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A “Tricks of the Trade” Workshop
Beyond the Page Beyond the Page Beyond the Page Beyond the Page ---- Part I:Part I:Part I:Part I:An Introduction to Qualitative Data AnalysisAn Introduction to Qualitative Data AnalysisAn Introduction to Qualitative Data AnalysisAn Introduction to Qualitative Data Analysis
with NVivo 8with NVivo 8with NVivo 8with NVivo 8
A “Tricks of the Trade” Workshop
Social Science Research CenterDePaul University
I. Overview of CAQDAS
& NVivo 8
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CAQDAS
� CAQDAS = Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software
� First created in 1970s as data management programs� Developed as data storage & retrieval programs
� Coding was used for data manipulation & reporting� Coding was used for data manipulation & reporting
� Limited to text data
� Modern software expands upon early software� Expanded to work with text, audio, video & picture files
� Code-Based Theory Building vs. Code and Retrieve
� Can manage, manipulate & retrieve data in sophisticated ways through data links, search expressions & modeling
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CAQDAS
� CAQDA DOES
� Aid in managing large amounts of data
� Help organize and structure analysis
� Provide flexibility in codingProvide flexibility in coding
� Provide tools for analysis and testing hypotheses
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CAQDAS
� CAQDA DOES NOT
� Transcribe for you
� Make coding decisions
� Conduct analysesConduct analyses
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CAQDAS
� When is CAQDAS inappropriate?
� Small scale projects
� Non-editable documentation (including PDFs)
� Large-scale projects that are already well under wayLarge-scale projects that are already well under way
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Overview of NVivo 8
• Internal database structure
• Aids in research transparency and validity
• Aids in theory building as well as theory testing
• Aids in project management when working with research • Aids in project management when working with research teams
• Prompts for user initials upon launch
• Copies of projects can be merged into a master project
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II. Overview of NVivo Workspace
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Project Workspace
List
View
Project
Items
Navigation
View Detail
View
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Project Workspace - Sources
� Internals� Audio Recordings� Video Recordings� Pictures� Text files
�Externals
Source
Types
�Externals� Websites� Books� Handwritten letters� Hard copy documentation
�Memos� Capture thoughts, insights� Coding journal
Sources
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Project Workspace - Nodes
� Basic� Free Nodes – stand alone nodes
containing codes that do not contain subthemes
� Tree Nodes – hierarchical nodes with a parent node (main theme) and a child
Node
Types
parent node (main theme) and a child node (subtheme)
� Advanced� Case Nodes – nodes that store
information for a unit of analysis
� Relationship Nodes – nodes representing a connection between data
� Matrix Nodes – a collection of nodes created through a matrix coding query
Nodes
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Project Workspace – Advanced
�Sets� Allow the grouping of nodes and/or documents� Allow the user to consider how items are conceptually or theoretically related
�Queries� Allow the researcher to ask and store questions (and their results) about the data
such as word frequency and patterns in coding
�Models� Aid in visual conceptualization and exploration about how different project
ideas/components are related to one another.
�Links� Hyperlinks connecting notes and insights to Source documents
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Time to Create a
Practice Project
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III. Organizing Your Data
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Data Organization
� Unit of observation
� The unit on which data is gathered
� The components that make up a unit of analysis
� e.g. service program staff, service program participants
Unit of analysis� Unit of analysis
� The entity being studied
� e.g. service program
� Unit of manipulation
� The quoted text
� The building blocks of analysis
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IV. Preparing and Importing Data
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Preparing Data for Import
� Use consistent paragraph styles for structured documents (e.g. interviews)
� Consider audio/video editing requirements before importing � Consider audio/video editing requirements before importing into NVivo
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Importing Sources
�Text documents� Supported formats - .doc, .docx, .pdf, .rtf, .txt� Formatting is preserved
�Audio and video�Audio and video� Cannot exceed 20MB � larger files cannot be embedded in the project
� Supported audio formats
• .mp3
• .wma
• .wav
� Supported video formats
• .mpg
• .mpeg
• .mpe
• .wmv
• avi
• .mov
• .qt
• .mp4
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Importing Sources
� Pictures• Supported picture formats
• .bmp
• .gif
• .jpg
• .jpeg• .jpeg
• .tif
• .tiff
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Importing Sources
�C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared Documents\NVivo 8 Samples\Data
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Importing Sources
� Repeat import process to import:
� “NonVols” and “Video – Non Volunteers” into Focus Groups
� “Volunteers – Clean Up” into Photo Prompts
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V. Working w/ Externals
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Working with Externals
� Can link to files on your computer – “File Link”
� Can link to Web pages – “Web Link”
� Can create an External for non-importable sources (e.g. hard copy documents, reference materials) – “Other”
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VI. Audio, Video & Visual Documents
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Audio and Video
Play and Stop Mute Volume Play Speed Select Media
Fast Forward
and Rewind
Skip Play Mode
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Visual Documents
� Consist of an image and a log
� Can record general notes about a photo
� Can record notes tied to a specific region of a photo� Can record notes tied to a specific region of a photo
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Open NVivo Sample Project:
“Volunteering”“Volunteering”
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VIII. Working w/ Data –
Approaches to Analysis
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Approaches to Analysis
�Theory Generating� Inductive
� Seek patterns from data to develop hypotheses
�Theory Testing� Deductive
� Apply expected patterns to data which are defined by hypotheses
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IX. Working w/ Data – Nodes & Coding
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Nodes and Coding
�Nodes are used when coding (e.g. “code to node”)
�Where you store data about ideas/themes that emerge
� Approach depends on methodology & stage of project� Create nodes as you go through your material
� Create nodes before you go through your material
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Nodes
�Free Nodes – stand alone nodes containing codes that do not contain subthemes
�Tree Nodes – hierarchical nodes with a parent node Tree Nodes – hierarchical nodes with a parent node (main theme) and a child node (subtheme)
� To view child nodes, expand the parent node by clicking “+”
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Coding
� Right-click
� Drag and Drop
� Auto coding
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Auto Coding
� Useful when you have structured documents such as a series of interviews
� Quick way to make nodes for each question in an interview � Quick way to make nodes for each question in an interview or for a participant in a focus group.
� Paragraph styles must be consistent among the documents you use
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Coding Stripes
� Coding stripes let you see “at a glance” how content has been coded
� Shows the nodes to which content has been coded� Shows the nodes to which content has been coded
� Shows coding by specific team members
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X. Working w/ Data – Document Links
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Annotations
� Like notes in the margin of your document
� Allow you to comment on selected content
� Don’t overuse
� Cannot be coded
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Memos
� Used to capture thoughts and insights
� Stand alone or linked
� Coding journal to track coding decisions
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XI. Project Management
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Merging Projects
� Allows a team to work independently on copies of a project
� Merges the content and/or structure of projects
� Can view coding among team members using coding stripes
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Merging Projects
� Tips on working with a team:
� Hold frequent team meetings to discuss coding strategies and
decisions
-- (Have each team member keep a coding journal!)
� Develop a system for assigning coding to team members
� Establish rules about avoiding using annotations and document
links
� Use team member initials when naming Memos
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