Abnormal Psychology Oltmanns and Emery Chapter nine personality Disorders part II presented by: Mani Rafiee

Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal PsychologyOltmanns and EmeryOltmanns and Emery

Chapter nineChapter ninepersonality Disorderspersonality Disorders

part IIpart II

presented by:presented by:Mani Rafiee Mani Rafiee

Copyright © Prentice Hall 2007

• Diagnosis (base on clusters)Diagnosis (base on clusters)

• Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD)Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD)

• Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

• Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

• Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)

Chapter OutlineChapter Outline

Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

• The behavior of people who fit the subtypes in this The behavior of people who fit the subtypes in this cluster is typically cluster is typically odd, eccentric, or asocialodd, eccentric, or asocial. All three . All three types share similarity with the symptoms of types share similarity with the symptoms of schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

• One implicit assumption in the DSM-IV-TR system is One implicit assumption in the DSM-IV-TR system is that these types of personality disorder may represent that these types of personality disorder may represent behavioral traits or interpersonal styles that precede the behavioral traits or interpersonal styles that precede the onset of psychosisonset of psychosis..

• Because of their close association with schizophrenia, Because of their close association with schizophrenia, they are sometimes called they are sometimes called schizophrenia spectrum schizophrenia spectrum disorders.disorders.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders (continued)Personality Disorders (continued)

• Paranoid personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder is is characterized by the pervasive tendency to characterized by the pervasive tendency to be be inappropriately suspicious inappropriately suspicious of other of other people’s motives and behaviors. people’s motives and behaviors.

• Because paranoid people do not trust Because paranoid people do not trust anyone, they have anyone, they have trouble maintaining trouble maintaining relationshipsrelationships with friends and family with friends and family members. members.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Schizoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder is defined in is defined in terms of a terms of a pervasive pattern of indifference pervasive pattern of indifference to other peopleto other people, coupled with a diminished , coupled with a diminished range of emotional experience and range of emotional experience and expression. expression.

• These people are loners; they prefer These people are loners; they prefer social social isolationisolation to interactions with friends or to interactions with friends or family. family.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Schizotypal personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder centers centers around peculiar patterns of behavior rather around peculiar patterns of behavior rather than on the emotional restriction and social than on the emotional restriction and social withdrawal that are associated with schizoid withdrawal that are associated with schizoid personality disorder. personality disorder.

• People with this disorder may report People with this disorder may report bizarre bizarre fantasies and unusual perceptual fantasies and unusual perceptual experiencesexperiences. .

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Their speech may be slightly difficult to Their speech may be slightly difficult to follow follow because they use words in an odd because they use words in an odd way or because they express themselves in a way or because they express themselves in a vague or disjointed manner.vague or disjointed manner.

• In spite of their odd or unusual behaviors, In spite of their odd or unusual behaviors, people with schizotypal personality disorder people with schizotypal personality disorder are not psychotic or out of touch with are not psychotic or out of touch with realityreality..

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality DisordersNarcissistic Personality Disorders

• According to DSM-IV-TR, these disorders are According to DSM-IV-TR, these disorders are characterized by characterized by dramatic, emotionaldramatic, emotional, or erratic , or erratic behavior, and all are associated with marked behavior, and all are associated with marked difficulty in sustaining interpersonal difficulty in sustaining interpersonal relationshipsrelationships..

• Antisocial personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder is defined in is defined in terms of a persistent pattern ofterms of a persistent pattern of irresponsible and irresponsible and antisocial behavior antisocial behavior that begins during childhood that begins during childhood or adolescence and continues into the adult years. or adolescence and continues into the adult years.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders (continued)Narcissistic Personality Disorders (continued)

• Borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder is a diffuse is a diffuse category whose essential feature is a pervasive category whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of pattern of instability in mood and interpersonal instability in mood and interpersonal relationships. relationships.

• People with this disorder find it very People with this disorder find it very difficult to difficult to be alone.be alone.

• They form intense, They form intense, unstable relationships unstable relationships with with other people and are often seen by others as other people and are often seen by others as being manipulative.being manipulative.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Many clinicians consider Many clinicians consider identity identity disturbance disturbance to be the diagnostic hallmark of to be the diagnostic hallmark of borderline personality disorder. borderline personality disorder.

• People with this disturbance presumably People with this disturbance presumably have great have great difficulty maintaining an difficulty maintaining an integrated image of themselves integrated image of themselves that that simultaneously incorporates their positive simultaneously incorporates their positive and negative features. and negative features.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Histrionic personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder is characterized is characterized by a pervasive pattern of by a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality excessive emotionality and attention seeking behaviorand attention seeking behavior. .

• People with this disorder thrive on being the People with this disorder thrive on being the center of attention center of attention and they want the spotlight on and they want the spotlight on them at all times.them at all times.

• They are self-centered, vain, and demanding, and They are self-centered, vain, and demanding, and they they constantly seek approval from othersconstantly seek approval from others..

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• The concept of histrionic personality The concept of histrionic personality disorder disorder overlapsoverlaps extensively with other extensively with other types types of personality disorder, especially of personality disorder, especially borderlineborderline personality disorder. personality disorder.

• There may also be an There may also be an etiological link etiological link between histrionic and antisocial personality between histrionic and antisocial personality disorders. disorders.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Both may reflect a common, underlying Both may reflect a common, underlying tendency toward lack of inhibition. tendency toward lack of inhibition.

• People with both types of disorder form People with both types of disorder form shallow, shallow, intense relationships with others, intense relationships with others, and they can be extremely manipulativeand they can be extremely manipulative. .

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• The essential feature of The essential feature of narcissistic narcissistic personality disorder personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and inability grandiosity, need for admiration, and inability to empathize with other peopleto empathize with other people. .

• Narcissistic people have a greatly exaggerated Narcissistic people have a greatly exaggerated sense of their own importance. sense of their own importance.

• They are preoccupied with their own They are preoccupied with their own achievements and abilities. achievements and abilities.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality DisordersCompulsive Personality Disorders

• The common element in all three disorders is The common element in all three disorders is presumably presumably anxiety or fearfulnessanxiety or fearfulness. .

• This description fits most easily with the This description fits most easily with the avoidant and dependent types. avoidant and dependent types.

• In contrast, obsessive–compulsive personality In contrast, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder is more accurately described in terms disorder is more accurately described in terms of preoccupation with rules and with lack of of preoccupation with rules and with lack of emotional warmth than in terms of anxiety.emotional warmth than in terms of anxiety.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued)Compulsive Personality Disorders (continued)

• Avoidant personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder is is characterized by a pervasive pattern of characterized by a pervasive pattern of social discomfort, fear of negative social discomfort, fear of negative evaluation, and timidity. evaluation, and timidity.

• People with this disorder tend to be socially People with this disorder tend to be socially isolated when outside their own family isolated when outside their own family circle because circle because they are afraid of criticismthey are afraid of criticism. .

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Unlike people with schizoid personality Unlike people with schizoid personality disorder, they want to be liked by othersdisorder, they want to be liked by others, but , but they are extremely shy—easily hurt by even they are extremely shy—easily hurt by even minimal signs of disapproval from other minimal signs of disapproval from other people. people.

• Thus they avoid social and occupational Thus they avoid social and occupational activities that require significant contact activities that require significant contact with other people.with other people.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Avoidant personality disorder is often Avoidant personality disorder is often indistinguishable from generalized social phobiaindistinguishable from generalized social phobia..

• Some experts have argued that they are probably Some experts have argued that they are probably two different ways of defining the same two different ways of defining the same condition.condition.

• Others have argued that Others have argued that people with avoidant people with avoidant personality disorder have more trouble than personality disorder have more trouble than people with social phobia people with social phobia in relating to other in relating to other people.people.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• The essential feature of The essential feature of dependent personality dependent personality disorder disorder is a pervasive pattern of is a pervasive pattern of submissive and submissive and clinging behaviorclinging behavior. .

• People with this disorder People with this disorder are afraid of separating are afraid of separating from other people from other people on whom they are dependent for on whom they are dependent for advice and reassurance. advice and reassurance.

• Often unable to make everyday decisions on their Often unable to make everyday decisions on their own, they feel anxious and helpless when they are own, they feel anxious and helpless when they are

alone.alone.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Like people with avoidant personality disorder, they Like people with avoidant personality disorder, they are easily hurt by criticism, extremely sensitive to are easily hurt by criticism, extremely sensitive to disapproval, and lacking in self confidence. disapproval, and lacking in self confidence.

• One difference between them is that One difference between them is that people who are people who are avoidant have trouble initiating a relationshipavoidant have trouble initiating a relationship (because (because they are fearful). they are fearful).

• People who are dependent have trouble being alone or People who are dependent have trouble being alone or separating from other people separating from other people with whom they already with whom they already

have a close relationship.have a close relationship.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) (OCPD) is defined by a pervasive pattern of is defined by a pervasive pattern of orderliness, orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal controlperfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at , at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

• People with this disorder set ambitious People with this disorder set ambitious standardsstandards for for their own performance that frequently are their own performance that frequently are so high as to so high as to be unattainablebe unattainable. .

• The central features of this disorder may involve a The central features of this disorder may involve a marked need for control and lack of tolerance for marked need for control and lack of tolerance for uncertainty.uncertainty.

DiagnosisDiagnosis


• Obsessive–compulsive personality Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder should not disorder should not be confused with obsessive–compulsive disorder be confused with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD(OCD), a type of anxiety disorder. ), a type of anxiety disorder.

• The definition of obsessive–compulsive personality The definition of obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, in contrast, is concerned disorder, in contrast, is concerned with personality with personality traitstraits, such as excessively high levels of , such as excessively high levels of conscientiousness.conscientiousness.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

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Abnormal Psychology Oltmanns and Emery Chapter nine personality Disorders part II presented by: Mani Rafiee