A2-IonicEquilibria-WS1

7/23/2019 A2-IonicEquilibria-WS1

1/13


2/13

(b+ Anoauontm t`m p@ hi n U

(a+ Bht` @AH2@ ngj @Ao rmnat wkt` phwjmrmj encgmskue emtno/ ckvkgc hii `yjrhcmg cns'Ihr n ikxmj nehugt hi encgmskue/ t`m rntm mquntkhg ihr t`m rmnatkhg ks ns ihoohws'

rntm 5 fV@&(nq+U

(k+ Srktm ng mquntkhg ihr t`m rmnatkhg bmtwmmg @AH2@ ngj Ec'

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S`mg 2


3/13

2

(n+ Qtntm brkmioy w`nt ks emngt by t`m ihoohwkgc tmres'

(k+ rmvmrskbom rmnatkhg

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(kk+ jygneka mqukokbrkue

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(b+ Sntmr khgksms th n senoo mxtmgt ns ihoohws'

@2H(o+ @&(nq+ & H@(nq+ @ 5 &=0 fD eho>

(k+ Srktm ng mxprmsskhg ihr Fa ihr t`ks rmnatkhg'

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(kk+ Srktm jhwg t`m mxprmsskhg ihr Fw/ t`m khgka prhjuat hi wntmr/ ngj mxponkg `hw t`ksang bm jmrkvmj irhe yhur Fa mxprmsskhg kg (k+'

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(kkk+ Qtntm ngj mxponkg `hw t`m vnoum hi Fw ihr `ht wntmr wkoo jkiimr irhe kts vnoum ihr ahojwntmr'

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(a+ Fw ang bm usmj th anoauontm t`m p@ hi shoutkhgs hi strhgc ngj wmnf bnsms'

(k+ ]sm t`m vnoum hi Fw kg t`m Jntn Bhhfomt th anoauontm t`m p@ hi


4/13

(kk+ Anoauontm VH@(nq+U kg n


5/13

: Kbuprhimg ks hgm hi t`m ehst aheehgoy usmj ghg%stmrhkjno ngtk%kgioneenthry jrucs/ usmj thtrmnt a`rhgka nrt`rktka pnkg anusmj by kgioneentkhg hi t`m dhkgts'

kbuprhimg

(n+ (k+ Jrnw n akraom nrhugj ngy a`krno amgtrm(s+ kg t`m nbhvm struaturm'

(kk+ Srktm jhwg t`m ehomauonr ihreuon hi kbuprhimg'

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(kkk+ Anoauontm t`m Er hi kbuprhimg ngj usm kt th anoauontm `hw engy crnes nrmgmmjmj th enfm >


6/13

(a+ Zh nvhkj prhbomes wkt` jkcmstkvm krrktntkhg hvmr n ohgc pmrkhj hi usm/ rmsmnra` ks bmkgcanrrkmj hut kgth wnys hi njekgkstmrkgc kbuprhimg uskgc sfkg pnta`ms' Ihr t`ks usm t`mahephugj ks jksshovmj kg n `yjrhp`koka cmo w`ka` nats ns n buiimr'

(k+ S`nt jh yhu ugjmrstngj by t`m tmre buiimr8

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Z`m buiimr usmj kg t`m p`nrenamutkano prmpnrntkhg ks n shoutkhg ahgtnkgkgc Gn2@\H:ngj Gn@2\H:' Z`msm snots ahgtnkg t`m @\H:

2 ngj @2\H: khgs rmspmatkvmoy'

(kk+ Srktm mquntkhgs th s`hw `hw t`ks buiimr rmnats wkt`

@& khgs/ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

H@ khgs' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

(kkk+ N buiimr shoutkhg ahgtnkgkgc mquno ahgamgtrntkhgs hi t`m twh shjkue p`hsp`ntmsnots `ns n p@ hi 3'2


7/13

=

(n+ Srktm ng mxprmsskhg ihr Fw'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' V>U

(b+ ]sm yhur mxprmsskhg th `mop yhu anoauontm t`m p@ hi U

(j+ N 2


8/13

(m+ Irhe t`m ihoohwkgc okst hi kgjkanthrs/ put n tkaf kg t`m bhx by t`m skjm hi t`m kgjkanthr yhuahgskjmr ehst suktnbom ihr t`ks tktrntkhg'

V>U

(i+ N shoutkhg ahgtnkgkgc G@1(nq+ ngj G@:Ao(nq+ nats ns n buiimr shoutkhg/ rmskstkgca`ngcms kg p@ w`mg nakjs hr nofnoks nrm njjmj'

Mxponkg wkt` t`m `mop hi mquntkhgs `hw t`ks ekxturm nats ns n buiimr'

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kgjkanthrp@ nt w`ka` ahohur

a`ngcmsponam hgm tkaf hgoy

kg t`ks ahoueg

emt`yo vkhomt

emt`yo hrngcm

brheht`yeho boum

p`mghop`t`nomkg


9/13

9

(n+ Mxponkg w`nt ks emngt by t`m Brhgstmj%Ohwry t`mhry hi nakjs ngj bnsms'

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(b+ Z`m Fn vnoums ihr shem hrcngka nakjs nrm okstmj bmohw'

nakj Fn(eho je1

A@1AH2@ >'3>'1>


10/13

(kkk+ ]sm t`m ihoohwkgc nxms th sfmta` t`m tktrntkhg aurvm yhu whuoj hbtnkg w`mg 2< ae1 hi< eho je1 AoA@2AH2@'

< >= 2:

V0U

(a+ (k+ Srktm suktnbom mquntkhgs th s`hw `hw n ekxturm hi mt`nghka nakj/ A@1AH2@/ ngjshjkue mt`nghntm nats ns n buiimr shoutkhg th ahgtrho t`m p@ w`mg mkt`mr ng nakj hrng nofnok ks njjmj'

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(kk+ Anoauontm t`m p@ hi n buiimr shoutkhg ahgtnkgkgc


11/13

3 Quop`urka nakj ks n strhgc jkbnska nakj/ w`ka` khgksms kg shoutkhg ns ihoohws'

@2QH:(nq+ 2@&(nq+ & QH:

2(nq+

(n+ Z`m hrcngka bnsm cungkjkgm ahgtnkgs anrbhg/ gktrhcmg ngj `yjrhcmg' Kts rmnatkhg wkt`nakjs ang bm rmprmsmgtmj ns ihoohws'

B(nq+ & @& (nq+ B@&(nq+

w`mrm B rmprmsmgts t`m ehomauom hi cungkjkgm'

S`mg n 2=':

>< 2< 1< :< =< 9< ae1 hi n 2

>< 2

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