Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Fur
ther
info
rmat
ion
can
be o
btai
ned
from
:
Dire
ctor
ate
Pla
nt P
rodu
ctio
nP
rivat
e B
ag X
250
PR
ET
OR
IA 0
001
Tel
:
+27
12
319
6072
Fax
:
+27
12
319
6372
Em
ail:
DP
P@
daff.
gov.
za
2010
Prin
ted
and
publ
ishe
d by
D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re, F
ores
try a
nd F
ishe
ries
Obt
aina
ble
from
R
esou
rce
Cen
tre
Dire
ctor
ate
Agr
icul
tura
l Inf
orm
atio
n S
ervi
ces
P
rivat
e B
ag X
144
P
RE
TOR
IA
0001
agric
ultu
re,
fore
stry
& fi
sher
ies
Dep
artm
ent:
Agric
ultu
re, F
ores
try a
nd F
ishe
ries
REP
UB
LIC
OF
SOU
TH A
FRIC
A
bro
wn
as
the
att
ack
sp
rea
ds,
be
fore
th
ey
fina
lly
with
er a
nd d
rop.
Mite
s ca
n be
con
trol
led
by s
pray
ing
with
reg
iste
red
pe
stic
ide
s. P
est
icid
es
are
ap
plie
d a
s a
fu
ll co
ver
spra
y w
hen
the
pest
is n
otic
ed a
nd c
an b
e re
peat
ed
at 2
to 3
wee
k in
terv
als.
MO
SQ
UIT
O B
UG
S (
HE
LOP
ELT
IS S
CH
OU
TE
DE
NI O
R H
. OR
OP
HIL
A)
Mos
quito
bug
s ca
n ca
use
cons
ider
able
cro
p lo
sses
. T
he
nym
ph
s a
nd
ad
ult
s fe
ed
on
th
e l
ea
ves
an
d yo
ung
shoo
ts b
y su
ckin
g th
e sa
p. B
row
nish
spo
ts
appe
ar, l
eave
s an
d sh
oots
shr
ivel
up,
dry
and
dro
p.
Spr
ayin
g w
ith a
reg
iste
red
pest
icid
e is
eff
ectiv
e in
co
ntro
lling
the
inse
ct p
est.
CU
TW
OR
MS
(A
GR
OT
IS S
EG
ET
UM
) A
ND
CR
ICK
ET
S
(BR
AC
HY
TR
UP
ES
ME
MB
RA
NA
CE
US
)
Cu
two
rms
an
d c
rick
ets
ca
use
da
ma
ge
du
rin
g t
he
nig
ht
in n
ew
ly p
lan
ted
te
a e
sta
tes
by
gn
aw
ing
or
seve
ring
the
stem
s at
gro
und
leve
l. A
bai
t app
lied
in
the
eve
nin
g,
is a
n e
ffe
ctiv
e m
eth
od
of
con
tro
llin
g th
ese
pest
s.
AR
MIL
LAR
IA R
OO
T R
OT
DIS
EA
SE
It is
cau
sed
by a
fung
us, A
rmill
aria
mel
lea,
and
the
dis
ea
se c
an
be
re
cog
nis
ed
by
the
ap
pe
ara
nce
of
long
itudi
nal a
nd r
adia
l cra
cks
at th
e co
llar,
the
base
of
the
trun
k an
d in
the
root
s.
Roo
t rot
s ar
e di
ffi cu
lt to
con
trol
and
onl
y pr
even
tive
mea
sure
s an
d ph
ytos
anita
ry r
ound
s ca
n av
oid
in-
fect
ion.
Whe
n th
e la
nd is
bei
ng c
lear
ed,
the
tree
s m
ust
be
up
roo
ted
an
d r
em
ove
d f
rom
th
e f
ield
to
-ge
ther
with
all
thei
r ro
ots.
BIT
TE
N-O
FF
DIS
EA
SE
The
mos
t no
ticea
ble
sym
ptom
is t
he r
ottin
g of
the
ta
p-r
oo
t a
nd
th
e le
ave
s fa
il to
re
ach
ma
turi
ty a
nd
drop
off
pre
mat
urel
y. T
he c
row
ded
leaf
-sca
rs g
ive
Bac
kgro
und
The
bot
anic
al c
lass
ifi ca
tion
is C
amel
lia s
inen
sis.
It
is a
n ev
ergr
een
shru
b w
hich
can
gro
w u
p to
17
m
tall.
Orig
in a
nd d
istr
ibut
ion
Te
a h
as
be
en
cu
ltiva
ted
by
the
Ch
ine
se f
or
mo
re
than
2 0
00 y
ears
, orig
inat
ed in
in
Chi
na, f
rom
whe
re
C.
sin
en
sis
spre
ad
to
In
dia
an
d J
ap
an
, th
en
to
Eur
ope
and
Rus
sia.
Tea
was
intr
oduc
ed in
to A
fric
a fo
r th
e fi r
st ti
me
in 1
687,
at t
he C
ape
of G
ood
Hop
e a
nd
la
ter,
in
18
51
, a
t th
e B
ota
nic
al
Ga
rde
ns
of
Dur
ban
in N
atal
.
the
stem
a c
orru
gate
d ap
pear
ance
and
eve
ntua
lly
the
entir
e pl
ant d
ies.
The
sym
ptom
s m
ay e
qual
ly b
e br
ough
t abo
ut b
y w
ater
logg
ing
or b
y an
uns
uita
ble
soil
reac
tion
or a
dver
se p
H c
ondi
tions
. The
sou
nd-
est m
etho
d to
con
trol
this
is to
sel
ect a
n al
tern
ativ
e si
te.
TR
UN
K A
ND
BR
AN
CH
DIS
EA
SE
S
The
suc
cess
ive
prun
ing
of te
a fa
vour
s th
e de
velo
p-m
ent
of b
ranc
h di
seas
es.
The
se d
isea
ses
redu
ce
the
vita
lity
of t
he f
ram
e an
d le
ad t
o a
drop
in y
ield
. P
ink
dise
ase
occu
rs o
n te
a, p
artic
ular
ly in
ver
y hu
-m
id r
eg
ion
s. I
t is
ca
use
d b
y P
elli
cula
ria
sa
lmo
ni-
colo
r. T
he in
side
of t
he b
ranc
h ba
rk b
ecom
es c
ov-
ered
in a
whi
te to
pin
kish
myc
elia
cru
st a
nd th
e ba
rk
crac
ks. A
ffect
ed b
ranc
hes
grad
ually
dry
up
and
the
leav
es tu
rn y
ello
w a
nd fa
ll. In
add
ition
, the
bra
nche
s of
ten
have
can
kers
.
Dis
ease
con
trol
is b
y sp
rayi
ng w
ith a
cop
per
fung
i-ci
de
an
d c
utt
ing
up
an
d b
urn
ing
th
e a
ffe
cte
d br
anch
es.
Vol:
Ind
BL
Tea
1
Blac
k tea
Blac
k tea
Clim
atic
and
soi
l req
uire
men
ts
Tem
pera
ture
pla
ys a
cru
cial
rol
e in
the
grow
th a
nd
yie
ld o
f b
lack
te
a.
Ave
rag
e t
em
pe
ratu
res
be
low
13
°C
and
abo
ve 3
0 °C
impe
de th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
shoo
ts f
or h
arve
stin
g. T
he id
eal m
ean
annu
al
tem
pera
ture
is p
resu
mab
ly b
etw
een
18 a
nd 2
0 °C
. A
rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity o
f 80
to 9
0 %
is fa
vour
able
dur
-in
g t
he
gro
wth
pe
rio
d o
f te
a p
lan
ts,
be
low
50
%,
shoo
t gro
wth
is in
hibi
ted
and
belo
w 4
0 %
gro
wth
is
affe
cted
adv
erse
ly. I
t gro
ws
wel
l in
area
s w
here
an-
nu
al r
ain
fall
vari
es
fro
m 1
15
0 t
o 6
00
0 m
m.
Te
a gr
ows
best
on
acid
soi
ls (
pH 4
,5 t
o 5,
5),
whi
ch a
re
deep
(at
leas
t 2
m),
wel
l str
uctu
red
and
with
a h
igh
leve
l of m
iner
als.
Tea
is g
row
n on
hill
side
s.
Use
s
Dri
ed a
nd c
ured
leav
es a
re u
sed
wid
ely
as b
ever
-ag
e, w
hich
has
a s
timul
ant
effe
ct b
ecau
se o
f ca
f-fe
ine.
Cul
tura
l pra
ctic
es
Pla
ntin
g
Pla
ntin
gs s
houl
d be
est
ablis
hed
in s
ingl
e ro
ws,
1,5
0 x
1,75
m a
part
. See
dlin
gs o
f 6 to
12 m
onth
s ol
d m
ay
be
tra
nsp
lan
ted
with
a b
all
of
ea
rth
, w
hile
mu
ch
olde
r se
edlin
gs c
an b
e pl
ante
d ba
re-r
oote
d, c
uttin
g th
e s
tem
10
cm
fro
m s
oil
leve
l. N
ew
pla
ntin
gs
in
Sou
th A
fric
a co
nsis
t of b
etw
een
13 0
00 a
nd 1
4 00
0
plan
ts p
er h
a (a
pla
ntin
g di
stan
ce o
f ab
out
1,50
x
0,50
m).
A p
lant
ing
hole
of
45 c
m w
ide
and
75 c
m
deep
is b
ette
r fo
r es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f you
ng p
lant
s.
Pro
paga
tion
Bla
ck te
a is
pro
paga
ted
usin
g si
ngle
-inte
rnod
e cu
t-tin
gs.
Fer
tilis
atio
n
The
qua
ntity
of f
ertil
iser
to b
e ap
plie
d w
ill d
epen
d on
th
e ag
e an
d yi
eld
of th
e te
a pl
ants
, as
wel
l as
on s
oil
fert
ility
and
soi
l ana
lytic
al r
epor
t. F
ertil
iser
s ar
e ap
-pl
ied
durin
g th
e ra
iny
seas
on e
ither
ove
r the
folia
ge,
in a
cir
cle
arou
nd y
oung
tea
pla
nts
or in
the
inte
r-ro
ws.
Irrig
atio
n
The
qua
ntity
of w
ater
req
uire
d sh
ould
be
deci
ded
in
rela
tio
n t
o t
he
wa
ter
de
fici
en
cy a
nd
ca
lcu
late
d ba
sed
on t
he s
oil’s
eff
ectiv
e re
serv
es a
nd e
vapo
-tr
an
spir
atio
n.
Th
e m
ost
fre
qu
en
tly u
sed
irri
ga
tion
syst
em is
spr
inkl
er ir
rigat
ion.
Wee
d co
ntro
l
Diff
ere
nt
me
tho
ds
can
be
use
d t
o c
on
tro
l we
ed
s.
The
mos
t dire
ct is
cle
an w
eedi
ng e
ither
by
hand
or
culti
vatio
n im
plem
ent.
Thi
s us
ually
invo
lves
rem
ov-
ing
the
wee
ds fr
om th
e la
nd a
nd b
urni
ng th
em.
Pes
t and
dis
ease
con
trol
RE
D S
PID
ER
MIT
E (
OLI
GO
NY
CH
US
CO
FF
EA
E)
The
se m
ites
atta
ck th
e fo
liage
in th
e ho
t dry
sea
son.
T
he la
rvae
and
adu
lts fe
ed o
n th
e up
per
surf
ace
of
wel
l-dev
elop
ed le
aves
. Inf
este
d le
aves
are
, at fi
rst
, re
ddis
h in
col
our
and
then
turn
bro
nze
or c
oppe
ry-
