Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
IMPLEMENTING DIGITIZATION AS A STRATEGY FOR PRESERVATION AND
ACCESS TO RARE BOOKS: A STUDY OF STAFF PERCEPTION AT THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY IN GUYANA
A study submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Arts in Librarianship
at
THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD
by
NADINE MOORE
September 2011
2
Acknowledgements
The researcher wishes to thank Dr Andrew Cox for his insightful assistance, advice
and constant guidance in making the completion of the final dissertation a success.
Special thanks to Staff of the National library in Guyana who agreed to cooperate and took
time off from their busy schedule to assist in the investigation. Without their participation,
this research would not have taken place.
Thank you is also extended to my family and classmates who exercised patience and
tolerance as I seek their advice in getting my dissertation done.
Last but by no means the least I thank Almighty God for giving me the strength and energy to
complete my project.
3
Abstract
Background
Rare books are priceless and valuable materials that must be treasure for further references.
Over the years many library have developed digitization programmes to safeguard rare
materials and to provide access. The National library in Guyana has a large amount of rare
books which needs to be digitized to save its content and to provide access to the collection.
Many of the library staff has expressed great enthusiasm to have such a project implemented
to provide access to the collection that is in demand and to preserve its content.
Aims/Purpose- The aim of the project sought to examine the ways in which staff of the
National Library in Guyana perceives the effective benefits of digitization to the collection,
its user groups and organisation.
Design/methodology/approach- The research method employs the quantitative method. The
questionnaire is the major instrument used for the collection of data. The respondents
constitute 60 library staff drawn from the Central library and its branches. The results of the
findings were substantiated by the literature that was reviewed
Findings/results- 83% of the respondents indicated that digitization will reduce handling of
fragile/brittle rare materials, 72% indicated that digitization will prevent further deterioration
of rare materials. While 77% of respondents in the survey indicated that digitization will
4
create awareness to the collection and 74% indicated it will promote the library services and
69% indicated that it will create access.
Conclusions
Generally the staff of the National library has a positive attitude towards the implementation
of digitization and that there is need for training which influence positive attitudes to
digitization. It is based on the findings that recommendations can be made for the library staff
to be trained to allay the fears of anxiety about the implementation of digitization.
5
Contents
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1...................................................................................................................9
1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................9
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE DISSERTATION.........................................................9
1.2 BASIS OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................11
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES TO THE DISSERTATION............................................12
1.4CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK..............................................................................13
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION...............................................................14
CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................15
2 METHODS AND METHODOLOGY.........................................................................15
2.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................15
2.2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE APPROACH TO THE STUDY.....................................16
2.3 ETHICAL ISSUES....................................................................................................18
2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................19
2.5 LITERATURE SEARCH..........................................................................................20
2.6 RESEARCH DESIGN...............................................................................................21
2.7 QUESTIONNAIRE...................................................................................................22
2.8 DATA ANALYSIS....................................................................................................24
2.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS.....................................................................................25
CHAPTER 3......................................................................................................................26
LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................26
3.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................26
3.2 BIAS OF THE LITERATURE.....................................................................................27
3.3 UNIQUENESS OF RARE BOOK COLLECTIONS...................................................27
6
3.4 LIBRARY STAFF AND ICTs SKILLS...............................................................29
3.5 STAFF AWARENESS AND DIGITIZATION....................................................31
PLANNING AND POLICIES FOR DIGITIZATION...............................................31
3.6 PLANNING AND DIGITIZATION....................................................................32
3.7 POLICIES AND DIGITZATION..........................................................................33
3.8 DIGITIZATION......................................................................................................35
3.9 DIGITIZATION AND COST.................................................................................37
3.10 ACCESS.................................................................................................................38
3.11 PRESERVATION..................................................................................................40
3.12DIGITIZATION AND COPYRIGHTS.................................................................41
3.13 STAFF AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES......................................................41
3.14 RESEARCH QUESTION......................................................................................42
3.15 STRENGTHS IN THE LITERATURE..................................................................43
3.16 WEAKNESS IN THE LITERATURE....................................................................43
3.17 GAPS IN THE LITERATURE................................................................................44
CHAPTER 4.....................................................................................................................46
4 FINDINGS AND DISSCUSSIONS............................................................................46
4.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................46
SECTION A......................................................................................................................47
4.1 DEMOGRAPHICS.....................................................................................................47
4.2 LIBRARY STAFF AND ICTs SKILLS....................................................................50
SECTION B......................................................................................................................53
4.3 STAFF AWARENESS AND DIGITIZATION........................................................54
4.4 DIGITIZATION AND PLANNING.........................................................................56
4.5 DIGITIZATION AND POLICIES............................................................................58
7
DIGITIZATION................................................................................................................60
4.6 PREPAREDNESS........................................................................................................60
4.7 DIGITIZATION AND COST......................................................................................62
4.8 BENEFITS....................................................................................................................64
SECTION C........................................................................................................................66
4.9 ACCESS........................................................................................................................66
4.10 PRESERVATION.......................................................................................................68
SECTION D.........................................................................................................................73
4.11 DIGITIZATION AND COPYRIGHTS......................................................................73
4.12 SELECTION FOR DIGITIZATION...........................................................................75
4.13 DIGITIZATION, STAFF AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES..............................76
4.14 SUMMARY..................................................................................................................78
4.15 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................79
4.16 RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................................................83
4.17 PRACTICALITIES/LIMITATIONS............................................................................83
4.18 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES..............................................................84
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................85
APPENDICES.......................................................................................................................91
APPENDIX A………………………………………………………………………………91
APPENDIX B…………………………………………………………………………..…..94
APPENDIX C………………………………………………………………………………95
APPENDIX D………………………………………………………………………………100
8
List of Figures
Figure 1....................................................................................................................................47
Figure 2....................................................................................................................................48
Figure 3....................................................................................................................................49
Figure 4....................................................................................................................................50
Figure 5....................................................................................................................................52
Figure 6....................................................................................................................................54
Figure 7...................................................................................................................................56
Figure 8....................................................................................................................................58
Figure 9....................................................................................................................................60
Figure 10..................................................................................................................................62
Figure 11..................................................................................................................................64
Figure 12..................................................................................................................................60
Figure 13..................................................................................................................................68
Figure 14..................................................................................................................................70
Figure 15..................................................................................................................................71
Figure 16..................................................................................................................................73
Figure 17..................................................................................................................................75
Table 1.....................................................................................................................................76
Table 2.....................................................................................................................................77
9
CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction
The National Library in Guyana is the State own Library. It was founded in the year
1909, which was funded by the late Andrew Carnegie. It is the Central Library of Georgetown
consisting of four (4) branches located in the main counties of the country and sixteen (16) rural
centres situated in the rural districts.
The National Library is a Legal repository of all books published in and about Guyana, also
those published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO).
The mission of the National Library is to
“satisfy both nationally and internationally the information and recreational needs of the
library’s users through the collection, organisation, dissemination and preservation of
information in printed and other formats”.
1.2 Background to the Dissertation
This dissertation explores the challenges faced by rare books collection at the National Library
in Guyana. The National Library in Guyana has quite a large compendium of special collection
of rare books made up of an estimated two-thousand (2000), relating to Guyanese and the
Caribbean (formally known as the West Indies) culture, history and tradition. The special
collection of rare books consists of Directories, Almanacs, Historical Artefacts, Photographic
Journals and Timehri Journals. These materials have been classified rare based on the
information they contain and the year in which they were published. Additionally these
materials were published within the 16th, 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, which was never
10
rewritten or republished. According to (Goetsch, 2010) precious, historically important and
often times unique artefacts can be a treasure trove for scholars and students.
However one major challenge for the National Library’s special collection of rare books is
its rapid deterioration. Many of the materials have become very tattered, fragile and torn over the
years. This is due to the climatic conditions, termite infestation and improper storage facilities.
Another issue that the Library faces is its inability to provide access to the rare books
collection because of the deplorable state that they are in. Many Library users request the use of
materials within the collection, however due to their conditions, use has been prohibited.
Thirdly, due to the fact that information are not published on a regular basis about Guyana
or the Caribbean it is the National Library’s policy not to discard any such information that relates
to either of the two mentioned names.
In order for the National Library to safeguard these valuable rare books, digitization is seen
as the foreseeable solution to the problem. Digitization in itself will pave the way to improve access
and provide some level of preservation to the rare books collection housed in the library.
Over the years digitization projects has been carried out in many libraries, archives and
museums in the United Kingdom, Europe and a selected few Caribbean states. This was done in
order to preserve their unique and valuable rare books collection from further damage and to
provide access via the internet to its collection regionally or globally.
Digitization was never done within the National of Guyana and as such with its introduction there
must be some careful consideration with regards to:
1. The current issue of copyright/intellectual property rights for certain documents even
though there is the question of an active copyright law that catered for the implementation
11
of digitization. Or the digitization of material must operate within the confines of the law
with regards to copyright/intellectual property rights.
2. Additionally, another issue is the need to acquire the necessary funds to start a digitization
project. Since it is quite expensive to carry out digitization at any stage.
3. The need for staff training and shift in responsibility will be another issue in which the
National Library will need to address.
1.3 Basis for the Study
The proposed research largely involves social research. The purpose of social research is best
conceived as the process of affording a novel or better understanding of a particular phenomenon,
and to be able to come up with realistic solution to resolve the problem (Blaikie, 2003:11).
The reason why the researcher selected this topic as an issue was because of the interest in the
care of rare books collection within the National Library of Guyana. At present there has not been
any possible solution to the problem, as such the researcher believed that it is a worthwhile topic to
research. In addition no research has ever been done with regards to digitization of rare book
collection within the National Library of Guyana before.
The dissertation will seek to explain the staff perception towards the implementation of
digitization in the National Library of Guyana. There were no studies done locally in this area, so
the researcher felt this was a relatively new issue to address and would pave the way for future
research in Guyana and further afield. The research will be conducted with the aim of presenting
factual information relating to staff attitude towards digitisation. From the findings appropriate
recommendations would be made with regards to the implementation of digitisation.
12
1.4 Aim and Objects of the study
Aim
The aim of the project sought to examine the ways in which staff of the National
Library in Guyana perceives the effective benefits of digitization to the collection, its user
groups and organisation.
General Objective
(1) To evaluate the readiness for digitization in the Public library of Guyana.
(2) To determine what knowledge the staff has about the concept digitisation
Specific Objective
(1) If the cost of digitization can be justified with regards to its affordability by the
institution.
(2) To ascertain whether the staff thinks that digitization will improve access to rare book
materials.
(3) To explore whether staff feels that digitization can help to preserve the rare books collection.
(4) To enquire into the extent of whether staff consider they are copyrights to digitization.
(5) To examine the extent to which staff assumes digitization will have an impact on their job.
13
1.5 Conceptual Framework
In order to ensure that key terms used in the dissertation are understood, certain concepts are
defined which is regularly mentioned in the study.
Rare book Collections
Conserve O Gram (1993) defines a rare book as any book which has a superior significance
because the demand for the book surpasses the supply, usually because of its importance,
paucity, epoch, physical condition, and subject matter. Rare books are seen as invaluable
treasures for many libraries as such they are treated with great precaution and care.
Digitization
According to Chowhury, et al., (2009:74) digitization is the procedure of transforming a physical
document into a digital format. Digitization provides access to rare materials via digital surrogates.
It acts as a means of preserving and providing access to materials that are rare, fragile and delicate
(Balas, 2010).
Access
The provision of access to all types of collections is a great advantage for the digitization (Hugh,
2004:9) Access is allowing the free use of materials without any barriers or hindrances.
14
Preservation
Preservation is detecting and observing library collections condition for its endurance in the future
long run (Chowdhury, 2009:73).
1.6 Structure of the Dissertation
The structure of this dissertation gives an outline of the various steps the researcher took in carrying
out the project. The first chapter in this study gives a brief introduction of the background to the
study and why the researcher thought it was necessary to carry out such a project. In chapter two the
researcher give debriefing of the type of methods and methodology used in the project with
justifications. Chapter three is based on the literature review which was done in order to find out
what current studies was done on the subject matter as well as to substantiate the findings with
support from the literature. The final chapter deals with the discussion of the findings, conclusion,
recommendations and practicalities/limitations to the study.
15
CHAPTER 2
Methods and Methodology
2.1 Introduction
This Chapter will explore the various Methods and Methodology used to carry out this
dissertation.
The proposed study largely involved social research. The purpose of social research is best
conceived as the process of affording a novel or better understanding of a particular
phenomenon, and to be able to come up with realistic solution to resolve the problem
(Blaikie, 2003:11). It was the researcher’s intention to derive a possible solution to the issue
of preservation and access to rare books hence, careful consideration was taken to determine
the most appropriate method the ways in which information was obtained.
This segment of the study, seeks to explain and outline the various procedures used to
undertake the study, acquire data, provide justification for the methods used and their
effectiveness. An overview of the approach to the study is examined, inclusive of any ethical
issues relating to the topic. Each phase of the study is then examined commencing with the
literature review, literature search to find current and relevant information within the area of
study, design of the research, followed by a discussion of the data collection instrument used
for gathering information. Finally, the conclusion is presented with the course of assembling
the data into a cohesive structure which information can be obtain as evidence.
16
2.2 An overview of the approach to the Study
Over the years numerous research methods/ methodologies have been introduced and
used for conducting research. These research methods and methodologies give support to the
collection and analysis of the data process for researchers.
A quantitative approach was chosen for the analysis of data for this dissertation because the
research is primarily concerned with statistical testing of the subject, which can be presented
numerically or codified. The quantitative approach allows for the development of
understandings and interpretation of a social phenomenon through the collection, and analysis
of data from large groups (Walter, 2010:25). Furthermore, it provides the basis for problem
solving via the quantification of concepts to be evaluated and measured (Connaway &
Powell, 2010:2). Likewise, it has a deductive approach to research, where emphasis is
directed to testing the relationship between research and theory; it contains the practices and
norms of the natural scientific model in particular positivism as the views of social reality
(Bryman, 2004:19). In contrast a qualitative approach to research does not deal with the
quantification of collecting and analysing the data, but rather the analysis of words (Bryman,
2004:20). It has an inductive approach to research, where importance is primarily on theory.
The researcher decided upon the quantitative method as against the qualitative
approach for the project since it is considered to be one of the more practical ways of
investigating a topic of such nature. The study requires the quantification of opinions on staff
perception towards the implementation of digitization within the National Library of Guyana.
As such the qualitative approach was not seen as feasible, since it deals with the attempt to
understand the behavioural patterns of individuals involved in the events through observation
(Connaway & Powell, 2010:2). Additionally, given the large size and diversity of the
population to be involved in the study, carrying out interviews or observations would have
been too time consuming and costly.
17
Following the decision to use the Quantitative approach for the project, the next stage was for
the researcher to find a representative sample of the population for the study. Individuals
have different characteristics, learning abilities, development and personalities, as such a
sample from the population must be drawn to be studied (Bailey, 1994:35).
Walter (2010:124) highlights reasons why researchers should draw a sample;
• It is not practicable to survey an entire population
• Using a well-designed sampling technique will allow the researcher to draw
inferences that apply to the whole population of interest
• There is no complete list of subjects for units of analysis so its difficult to work with
an entire population
The researcher selected sixty (60) members of staff from the National library in Guyana and
its branches to provide information for the study.
The researcher employed non-probability sampling as the sample method for the project.
Bryman (2008:168) informs us that non-probability sampling is where a few units from
within the population are more likely to be chosen than others. Also, a non-probability
sample will provide affluent information and the degree of understandings required (Walter,
2010:124). Since there were no means by which the researcher could have contacted every
library staff, this type of sampling was seen as quite applicable.
Another characteristic of non-probability sampling is that it’s much cheaper and
easier to obtain samples as against that of probability sampling method (Connaway &Powell,
2010:117). Additionally, when the focus is on a particular sample it proves to be ample and
also, the samples of many are normally used for pre-test (Connaway & Powell, 2010:117).
Within the non-probability sampling technique the researcher decided on the purposive
sample selection to conduct the research. This sampling technique (Walter, 2010:138) tells
us, is based on what knowledge we have concerning the target population and the rationale of
18
the study. The researcher exercises judgement in selecting a sample of participants for the
study. However, the use of purposive sampling does not permit for the generalisation of
results to the wider population; the reason for this is that it is unclear how representative the
sample chosen is for the study.
A sample of participants from the National Library and its branches were chosen for the
research. This was so that the participants could give information on the research topic.
2.3 Ethical Issues
The nature of the research largely required the involvement of participants and as such the
researcher sought ethical clearance from the University ethical review board. This was
considered due to ethical implications of carrying out social research or study. According to
Walter (2010:90) ethical research that involves humans should be governed by ethical
principles and values. These ethical principles and values consist of informed consent,
anonymity, confidentiality, and protection from harm for all participants (Walter, 2010:97).
To ensure that all these principles and values were adhered to, the researcher followed the
guidelines specified by the University Ethics Review system. Firstly, the researcher
completed an informed consent form and an information sheet, which would be sent to the
participants to be involved in the research.
The outline of the informed consent form ensure that participants are told about what
the research would entail, what participation will involve and to make the decision to
participate without any formal and informal compulsion. On the other hand the Information
sheet give details about what the study is about, who is likely to be included in the project,
what was involved if they decided to participate, to indicate whether they wish to participate
in the research and if they choose to withdraw at any time. Additionally, the information sheet
specified what the data gathered will be used for, whether any possible danger is involved in
19
the study, the maintained confidentiality and anonymity of individuals and lastly the people to
contact for information, concerns or complaints.
The researcher had no direct contact with the participants, however each participant
was provided with a very detailed information sheet that was attached to a questionnaire.
They were informed about the aim of the project and why they were selected. In addition,
they were informed that the answers received in the questionnaires would remain entirely
anonymous and confidential, the benefits for them taking part in the study, which was simply
to gather data, it indicated that their identity would not have been revealed and that the data
collected would have been used primarily in the study which they would have access to after
the analysis was complete. Finally, they were provided with contact information for the
researcher and the supervisor in case they had any complaints or questions.
The researcher ensured these steps were taken so that the participants involved understood
what was required of them as they participated in the project and to safeguard the data
collection process.
2.4 Literature Review
In order to have background knowledge on the topic to be researched a thorough literature
review should be carried out in the first phase. This is to help in finding out what is and not
known, in which ways the topic has been studied, and the key questions, arguments, notions,
any tensions and gaps in existing knowledge (Walter, 2010:36). Additionally, the literature
review helps to enhance the credibility of the research as the researcher becomes conversant
with existing knowledge within the field of study.
What's more important is that, the literature review aids in providing justification for the
study, where gaps in the literature are recognized so as to validate that a new or different
method is needed to be used on the prevailing subject.
20
The researcher carried out a meticulous literature review to have an understanding of
the research topic. This was done in the first phase in order to gain knowledge as to what was
done before by other authors on the subject being studied. The literature review was an
ongoing process throughout the study. This was in evidence that the findings from the
research would be substantiated by relevant literature or otherwise adds to pre-existing
literature.
2.5 Literature Search
Quite a large amount of studies were done on digitization of cultural heritage
materials, rare books and audio visual records as a means for preservation and access. This
was done in various Universities, Public libraries, Special libraries, Museums and Archives
throughout the United Kingdom, United States, Canada and Australia. Additionally these
studies provided guidelines on how libraries should carry out the digitization project and the
skills staff needed to attain.
It was rather complicated for the researcher to find information pertaining to
digitization of cultural heritage materials and rare books in Public libraries of the Caribbean.
Information on staff perception about digitization in Public Libraries of the Caribbean and in
the world at large was very convoluted to find, since it is a relatively new study. Thus the
researcher had to use information that mainly consists of general information on digitization
pertaining to some developing countries and developed countries for the literature review.
Literature search was carried out on ERIC, Library and Information Science Abstract,
Scopus, Google Scholar, Emerald management reviews, Web of knowledge, Star library
catalogue and the internet. The aim was for the researcher to glean ideas about the selection of
materials and to identify existing projects on the topic. The researcher used keyword terms
21
such as ‘Public Libraries’, ‘Developing Countries’, ‘Digitization’ ‘preservation AND access’,
‘Librarians’, ‘Policies’, ‘digitization AND cost’, ‘copyrights AND digitization’, ‘ICTs skills’,
‘Staff attitudes’ ‘Staff skills’ and ‘Staff training’. A number of journal articles and a few
textbooks were found to be very useful for the study. In addition, the internet provided vital
information upon the topic which the researcher used for the literature review. Throughout the
study the researcher came up with unexpected findings. As a result the researcher continued
the literature review in order to corroborate the findings.
2.6 Research Design
When undertaking a research project it is necessary to consider the research design to
be implored. Research design according to Babbie (1998:51) is a strategy for finding out
something through the planning of a scientific inquiry- design. Two major aspects of any
research design are to precisely what the research wants to find out and secondly, to
determine the best way of doing so (Walter, 2010:32).
The “survey design” is a data collection technique in which information is gathered
from individuals called respondents, by having them respond to questions (Babbie, 1998:56).
It is the most widely used research method by social scientists for studies that are descriptive
or analytical, exploratory and explanatory (Babbie, 1998:51).
Since the study is largely descriptive/analytical the researcher decided that the survey
design is quite applicable for the project, firstly, because it enabled the researcher to study and
gather original data to describe a population too large to be observed directly, secondly, it is a
very powerful tool for collecting data on human characteristic, attitude and behaviours,
thirdly, it is less rigorous whereby the collection of information can be obtained easily and
efficiently (Babbie, 1998:53). Finally the survey design allows for the replication of the study
and easy analysis of the data to be collected.
22
The cross- sectional survey approach was considered by the researcher to be used in this
project. A cross-sectional survey is data that are collected from a large population at one point
in time at that moment. Such a survey is used for the determination of relationships between
variables at the period of study (Babbie, 1998:56). The researcher looks at various
relationships between the variables during the study at one point in time.
2.7 Questionnaires
The instrument used to collect data for this study was the self administered
questionnaire. Connaway & Powell (2010:146) highlights seven important advantages of a
questionnaire. The authors stated that it is easy to answer, eliminates interview bias, it tends
to reduce disparity in the questioning process, respondents are allowed to complete the
questionnaires in privacy at their own leisure within a limited time, quantitative data are easy
to collect and analyse based on the structure of the questionnaire, it collects a large amount of
data in a short period unlike interviews and finally they are less expensive.
The researcher constructed a questionnaire appropriate to the aims and objectives of the
research. This was to ascertain responses on:
• The readiness for digitisation in the Public library of Guyana
• What knowledge the staff has about digitisation
• Whether staff think digitisation will improve access to rare materials
• Whether staff feels digitisation can be used as a form of preservation
• If the cost of digitisation can be justified with regards to its affordability by the
institution.
• If copyrights will affect the digitization process
The questionnaires were divided into various sections by themes so that upon retrieval easy
analysis could have been made. The structure of the questions was formulated using open-
23
ended questions (the respondents were allowed freedom in response), close-ended questions
(allowing the respondents to select an answer from limited options) and ranking questions
(respondents were asked to rank a list of items according to preference) (Walter, 2010:173).
Besides that, the questions were prepared using the Likert-type items, which are used to
record the responses of the respondents. For the most part normally, this is when the
respondents indicate whether they strongly agrees or disagrees with a statement or item. In
general, these are divided into five categories: strongly agrees; agree; neither agree nor
disagree; disagree; strongly disagree. Because it is normally acknowledged amongst social
scientist that the differences involving the levels of response are of the same scale, this sort of
question arrangement can yield interval rather than nominal data. This augments the
amenability of information from these items to a wider assortment of statistical analysis
(Walter, 2010: 171).
After the formulation of the questions for the questionnaire based on the literature
review, the researcher did a pilot test. Piloting the questionnaire allows for assessing the flow
of the questions, adequacy of the structure, if items are misconstrued or left out and if the
completion time for the questionnaire is suitable ( Walter, 2010:174). The researcher selected
students from within the Librarianship programme to pre test the questionnaires, given their
knowledge about Library issues and challenges. Following the pretesting of the questionnaires
the researcher made some altercations to the format and questions within the questionnaire,
which made it much more comprehendible for the respondents to complete.
In order to receive statistical data to answer the research question, aim and objectives,
questionnaires were distributed to respondents. The researcher emailed the questionnaire to
the Chief Librarian of the National Library in Guyana, who in turn made the distribution. A
total amount of sixty (60) questionnaires with twenty-six (26) pretested questions were
distributed to members of staff within the Central library and its branches. The processing
24
period for distribution and retrieval of the questionnaires was three weeks. The researcher
considered this timeline, since it gave ample time for the questionnaires to reach the different
branches, to be filled out and returned to the researcher. The total response received was 58%
(35) from those that participated in the study.
2.8 Data Analysis
Once the data had been collected, the next phase was to have the data coded before
being computerised. The researcher developed a coding scheme based on numerical codes
using 1s and 2s to code items in various categories from the questionnaires. According to
Connaway & Powell (2010:264) it is essential to convert the new data or responses to
numerical codes, so that they can be tabulated or tallied. The information was then transferred
by the researcher to the excel spreadsheet for which the actual analysis of data was done. The
researcher then exported the data from the excel spreadsheet to SPSS. Once this was done the
researcher chose to utilize descriptive and inferential statistics. The statistical analysis told
how each variable was measured and how many persons, score and objects receive their value
(Connaway & Powell, 2010: 269). The researcher then proceeded to present and give
description of the information in univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. The
univariate analysis show the display of only one variable at a time, while the bivariate and
multivariate shows the analysis of two variables and three or more variables at a time
respectively. Also, crosstabs one-way ANOVA, statistical tables were used to determine the
chi-square value, and significant level. For the statistical findings the researcher used graphs
and tables as a means to display the results. Based on the analysis of the data the researcher
gave meaning to the findings highlighting areas in which further research can be done.
25
2.9 Concluding remarks
This section of the dissertation has offered an intensive explanation of the procedures carried
out in the study. The methods and methodology used was quite adequate for the research,
even though there is need for further enhancement. Besides that, the study could have
benefited from more responses from the two other branches that were unable to participate
due to being in remote areas. However given the practicalities of the study and time limits
contacting those branches would have created complications for the researcher. Nevertheless
the researcher stood within the time schedule for the research in order for a successful
completion.
26
Chapter 3
Literature Review
3.1 Introduction
All of the books and journals contain relevant chapters, data and findings which the
researcher cites in support of the research.
This chapter will look at existing literature centred on digitisation of rare books within
the special collections of the Library sector of some developed, developing and Caribbean
countries. Foremost, there will be a brief overview on the uniqueness of the rare book
collection and the discourse of any apparent partiality in the existing literature. In
continuation, the review will deal with the main themes within the literature, beginning with
ICTs skills among library staff, staff awareness about digitization, including whether the
library has of digitizing plans, policies, preparedness and cost. Subsequently there will be
discussions on preservation and access regarding the rare book collections. This whole aspect
will give a clear picture as to what the research project is all about. Further review will
examine copyrights and intellectual property rights relating to digitization, as well as the staff
and institutional changes implementing digitization will create. Finally, the review will
examine the strengths and weaknesses of the literature proposed by authors with regards to
digitization of rare books for preservation and access, and discover any gaps in the literature
which could be tackled by this study.
Over the years, many articles and journals have been published on the subject
digitization. For the most part it has been concerned with the digitization of written and visual
materials that are rare, unique and fragile.
The concept ‘digitization’ can be defined as the conversion of any kind of print materials
into digital imaging or format which will be put into binary codes of bits of 1s and 0s to be read by
27
the computer (Hugh, 2004:4). Likewise, Lee (2001) defines digitisation as the conversion of text
into digital format.
The call for innovative techniques to preserve, provide access and promote rare book
collection resources has become predominantly perceptible over the current years. For it have
been a nation wide appeal for the heightening use of the rare book collections and the
provision for more access to the general public, students, researchers and scholars. Equally, it
has been increasingly essential to preserve these vital resources. Unfortunately, hardly ever
do these two purposes go together. However rare book collections Librarians, on the whole,
are very concerned with these problems and some have been enthusiastic about utilising new
technologies as a probable resolution for these challenges, by digitising their collections.
3.2Bias of literature
The literature is mainly centred around libraries in the United Kingdom and the United
States, very little has been done or mentioned about digitization in the Caribbean and
underdeveloped states. More so, hardly any thing was written on staff perception towards
digitization in libraries which made it a difficult task in finding relevant information. A
moderate amount was mentioned on how library professionals should embrace information
technology. The literature tackles digitisations as a whole and what are the key benefits of it.
3.3 Uniqueness of Rare book Collection
Rare books have been classified as a part of the Special collections within the Library
sphere for many years. The literature basically focused on special collections as the
governing identifier for materials that are rare, distinctive and unique. Therefore the authors
mainly dealt with rare books as being a part of special collection.
28
Conserve O Gram (1993) defines a rare book as any book which has a superior significance
because the demand for the book surpasses the supply, usually because of its prominence,
paucity, epoch, physical condition, and subject matter. Rare books are seen as invaluable
treasures for many libraries as such they are treated with great precaution and care.
Goetsch (2010) mentions that the up keep of collections that are rare and unique is an
important task for librarians to deal with presently. More so a well managed rare book
collection needs a librarian who is familiar with the scholarly and physical connotation of the
materials to supervise its use (Anderson, 1986). In addition the author writes that rare books
require the care from a person who has the technical proficiency to properly handle, control
and institute special barriers to access the items (Anderson, 1986).
Boulin (2010) made a valid point that rare book collections interact with the research
communities, such as, the established, new, amateur researchers and the general curious.
What's more important is that, this special collection according to Goestch (2010) contributes
exceptional content to the opportunities of edification in practically all disciplines whether
it’s delivered in print or digital forms.
However quite a number of authors developed arguments surrounding the
inaccessibility of the rare book collections to particular users.
According to Torre (2007) there are several arguments forbidding the heavy use of
rare books and manuscripts given their value and nature. Hugh (2004:11) points out that due
to the brittle condition of the collections often times thwart its use. Torre (2007) concurred,
that the main cause that has encouraged the perplexity of special collections is the trepidation
of physical damage or inadvertent destruction to the material. Thus, sometimes users may not
be allowed to access the original item even if they have very important reasons and
permissions (Bhushan, 2011).
29
Furthermore, Anderson (1986) states that most of the time these items are in remote areas
from the users in the public library under ‘lock’ and ‘key’, and can only be access by the
members of staff. The author further argues that such a circumstance is unappealing and
threatening for the normal human beings (Anderson, 1986). However, Torre (2007)
emphasised that a rare book, no matter how fundamentally precious or economically
invaluable, signifies little until a human being connects with it. He further connotes that
student interaction with these rare materials will not reduce the worth of intellectuality it has
at present (Anderson, 1986).
On the contrary Torre (2007) argues that it is the duty of the rare book librarian to institute
some aspect of control and security for the special collection of valuable books despite the
numerous benefits it has to offer the patrons.
Anderson (1986) defends this statement by saying that all resources in the public library are
to be made accessible to all clients and no barriers should be put up to hamper this obligation.
However in order to resolve the conflict of denied access to rare book collections Bhushan
(2011) and Chowdhury (2009: 74) recommends that it would be of great expediency and
relieve for the user if a digital copy is placed on the Internet, and made freely obtainable this
would equally reduce physical access to the document and provide protection . Fabunmi, et
al., (2009) in agreement concludes that if third world libraries become digitized, this would
make the resources obtainable online and will be able to alleviate the pressure users’ face to
access the traditional rare items.
3.4 Library staff and ICTs skills
Mahmood (2010) writes that the growth of the internet throughout the previous
decades has made a tremendous impact on the field of library and information science.
According to Smith (1999) the progression of digital information, has caused the alteration of
30
individuals in the way they ‘communicate’, ‘think’ and ‘learn’. Iwhiwhu & Eyekpegha
(2009) concurred that the expansion of ‘virtual libraries’, ‘digital libraries’, ‘online databases’
and ‘library and information networks’ have altered the ways in which traditional information
is retrieved, stored, processed and accessed.
An additional critical point Smith (1999) mentions is that the new technologies have
shifted the work patterns of libraries in the delivery of their work, since it provides access to
electronic data and allow library professionals the chance to utilize the internet for practise
and improving their skills.
Madmood (2010) wrote that the new technology plays a pivotal role in changing the
organizational culture of libraries and thoughts of librarians, particularly the way in which
information is conveyed to library customers. Librarians far and wide have heard the petition
of their users to convert text and visual items into digital formats, since they have embraced
the new technology enthusiastically (Smith 1999).
Nonetheless, many authors believe that librarians in developing countries are still
fearful of embracing new technology.
According to Omekwu (2005) librarians of developing countries show little
proficiency in making current advances in information technology or to plan new guidelines
in the unfolding knowledge epoch.
In Ramzan (2004) study showed that IT practice in Pakistan and other developing economies
were not heartening. Madmood (2010) & Ramzan (2004) states that many librarians in
developing countries are diffident about implementing and embracing new information
technologies, especially in Pakistan since they were in doubts about the applications and
institutional benefits.
Based on Ramzan (2004) qualitative study about the level of IT utilization by library
professionals in the library, he accounted that a remarkable 52% of the library staff in
31
Pakistan used the internet frequently to access email. In addition the author enquired how
many libraries have certain ‘hardware’ and ‘software’ accessible for use, only 37 percent of
the responses which was a very small number of libraries had ‘network servers’, ‘barcode
reader’ and ‘scanner’. Based on the findings Ramzon (2004) concludes that inadequate
provision of ‘hardware’, ‘software’, and ‘IT-based resources and systems’ hampers the
extensive use of information technology in the library.
Madmood (2010) in concluding did a similar study on Pakistan Librarians attitude
towards the internet this showed interesting results of library staff having an optimistic
approach to the used of Web search engines and e-mail. While for the other options open
journal, open access electronic journals, and magazines were moderately used.
3.5 Staff Awareness about ICTs and Digitization
According to Eguavoen (2011) there are important and hasty changes happening in
librarianship, where ‘digital’ and ‘electronic’ libraries are being fashioned to complement,
and in some instances to entirely replace, the traditional libraries. Therefore, staff must
become comfortable and supportive in the utilization of digital resources as they are with
traditional materials, and an approach to doing so is by improving the use of materials
through digital technology (Chowdhury, et al., 2009: 75). Spacey & Murray (2003) and
Chowdhury, et al., (2009:75) concurred that staff must have a positive attitude towards the
implementation of new technologies for it to become successful.
At this point Smith (1999) wrote that while library staff may not be fully informed about the
new technology and if it will or will not create change for libraries, they can in some way
imagine that the digital application will be effectual and artistic in traditional library
functions of collecting, preserving and making information accessible.
32
Ashcroft (2005) points out that the changes in the provision of information brought about
through the materialization of electronic information resources have caused ensuing changes
in the skills needed by information professionals. Furthermore, information professionals are
now expected to become aware and proficient in using new information communication
technologies, as well as having the prerequisite skills (Ashcroft, 2005).
Smith (1999) proposed arguments that even though the new technology has become avant-
garde, one should not be blindsided by its luminosity since they are many precincts which
project the need to exercise caution. Bradshaw & Wagner (2000) agrees that the impact of
developing technologies has seemed to give self-assurance to countless librarians especially
administrators and educators who in turn overrate its use and usefulness even though it’s
often times beneficial. Smith (1999) further concurred that it is indeed simple to exaggerate
and misjudge the transformative influence of a new technology especially when one does not
thus far fully understands the insinuation of its countless applications. Nonetheless, (Smith,
1999) concludes that librarians have embraced this technology enthusiastically, by urging the
alteration of text and visual materials into digital form.
Planning and Policies for Digitization Projects
3.6 Planning and Digitization
In order to embark on a digitization project there must be the initial planning phase to
ascertain what needs to be digitized. According to Breeding (2010) approximately all main
libraries at present have some kind of on-going plans to digitize photographs, manuscripts or
other unique content. There are examples that have shown several libraries and archives in all
sphere of the world increasing its aptitude to digitize important materials of erudite or cultural
interest to offer both wider access and to help in the preservation of them (Breeding, 2010).
Ferreira & Pithan (2005) wrote that planning and implementing a digital library, necessitates
33
immense studies in order to confirm and guarantee its adequacy for the user’s requirements
and to have knowledge about the area. Monson (2010) agrees that the first stage in planning
digitization is to rationally gauge ones skills, carefully think about the technical
infrastructure, handiness of resources in the library and the content delivery system for the
digital collection.
At this point Jones (2001) emphasised that the success of digital projects is not about pricey
technology, but rather it’s based on unyielding project planning; especially if digitization is new to
the organisation then focus should be on the technology to be utilized before deciding on a project’s
objective.
The amount of physical and logical groundwork that is needed for any digitization project is very
extensive (Smith, 1999). Therefore Okorie (n.d) concludes that one should have an ardent
perception when planning the digitization of library collection about the general objectives and
operations of the organization, identify the need, its rationale and target user group for which
digitization will benefit. Likewise, there needs to be a clear definition as to whether the purpose of
digitizing the collections is to improve preservation of rare delicate materials or meliorate access to
the written document (Okorie, n.d).
3.7 Policies and Digitization
Fabunmi, et al., (2009) states that a policy is a guiding statement, for channelling the
implementing of digitization. According to (Smith, 1999) the impact of digitizing projects on an
organization, its role, conventional audience, and its main purpose is often hard to foresee. The
challenge of choosing parts of a massive collection that will be scanned , can be difficult, which
requires knowledge about the principles of collection development and access policies (Smith,
1999).
Fabunmi, et al., (2009) points out a number of categories that the policy should entail;
34
• policy should have a delineation of the digitization objective; this should be inclusive of
who would be the categories of users that will be able to have access to the collection, what
sort of items might be of interested to the perceived target audience, how will they be
allowed to utilize it, how many people are visualize to use it, the plans for its commercial,
the benefit of the resources and the benefit of the resources to users and organizations.
• There should be a budget outline all-encompassing wages and salaries, staff training,
benefits, equipments and supplies, services etc.
• The digitization project should steer clear of any infringement of the copyright laws.
Therefore, it is crucial to attain copyright for resources to be digitized, predominantly those that
are not available in the government domain.
It is worthy to note that in all of the libraries, resources are insufficient and the truth is everything
cannot and does not need to be digitized. Bearing that in mind Joseph &Vacianna (2008) gives a
briefing of what the policy consists of which had been developed by the University of the West
Indies Mona Campus for the digitization of their rare book collection. It stated that there has to be a
validation why certain documents must be digitized, of paramount importance is the consideration
of copyrights, especially if the material is not in the public domain then permission has to be
sought; averting of duplication, where a text has previously been digitized; consideration of the
items intellectual value, prioritise materials that is of interest to a global audience, think about
current and potential use, physical format etc. (Joseph & Vacianna, 2008).
At this juncture, Hughes (2004:36) implies that a selection policy should be a central factor of any
organisational digitization policy. The author suggests that the delineation of the selection policy
should entail user demand and interest in the items, value and importance of the collection and the
involvement of the leading stakeholders (Hugh, 2004:36).
35
3.8 Digitization
According to Hugh (2004:4) digitization is the conversion of any kind of print materials into
digital imaging or format which will be put into binary codes of bits of 1s and 0s to be read by the
computer. Astle & Muir (2002) likewise concurred that the process of digitization is inclusive of the
use of a ‘digital camera’ or ‘scanner’, which results in the formation of a ‘digital object’
Hugh (2004:9) writes that digitization has several caveats; it’s in favour of ‘enabling
access’, ‘support of preservation actions’, ‘collection development’, ‘institutional and strategic
benefits’, ‘research and education’. As a result Hugh (2004: 4) further writes that memory
establishments for the provision of access to collections are developing several digitization
programmes. Balas (2010) similarly directs that digitization is a librarians’ vision of providing
effortless access to all and less reservations about the dissolution of papers in rare books or the
fragmentation of frail films. At this point librarians have prioritised materials to be digitized,
namely newspapers, books, postcards and audio materials recorded on magnetic tapes and vinyl
records (Balas, 2010).
Joseph &Vacianna (2008) expands on this, stating that digitization helps to facilitate
and broaden global access to information for individuals concerned in doing research on the
inimitable Caribbean Island. Fabunmi, et al., (2009) adds that digitization bridges the distance
between the material and the researcher whereby a lot of users can have access to the material
at the same instance without visiting the library for the hard copy. The author further states
that digitization makes the ‘invisible’ to become ‘visible’ (Faunmi, et al.,). In addition, Vrana
(2010) point out that digitization brings together various resources or collections that have
been strewn in diverse places for assessment, exploration and edification. Fabunmi, et al.,
(2009) concludes by saying that digitizing collections makes information accessible to all
instead of just a selected few namely researchers.
36
Several authors have focused upon digitization as a method used to preserve and
safeguard rare book resources. Lopatin (2006) suggests that digitization permits the
preservation of rare, fragile and unique materials. Joseph &Vacianna (2008) agrees that
digitization is crucial for the preservation of rare materials, thereby diminishing the need for
users to handle delicate resources.
According to DigiCULT (2003) digitisation generates novel learning opportunities which can
be used to encourage tourism, improve access and preservation of its traditional resources.
Hugh (2004:15) insists there will be unbelievable benefits from the digitization of cultural
materials especially for edification. Chowdhury (2009:74) has extrapolated an advantage of
digitization by stating that the digital image is quite flexible which will result in it being used
in numerous ways more than the paper original. It is with this in mind that Shah & Suyash
(2002) writes that digitisation will make the data available in a large number of resources to
people from around the world without any difficulty.
Vrana (2010) believes digital items and electronic mass media through digitization initiatives
will expand the worth and secure the greater visibility of the role the library plays in today’s
society.
On the contrary, Balas, (2010) writes that there shouldn’t be blindness to the difficulties of
implementing digitization, for Prockaska (2009) wrote that digitization of special collection has
always painted a convoluted image. Prockaska (2009) further points out that it’s intricate because of
inadequate resources, changing technology and expertise. Goetsch (2010) concurred with this,
stating that librarians are bombarded with the issue for digital preservation, legal conflicts regarding
intellectual property and copyright, insufficient finance and lack of human resources and the
increasing compulsion of bringing these collections out from enclosed areas onto the virtual
desktops. Bradshaw & Wagner (2000) mentions that, even worse, a lot of repositories that hold
precious, distinctive items do not have the capital to change to large-scale digitizing efforts.
37
Fabunmi, et al., (2009) in concluding states that digitization of library materials proposes
great treats to major stakeholders, library management, employees and library users. For instance
digitized books are different; it takes away the exquisite familiarity of holding and reading an actual
book (Bhusan, 2011). Likewise, digital technology is still, to a significant extent, user-unfriendly to
a lot of individuals (Bhusan, 2011) thus there will be need for training and retraining of those who
would be utilizing the service (Fabunmi, et al., 2009).
3.9 Digitization and Cost
Judging from the literature, quiet a number of authors expounded on digitization and
its cost factor. Astle & Muir (2002) mentions that a great deal of the literature steers clear
from giving a thorough analysis of the costs for digitization.
Rikowski (2010) writes that digitization has a ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ cost that is
affixed to it. Which makes it a difficult exercise to correctly calculate the cost for digitization
projects especially if a large amount of staff and financial resources are to be utilized (Astle
& Muir, 2002). Lopatin (2006) mentions that digital projects are costly, since they require a
lot of ‘hardware’, ‘software’, and trained staff to execute such responsibilities as scanning,
quality control and generating metadata.
At this point Astle & Muir (2002) made mention that limited budget is certainly a
term that is comparatively connected to most public libraries and archives. Thus, Hugh
(2004:81) suggest that becoming familiar with the practical cost for the commencement of a
digitization project and continued maintenance of the resources is a way to take charge of the
dilemma, and to ensure that the investment is not exhausted. Adding to that, libraries should
research and apply for funds from both internal and external sources, as well as collaborate
with other libraries, museums or archives (Eden, 2001).
38
Monson (2011) noted that in an ideal world, the organization would want to distribute
generous monies to cover all essential expenses, but realistically this is seldom the case, and
creative budgeting is crucial.
UNESCO, IFLA and ICA (2002) proposed recommendations to deal with the situation,
stating that there should be the preparation of a budget that includes ‘cost- recovery alternatives’,
‘income-generating activities’, a ‘business model’ that will encourage income generation and form
corporations to accomplish trustworthy digital repositories. Hugh (2004:81) added that there should
be an overall calculation for this type of financial investment inclusive of the staff, equipment,
technology, architecture and support. Bhushan (2011) on a positive note states that if the technology
is in position for the digitization project and there is immense demand for the item, then digitization
and delivery of the materials via electronic means in realism turns out to be cost effectives.
Furthermore, to alleviate some of the financial restrictions that hampers digitization Egholm
& Fochumsen (2000) suggest that there should be amendments of the Danish library act,
which would allow the implementation of user fees for the soul purpose of co-financing the
increase costs of new media, information and communication technology, new services, etc
According to Durant (2006) in the Caribbean for the most part public libraries charge an
online access fee for the use of the Internet, however for National Library and Information
System Authority in Trinidad & Tobago free Internet access is offered to all clienteles.
3.10 Access
Public libraries according to Glazer (2011) provide access to information, knowledge and
resources in support of its widespread collective mission. Hugh (2004) points out there are
massive benefits to be garnered by both the holders and users of cultural heritage resources
by the free click of a mouse. Therefore, Lopatin (2006) states through digitization, the library
will be able to provide access to all sorts of materials, such as text, photographs, manuscripts,
39
audio and moving image materials. Goetsch (2010) states that this new type of technology
has afforded the opportunity to make the collections noticeable through online search
engines. Furthermore Hugh (2004:11) states that creating a digital surrogate of a rare or
delicate unique material can offer access to users while avoiding the original from destruction
by handling and display. Also Balas (2010) points out that digitization is a Librarian’s vision
of providing access to all and less reservations about the disintegrating of paper in rare books
or the fragmentation of brittle film. Bhushan (2011) concurred that; digitization relieves the
document from the strains of traditional access mode and makes it accessible via the internet.
Furthermore, Rieger (2010) states that digitizing organisation assets will expand access and
eliminate the uncertainties that the scholarly resources are underused and ignored. At this
point IFLA (2002) states that the material which used to be obtainable by a few individuals
will now offer access to anybody, wherever, at anytime of the day when the images are
offered on the ‘Internet’ or ‘CDs’, the advantage will by better quality and offer exposure for
the work. Likewise, Fabunmi, et al., (2009) adds that digitization bridges the distance
between the material and the researcher whereby many users can have access to the material
at the same instance without visiting the library for the hard copy. The author further states
that digitization makes the ‘invisible’ to become ‘visible’ (Fabunmi, et al.,).
Hugh (2004:9) said that implementing digital materials can expand access to various audiences and
enhance lifelong learning. While Hirtle (2002) states that it will create an increase in the use of
traditional materials and correct the notion that it’s only habitual special collections user who
usually use the materials.
In contrast Bhusan (2011) argues that only those who have the relevant ‘hardware’ or
‘software’ can have access to certain digital content which is often times costly. What's more,
worrying is that digitals books created for one platform may not necessarily be well-matched
for another, thus hindering access (Bhusan, 2011).
40
Vrana (2010) concludes that digital items and electronic mass media through digitization
initiatives will expand the worth and secure the greater perceptibility of the role the library
plays in today’s society.
3.11Preservation
According to Starmer (2005) environmental conditions, variations in temperature and
humidity, accelerated the decline of collections, and librarians will need to take precautionary
measures to preserve these materials. de Vries (2009) states that preservation desires, together
with new types of open electronic access, propelled lots of libraries to digitized manuscripts,
rare books and older print journals.
Uche (2006) states that there is need to preserve cultural and mythical resources, since they
might be rare and the only material in the country that can be sources of reference, research,
illustration and effects in the future.
According to Lopatin (2006) digitization allows for the preservation of rare, fragile and unique
materials. Vrana (2010) concurred that in many instances digitization supports the preservation of
originals or becomes the only method of safeguarding fragile materials for future generation.
Based onVrana (2010) study carried out with the Croatia Public library 53.33% of the respondents
indicated that the reason for their digital collection initiative was for the development of
preservation, followed by increasing access to digital material (40%).
In concluding Astle & Muir (2002) states that digitization affords libraries the prospect of placing
original materials in appropriate secured storage in the form of a digital surrogate, which would
radically diminish the risk of damage from unnecessary handling.
On the contrary, some authors believe that digitization as a method of preservation has its
challenges. According to Smith (1999) digitization has actually caused countless demands for
access to the most important documents in their original format due to the widespread broadcasting
41
of digital surrogates. Another concern is that operating with digital surrogates can distort the whole
research process (Smith, 1999).
3.12 Digitization Vs Copyrights
According to Digital Library of the Caribbean (2005) copyright is a property right that seeks to
stability the civil rights of the owner with the rights of the overall society. When considering
digitizing materials there should be special concern about copyright. Seadle (1997) agrees that no
individual should contemplate a digitization project especially one where web access is important,
without knowledge of copyright law. One must enquire whether the material to be digitized is
protected by copyright laws or is in the public domain (Loptain, 2006). However, works in the
public domain are not secluded by copyright laws, thus they can be use without restraint or consent
or paying a fee (Hugh, 2004:60). In Barbados for example rare materials spanning from as early as
the 17th to the 19th centuries are no longer subjected to the copyright laws. However, the BMHS
maintains unyielding control through the duplicate policies and procedures, to ensure protection
against intrusion of its reproduction rights UNESCO (2006).
dLOC (2005) states that digitization makes use of new and up-coming technologies, technologies
whose use may not hitherto have appropriate laws in partisan for their global public good. Even
Glishko (2011) supports by stating that, copyright laws are unclear, and there is a massive amount
of confusing or absolute incorrect information available online. However it is in the best interest
that institutions research the copyrights and make sure there is conformity. Most likely it is the local
associate who can best decide whether an item is in the public domain or if there needs to be
bargain for authorization of online distribution if possible (dLOC, 2008).
3.13 Staff and Institutional Changes
According to Ezeari (2009) digitization presents serious responsibilities which calls for
sufficient training to be given to the staff involved. Hugh (2004:226) agrees that it is essential
42
that staff involved in the project be fully trained to deal with and uphold a safe and sound
setting for handling the materials.
Fabunmi, et al., (2009) suggests that there should be sensitising, emotional training and retraining of
staff, since in most instances the staff will likely oppose to the digitization project.
There needs to be confidence building since it is common for people to refuse to accept a change,
especially if they are fearful of the unknown (Fabunmi et al., 2009). Ezeari (2009) adds that
digitization is extremely dependent on the use of technology and a lot of librarians are still
uncomfortable with the technology, thus it the library management liability to train them and
alleviate their uncertainties (Fabunmi, et al., 2009).
Omekwu (2005) states libraries and librarians in budding countries and in different places
will make the difference in the information age. The new technology will increase the need
for librarians and libraries to manage, control and foster support to its users of the growing
technology. Thus the author further states that there will be no lost of jobs but rather the
increase of responsibilities (Omekwu, 2005). Hugh (2004:227) in conclusion states that task
of scanning cannot be assigned to one particular staff; however there should be the
consideration of redeployment of staff.
3.14 Research Question
The staff perception towards the implementation of digitisation in the National Library of
Guyana
43
3.15 Strengths in the Literature
Many authors in the literature express positive approach to digitization of rare materials within the
library sphere.
Smith (1999) mentions is that the new technologies have shifted the work patterns of libraries
in the delivery of their work, since it provides access to electronic data and allow library
professionals the chance to utilize the internet for practise and improving their skills.
Hugh (2004:9) writes that digitization has several caveats; it’s in favour of enabling access, support
of preservation activities, collection development, institutional and strategic benefits, research and
education. According to Joseph &Vacianna (2008) digitization helps to facilitate and broaden
global access to information for individuals concerned in conducting research on the inimitable
Caribbean Island. Fabunmi, et al., (2009) adds that digitization bridges the distance between the
material and the researcher whereby many users can have access to the material at the same instance
without visiting the library for the hard copy. The author further states that digitization makes the
‘invisible’ to become ‘visible’ (Fabunmi, et al., 2009). Hugh (2004:11) writes that creating a digital
surrogate of a rare or delicate unique material can offer access to users while avoiding the original
from destruction by handling and display.
3.16 Weaknesses in the Literature
However not everything proposed by the literature is exclusively positive. Balas, (2010)
writes that there shouldn’t be blindness to the difficulties of implementing digitization, for
Prockaska (2009) wrote that digitization of special collection has always painted a convoluted
image. Prockaska (2009) further points out that it’s intricate because of inadequate resources,
expectations that continually outrun the available technology and expertise. Goetsch (2010)
concurred with this, stating that librarians are confronted with the burdens for digital preservation,
legal conflicts regarding intellectual property and copyright, insufficient finance and human
44
resources and the increasing obligation of bringing these collections out of closed stacks and onto
the physical and virtual desktops. Bradshaw & Wagner (2000) mentions that, even worse, a lot of
repositories that hold precious, distinctive items do not have the capital to change to large-scale
digitizing efforts.
Fabunmi, et al., (2009) that digitization of library materials proposes great challenges for
stakeholders, library management, employees and library users. For instance digitized books are
different; it takes away the exquisite familiarity of holding and reading an actual book (Bhusan,
2011). Likewise, digital technology is still, to a significant extent, user-unfriendly to a lot of
individuals (Bhusan, 2011) thus there will be need for training and retraining of those who would be
utilizing the service (Fabunmi, et al., 2009).
Another important concern is that only those who have the relevant hardware or software can have
access to certain digital content which is often times costly and hindering access (Bhusan, 2011).
3.17 Gaps in the literature
Although digitization is a well documented and well considered endeavour, there is a scarcity of
information about digitization in Public library of the Caribbean. Furthermore, the authors are
unclear about the true benefits of digitization for library users and the rare materials, since the
literature did indicate the negative repercussion for digitizing items for preservation and access.
In addition there is no direct information about staff perception to the implementation of
digitization all that the literature indicates is that library professional and staff should
embrace this new technology for the benefit of the organisation and users.
45
3.18 Concluding Remarks This chapter has dealt with current literature with regards to digitization as a strategy for
preservation and access to rare book collections. The literature review has covered the main
themes for the research. There were both negative and positive implications mentioned in the
literature regarding the implementation digitization projects.
46
CHAPTER 4
Findings and Discussions
4.1 Introduction
This chapter deal with the result relating to the National Library of Guyana staff perception
on the implementation of digitization. The information from this and subsequent findings in
these chapters are put together from the results of the questionnaires from the National
Library and its branches that took part. Most of the results are displayed using bar charts, pie
charts and tables. This area looks at section A of the questionnaire (See Appendix C). A total
amount of 35/60 (58%) of respondents have completed the questionnaires. However, the
respondents did not answer all the questions in the questionnaires. The results deals with
questions asked pertaining to demographics, such as, age range, designation and which
branch they worked at. In addition this section give results about the level of ICTs skills and
knowledge the library staff , how often do they use Microsoft word, Internet and Electronic
Database. Likewise this part shows those library staff who indicated how often they use a
scanner.
The results will be linked to the literature connected to it which was reviewed in the earlier
chapter, so as to substantiate the findings or indicate any differences between what has been
documented on the subject of staff perception about the implementation of digitization as a
strategy for preservation and access and findings of this study. The process will be
continuous all through the chapter of this research.
47
Section A 4.1 Demographic Age Range
Figure 1- Bar Chart showing the age range of each respondent that took part in the survey
As shown in Figure 1 respondents between the 26-35 age ranges were the highest percentage
49% that answered the questionnaires. The second highest percentage 20% of respondents
were those between 36-45 age range and the least amount of responses were 3% within the
66-75 age range.
48
Figure 2- Bar Chart showing the designation of the respondents
Figure 2 shows that the majority of respondents who participated in the survey were those
identified within the junior staff category of 54% and the second highest were those within
the senior staff group 37%, the least amount of respondents were those who indicated being a
part of the clerical staff group 3%.
49
Figure 3- Pie Chart shows the total amount of respondents from the different branches
Figure 3 shows the respondents from the various library branches.
Not surprising is the fact that most of the samples were from the central library a 51% and the
second highest amount was from the Linden branch 23%, while the least results was from
Bagotville branch 9%. It is not a surprising result since the Central library is the main Library
that has a greater amount of staff.
50
4.2 Library Staff and ICT Skills Figure 4- Bar Chart shows how often the respondents use Microsoft word, Internet and
Electronic Database
Respondents were ask the question how often do they use the Internet, Microsoft word,
Electronic database, statistics have shown that 57% of the respondents indicated using the
internet daily, which recorded the largest amount, while a moderate amount of 40% use
Microsoft word daily and the least amount of 6% used electronic database daily. In addition
quite a large amount of the respondents 71% fail to indicate whether or not they used
electronic database.
51
The findings suggest that the respondents have a large amount of computer skills, especially
with regards to the use of the Internet and Microsoft word. This confirms to Madmood (2010)
study on ICT skills among library staff in developing countries, especially in Pakistan, shows
that librarians have an optimistic approach to the use of web search engines and email use. In
the case of those who did not answer whether they use electronic database or not indicates an
inclusive finding. This may suggest that the respondents either misinterpreted the question or
they choose not to answer because they have never used electronic database before or have
no knowledge about it. The few that responded to using electronic database were a limited
amount. In Madmood (2010) study showed that library staff that used open journal, open
access electronic journals and magazines was moderate. In Ramzan (2004) study showed
likewise, that the majority of library staff uses the internet merely to check their email and to
upgrade their computer skills. Therefore, the findings confirm to the literature based on
Mahood(2010) and Ramzan (2004) study on library staff IT skills.
52
Figure 5- Bar Chart shows the respondents indicating how often they use a Scanner
When ask the question how often the respondents used a scanner a majority of
63% never used a scanner, while 23 % used it less frequently and a merely 3% used it daily.
There are several possible explanations for this result, for instance the respondents may not
have had the need to use the equipment depending upon the type of work they do,
additionally it may suggest that the respondents have limited access to a scanner, or lack of
the relevant skills or possibly there is an inadequate provision of the equipment within the
library institution.
53
This result reflects Ramzan (2004) views that insufficient provision of ‘hardware’,
‘software’ and other ‘IT base resources and systems’ in the libraries hamper the extensive use
of information technology in the library.
Section B This section of the results is in relation to section B of the questionnaire, which looks at the
library’s readiness for digitization. A sequence of questions was asked in relation to the aim
and objectives of the research. The respondents were asked to indicate their level of
awareness to digitization, whether the institution has plans to digitize any of its collection (s),
if the institution has any digitization policies, is the organisation prepared and can afford to
digitize any of its collection (s) and who digitizing the library’s collection (s) will benefit.
54
4.3 Staff awareness and Digitization Figure 6 - Bar Chart shows the respondents from various branches indicating whether
they are aware of digitization as it relations to Library materials
Figure 6 shows that each of the branches are aware of digitization, however the highest
amount of awareness is the Central library branch resulting to 71%. The findings indicate that
the respondents have a fairly good amount of knowledge about what the concept digitization
means. Eguavoen (2011) points out there are important and hasty changes happening in
librarianship, where digital and electronic libraries are being fashioned to complement, and in
some instances to entirely replace, the traditional libraries. Therefore, staff must become
comfortable and supportive in the utilization of digital resources as they are with traditional
55
materials, and an approach to doing so is by improving the use of resources through digital
technology (Chowdhury, et al., 2009: 75).
Spacey & Murray (2003) and Chowdhury, et al., (2009:75) concurred that staff must have a
positive attitude towards the implementation of new technologies for it to be successful. At
this point Smith (1999) wrote that while library staff may not be fully informed about the new
technology and if it will or will not create change for libraries, they can in some way imagine
that the digital application will be effectual and artistic in traditional library functions of
collecting, preserving and making information accessible.
In the literature Ashcroft (2005) cites that the changes in the provision of information brought
about through the materialization of electronic information resources have caused ensuing
changes in the skills needed by information professionals. Furthermore, information
professionals are now expected to become aware and proficient in using new information
communication technologies, as well as having the prerequisite skills (Ashcroft, 2005).
56
4.4 Digitization and Planning
Figure 7 – Bar Chart showing the relationship between the participants within the
various categories and whether they know if the library has plans to digitize any of its collection (s)
When ask the question whether the institution has any plans to digitize its collection(s) a
greater amount of responses from those that selected the senior staff group resulting in 9/13
69% said yes, while those that selected the junior staff group in an amount of 11/19 58% said
yes and a mere 9% indicated yes from the admin group. Those that indicated No was 2/13
15% in the senior group and 3/19 16 % in the junior. While those that selected they do not
57
know amounted to 2/13 15% in the senior group and 5/19 26% in the junior group. The
results suggest that the institution has considered digitization for its collection (s). This
confirms to the literature, according to Breeding (2010) that approximately all main libraries
at present have some kind of on-going plans to digitize photographs, manuscripts or other
unique content. There are examples that have shown several libraries and archives in all
sphere of the world are increasing its aptitude to digitize important materials of erudite or
cultural interest to offer both wider access and to help in the preservation of them (Breeding,
2010). Ferreira & Pithan (2005) wrote that planning and implementing a digital library,
necessitates immense studies in order to confirm and guarantee its adequacy for the user’s
requirements and to have knowledge about the area. Monson (2010) agrees that the first stage
in planning digitization is to rationally gauge ones skills, carefully think about the technical
infrastructure, handiness of resources in the library and the content delivery system for the
digital collection.
58
4.5 Digitization and Policies
Figure 8- Bar chart shows the staff in differing designation and whether they know if the institution has any digitization policies
When ask the question whether they know if the institution has any digitization policies
respondent who indicated being from the senior group an amount of 50% do not know and those
that selected junior staff group responded in the negative to the question recorded as 74% who do
not know whether the organization has any digitization policies. Those that said no within each
category show a moderate amount. However, there were a moderate amount of respondents from all
categories which indicated No to having knowledge of any digitization policies that the institution
might have. An insufficient amount has indicated that Yes the library has a digitization policy.
59
The finding indicates that the respondents are unclear as to whether a digitization policy exists
within the administration or they may not be a digitization policy. According to the literature
Fabunmi, et al., (2009) states a policy is a guiding statement, for channelling the implementing of
digitization. According to (Smith, 1999) the impact of digitizing projects on an organization, its
role, conventional audience, and its main purpose is often hard to foresee. The challenge of
choosing parts of a massive collection that will be scanned, can be difficult, which requires
knowledge about the principles of collection development and access policies (Smith, 1999).
Fabunmi, et al., (2009) points out a number of categories that the policy should entail;
• policy should have a delineation of the digitization objective; this should be inclusive of
who would be the categories of users that will be able to have access to the collection, what
sort of items might be of interested to the perceived target audience, how will they be
allowed to utilize it, how many people are visualize to use it, the plans for its commercial,
the benefit of the resources and the benefit of the resources to users and organizations.
• There should be a budget outline all-encompassing wages and salaries, staff training,
benefits, equipments and supplies, services etc.
• The digitization project should steer clear of any infringement of the copyright laws.
60
4.6 Preparedness
Figure 9-Bar Chart showing staff within the different designation and whether the library is prepared for digitization
Out of 13 senior staff group responding to the question (6/12) 46% disagree that the library is
prepared for digitization, while 19 responded to the question from the junior staff group
(14/19) 47% disagree that the library is prepared for digitization. So it seems that overall the
two groups disagree that the library is prepared for digitization given the close
percentages/results.
61
According Fabunmi et al., (2009) who cites that digitization is takes up a lot of time and is
very expensive. He points out that there is need to commence training of the employees, so
that they will not oppose to digitization of the library resource. It also requires sufficient
planning and monitoring, since it has a massive problem to do with the lack of technical-
know-how causing several digitization projects to encounter problems in the long run.
62
4.7 Digitization and Cost
Figure 10 Bar Chart showing the staff with in various designations and whether the library can afford to digitize its collection (s)
62% of the respondents being from the senior staff group agree that the library can afford to
digitize its collection (s). While those that selected junior staff group a total 68% indicated
that they agree the library can afford to digitize its collection (s). In addition there is total
agreement among the minority group of respondents that indicated the library can afford to
digitize any of its collection(s). This finding indicates that the respondents might have
overestimated the cost for digitization or they lack the relevant knowledge about the cost for
digitization. Likewise they might have thought that the library would probably seek external
63
funding to commence such a project, thus assuming that the institution can afford to digitize
any of its collection (s).
Surprisingly, is the fact that overall, the respondents indicated that the library can
afford to digitized its collection (s), which in fact does not support the existing literature
where Rikowski (2010) writes that digitization has a ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ cost that is affixed
to it. Which makes it a difficult exercise to correctly calculate the cost for digitization
projects especially if a large amount of staff and financial resources are to be utilized (Astle
& Muir, 2002). Lopatin (2006) mentions that digital projects are costly, since they require a
lot of ‘hardware’, ‘software’, and trained staff to perform such responsibilities as scanning,
quality control and generating metadata.
At this point Astle & Muir (2002) made mention that limited budget is certainly a
term that is comparatively connected to most public libraries and archives. Thus, Hugh
(2004:81) suggest that becoming familiar with the practical cost for the commencement of a
digitization project and continued maintenance of the resources is a way to take charge of the
dilemma, and to ensure that the investment is not exhausted. Adding to that, libraries should
research and apply for funds from both internal and external library sources, as well as
cooperate with other libraries, museums or archives (Eden, 2001).
Monson (2011) noted that in an ideal world, the organization would want to distribute
generous monies to cover all essential expenses, but realistically this is seldom the case, and
creative budgeting is crucial.
64
4.8 Benefits
Figure 11- Bar Chart showing the various categories of library users’ that digitization will be beneficial to indicated by the respondents
Most of the respondents strongly agree between ranges of 75% to 66% that digitization will
benefit the various categories of library users. This results may suggest that staff are aware of
the educational impact digitization of the rare book collection will have on the users.
Joseph &Vacianna (2008) expands on this, stating that digitization helps to facilitate and
broaden global access to information for individuals concerned in doing research on the
65
inimitable Caribbean Island. Fabunmi, et al., (2009) adds that digitization bridges the distance
between the material and the researcher whereby a lot of users can have access to the material
at the same instance without visiting the library for the hard copy. The author further states
that digitization makes the ‘invisible’ to become ‘visible’. In addition, Vrana (2010) point out
that digitization brings together various resources or collections that have been strewn in
diverse places for evaluation, exploration and edification. Fabunmi, et al., (2009) concludes
by saying that digitizing collections makes information accessible to all instead of just a
selected few namely researchers.
.
66
Section C This part of the results looks at access and preservation. Where respondents were asked to
indicated whether or not digitization will create access and provide some form of
preservation for the rare book collections. Also results were given on who should access the
digitized collection (s) and whether they should pay for access.
4.9 Access and Preservation
Figure 12- Bar Chart showing the areas in which digitization will be most helpful. Access
67
Responding to the question which of the following digitization would be most helpful, 77%
of the respondents indicated that will provide awareness to the collection, while 74%
indicated that it will promote services. The findings show that while many authors suggest
that digitization will create access to rare and fragile materials as its utmost purpose only
69% of the respondents believe it is so. While the other two areas promote the library
services and provide awareness to the rare book collections supersedes the reason for access.
The findings suggest that the responds think that more should be done in the area of
promoting the library services and bringing awareness to the collect as against that of
providing access.
This result is in contrary to the literature review which Lopatin (2006) pronounce that
through digitization, the library is able to provide access to all sorts of materials- text,
photographs, manuscripts, audio and moving image materials.
However, the literature proposed by Goetsch (2010) supports part of the findings that this
new type of technology has afforded the opportunity to make the collections noticeable
through online search engines.
68
4.10 Preservation Figure 13- Bar Chart showing the areas in which digitization will be effective.
83% of the respondents indicated that digitization will reduce handling of fragile/brittle
materials, 72% indicated prevent further deterioration. It is shows that the respondents thinks
that those are the two main areas that digitization will be most helpful to prevent handling of
fragile materials and preserve the content.
According to Hugh (2004:11) developing a digital surrogate of a rare or fragile original object can
provide access to users while preventing the original from damage by handling and display.
69
Starmer (2005) states environmental conditions, variations in temperature and humidity,
accelerated the decline of collections, and librarians will need to take precautionary measures
to preserve these materials. de Vries (2009) states that preservation desires, together with new
types of open electronic access, propelled lots of libraries to digitized manuscripts, rare books
and older print journals.
Uche (2006) states that there is need to preserve cultural and mythical resources, since they
might be rare and the only material in the country that can be sources of reference, research,
illustration and effects in the future.
According to Lopatin (2006) digitization allows for the preservation of rare, fragile and unique
materials. Vrana (2010) concurred that in many instances digitization supports the preservation of
originals or becomes the only method of safeguarding fragile materials for future generation.
Based onVrana (2010) study carried out with the Croatia Public library 53.33% of the respondents
indicated that the reason for their digital collection initiative was for the development of
preservation, followed by increasing access to digital material (40%).
70
Figure 14- Bar Chart shows the respondents who indicated whether various user groups should have access to the digitized collection (s)
Access
Overall the respondents strongly agree that various user groups of the library should have
access to the digitized collection (s). The results suggest that the respondents believe that it is
important that all user groups should access the digitized content. The findings coincides with
the literature which according to Anderson (1986) pronounce that all resource stored in the
public library are to be made accessible to all clients and no barriers should be thrown up to
hamper this obligation.
71
Figure 15- Bar Chart shows the respondents who indicated whether various user groups should pay to access the digitized collection (s)
Access
Overall most of the respondents indicated that General Public 56%, Onsite visitors 45%,
Member 58% should pay to access the digitized collections. While as for students,
researchers and teachers showed mixed responses as to whether they should pay to access the
digitized collections. It appears to be some level of uncertainty among respondents with
regards to whether students, researcher and teachers should pay to access.
72
It is further demonstrates that because some library users have to pay to use the internet
service then the respondents probably thought it would be quite comfortable for them to pay
for access to digitized content. Adding to that the cost for digitization and its maintenance is
expensive so maybe this can be a means to generate an income.
Based on the literature Egholm & Fochumsen (2000) suggest that there should be a revision
of the Danish library act, which would allow the implementation of user fees for the soul
purpose of co-financing the increase costs of new media, information and communication
technology, new services, etc
Durant (2006) states in the Caribbean for the most part public libraries charge an online
access fee for the use of the internet, however for National Library and Information System
Authority in Trinidad & Tobago offers free internet access to all clients.
73
Section D In this section of the findings deals with the question as to whether the staff thinks copyrights
will affect digitization. Also what materials they think should be digitized and if the whole
process of digitization will bring about staff and institutional changes.
Figure 16- Bar Chart shows the different staff designation and whether
copyrights will affect digitization
4.11 Copyrights and Intellectual property rights
Whether there are copyrights that will affect digitization those that selected senior staff group
62% said No. While those that selected junior staff group 47% indicated they do not know.
74
The results show that the respondents are uncertain as to whether copyrights will be an
implicaion to digitization.
Based on the literature Seadle (1997) agrees that no individual should contemplate a digitization
project especially one where Internet access is important, without knowledge of copyright law. One
must enquire whether the material to be digitized is protected by copyright laws or is in the public
domain (Loptain, 2006). However, works in the public domain are not secluded by copyright laws,
thus they can be use without restraint or consent or paying a fee (Hugh, 2004:60). In Barbados for
example rare materials spanning from as early as the 17th to the 19th centuries are no longer
subjected to the copyright laws. However, the BMHS maintains unyielding control through the
duplicate policies and procedures, to ensure protection against intrusion of its reproduction rights
UNESCO (2006).
75
4.12 Selection for Digitization
Figure 17- Bar Chart shows the respondents that indicated which collection(s) should be digitized
34% of the respondents indicated that rare books should be digitized, while 23% indicated
that Newspapers should be digitized. It appears that the respondents have prioritised what
material is of utmost preservation and to facilitate access.
The findings confirm to Vrana (2010) study that when asked public libraries to prioritize
material for digitization. Newspapers, books, postcards and audio materials recorded on
magnetic tapes and vinyl records are among top priorities for digitization.
76
Table 1 show what respondents think digitization will create the need for
4.13 Digitization and Staff Changes
When ask to select which of the changes will occur among staff 91% of the respondents
indicated there will be the need for staff training, while 94% indicated no new jobs and 88 %
of the respondents indicated that there will be no job losses, 91% indicated it will diminish
responsibilities. This is quite a surprising result, especially in the case where the respondents
indicated that digitization will not create new job or job losses and not diminish their
responsibilities since none of the respondents indicated that there will be job losses. This
finding may suggest that respondents feels secure in their job, or it depends on the cultural or
structure of the institution that will determine who will actually be apart of the digitization
process. However the literature does support part of the findings according to Omekwu
(2005) libraries and librarians in budding countries and in different places will make the
difference in the information age. The new technology will increase the need for librarians
Count Column N %
Training no 3 8.6%
Yes 32 91.4% New Jobs no 33 94.3%
Yes 2 5.7% New Skills no 4 12.5%
yes 28 87.5% Job losses no 30 85.7%
yes 5 14.3% Repositioning staff no 24 68.6%
yes 11 31.4% Adding responsibilities no 21 60.0%
yes 14 40.0% Diminishes responsibilities no 32 91.4%
yes 3 8.6%
77
and libraries to manage, control and foster support to its users of the growing technology.
Thus the author further states that there will be no lost of jobs but rather the increase of
responsibilities. Hugh (2004:227) in conclusion states that task of scanning cannot be
assigned to one particular staff; however there should be the consideration of redeployment
of staff.
Table 2 shows what changes digitization will bring about in the Institution
Most of the respondents who did not indicate that digitization will bring about shift in the
organisational structure amounted to 80% and 61% did not indicate that it will cause
technological changes, while 51% indicated it will bring about operational efficiency and
change in staff attitude to embrace technology, respectively. The finding suggests that the
respondents are aware that digitization will benefit the organisation in the delivery of
information and making staff more comfortable in using the new technology. On the contrary
those that did not indicate that digitization will cause a shift in the organisational structure
and technological changes might suggest that base on the current organisational structure
hardly ever will digitization affect that aspect of the job. On the other, technological changes
Count Column N %
Shift no 28 80.0%
yes 7 20.0% Efficiency no 17 48.6%
yes 18 51.4% Technological no 21 61.8%
yes 13 38.2% Change in staff no 15 42.9%
yes 20 57.1%
78
might not be seen too apparent to the respondents, since the institution has internet access and
the respondents can have access to the service.
4.14 Summary of the project It has been found out that the majority of the National Library staff has some amount of
computer skills. The main purpose for them using the computer is basically to use the
internet.
The research has shown that the majority of National library staff is aware of the concept
digitization.
Research has shown that the National library staff does not think the library is prepared for
digitization.
Results have shown that the National library staff feels the National library can afford to
digitized its collection (s).
The research has shown that a greater percentage of the library staff believes that digitization
will provide awareness to about rare book collection. On the other the research have shown
that a lesser percentage of the staff feels that digitization will create access to the rare
collection.
It has been found out that the staff thinks digitization will reduce the handling of fragile
materials and to some extent prevent further deterioration of the rare materials.
79
Results have shown that the National library staff is unaware of copyright laws being a
hindrance to digitization.
The research has shown that the library staff thinks that digitization will create the need for
training in the organisation. A greater percentage of the staff did not think that implementing
digitization will create job losses.
It has been found out that the library staff thinks that digitization will create operational
efficiency.
4.15 Conclusion
The aim of the project sought to examine the ways in which staff of the National Library in
Guyana perceives the effective benefits of digitization to the collection, its user groups and
organisation.
The research main objective focuses on the readiness for digitization in the National Library
in Guyana. Further objectives were to determine what knowledge staff has about the concept
digitization, whether the cost of digitisation can be justified with regards to its affordability
by the institution, whether the staff thinks digitization will prove access to rare books
collection, to examine the extent to which staff thinks digitization will preserve the rare books
collection. Other objectives were to explore whether the staff knows if copyrights will affect
digitization and if digitization will have an effect on the jobs.
80
To evaluate the readiness for digitization in the Public library of Guyana (Objective 1)
The research has shown that out of 13 senior staff group responding to the question (6/12)
46% disagree that the library is prepared for digitization, while 19 responded to the question
from the junior staff group (14/19) 47% disagree that the library is prepared for digitization.
Overall the majority and minority groups of respondents disagree that the Library is prepared
for digitization.
To determine what knowledge the staff has about the concept digitisation (Objective 2).
The research has found that 71% of the library staff is aware of the concept, since the majority
of them indicated that it will benefit the organisation and its users.
If the cost of digitization can be justified with regards to its affordability by the institution
(Objective 2)
The results have shown that 62% of those in the senior group agree, while 68% in the junior
group agree that the library can afford to digitize. In addition there is an overall agreement
among the minority group that the library can afford to digitize.
To ascertain whether the staff thinks that digitization will improve access to rare book materials.
(Objective 3)
The findings show that, 77% of the respondents indicated that digitization will provide awareness
to the collection, while 74% indicated that it will promote services and 69% believes it provide
access to the collection.
81
To explore whether staff feels that digitization can help to preserve the rare books collection.
(Objective 5)
Results show that 83% of the respondents indicated that digitization will reduce handling of
fragile/brittle materials, 72% indicated prevent further deterioration.
To enquire into the extent of whether staff consider they are copyrights to digitization (Objective 6)
The findings reveal that those who selected senior staff group 62% said No copyrights will
not affect digitization. While those that selected junior staff group 47% indicated they do not
know whether copyrights will affect digitization.
To examine the extent to which staff assumes digitization will have an impact on their job
(Objective 7)
The research shows that 91% of the respondents indicated there will be the need for staff training,
while 94% indicated no new jobs and 88 % of the respondents indicated that there will be no job
losses, 91% indicated it will diminish responsibilities
The research further reveals that most of the respondents who did not indicate that digitization will
bring about shift in the organisational structure amounted to 80% and 61% did not indicate that it
will cause technological changes, while 51% indicated it will bring about operational efficiency and
change in staff attitude to embrace technology, respectively.
Overall, the research revealed that the staff does not think the National library is prepared for
digitization. The organisation has plans to digitize it collection (s) however some of the staff
lack the necessary knowledge about what some of the serious implications digitization will
bring about. The findings also show that generally the staff in the National Library has a
82
positive attitude towards the implementation of digitization as a strategy for preservation and
access and that there will be the need for staff training.
83
4.16 Recommendations
1 The research has show that several of the staff members are unaware as the whether
copyrights will affect digitization, therefore staff members need to be informed about
certain implications in relation to digitization
2 The results reveal that the staff lack some of the basic skills that would be needed to
offset the digitization project so it is necessary for staff to be trained within the
relative areas when or before the programme is implemented.
4.17 Practicalities/Limitations of the Research The researcher attempted to include a large amount of library staff from the central library as
well as all the branches, in this study, however, it proved difficult due to how wide stretch the
branches are in the country, which would have been very cumbersome to manoeuvre the
questionnaire back and forth. In addition, if all the staff members from the various branches
were to be included in the investigation it would have resulted in a major delay of having the
project completed within the specified time. In addition, the design of the questionnaire could
have been done slightly different so that respondents would have been better able to interpret
the questions asked. Another limitation was the duration for the completion of the project
which caused the researcher to cut all the corners.
84
4.18 Suggestions for future studies
There is need for further research within the area of staff perception and the implementation
of digitization. Since this study look at one library sector it would be better if further studies
could be conducted with the inclusion of stakeholders, government and other types of
libraries as to how they feel about the implementation of digitization.
Word Count 15823
85
References
• Anderson, J. (1986). Rare Book collections do not belong in public libraries. Library
Acquisitions:Pratice & Theory. Vol 10. Issue 1 69 (Conference)
• Ashcroft, L. (2005). ICT skills for information professionals in developing countries:
Perspectives from a study of the electronic information environment in: Nigeria IFLA
Journal. vol. 31 no.1 pp. 6-12 Available at: http://ifl.sagepub.com/content/31/1/6.short
[Accessed on 23rd August 2011]
• Astle, A. (2002). Digitisation and preservation in public libraries and archives. JLIS. Vol. 34
no. 2 pp. 67-79
• Babbie, Earl. (1986). The Practice of Social Research. 4th Ed. USA: Wadsworth
• Babbie, E. (1998). Survey research methods. 2nd Ed. USA:Wadsworth
• Bailey, K. D. (1994). Methods of social research. 4ed. New York: THE FREE PRESS
• Balas, J. I. (2010). Digitization: for the Here and Now and for the Future. Computers in
Libraries, vol.30, no. 9, pp.39
• Bhushan, A. (2011) The risks of digitization: The future of books. UNESCO: Italy
Available at: http://focus2011.org/2011/05/the-risks-of-digitization-the-future-of-books-by-
anand-bhushan/ [accessed on 21st August 2011]
• Birrell et al. (2010). The Discmap project digitations of special collection: mapping,
assessment prioritisation. New World, Vol. 112, No.1/2
• Blaikie, Norman. (2003). Analysing quantitative data. London: SAGE.
• Blouin, F. Jr. (2010) Thoughts on Special Collections and Our Research Communities.
RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage, vol 11, no.1, pp. 23-
31
• Bradshaw, E. B. & Wagner, S. C. (2000). ‘A common ground: Communication and alliance
between cataloguer and curator for improved access to Rare Books and Special Collections’.
86
College and Research Libraries [Online], pp. 525-534. Available at:
http://crl.acrl.org/content/61/6/525.full.pdf+html [Accessed 28th July 2011]
• Breeding, M. (2010). Ensuring Our Digital Future. Computers in Libraries v. 30. No. 9. P.
32- 4
• Bryman, Alan. (2001). Social research methods. USA: Oxford University Press
• Bryman, Allan. (2004). Social research methods. 2nd Ed. USA: Oxford University Press
• Bryman, Allan. (2008). Social research methods.3rd Ed. USA: Oxford University Press
• Chowdhury, G.G. (2009). Librarianship: an introduction. London: Facet
• Connaway, L & Powell, R. (2010). Basic research methods for Librarians. 5th Ed. USA:
Libraries Unlimited
• Conserve O Gram (1993). What makes a Rare Book? National Park Service. Department of
the Interior Available at: http://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/conserveogram/19-
01.pdf [Accessed on 15th August, 2011]
• de Vires, R. (2010) eIFL Case Study on Low Cost Digitization Projects: NELINET
Available at: http://www.eifl.net:8080/cps/sections/services/knowledge/lcdp [ Accessed on
12th June, 2011]
• DigiCULT. INFO. (2003) A newsletter on Digital Culture. Iss 6. Available
at.http://www.digicult.info/downloads/dc_info_issue6_december_20031.pdf [Accessed on
15th June, 2011]
• Digital Library of the Caribbean (2005) Available at :http://www.dloc.com/dloc1/about
[Accessed on 20th July, 2011]
87
• Durant, F (2006). The future of libraries and implications for the Caribbean. Conference.
Library Association Trinidad & Tobago (LATT) Ordinary General Meeting. Available at
http://eprints.rclis.org/handle/10760/8861 [Accessed on 22nd August, 2011].
• Ezeani, C.N. (2009). Digitizing projects in developing countries: the case of the University
of Nigeria. Library HI Tech News. Number 5/ pp.
• Fabunmi, B. A. (2009). Digitization of Library Resources: Challenges and
Implications for Policy and Planning. International Journal of African & African
American Studies.Vol. V, No. 2. Available at:
https://ojcs.siue.edu/ojs/indes.php/ijaaas/article/viewFile/80/142 (Accessed on 16th
August, 2011)
• Goetsch, L.A. (2010) Frame of Reference: Special Collections. The Magazine of Higher
Learning; V42 n4. Pp. 49
• Glushko, B. (2011). Keeping Library Digitization Legal. American Libraries. V. 42
no.5/6. P 28, 30
• Hazen,et al. (2004). ‘Digitisation of rare and fragile materials’ In: Hugh, L (2004).
Digitizing collections: strategic issues for the information manager. London: Facet
• Hirtle, P. B (2002) The Impact of Digitization on Special Collections in Libraries. Libraries
& Culture. 37.1 pp. 42-52
• Hubbard, M. A, et al. (2010) Bringing Rare Books to light: The State of the
Profession. RBM. V.11 no.2 p. 134-51
• Hugh, L. (2004). Digitizing collections: strategic issues for the information manager.
London: Facet
• Jones, Trevor. (2001). An Introduction to Digital Projects for Libraries, Museums and
Archives. Technical Insert for Illinois Heritage Associations. Available
at:http://images.library.uiuc.edu/resources/introduction.htm (Accessed on 20th July 2011)
88
• Joseph, J M. &Vacianna, Joan (2008) Resources on the Caribbean Cultural Identity:
Documentation, Preservation and Access. World Library and Information Congress:
74th IFLA General Conference and Council. Available at:
http://www.ifla.org/iv/ifla74/index.htm (Accessed on 21st July, 2011)
• Iwhiwhu, B. E. & Eyekpegha, E. O. (2009). Digitization of Nigerian University
Libraries: From technology challenge to effective information delivery. The
Electronic Library, Vol.27, no. 3, pp. 529-536
• Lee, Stuart D. (2001). Digital imaging: a practical handbook. London: Library Association
• Lopatin, L. (2006). Library digitization projects, issues and guidelines: A survey of
the literature. Library Hi Tech. Vol24 Iss2
• Lynch, C. (2005). Where do we go from here? The next decade for digital libraries.
D-Lib Magazine, 11(7/8). Available at:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july05/lynch/07lynch.html (Accessed on August 14th 2011)
• Mahmood, Khalid. (2010) Attitudes towards the internet: A survey of LIS Professionals in
Pakistan. Library Philosophy and Practice. Accessed on 19th August 2011
http://www.google.co.uk/#sclient=psy&hl=en&site=&source=hp&q=Mahmood%2C+Khali
d.+(2010)+Attitudes+towards+the+internet:+A+survey+of+LIS+Professionals+in+Pakistan.
+Library+Philosophy+and+Practice.&aq=&aqi=&aql=&oq=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_p
w.&fp=80fad60aa434c2fd&biw=1344&bih=694
• Monson, J. (2011). What to Expect when you’re Digitizing: A Primer for the Solo Digital
Librarian. Computers in Libraries. V. 31 n1 p 16-20
• Okorie. (n.d) Digitizing projects in developing countries: the case of the University of
Nigeria. Available at: http://okorie.hubpages.com/hub/RATIONALES-AND-
STRATEGIES-FOR-DIGITIZING-LIBRARY-INFORMATION
89
• Omekwu, C. O. (2006). Managing information and technology: critical roles for librarians in
developing countries. Electronic Library, The. Vol.24 Iss:6 pp.847-863
• Prockaska, A. (2009). Digital Special Collections: The Big Picture. RBM. V.10 no.1.
p. 13 -24
• Ramzan, M (2004). Effects of IT utilization and knowledge on librarians’ IT attitudes. The
Electronic Library. Vol. 22. Number 2004 pp 440-447
• Rieger, O.Y. (2010). Enduring Access to Special Collections: Challenges and Opportunities
for Large-Scale Digitization Initiatives. RBM v.11, no.1. pp. 11-22
• Rikowski, R. (2011). Digitisation Perspective. Oxford: Chandos
• Sheehan, J. K. (2009). Making the Most of What We Have: A Framework for Preservation
Management in Rare Book Collections. RBM. v.10 no. 2. p. 111-21
• Seadle, M. (1997). Digitization for the Masses. Reference Services Review. Vol. 25
Iss 3/4
• Smith, A. (1999). Why digitize? Council on Library and Information Resources
Available at: http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub80-smith/pub80.html (Access on
16th August 2011)
• Spacey, R., Goulding, A., & Murray, I. (2003). ICT and change in UK public
libraries: Does training matter? Library Management 24:1&2, pp. 61-69.
• Swann, D. (2003). ECDL for educators: ICT skills training in context. Computer Education
103, pp. 16-17.
• Starmer, M. E. et. al, (2005) Rare condition: preservation assessments for rare book
collections. RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts and Cultural Heritage. vol. 6, no.
2. pp. 91-106
• Torre, M. E (2008). Why should not they benefit from rare books? : Special collections and
shaping the learning experience in higher education. Library Review. 57(1), pp. 36-41
90
• UNESCO. (2006). Caribbean Register of Documentary Heritage: Enslaved Peoples of the
Caribbean. UNESCO. Available at: http://www.heritagedocs.org/docs/barbados.htm
[Accessed on 16th June 2011]
• Vrana, R, (2010). Public Libraries in Croatia and the digitization challenge. Library
Review. Vol 59. Iss 5
• Walter, M. (2010). Social research Methods. 2nd Ed. Australia: Oxford University Press
91
APPENDIX A
INFORMATION SHEET
1. Research Project Title: Implementing digitization as a strategy for preservation and
access to rare books: A study on staff perception at the National Library in Guyana.
You are being invited to take part in a research project. Before you decide it is important for
you to understand why the research is being done and what it will involve. Please take time to
read the following information carefully and discuss it with others if you wish. Ask us if there
is anything that is not clear or if you would like more information. Take time to decide
whether or not you wish to take part. Thank you for reading this.
2. What is the project’s purpose?
The aim of the project sought to examine the ways in which staff of the National Library in
Guyana perceives the effective benefits of digitization to the collections, its user groups and
the organisation.
• I am seeking to find out staff perception about digitization and its benefits for the
National Library.
3. Why have I been chosen?
You have been selected because you are a current staff at the National Library with a working
knowledge of the organisation and users.
Do I have to take part?
It is up to you to decide whether or not to take part. If you decide to take part you will be
given this information sheet to keep, asked to complete and return a questionnaire. Whether
you choose to complete the questionnaire or not will not affect your job in any way.
92
4. What will happen to me if I take part?
You will simply be asked to complete a questionnaire. This is entirely anonymous. By
returning the questionnaire you are to have agreed to participate in the research.
5. What do I have to do?
To participate you simply need to complete and return the questionnaire.
6. What are the possible disadvantages and risk of taking part?
We anticipate no disadvantages or risks to you in participating.
7. What are the possible benefits of taking part?
Our aim in gathering this data is to help colleagues in the Information School and across the
University to understand staff perception towards implementing digitization at the National
Library in Guyana.
8. What happens if the research study stops earlier than expected?
There will be no negative impact on you if the research study has to finish early.
9. What if something goes wrong?
If anything goes wrong or you have a complaint arising from participation in the project you
can contact the supervisor, Andrew Cox, [email protected], tel 0114 222 6347. If after
this you feel your complaint has not been handled to your satisfaction you can contact the
University’s ‘Registrar and Secretary’.
10. Will my taking part in this project be kept confidential?
All information that we collect will be entirely anonymous and kept confidential.
11. What type of information will be sought from me and why is the collection of this
information relevant for achieving the research project’s objectives?
The research is about your experience and opinion. We will also wish to ask you about some
basic background data, such as your age. This is for statistical data, and will not be used in
any other way, other than to fulfil the purpose of the research.
93
12. Will I be recorded, and how will the recorded media be used?
No.
13. What will happen to the results of the research project?
The project results will be disseminated to staff in the school and beyond, for the purpose of
informing the enhancement of learning and teaching. It may contribute to a research
conference presentation or published journal article. You will not be identified in any such
presentation or publication.
14. Who is organising and funding the research?
The project is organised by the Student and Supervisor within the University of Sheffield. It
is not a funded project, but a partial requirement for the student to complete the Masters
Degree programme within the University.
15. Who has ethically reviewed the research?
The project has been reviewed by the Information School ethical review process. The
University’s Research Ethics Committee monitors the application and delivery of the
University’s Ethics Review Procedure across the University.
16. Contact for further information
The primary contact for the project is Dr. Andrew Cox, [email protected], 0114 222
6347.
KEEP THIS INFORMATION SHEET FOR FURTURE REFERENCE
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION IN THE PROJECT
94
APPENDIX B
Dear Respondent,
I am a prospective Graduate of the University of Sheffield. In order to complete
my Masters degree in Librarianship, I am expected to conduct and present a research to my
lecturer Dr. Andrew Cox. The research is based on Implementing Digitisation as a strategy
for preservation and access to rare books: A study of the National Library in Guyana.
I would be very grateful for your help in completing the questionnaire for the research topic.
I promise that the answers given in the questionnaire will remain confidential and the data
gathered will only be used to complete the research.
I have attached an ethics form to provide you with further information about this project and
what the information you provide would be used for.
I thank you for your co-operation.
Yours respectfully,
_______________
Nadine Moore
University Student
University of Sheffield
95
APPENDIX C
QUESTIONNAIRE
Instructions: Please place a tick in each space or fill in the blank spaces provided. Section A
1. Age ¨18-25 ¨26-35 ¨ 36-45 ¨ 46-55 ¨ 56-65 ¨ 66-75
2. Are you a part of the following? Administrative
staff Senior Staff
Junior Staff Clerical Staff
3. Which department do you work in? Adult Dept
Admin Dept
Bindery Dept
Juvenile Dept
Personnel Dept
Reference Dept
Technical Dept
4. Which of the following Branch do you work at? Please tick Bagotville Central Corriverton Linden New
Amsterdam Ruimveldt
5. Are you working? Full-time Part -time
6. Which of the following (s) do you use often? Daily Weekly Monthly Less
Frequently Never
Microsoft word
Internet Electronic Database
7. How often do you use a Scanner?
Daily Weekly Monthly Less Frequently
Never
96
Section B
8. Are you familiar with the term digitization as it relates to library materials? Yes No Do not
know
9. Do you know whether your institution has plans to digitize any of its collections?
Yes No Do not know
10. Does your institution have any digitization policies? Yes No Do not
know
11. The National library is prepared for digitization.
Strongly Agree
Agree Strongly disagree
Disagree Do not know
12. The National Library can afford to digitize any of its collection (s). Strongly Agree
Agree Strongly disagree
Disagree Do not know
13. Digitization will benefit the following (s). Strongly
Agree Agree Strongly
disagree Disagree Do not
know Library Staff
Students Teachers Researchers General Public
97
Section C 14. Digitization of the National Library’s collection (s) will help in the following areas.
Strongly Agree
Agree Strongly disagree
Disagree Do not know
Creation of space within the library
Prevent further deterioration of materials
Reduce handling of fragile/brittle materials
15. Is there a demand for access to any particular collection within the National Library?
Yes No Do not know
16. If yes, which collection is mainly demanded by your users? ___________________________
17. Who demands the use of the particular collection(s) listed above? Students Teachers Researchers Do not
know
18. Digitization of the National library’s collection (s) will help in the following area.
Strongly Agree
Agree Strongly disagree
Disagree Do not know
Promote the library services
Provide awareness of the library’s collection(s)
Increase access to the collection (s)
98
19. Digitized collection (s) should be accessed by the following.
Strongly Agree
Agree Strongly disagree
Disagree Do not know
General Public
Onsite visitors
Members Students Staff
20. The following category of persons should pay to access the digitized collection (s). Strongly
Agree Agree Strongly
disagree Disagree Do not
know General Public
Onsite visitors
Members Students Teachers Researchers
Section D
21. Digitization will create improvement among library users in the following ways. Strongly
Agree Agree Strongly
disagree Disagree Do not
know Education Life-long learning
Increase Internet use
Advance technological awareness
22. Are you aware of any copyright laws that will affect digitization in the National
Library? Yes No Do not
know
99
23. Which one (1) of the following do you think should be digitized?
Historical documents
Manuscripts Maps Newspapers Photographs Rare books
24. Do you think digitization will create? (Select the three (3) that is most important to you) Need for staff training
New Jobs
New Skills
Job losses
Repositioning of staff
Add more responsibilities to your job
Diminishes your responsibility to your job
25. Do you think digitization will bring about changes in your institution? (Select the two (2) most important changes you think will occur? Shift in the organisational structure
Operational efficiency
Technological changes
Change in staff attitude to embrace technology
26. If you have any further comments, please write in the spaces provided below. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
100
APPENDIX D
Coding Frame
A coding frame was developed to facilitate a comprehensive system of coding and
analyzing the data. Closed ended and open ended questions were coded after the data
collection process.
1. Age
1 18-25 2 26-35 3 36-45 4 46-55 5 56-65 6 66-75
2. Are you a part of the following? 1 Administrative staff 2 Senior
Staff 3 Junior
Staff 4 Clerical Staff
3. Which department do you work in?
1 Adult Dept
2 Admin Dept
3 Bindery Dept
4 Juvenile Dept
5 Personnel
Dept
6 Reference
Dept
7 Technical
Dept
4. Which of the following Branch do you work at? Please tick
1Bagotville 2 Central 3Corriverton 4 Linden 5 New Amsterdam
6 Ruimveldt
5. Are you working? 1Full-time 2 Part-time
6. Which of the following (s) do you use often? 1Daily 2 Weekly 3Monthly 4 Less
Frequently 5 Never
A Microsoft word
B Internet C Electronic Database
7. How often do you use a Scanner?
1 Daily 2 Weekly 3 Monthly 4 Less Frequently
5 Never
101
Section B
8. Are you familiar with the term digitization as it relates to library materials? 1 Yes 2 No 3 Do not
know
9. Do you know whether your institution has plans to digitize any of its collections?
1 Yes 2 No 3 Do not know
10. Does your institution have any digitization policies? 1 Yes 2 No 3 Do not know
11. The National library is prepared for digitization.
1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree 3 Strongly disagree
4 Disagree 5 Do not know
12. The National Library can afford to digitize any of its collections. 1 Strongly Agree
2 Agree 3 Strongly disagree
4 Disagree 5 Do not know
13. Digitization will benefit the following (s). 1 Strongly
Agree 2 Agree 3 Strongly
disagree 4 Disagree 5 Do not
know A Library Staff
B Students C Teachers D Researchers E General Public
Section C
14. Digitization of the National Library’s collection(s) will help in the following areas. 1
Strongly Agree
2 Agree 3 Strongly disagree
4 Disagree
5 Do not know
A Creation
102
of space within the library B Prevent further deterioration of materials
C Reduce handling of fragile/brittle materials
15. Is there a demand for access to any particular collection within the National Library?
1 Yes 2 No 3 Do not know
16. If yes, which collection is mainly demanded by your users? 1 Rare books 2 Newspapers 3 Caribbeana 4 Educational Books
17. Who demands the use of the particular collection listed above? 1 Students 2 Teachers 3 Researchers 4 Do not know
18. Digitization of the National library’s collection (s) will help in the following area.
Please tick 1 Strongly
Agree 2 Agree 3
Strongly disagree
4 Disagree 5 Do not know
A Promote the library services
B Provide awareness of the library’s collection(s)
C Increase access to the collection (s)
19. Digitized collection (s) should be accessed by the following. Please tick 1 Strongly
Agree 2 Agree 3 Strongly
disagree 4 Disagree
5 Do not know
A General Public
B Onsite
103
visitors C Members
D Students
E Staff
20. The following category of persons should pay to access the digitized collection (s). Please tick 1 Strongly
Agree 2 Agree 3 Strongly
disagree 4 Disagree
5 Do not know
A General Public
B Onsite visitors
C Members D Students E Teachers F Researchers
Section D
21. Digitization will create improvement among library users in the following ways. Please tick 1
Strongly Agree
2 Agree 3 Strongly disagree
4 Disagree
5 Do not know
A Education B Life-long learning
C Increase Internet use
D Advance technological awareness
22. Are you aware of any copyright laws that will affect digitization in the National
Library? 1 Yes 2 No 3 Do not
know
23. Which one (1) of the following do you think should be digitized? 1 Historical documents
2Manuscripts 3 Maps 4Newspapers 5 Photographs 6 Rare books
104
24. Do you think digitization will create? (Select the three (3) that is most important to you) 1 Need for staff training
2 New Jobs
3 New Skills
4 Job losses
5Repositioning of staff
6 Add more responsibilities to your job
7 Diminishes your responsibility to your job
25. Do you think digitization will bring about changes in your institution? (Select the two (2) most important changes you think will occur? 1 Shift in the organisational structure
2 Operational efficiency
3 Technological changes
4 Change in staff attitude to embrace technology
26. If you have any further comments, please write in the spaces provided below. 1 Implementing digitization would be beneficial for the Organisation since it would provide the basis for easy information retrieval in years to come. 2 With evolving technology, it is a good initiative for the Library to implement digitization, however staff training is required.
105
