species

(Nettapus coromandelianus), Gadwall (Anas strepera)

and Eurasian Wigeon (Anas Penelope) visit this place

from December to February. Minimum numbers of water

bird were observed in the month of May and June.

Wetland species adapt differently to different

water levels as the food preference of water birds

changes with fluctuation in the water level (Mukherjee,

1972). Red Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) and

Black Winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) (Order-

Gruiformes) were observed at variable water levels of

the lake but other representatives of this avian order,

namely, Spotted Sandpiper (Tringa erythropus),

Common Red Shank (Tringa tetanus) and Ruff

(Philomachus pugnax) occupied the lake only in shallow

regions. Their arrival coincided with the reduction in

water level in the lake so that, they could avail the food

easily by probing into the mud. Similar observations

were made earlier on water birds of Sunderban

(Mukherjee, 1972) and Anekere wetland of Karnataka

(Bhat et al., 2009). The present study also revealed that

Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) (Order-

Ciconiformes) was observed throughout of the year even

when the water level in the lake was drastically reduced

in summer months (May and June), while another

representative of this order, i.e., Black neck Stork

(Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) was sighted during the

starting of winter season when the water level in the

Sultanpur lake was elevated.

During the present study among 79 wetland

species, 12 (15%) species were „abundant‟, 11(14%)

species were „common‟, 31 (39%) species were

„occasional‟, 14 (18%) species were „uncommon‟ and 11

(14%) species were „rare‟ (Fig 3). On the basis of

frequency of sighting common wetland species included

Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Indian

Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis), Common

Pochard (Aythya ferina), Mallard (Anas platyrhyncos),

Gadwall, (Anas strepera), Lesser Whistling Duck

(Dendrocygna javanica), Common Teal (Anas crecca),

Garganey (Anas querquedula), Purple Swamphen

(Porphyrio porphyrio) on the other hand, Grey Heron

(Ardea cinerea), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Open

Billed Stork (Anastomus oscitans), Tufted Pochard

(Aythya fuligula), Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea),

Common Redshank (Tringa tetanus), Spotted Redshank

(Tringa erythropus), Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) were

the „uncommon‟ wetland birds and Pied King Fisher

(Ceryle rudis), Chestnut Headed Bee-Eater (Merops

leschenaultia), Cotton Pygmy Goose (Nettapus

coromandelianus), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea

leucorodia), Little-ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius),

Pheasant-Tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus)

were „rarely sighted‟ wetland species. Maximum wetland

bird species in the study area belonged to order

Chopraet al., 2013


Fig 2: Percentage composition of residential status of

wetland bird species of Sultanpur National Park,

Gurgaon (India)

Fig 3: Percentage composition of abundance status

of wetland bird species of Sultanpur National Park,

Gurgaon (India)

Anseriformes (15, 18.9%) followed by Charadriiformes

(14, 17.72%), Passeriformes (13, 16.45%),

Ciconiiformes (12, 15.18%), Falconiformes (7, 8.86%),

Gruiiformes (5, 6.32%) and Pelecaniformes (4, 5.06%)

while the representative of the order Apodiformes and

Podicipediformes were represented by single species, i.e,

Swift (Apus apus) and Little Grebe (Tachybaptus

ruficollis) respectively (Tables 1 and 2). All the 15

members of order Anseriformes belonged to the single

family, i.e., Anatidae constituting 18.9% of the total

wetland avian species, whereas representative of the

order Charadriiformes belonged to 4 families namely,

Charadriidae (3), Jacanidae (1), Scolopocidae (8) and

Recurvirostridae (2) consitituting 3.79%; 1.26%; 10.12%

and 2.53% respectively. The families, Bucerotidae,

Coraciidae (Order- Coraciiformes); Oriolidae, Dicruridae

(Order- Passeriformes); Apodidae (Order- Apodiformes);

Gruidae (Order- Gruiiformes) and Jacanidae (Order-

Charadriiformes) were represented by single species

(Table-2). In the terrestrial habitats, majority of the

reported avian species belonged to order Passeriformes

and representative of this order utilize grassland and

terrestrial ecosystem for feeding, breeding and roosting

purpose (Sundar, 2005; Urfi et al., 2005 Shahabuddin et

al., 2006; Sultana et al., 2007; Pande et al., 2007, Chopra

et al., 2012). However, during the present study in

Sultanpur National Park only 13 wetland avian species,

i.e., 16.45% of the total sighted wetland avian fauna

represented this order (Table 2).

During the present study most of wetland avian

species were observed near the submerged vegetation of

wetland area and utilized these vegetation for nesting,

roosting and feeding ground whereas, Painted Stork

(Mycteria leucocephala), Open Billed Stork (Anastomus

oscitans) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis

melanocephalus) were found to utilize the wetland area

for feeding purpose and trees were mainly used for

nesting and roosting by these species.

CONCLUSION

It is revealed that a total of 79 wetland species

were observed which includes 12 species of abundant


Chopra et al., 2013

Order No. of species (%) Family No. of species (%)

1.Podicipediformes (1) 1.26 % Podicipedidae (1) 1.26 %

2.Pelecaniformes (4 ) 5.06 % Phdlacrocoracidae (4) 5.06 %

3.Ciconiiformes (12) 15.18 % Ardeidae (7) 8.86 %

Ciconiidae (3) 3.79 %

Threskiornithidae (2) 2.53 %

4.Anseriformes (15) 18.90 % Anatidae (15) 18.90 %

5.Falconiformes (7) 8.86 % Accipitridae (7) 8.86 %

6.Gruiiformes (5) 6.32 % Gruidae (1) 1.26 %

Rallidae (4) 5.06 %

7.Charadriiformes (14) 17.72 % Charadriidae (3) 3.79 %

Jacanidae (1) 1.26 %

Scolopacidae (8) 10.12 %

Recurvirostridae (2) 2.53 %

8.Apodiformes (1) 1.26 % Apodidae (1) 1.26 %

9.Coraciiformes (7) 8.86 % Alcedinidae (2) 2.53 %

Meropidae (3) 3.79 %

Coraciidae (1) 1.26 %

10. Passeriformes (13) 16.45 %

Bucerotidae

Hirundinidae

(1) 1.26 %

(2) 2.53 %

Oriolidae (1) 1.26 %

Dicruridae (1) 1.26 %

Muscicapidae (5) 6.32 %

Motacillidae (4) 5.06 %

Table 2: Per cent distribution of avian species belonging to different orders and families

category, 11 species of common category, 31 species of

occasional category, 13 species were of uncommon

category with 12 species were rare sighted wetland

species. Though, Sultanpur National Park has a rich

diversity of flora and fauna and important attracting

wetland area for Anseriformes, increased anthropogenic

factors such as habitat fragmentation and destruction,

tourism pressure and scarcity of water during the

summer season impose threats to these avian fauna.

Besides, the herds of Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus),

Stray dogs and wild cattle also occasionally trampled the

chicks and eggs of water birds in this national park.

Successful conservation of the avian species will depend

on improved understanding of ecological requirements

and number of visitor birds. Further survey and intensive

studies in different seasons will be helpful in drafting

conservational strategies of the wetland in general and

wetland birds in particular.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grate full to Wildlife Department

Panchkula for giving permission to work in protected

area. The corresponding author dully acknowledges

UGC fellowship for financial support.

REFERENCES

Ali S and Ripley SD. 1987. Compact handbook of the

birds of India and Pakistan. 2nd edition Delhi: Oxford

University Press.

Bhat IP, Cristopher SS and Hosetti BB. 2009.

Avifaunal diversity of Anekere wetlands, Karkala Udupi

district, Karnataka, India. J. Environment Biology. 30

(6): 1059-1062.

Blondel J, Ferry C and Frochet B. 1981. Point counts

with unlimited distance. Stud. Avian Biol., 6: 414-420.

Chopra G and Sharma SK. 2012. Avian Biodiversity

In and Around Major Wetlands of “Lower Shivalik

Foothills” (India) Nature and Science. 10 (7): 86-93.

Chopra G, Tyor AK, Kumari S and Rai D. 2012.

Status and conservation of avian fauna of Sultanpur

National Park Gurgaon, Haryana (India) Journal of

Applied and Natural Science. 4 (2): 207-213.

Grimmett R, Inskipp T and Inskipp C. 1998. Birds of

the Indian subcontinent. Delhi: Oxford University. 888.

Gupta RC and Kaushik TK. 2011. Insight into wetland

winter Migratory avian biodiversity in Hathnikund

Barrage in Haryana State in India. International Journal

of Life Science. 5 (1): 39-43.

Gupta RC and Kaushik TK. 2008. Studies on the

natural history of avian fauna of natural village ponds in

northern Haryana. Ph.D thesis, Department of Zoology,

Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra.

Harvey B. 2003. Checklist of the birds of Sultanpur.

Retrieved August, 18, 2010 from http://

www.delhibird.net/content/view/73/89.

Hosetti BB, Somanath BC and Naik KL. 2001. Eco-

ornithological studies on Gudavi Bird Sanctuary,

Shimoga, Karnataka, India, cited. In: Trends in wild life

biodiversity conservation and management. Daya

Publishing House, Delhi. 269-289.

Hussain SA, Mohopatra KK and Ali S. 1984.

Avifaunal profile of Chilka Lake, A case for

conservation. J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc. Bombay,

Technical report-4: 1-46.

Inskipp C, Inskipp T and Grimmet R. 1999. A Pocket

Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Delhi:

Oxford University Press.

Kalpavriksh. 1994. Small and beautiful Sultanpur

National Park. Kalpavriksh, New Delhi.

Kumar NVN, Sailaja K and Nagarjuna A. 2011.

Avian Biodiversity Indices and Comparative


Chopra et al., 2013

Chronobiology of Uppalap adu and Nelapattu Bird

Protected Areas of Andhra Pradesh, India. European

Journal of Applied Sciences. 3 (2): 62-66.

Mitsch WI and Gosselink IG. 1986. Wetlands. Van

Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Pages: 539

Mukherjee AK. 1972. Food habits of water birds of the

Sunderban, 24 parganas dist., West Bangal, India.

Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 68(3): 691-

716.

Pande S, Sant N, Ranande S, Pednekar S, Mestry P,

Deshpande P, Kharat S and Deshmukh V. 2007.

Avifaunal survey of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Indian Birds. 3(5): 162-180.

Sale JB and Berkmuller K. 1988. Manual of wildlife

techniques for Indian field documents no. 11. Wildlife

Institute of India, Dheradun.

Saxena VS. 1975. A study of the flora and fauna of

Bharatpur Bird Sanctuuary, Department of Tourism,

Jaipur, Rajasthan. Report No.147.

Shahabuddin G, Kumar R and Verma A. 2006.

Annotated checklist of the birds of Sariska Tiger

Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Indian Birds. 2(3): 71-76.

Singh JP and Roy SP. 1990. Some aspects of Ecology

of birds of Kawar Lake, Bihar. J. Fresh Water Bio., 2(3):

175-188.

Srinivasulu C and Nagulu V. 2002. Mammalian and

avian diversity of the Nallamala Hills, Andhra Pradesh.

J. Zoos‟ Print. 7 (1): 675-684.

Stewart REJ. 2007. Technical aspects of wetlands:

Wetlands as bird habitat: United States Geological

Survey Water Supply. 24-25.

Sultana A, Hussain MS and Khan JA. 2007. Bird

communities of the Proposed Naina and Pindari wildlife

sanctuaries in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India.

Journal of Bombay Natural History Society.104(1):19-29.

Sundar KSG. 2005. Predation of fledgling Painted

Stork, Mycteria leucocephala by a Spotted Eagle Aquila

species in Sultanpur National Park, Haryana. Indian

Birds, 1: 144–145.

Urfi AJ, Meganathan T, Kalam A and Mahendiran M.

2005. Nesting of Asian Openbill and other heronry birds

at Sultanpur National Park. Indian Birds. 6: 10–11.

Vyas V. 1992. Waterfowl community of bhoj wetland of

Bhopal with reference to its management and

conservation. Environment and Biodegradation, (Ed.V.P.

Agrawal) 155-162

Chopra et al., 2013


Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com

Advantages

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright

[email protected]

www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php.

Documents

A study on the wetland avian species of Sultanpur National