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A WISE “Case study” During CEOP
Some Thoughts
Background
Some of CEOP’s key features include:• Focus on a particular period • ‘Ready’ access to a variety of information
CEOP’s scientific effort is concerned with the water cycle:• Fluxes and reservoirs over land• Monsoon circulations
Excellent opportunity to consider extremes:• A major scientific and societal issue• Some work is already being conducted
EXAMPLES OF EXTREMES DURING A YEAR OF CEOP
GLOBAL PRECIPITATION ANOMALIESEXAMPLE DURING THE CEOP PERIOD
2002
Global Extremes … a case study
This study contributes to two main issues:
• To advance our understanding of extremes including their occurrence, characteristics, evolution and inter-connections
• To gain experience and to develop tools for later studies including prediction
The Focus of Extremes During CEOP
• Droughts and floodslocation (by globe, continent)areaseveritytiming and duration
• Other extremespotentially could be added such as …
heat waves, …
WATER AND ENERGY CYCLINGDURING EXTREMES:
AN EXAMPLE FOR DROUGHT
Drought can be considered to bean aberration in the regional cyclingof water and energy
CEOP Extremes Case Study
• Do-able WISE activity with its global perspective• Contributor to and beneficiary of CEOP• Some key aspects
coordinated collection of detailed case studies
global inter-connections
CEOP-period extremes in long-term perspective• Not all the global information on extremes is readily
available so the overall study has to be considered as a ‘pilot’ one
Scientific Issues for CEOP Extremes include …
• What extremes occurred?• What are their features that made them
‘extreme’?reference to definitions, return period, etc.
• For extremes studied in detail, why did they occur?
• Were they linked and if so how and why?• What are the implications for simulations and
trends (past and future)?
Some Measures of Extreme
Assessing whether an event is extreme is a critical issue. Some considerations and implications include:
1. Characteristics such as: location, timing, precipitation, temperature,
duration, area …
2. Statistically-based studies give guidance on how to show ‘how’ individual event case studies are extreme and to what extent
3. Such information is important to place the CEOP time period into the proper perspective from the global system down to individual events
CEOP Extremes: Some Examples
THE ‘SYSTEM’
STEPS
Pragmatic summary:
• Summarize the occurrence of extremes around the world and some of their characteristics mainly by using readily-available information
• Identify regional in-depth studies that are already focusing on particular extremes during CEOP
• Ensure that appropriate global scale studies are
carried out to fully achieve the Extremes objectives
DETAILED EXTREMES STUDIES
• Several detailed studies of extremes during CEOP are already underway including:
Effort Contact
• AMMA• BALTEX• CPPA • DRI Kit Szeto - Ron Stewart• LPB Hugo Berbery• LBA Jose Marengo• MAHASRI• MDB• …
• There are undoubtedly other efforts as well and perhaps some of the above do not have any focus on extremes …
• But, existing ‘event case studies’ form a strong foundation for the ‘overall case study’ … a case study of case studies ..?
DRI(Canadian Prairie drought)
500 km
2001/02
DRI (flooding at the end of the drought)
St. Jean de Baptiste, ManitobaJuly 2005
LBA
Circulation anomaliesDrought of 2005
Tropical North Atlantic:
Anomalously warm surface waters.
ITCZ northward displaced
Amazonia: Downward motion inSouthwestern Amazonia(less rainfall) over theHeadwaters of major Amazonian Rivers :Consequence: Low river levels in central AmazoniaSome rainfall in central andEastern Amazonia
Not all Amazonia was affected by drought in 2005.(El Niño induced droughts affect central and eastern Amazonia also) 2005 Non El Niño year
Land surface processes?.Role of smoke and aerosols in delaying onset of rainy season?
Drought
Rain
Moisture fluxes and their convergence associated with intense precipitation events
LPB
• Other examples to be added …
Specific datasets include:
• Floods: Dartmouth, GPCC, …
• Droughts: Drought/Aridity indices, …
• Heat waves: Temperature (e.g., NCDC?) …
• More datasets are listed on the WISE web site: www.meteo.mcgill.ca/wise
DATASETS
SPECIFIC ACTIONS
• Iterate on concept
• List of/contacts for detailed studies of extremes
• Acquire datasets for extremes
• Place CEOP extremes in perspective with respect to past climate
• Continual communications amongst participants
OUTCOMESSome outcomes for the WISE ‘CEOP case study’ that is basically a
‘few-year-snapshot’ based to a large extent on activities already underway:
• Inventory of extremes for this period• Placement of these extremes within a long-term context• Detailed water and energy studies of a ‘relatively small’ number of
extreme events • Documentation and interpretations of inter-connections
While significant scientific progress is expected, this ‘CEOP case study’ or ‘pilot study of global extremes’ must be viewed as a learning process so its experiences can be considered as a:
• Foundation for further research by others