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3CHAPTER Housing
How To Provide Homes For All?
Answers to Textbook
Figure 3.1 shows an event called ‘Cardboard City’ that took place at Carleton College, United States of America.1. What do you think are the purposes of such an event? This event raises awareness of the plight of homeless people.
2. Why do you think some people stay in such shelters? Free response Suggested points: • There could be a serious housing shortage and some have to sleep in makeshift homes,
especially when they are too poor to buy or rent a place. • Housing could simply be too expensive and many have no other choice but to find
alternative shelter.
TEACHING POINT
• Accept any plausible answers.• The title’Cardboard City’ comes from the name of an area of cardboard boxes
near Waterloo Station in London, United Kingdom, in which homeless people lived from 1983 to 1998.
Let’s try it! (pg 68)
1. What is housing shortage? Housing shortage is when there is insufficient housing to accommodate the population in
an area, when the supply of houses cannot meet the demand.
What is housing shortage ?In this section, students will learn to:• define housing shortage• describe the nature of housing shortage using photographs and sketches
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HousingChapter 3
2. Figure 3.8 shows a sketch of a slum. (a) Describe the slum as shown in the sketch. Shelters built close to one another, shelters without strong foundation, shelters
made of wood and other poor quality materials, shelters with unstable walls and roofs, shelters with piles of rubbish lying around and with big earthenware pots to collect water.
(b) How do you feel about such a living environment compared to your neighbourhood?
Free response
The world is experiencing a global housing crisis. Based on the information in Figure 3.9, where would housing shortage be a serious problem? Suggest possible reasons for your answer. • Housing shortage is a serious problem in urban areas or cities.• This is because urban areas attract more people with better job opportunities and
education facilities.• Accept any plausible answers.
Let’s try it! (pg 71)
Conduct a quick online search on two other cities that experience housing shortage. Locate the cities on Figure 3.10.Free response
TEACHING POINT• Students can be directed to websites such as those of the United Nations (UN),
UN Human Settlements Programme, or non-governmental organisations such as IRIN, Amnesty International, Homeless International and any news reports.
Guid
ing
Ques
tion
In this section, students will learn to:• identify the location of cities experiencing housing shortage using maps• describe the extent of housing shortages in cities using graphs and tables
Which cities in the world experience housing shortage?
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Guid
ing
Questio
n
In this section, students will learn to:• explain the reasons for housing shortage, using named examples of cities
Why does housing shortage occur?
Let’s try it! (pg 78)
Calculate the change in percentage of world population living in urban areas between 2005 and 2030.59.9 (percentage of urban population in 2030) – 48.9 (percentage of urban population in 2005) = 11.0 per cent
Let’s try it! (pg 83)
Refer to Figure 3.22. Suggest reasons why these cities may face housing shortage.• Cities in India such as Mumbai face an increasing population due to high birth rates.• Cities in China such as Hong Kong face an increasing population due to increase in
migration from China. • Some cities such as Hong Kong and Hyderabad may face housing shortage due to limited
land supply.
Let’s try it! (pg 75)
Refer to Figure 3.14 and observe the location of Rocinha, the largest slum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.1. (a) Where are the slums found? Most of the slums are located on the slopes of a steep hill. Some of the slums can
also be found on gently sloping or flat land, with many trees surrounding them.
(b) How are the slums arranged compared to other parts of the city? Most of the houses in the slums are built very close to one another. They are densely
packed together in a disorderly manner. This contrasts with the tall buildings that are built along the main road in the foreground of the photograph. The other high-rise buildings located behind the hill are built close to one another in an orderly manner.
2. Suggest reasons for the location of the slums. Slums are found next to industrial areas or near the city where there are job
opportunities. Slums are also found along major transport routes so that residents can make use of transport services conveniently.
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HousingChapter 3
Read the poem below. What do you think are some of the problems faced by the homeless?• Living in cardboard homes, hence no protection from harsh weather — ‘teeth chatter’
from cold (especially in winter)• Hunger — ‘stomach growls’• Unhygienic living conditions — ‘a rat scampers’• No basic amenities like toilets — ‘cleans teeth in fountain’• Cardboard homes easily destroyed by weather elements — ‘cardboard castle gone’
Let’s try it! (pg 87)
Study Figure 3.27 which shows a map of Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya.1. (a) Describe the differences in the facilities or amenities available within and
outside of Kibera slum. • Within Kibera slum: − There are no facilities other than a few roads. − There are no recreational facilities. • Outside Kibera slum − There are facilities such as main roads, bus stops, a market, schools, and a
mosque. − There are recreational facilities such as a golf course and sports pitch.
(b) Comment on the transport facility available to the residents of Kibera slum. There are a few streets in Kibera slum. The streets are probably narrow with
limited access for vehicles. During fires or earthquakes, the residents may not be able to evacuate quickly and rescue efforts may also be hampered.
2. Describe how the health of residents would be affected by the poor living conditions of slums.
• The lack of basic services such as clean water and proper sanitation makes people vulnerable to diseases. Slum residents with no access to safe drinking water use water from sources such as polluted rivers and contaminated wells. The water may have bacteria that cause diseases such as cholera and dysentery.
• The lack of waste management facilities in slums results in the improper disposal of rubbish. Stagnant waters in blocked drains and sewers provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes and cause the spread of malaria and dengue fever.
• Overcrowding in slums and squatter settlements also helps diseases to spread among the residents.
Guid
ing
Ques
tion
In this section, students will learn to:• describe the consequences of housing shortage using photographs, sketches and text/
quotes• show concern for people who live in poor quality housing
What are the consequences of housing shortage in cities?
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Let’s try it! (pg 89)
1. Study Figure 3.28. How do you think events like these affect the lives of slum residents?
• The slum residents will feel unsafe. They have to be alert even while sleeping in case fire breaks out and they need to evacuate fast.
• The loss of possessions and family members can be traumatic for the slum residents. • Accept all reasonable answers.
2. What are the dangers faced by slum residents who live in a favela like that shown in Figure 3.29?
Landslide or mudslide, fire
Guid
ing
Questio
n
What are some strategies used by cities to manage housing shortage and build inclusive homes?In this section, students will learn to:• describe and explain the strategies used by Singapore and other cities to manage housing
shortage• describe the strategies used by Singapore to build inclusive homes• explain the challenges faced by Singapore and other cities to manage housing shortage• respect the resilience shown by people to improve their living conditions
Match the strategies to manage housing shortage and build inclusive homes (on the left) with the description (on the right).• Slum upgrading — Improve quality of housing in slum areas• Provision of public housing — Government’s effort to provide housing units• Provision of inclusive housing — Include facilities for all
1. Why might these strategies be necessary? These strategies might be necessary to provide affordable and good quality housing for
all. These strategies will help those who do not have access to good quality housing or are living in poor housing conditions.
2. What are some possible challenges in applying these strategies? It is very costly to build these housing units and facilities. It takes a lot of commitment to
complete such large projects.
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HousingChapter 3
Let’s try it! (pg 95)
1. Describe some ways in which slum upgrading can be carried out. Slum upgrading can be carried out by providing basic infrastructure such as clean water
supply, electricity and sanitation facilities. The quality of housing can be improved by providing construction materials in self-help schemes for residents to build the houses themselves. Financing schemes and assistance can also be provided to fund the projects.
Accept any other plausible answers.
2. Refer to Figure 3.35. What percentage of Singapore’s population were living in HDB flats in 2013?
82 per cent
3. Suggest reasons why some cities adopt the strategy of providing public housing to manage housing shortage.
Housing units with basic services are provided in public housing, usually for low-income households and other persons of need such as the elderly and disabled. The cost of public housing is reasonably priced compared to private housing, and may also be subsidised by the government.
Let’s try it! (pg 99)
Identify a place in your neighbourhood to which you feel a strong sense of place and belonging. List the reasons why you have a special regard for the place (e.g. pleasant memories associated with the place) in the graphic organiser below.Free response. Accept all reasonable answers.
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Answers to Workbook
Activity Learning outcome(s)
3.1 Understanding the nature of housing shortage
• Define housing shortage.• Describe the nature of housing shortage using photographs
and sketches.
3.2 Identifying cities with housing shortage
• Identify the location of cities experiencing housing shortage using maps.
• Describe the extent of housing shortage in cities using graphs and tables.
• Using examples of cities, explain the reasons for housing shortages.
3.3 Describing the consequences of housing shortage in cities
• Describe the consequences of housing shortage using photographs, sketches and text/quotes.
3.4 Describing the consequences of housing shortage
• Describe the consequences of housing shortage using photographs, sketches and text/quotes.
• Show concern for people who live in poor quality housing.
3.5 Exploring some strategies used to manage housing shortage
• Describe and explain the strategies used by Singapore and other cities to manage housing shortage.
• Explain the challenges faced by Singapore and other cities to manage housing shortage.
• Respect the resilience shown by people to improve their living conditions.
3.6 Exploring some strategies used by Singapore to build inclusive homes
• Describe and explain the strategies used by Singapore to manage housing shortage and build inclusive homes.
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HousingChapter 3
3.1AC
TIV
ITY Understanding the nature of
housing shortageHousing shortage exists in many cities of the world. In these places, Figures 3.1 and 3.2 may be a common sight. Complete this activity to find out the nature of housing shortage.1. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 show some types of housing found in Bangkok, Thailand, and
Bangalore, India, respectively. Study the figures and answer the following questions. (a) Complete the table below to contrast the characteristics of the types of housing
shown in Figure 3.1.
(b) Complete the sketch of Figure 3.2 in the box below. Provide a suitable title and annotations for your sketch.
Poor quality housing in Bangalore, India
Canvas cover for roof
Canvas
Bush
Mud floor Bricks
Room with poor lighting
Point of comparison Housing (right background) Housing (middle ground and
background)
Height of buildings
Taller building with neater layout Single-level flimsy buildings with untidy layout along the river
Building materials
Made of concrete Made of wooden planks or poles and zinc sheets, rests on stilts
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Identifying cities with housing shortageRapid population growth in many countries has resulted in the growth of cities. Often, there is not enough housing to cater to this growth. Complete this activity to understand the extent of housing shortage in some cities.1. Refer to Figure 3.3 to answer the following questions. (a) Locate the cities (using dots) and their countries (with shading) listed in Figure 3.3
on the map provided. Label them clearly.
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(c) With reference to your sketch, explain why the hut is not a safe shelter. The hut looks flimsy and is made of flammable materials such as thatch (walls), canvas
(roof), wood (doors).
(d) What do the photographs in Figures 3.1 and 3.2 tell you about the housing situation in the areas shown? Provide evidence to support your answer.
Both Figures 3.1 and 3.2 suggest that there could be housing shortage in these countries as there is evidence of a lack of safe shelter and insufficient basic services. The hut in Figure 3.2 is not safe because it is flimsy and made of flammable materials as described in question (c). The hut also does not have sufficient basic services. Since it is so small, there is likely to be no toilet or a kitchen. There is no evidence of piped water and electricity. Figure 3.1 also shows houses that do not look very sturdy as they are built on thin stilts along the riverbanks.
TURKEYIstanbul
ETHIOPIA Addis Ababa
RWANDAKigaliNIGERIA
Lagos
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HousingChapter 3
(b) Plot a horizontal bar graph in the box provided to indicate the extent of housing shortage in these cities. Label the axes and use only the relevant data.
(c) Name the city with the most severe housing shortage. Lagos
(d) With reference to Figure 3.5, explain why housing shortage occurs in cities. • Housing shortage in cities can arise due to limited land supply when a city cannot
overcome physical barriers, such as mountain ranges mentioned by the mayor, which hamper the construction of houses.
• Housing shortage is caused by push-pull factors in rural-urban migration. In the case of Abel and his wife, the push factor in rural-urban migration was a poor harvest and the pull factors were job opportunities and better pay in the city.
• Another reason for housing shortage is a high birth rate. Vanessa noted that the large family size in her city makes it hard to provide housing for all.
• One other reason is land use competition. There may only be space to allow for either slum housing or transport development, but not both.
TEACHING POINT
• Accept any two reasons and other plausible answers.
Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
Istanbul (Turkey)
Kigali (Rwanda)
Lagos (Nigeria)
Housing shortage in selected cities
City
0 500 1000 1500 2000 30002500
Housing shortage (thousands of units)
3500 4000 4500 5000
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2. Figure 3.6 shows some data on housing shortage in England by region. (a) Using the legend provided, represent the data shown in Figure 3.6 by colouring the
map below to show the extent of housing shortage in England.
(b) Describe the distribution of housing shortage in England by region and suggest two possible reasons for the pattern.
Regions with the most serious housing shortage (more than 30,000 units) are the South East, London and the East. The North East region in the far north faced the least shortage of less than 15,001 units. The rest of the regions experience a shortage of between 15,001 to 30,000 housing units.
There are two possible reasons for this: • London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and hence attracts many migrants
seeking job opportunities. • The migrants also contribute to the higher birth rates as many of them are in the
age group of 20s and 30s where they are likely to start families.
3. Read the article in Figure 3.7 and answer the questions that follow. (a) Why were leases for several golf courses not renewed? Singapore is facing land use competition. It is trying to balance the competing
demands of land between recreation and housing.
(b) Suggest possible impacts of reducing the amount of land used for golfing. In view of our population target of 6.9 million by 2030, there will not be enough land for housing development unless we decrease the land allocated for golf clubs. This may mean the quality of living is reduced as recreational options decrease.
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HousingChapter 3
Describing the consequences of housing shortage in citiesHousing shortage has led to serious consequences on the health and safety of slum residents and the environment. Complete this activity to find out more about these consequences.1. Figure 3.8 shows some data on the basic services in a slum and the city it is located in. (a) Describe the relationship between access to basic services and disease outbreak. There is a negative relationship between the two. The lower the access to basic
amenities, the higher the rate of diseases such as dysentery and typhoid fever.
(b) Suggest two reasons for the relationship observed in (a). This is because the lack of safe drinking water may result in slum residents drinking
contaminated water, leading to higher incidence of dysentery. The lack of proper sanitation will lead to food or water contamination through contact with excreta, especially where handwashing is not a habit, leading to diseases like typhoid fever.
2. Read the article in Figure 3.9 and answer the questions that follow. (a) Why do you think so many shanties (huts) were destroyed in the fire? Suggested points: • The shanties were likely to have been built close together, enabling the fire to
spread quickly and easily. • The shanties were made of flammable materials such as wooden planks and
canvas sheets. • The firemen were hampered by lack of space and could not fight the fire efficiently
or rescue people quickly. • The angry crowd who almost turned violent hampered the work of the firemen and
policemen. • The fire engines could not get near the scene of fire because of narrow roads. • Accept other plausible answers.
(b) Besides fire, what other risks are the Behrampada slum residents vulnerable to? Suggested points: • Danger: − It is situated next to the railway station and accidents may occur if children
play or walk along the railway track. • Health risks: − Living there may affect the hearing of those exposed to the noise of passing
trains. − Air pollution caused by passing trains can badly affect the health of the slum
residents. • Eviction: − Slum dwellers may be asked to leave their home for slums to be cleared for
other developments (e.g. construction of transport or commercial centres).
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3. Figure 3.10 shows a slum in Mumbai, India. (a) Sketch Figure 3.10 in the box below. Provide a title and annotations to identify the
possible sources of pollution.
(b) Describe the impacts that pollution may have on people and aquatic life in the river.
• Pollution of the river can lead to slum residents drinking contaminated water and getting diseases such as dysentery.
• The use of polluted water for bathing can result in skin infection. • The toxic substances in the polluted water may be ingested by aquatic life forms
and harm the species, affecting the ecology. • Consumption by slum residents of fish or shellfish with traces of toxins may in turn
harm the residents’ health. • Accept other plausible answers.
ForegroundTrash, including containersOil spills from boats
Sewage from people using the river instead of the toilets
Air pollution from factory
Middle ground
Background
Slum on a riverbank in Mumbai, India
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HousingChapter 3
4. Study Figure 3.11 and answer the questions that follow. (a) Describe the relationship among sanitation, health, education and economic
development. There is a positive relationship among these factors: • Better sanitation will lead to better health and higher work productivity. This will
increase revenue earned and strengthen the economy. • The government can spend less on subsidies for health services for its citizens. • Healthier children attend school more regularly and result in less wastage in
education services.
(b) Explain why it is important to invest in sanitation. It is very important to invest in sanitation because the returns will be nine times as
much. This is because better sanitation has a positive impact on more than one area, such as education and work productivity.
TEACHING POINT
• Accept any one reason or any plausible reasons.
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Across 1. A _________ person sometimes has
to sleep in a park.5. When people are forced to leave
their homes, they may stage protests, leading to social _________.
6. Many people living in a small space leads to _________.
10. An area of poor housing is called a _________.
11. A toilet is categorised as an _________.
12. The lack of sewage pipes is a sign of inadequate _________.
Down 2. When slums are built on steep slopes,
the risk of _________ is high.3. Inadequate waste disposal facilities
lead to land and water _________.4. Squatters face constant threat of
_________ as they do not own the land they live on.
7. _________, the capital of Venezuela, has substantially poor housing.
8. Slums are constructed from _________ materials which lead to high fire risks.
9. An example of an infection caused by water pollution is _________.
5. Fill in the crossword puzzle below to find out more about the consequences of housing shortage.
H O M E L E S S A P
E N T E N S I O N O V E R C R O W D I N G L
I A S F L C R L D S L U M U T A M E N I T Y A T I C D S M I O A E E M O N S S A N I T A T I O N
T B E L R E Y
4
11
6
5
7
8
9 10
12
3
1 2
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HousingChapter 3
Describing the consequences of housing shortageSlum residents face many challenges daily because of their poor living conditions. Complete this activity to find out more about the problems they face.1. (a) Describe and explain why slum residents may be prone to falling ill. Animal waste from pigs and chickens and the lack of sewerage systems may lead to
land or water pollution. If not disposed of properly, both sources of waste will expose residents to viruses and bacteria that can cause diseases. There is also a lack of clean water for drinking. Hence, residents may resort to drinking from polluted water sources. This will lead to diseases such as dysentery.
(b) State two other types of risks that slum residents may be exposed to. Two other types of risks are landslides and eviction. Some houses are built on steep
slopes or at the foot of steep slopes. When heavy rains come, landslides may occur to destabilise houses on slopes or bury and destroy houses at the foothills. Some residents have built houses in high-risk areas which are prohibited by authorities. Hence, they may face eviction any time by the authorities.
2. Study Figure 3.12 which is part of an interview with a homeless youth, Tony. (a) What is homelessness? Homelessness is one consequence of housing shortage. It refers to a lack of shelter
in which to sleep and carry out basic activities such as bathing.
(b) What are some possible impacts of homelessness on Tony’s health? • Tony’s physical health could suffer as he may become prone to frequent colds,
especially if he sleeps in open places such as parks. • Poor quality of sleep due to an uncomfortable setting (e.g. sleeping on a sofa or
bench) can further weaken a person’s immunity and also lead to backaches.
3. Refer to Figure 3.13 which shows a map of favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (a) Describe the distribution of favelas in Rio de Janeiro. • The favelas are located throughout the city on both sides of Guanabara Bay. • Some favelas are found on the island in Guanabara Bay in the north. • The rest are found around the Tijuca National Forest Park (Parque Nacional da
Tijuca) at, or near, the foothills. • Rocinha, one of the biggest favelas, is found near the coast in the south.
(b) Give reasons for the location of the favelas. The possible reasons for the location of the favelas are as follows: • They are close to major transport routes. • They are near industrial areas or near the city centre where there are job
opportunities. • The location may be the only one available due to lack of available land.
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(c) What is the straight-line distance between the Sugar Loaf Mountain and Pedra da Gávea?
The straight-line distance is 7.7 kilometres.
(d) What is the direction and bearing of Sugar Loaf Mountain from Pedra da Gávea? Sugar Loaf Mountain is northeast of Pedra da Gávea. The bearing is 74 degrees.
Exploring some strategies used to manage housing shortageSome countries have taken steps to manage their housing shortage, but it is not an easy problem to solve. Complete this activity to understand the strategies adopted by some countries to manage housing shortage and the challenges they face.1. (a) Describe what slum upgrading is. Slum upgrading is carried out by some cities to improve conditions in slum areas by
improving the quality of housing and basic services such as water, electricity and sewerage. Slum upgrading is carried out in many ways. Sites may be cleared and basic infrastructure can be provided to the areas. At times, it requires residents to move out of the slums and relocate temporarily so that basic infrastructure can be built. Financing schemes and assistance are also provided to fund the projects.
(b) State two advantages of self-help schemes. Suggested points: • The cost of construction is kept low as the government or another agency provides
basic building materials, for example, breeze blocks, cement and roof tiles. • Since the slum residents are involved in building their own homes, there is a
greater sense of ownership. • Residents working together for their common good promotes community spirit.
(c) Describe two challenges that may hinder the success of self-help schemes. Funding for construction materials or home improvement loans may be insufficient.
In addition, the rate of construction in self-help schemes is often slow as residents can only be involved after work or during weekends. Hence, these schemes are often unable to upgrade slums on a large scale or build enough housing to keep up with high levels of rural-urban migration.
TEACHING POINT
• Discuss with students how resilient they think they are compared to slum residents. Raise the point that because living conditions in Singapore are much better, it is hard for us to imagine such a situation.
3.5AC
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HousingChapter 3
2. Figure 3.14 shows the number of households for each type of HDB housing in 2006 and 2012.
(a) Calculate the percentage of households living in each type of HDB housing in 2006 and 2012.
Calculation of angles for various types of HDB housing in 2006
Calculation of angles for various types of HDB housing in 2012
26%
30%
39%
5%
Number of households per type of HDB housing
5-room and executive flats
3-room flats
4-room flats
1-room and 2-room flats
23%
31%
40%
6%
20122006
Types of HDB housingPercentage of households (%)
2006 2012
1-room and 2-room flats 5.0 6.0
3-room flats 26.0 23.0
4-room flats 39.0 40.0
5-room and executive flats 30.0 31.0
Type of HDB housing
1-room and 2-room flats 3-room flats 4-room flats 5-room and
executive flats
Angle (°) 46,200871,500
× 360° = 19° 95° 138° 108°
Type of HDB housing
1-room and 2-room flats 3-room flats 4-room flats 5-room and
executive flats
Angle (°) 21° 82° 144° 113°
(b) In the box given, draw two pie charts to show the percentage and number of households living in each type of HDB housing.
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Key considerations Consultant 1’s proposal Consultant 2’s proposal
Amount of government funding needed(low or high)
Not much. The government provides low-cost building materials.
A lot of funds needed. The government takes on the whole project and builds public housing. Large-scale projects may reduce production cost, but high subsidies will increase the amount of funding needed too.
Amount of time needed
Much time needed. Residents need to be trained first and they only build after work or during weekends.
Within two years, since large-scale construction can take place.
Number of people who will benefit
Not many people will benefit. These are small-scale projects and they take a long time to complete.
Many people will benefit since houses are constructed on a large scale.
(c) Describe the changes in the number of households for each type of HDB housing between 2006 and 2012.
The number of 1- and 2-room flats increased from 46,200 to 54,000, the number of 4-room flats increased from 334,300 to 375,400, and the number of 5-room and executive flats increased from 261,700 to 293,300. However, the number of 3-room flats decreased from 229,300 to 214,500.
(d) Provide reasons to account for the changes observed in (c). • HDB has been trying to meet the changing needs and wants of the population.
• More households are living in larger flats because their income level has increased. Thus, more flats of larger size have been built to cater to this group. • The slight increase in smaller flats is due to HDB building more 1- and 2-room flats to meet the needs of senior citizens and singles.
TEACHING POINT
• Remind students that they should use distinct colours or shadings for each segment to ensure clarity.
3. You have been engaged as a consultant on housing provision by Country X. The key facts of its housing situation are presented in Figures 3.15 and 3.16.
The government of Country X hopes to solve the housing shortage in three years. It has two options to consider:
• Slum upgrading • Provision of public housing
(a) You are to advise the government on the best strategy to adopt. Compare the strategies by completing the following template.
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HousingChapter 3
(b) Which option would you recommend to the government of Country X? Explain your choice.
Suggested answer: The best recommendation would be provision of public housing. Large-scale housing
projects will meet the housing need and may reduce the cost of construction. Heavy subsidies are needed but this will keep flats affordable so that more people can own flats.
Although slum upgrading costs much less, the rate of construction is slow and projects will take longer than two years.
Accept other reasonable answers.
TEACHING POINT
• Consider having students discuss in groups to complete the template.• Explain to students how large-scale production can help reduce costs.• Guide the students to think of other considerations.
Exploring some strategies used by Singapore to build inclusive homes1 . Study Figure 3.18, which shows a part of Yishun Town, and answer the questions
that follow. (a) Explain how different types of housing contribute towards inclusiveness. Having different housing options available would allow us to meet the needs and
aspirations of different income groups. For example, 3-room flats are available to meet the needs of lower income groups and 5-room flats will cater to the needs of higher income groups as they are more expensive. 3Gen flats are also expensive and can meet the needs of extended families who wish to stay together for mutual care.
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Key considerations Consultant 1’s proposal Consultant 2’s proposal
Affordability Affordable, as residents need to pay very little money for the upgrading work.
Affordable, since the housing will be heavily subsidised by the government.
Other factors to consider
Accept all plausible answers. Accept all plausible answers.
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(b) Identify the facilities and amenities available in the neighbourhood. • Childcare centres: to meet the needs of working parents with young children. • Future social community facilities: to meet the social needs of all residents to
interact and to bond. • Eating house: to meet the needs of working adults who have no time to cook due
to work. • Minimart and shops: for all residents to shop conveniently. • Adult fitness station: to promote exercise among adults. • Elderly fitness station: to promote exercise among the elderly. • Playground: to meet the recreational needs of children.
(c) Describe how the presence of amenities or facilities contributes towards inclusiveness.
Amenities and facilities help connect residents to their neighbourhood and let them feel that the community has been planned with them in mind. Good amenities and facilities mean that all residents have everything they need close at hand, regardless of their age or ethnicity.
(d) Describe one strategy that Singapore has taken to develop residents’ sense of place and belonging.
Free response
TEACHING POINT
• Have students review the elements of inclusive housing (affordable housing, facilities and amenities for all ages, strong sense of place and belonging).
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Element of inclusive housing Comments
Affordability The house seems unaffordable since Santos’s mother does not have enough money for her trips to the market after paying the rent.
Quality and location of homes • The house is of poor quality. − The house is constructed with inadequate
building materials such as old zinc sheets and torn canvas sheets.
− The roof leaks. − It is a small wooden structure with only one
small window. The house may be dim, poorly lit, and poorly ventilated.
• The house is built on a slope. The risk of the slope collapsing during storms due to soil erosion is high.
• The house is built too far from schools. Santos’s school is an hour’s walk away.
Facilities and amenities in the neighbourhood
• There is no kitchen area, just a stove outside the house.
• There is no toilet in the house, but there is one communal toilet shared by the whole village about ten minutes away.
• There is no school in the neighbourhood. The nearest school is an hour’s walk away on road which is probably unpaved. The road likely becomes muddy whenever it rains.
2. Figure 3.19 shows the journal entries of a 10-year-old boy named Santos living in a city in a developing country. Study Santos’s journal accounts carefully and comment on the elements of inclusive housing by completing the table below.
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Living in a slum in DhakaImagine that you are a writer working on a school publication and are required to write a response to a geographical issue that had recently taken place. The issue is reported in Figure 3.20.
In preparation for your work, you need to get the following ready: (a) Summary (Word count: 75–100) (3 marks) Write a summary to explain the geographical issue that is discussed in the news
article. You may make use of the Core Questions of Geography and the reporting verbs on the next page to help you in your summary.
Free response
3.7AC
TIV
ITY
Threat of eviction faced by Dhaka slum
dwellers
• How does the issue affect people and the natural environment?
• What is the issue?
• How should the issue be managed?
• Which part(s) of the world is/are affected by the issue?
• Why does the issue occur?
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HousingChapter 3
(b) Mapwork (2 marks) Identify and locate the country of Bangladash by shading it and labelling its
capital city of Dhaka with the letter ‘D’ on the map below.
(c) Personal response (Word count: 50–80) (5 marks) What is your opinion on the eviction of the Korail slum dwellers?
In your response, you may want to consider the following points: • Why did the government issue a court order to remove the slums? • Why were the slum residents upset? • What alternatives could the authorities have arranged for the slum dwellers? Free response
0 2000 km
N
D
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Meeting Singapore’s housing needsImagine that you are a writer working on a school publication and are required to write a response to a geographical issue that had recently taken place. The issue is reported in Figure 3.21.
In preparation for your work, you need to get the following ready:(a) Summary (Word count: 75–100) (3 marks)
Write a summary to explain the geographical issue that is discussed in the article. You may make use of the 5Ws 1H question frame and the reporting verbs to help you in your summary.
3.8AC
TIV
ITY
What?What is the EASE programme?
How
?
How
are
flat
s mad
e el
derly
-frie
ndly?
How
can
our
hou
sing
esta
tes m
eet
the
need
s of o
ther
gro
ups o
f
peop
le a
s wel
l?
Who w
ill the EASE
programm
e benefit?
Who?
Why
is th
e pr
ogra
mm
e
nece
ssar
y?W
hy?
Where?
Where w
ill the programm
e be
implem
ented?
HDB’s strategies to build inclusive homes
When will the programme be extended
to all HDB flats?When?
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HousingChapter 3
(b) Mapwork (2 marks) Identify and locate Bukit Merah with the letter ‘B’ and Whampoa with the letter ‘W’ on
the map of Singapore below.
(c) Personal response (Word count: 50–80) (5 marks) What is your opinion on our government’s efforts to build inclusive homes?
Support your opinions with reasons and examples.
In your response, you may want to consider the following points: • What schemes have already been implemented to make HDB flats
elderly-friendly? • Besides the elderly, which other groups have benefited from the
government’s various upgrading and redevelopment programmes? • What other efforts are needed to improve inclusiveness? Free response
N
W
B
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ReviewTable of Specifications for Express Course
Topic(s) Short Answer Questions AO1+2 AO1+3
Sect
ion
A (1
0 m
arks
)
Ten short answer questions on the topic of Housing.
Q1 (a) 1
Q1 (b) 1
Q1 (c) 1
Q2 (a) 1
Q2 (b) 1
Q2 (c) 1
Q2 (d) 1
Q3 (a) 1
Q3 (b) 1
Q3 (c) 1
Section A Total 0 10
Topic(s)Structured
Questions with no more than 4 parts
AO1+2 AO1+3
Sect
ion
B (1
5 m
arks
) One structured question with no more than four parts is set on the topic of Housing.The highest mark for each part is 4 marks.
Q4 (a) 3
Q4 (b) 4
Q4 (c) 4
Q4 (d) 4
Section B Total 12 3
Grand total 12 13
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HousingChapter 3
Table of Specifications for Normal (Academic) Course
Topic(s) Short Answer Questions AO1+2 AO1+3
Sect
ion
A (1
0 m
arks
)
Ten short answer questions on the topic of Housing.
Q1 (a) 1
Q1 (b) 1
Q1 (c) 1
Q2 (a) 1
Q2 (b) 1
Q2 (c) 1
Q2 (d) 1
Q3 (a) 1
Q3 (b) 1
Q3 (c) 1
Section A Total 0 10
Topic(s)Structured
Questions with no more than 5 parts
AO1+2 AO1+3
Sect
ion
B (1
5 m
arks
) One structured question with no more than five parts is set on the topic of Housing.The highest mark for each part is 4 marks.
Q4 (a) 1
Q4 (b) 2
Q4 (c) 4
Q4 (d) 4
Q4 (e) 4
Section B Total 12 3
Grand total 12 13
Section A for Express Course: Short Answer Questions (10 marks)
Answer all the questions.1. Figure 3.22 shows information on the change in urban population for different regions
of the world. Study the figure and answer the following questions. (a) Name the continent with the largest projected growth in its urban population.
(1 mark) Asia
(b) Describe the projected growth in Asia’s urban population from 1950 to 2030. (1 mark) The urban population is projected to grow from about 250 million in 1950 to
2,700 million in 2030.
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(c) Compare the projected growth in the urban population for Africa and North America. (1 mark)
Projected growth for Africa is much higher with an increase of 700 million (accept 650 to 750 million), while North America will increase its urban population by only about 200 million (accept 150 to 250 million).
2. Figures 3.23 and 3.24 show two slums in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). (a) Identify one common characteristic of the slums shown in Figures 3.23
and 3.24. (1 mark) Suggested points: • Low height • Small and overcrowded • Structures poorly built • Materials used are largely cement, bricks, wood, zinc sheets, or canvas • Dirty environment Any one point (1 mark each)
(b) Suggest one reason to explain why the slum shown in Figure 3.23 is located on steep slopes. (1 mark)
It is found on steep slopes probably because there is no more flat land available.
(c) Suggest one reason why the slum shown in Figure 3.24 is located next to the railway track. (1 mark)
The slum is located next to the railway track because it is along a major transport route. Slum residents have no money to buy or rent a home so they squat on land that nobody wants due to its noise and air pollution.
(d) Suggest one possible risk faced by the slum residents in Figure 3.24. (1 mark) Accidents can happen if residents cross the tracks regularly or if children play on
the tracks.
3. Study Figure 3.25, which shows a part of Yishun Town. (a) What is the direction of Khoo Teck Puat Hospital from the Neighbourhood
Police Centre? (1 mark) Southwest
(b) What is the compass bearing of Nee Soon East Community Club from the bus interchange? (1 mark)
34˚
(c) Apart from Khoo Teck Puat Hospital and Nee Soon East Community Club, identify an amenity or facility that serves the elderly. (1 mark)
Home for the Aged Sick
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HousingChapter 3
Section B for Express Course: Structured Questions (15 marks)
Answer all the questions.4. Figure 3.26 shows data on the trend of urbanisation in the world. Study the figure and
answer question 4(a). (a) Describe how urbanisation in the world has changed between 1900 and 2010 and
is projected to change from 2010 to 2050. (3 marks) Between 1900 and 2010, urbanisation in the world increased from 20 per cent to
50 per cent. Between 2010 and 2050, urbanisation is projected to increase from 50 per cent to 70 per cent. Urbanisation is thus projected to increase at a faster rate between 2010 and 2050.
(b) Explain two reasons for the increase in urbanisation in the world. (4 marks) Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in cities. The increase
in proportion is due to the high population growth in cities caused by high birth rates and rural-urban migration
(c) Describe the environmental impact of slums in cities. (4 marks) There is an inadequate provision of basic services in slums and squatter settlements:
• Land pollution takes place when there is a lack of garbage disposal system. Residents dump garbage in open drains and areas outside the houses. The garbage heap may generate foul smells and become an eyesore.
• Water pollution takes place when rivers near slum areas are used for washing, garbage and sewage disposal. Contaminants from sewage can also seep into the groundwater and pollute nearby water sources.
(d) Using an example, explain how the provision of public housing can help to manage housing shortage in a city. (4 marks)
In Singapore, the HDB was set up by the government in 1960 to build and provide public housing for the increasing population. Slums and squatter settlements were cleared and the land was used to build high-rise flats. Such HDB flats helped improve the housing situation by providing housing units with basic services such as water, electricity and sewerage. Over the years, many flats have been built. Today, more than 80 per cent of Singapore’s population live in HDB flats. The public housing programmes have also evolved to meet the diverse needs of all residents.
Section A for Normal (Academic) Course: Short Answer Questions (10 marks)
Answer all the questions.1. Figure 3.27 shows information on the change in urban population for different regions
of the world. Study the figure and answer the following questions. (a) Name the continent with the largest projected growth in its urban population. (1 mark)
Asia
page 50
(b) Describe the projected growth in its urban population from 1950 to 2030. (1 mark) The urban population is projected to grow from about 250 million in 1950 to 2,700 million in 2030.
(c) Compare the projected growth in the urban population for Africa and North America. (1 mark)
Projected growth for Africa is much higher with an increase of 700 million (accept 650 to 750 million), while North America will increase its urban population by only about 200 million (accept 150 to 250 million).
2. Figures 3.28 and 3.29 show two slums in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). (a) Identify one common characteristic of the slums shown in Figures 3.28 and 3.29.
(1 mark) Suggested points: • Low height • Small and overcrowded • Structures poorly built • Materials used are largely cement, bricks, wood, zinc sheets, or canvas • Dirty environment Any one point (1 mark each)
(b) Suggest one reason to explain why the slum shown in Figure 3.28 is located on steep slopes. (1 mark)
It is found on steep slopes probably because there is no more flat land available.
(c) Suggest one reason why the slum shown in Figure 3.29 is located next to the railway track. (1 mark)
The slum is located next to the railway track because it is along a major transport route. Slum residents have no money to buy or rent a home so they squat on land that nobody wants due to its noise and air pollution.
(d) Suggest one possible risk faced by the slum residents in Figure 3.29. (1 mark) Accidents can happen if residents cross the tracks regularly or if children play on
the tracks.
3. Study Figure 3.30, which shows a part of Yishun Town. (a) What is the direction of Khoo Teck Puat Hospital from the Neighbourhood
Police Centre? (1 mark) Southwest
(b) What is the compass bearing of Nee Soon East Community Club from the bus interchange? (1 mark)
34˚
(c) Apart from Khoo Teck Puat Hospital and Nee Soon East Community Club, identify an amenity or facility that serves the elderly. (1 mark)
Home for the Aged Sick
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HousingChapter 3
Section B for Normal (Academic) Course: Structured Questions (15 marks)
Answer all the questions.4. Figure 3.31 shows data on the trend of urbanisation in the world. Study the figure and
answer questions 4(a) and 4(b). (a) Describe how urbanisation in the world has changed between 1900 and 2010.
(1 mark) Between 1900 and 2010, urbanisation in the world increased from 20 per cent to
50 per cent.
(b) What proportion of the world’s population lived in urban areas in 2010? Why is 2010 an important year? (2 marks)
In 2010, half the world’s population lived in urban areas. Before 2010, less than half of the world’s population lived in urban areas. 2010 was the year in history that 50 per cent of the world’s population lived in urban areas.
(c) Explain two reasons for the increase in urbanisation in the world. (4 marks) Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in cities. The increase
in proportion is due to the high population growth in cities caused by high birth rates and rural-urban migration.
(d) Describe the environmental impact of slums in cities. (4 marks) There is an inadequate provision of basic services in slums and squatter settlements: • Land pollution takes place when there is a lack of garbage disposal system.
Residents dump garbage in open drains and areas outside the houses. The garbage heap may generate foul smells and become an eyesore
• Water pollution takes place when rivers near slum areas are used for washing, garbage and sewage disposal. Contaminants from sewage can also seep into the groundwater and pollute nearby water sources
(e) Using an example, explain how the provision of public housing can help to manage housing shortage in a city. (4 marks)
In Singapore, the HDB was set up by the government in 1960 to build and provide public housing for the increasing population. Slums and squatter settlements were cleared and the land was used to build high-rise flats. Such HDB flats helped improve the housing situation by providing housing units with basic services such as water, electricity and sewerage. Over the years, many flats have been built. Today, more than 80 per cent of Singapore’s population live in HDB flats. The public housing programmes have also evolved to meet the diverse needs of all residents.
page 52
