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Aboriginal people caring for country: good for all of us
Dr Jocelyn DaviesCSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Alice Springs
Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre
12 September 2008Livelihoods inLand™ research
www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au
Critical understandings from land management systems for ‘closing
the gap’ in desert Australia
Dr Jocelyn DaviesCSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Alice Springs
Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre
12 September 2008 Livelihoods inLand™ research
www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au
Aboriginal land management – desert Australia
• Uniquely placed for sustainable livelihood outcomes (health, well being, income)
• Smaller settlements have a key role• Cultural motivations are foundational • Public investment is important to enterprise
viability – ‘social enterprise’• Planning needs to join up land management,
health, education and arts
Complementary benefits from Aboriginal land management
• Health and well being of Aboriginal people• Bush food production, including commercial• Cultural heritage, contributing to:
– national cultural life of Australia, – local and export income through tourism and art
• Biodiversity conservation, including the protection of threatened species
• Greenhouse gas mitigation, carbon sequestration.
Closing the gap needs systems thinking
BUDGET 08BUILDING BLOCKS
FOR CLOSING THE GAP
ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION
SAFE COMMUNITIES
HEALTH
EARLY CHILDHOOD
GOVERNANCE & LEADERSHIPSCHOOLING
HEALTHY HOMES
Engaging land management to close the gap
Land management
Caring for countryWorking on country
ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION
SAFE COMMUNITIES
HEALTH
EARLY CHILDHOOD
GOVERNANCE & LEADERSHIPSCHOOLING
HEALTHY HOMES
WHO framework for social determinants of health
WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, final report August 2008
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
UK -Gla
sgow
, poo
rIn
dia
USA - Blac
k, po
or
Phillip
ines
Lithu
ania
Poland
Mex
ico
USA - av
erag
eCub
a
UK- ave
rage
Japa
n
Icelan
d
USA - W
hite,
afflu
ent
UK -Gla
sgow
, afflu
ent
Country/locality
Lif
e e
xp
ec
tan
cy
(y
ea
rs)
*
**
** *
Health follows a social gradient
WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, final report August 2008
Occupational class differences in life expectancy, England and Wales 1997-9
6466687072747678808284
Profe
ssion
al
Man
ager
ial &
tech
nical
Skille
d non
-man
ual
Skille
d m
anual
Partly
skil
led
man
ual
Unskil
led
Occupation category
Lif
e ex
pec
tan
cy (
year
s)
Men
Women
Health gradient in work roles
Wilkinson & Marmot. 2003 Social determinants of health, WHO Europe 2nd Ed
Pho
to:
Ear
thbo
und
Con
sulta
nts
Strong languages in desert Australia
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to:
Kar
issa
Pre
uss
Pho
to:
Kar
issa
Pre
uss
Pho
to:
Pau
l Has
tings
Aboriginal population and settlement pattern
Control at work & heart disease
Ferrie (ed) 2004. Work, stress and health. Whitehall II study,CCSU/Cabinet Office, London
CLIMATE VARIABILITYVariability & extremeness
In primary drivers(Rainfall, other weather)
SCARCE RESOURCESWidespread low soil fertility& patchy natural resources
SPARSE POPULATIONSparse, mobile & patchy
Human population
SOCIAL VARIABILITYUnpredictability in, or lack
of control over markets, labour, policy
LOCAL KNOWLEDGELimited research,
local/traditional knowledge relatively important
CULTURAL DIFFERENCESParticular types of people,
cultures & institutions
Stafford Smith, Mar 2008 Rangeland Journal, Vol 30
REMOTENESSDistant markets, business
education & political centres
CLIMATE VARIABILITYVariability & extremeness
In primary drivers(Rainfall, other weather)
SCARCE RESOURCESWidespread low soil fertility& patchy natural resources
SPARSE POPULATIONSparse, mobile & patchy
Human population
SOCIAL VARIABILITYUnpredictability in, or lack
of control over markets, labour, policy
LOCAL KNOWLEDGELimited research,
local/traditional knowledge relatively important
CULTURAL DIFFERENCESParticular types of people,
cultures & institutions
Stafford Smith 2008 Rangeland Journal Vol 30
REMOTENESSDistant markets, business
education & political centres
Land (‘country’) is central to Aboriginal world views,
livelihood assets & outcomes
“Country and people and land and health and [customary] Law cannot be separated. They are all one.” (Atkinson 2002)Land
Law
Language
Kinship Ceremony
Plants & Animals
MK Turner: “Everything Comes from the Land” IAD Press
SEE ALSO: Pawu-Kurlpurlurnu WJ, Holmes M and Box L. 2008. Ngurra-kurlu: A way of working with Warlpiri people, DKCRC Report 41. Desert Knowledge CRC, Alice Springs.
Remote regions with strong Aboriginal property rights
Very poor Aboriginal health & well being
• Aboriginal life expectancy (national): 17-18 years less than national average
Rangeland Australia: • Aboriginal mortality rate: 3 x national average• Aboriginal incidence End Stage Renal Disease:
30 x national average• Aboriginal incomes: 25% non-Aboriginal incomes
Community wellbeing?• Serious interlinked social issues including alcoholism,
domestic violence, child abuse, low literacySocial opportunity cost• $1.5 billion p.a. or $27,000 p.a. per Aboriginal person,
in one jurisdiction
Explaining the paradox of remote Australia: strong Aboriginal property rights but poor
Aboriginal health & wellbeing• State transition in the social-ecological system
(land degradation, and loss of traditional knowledge and know-how).
• Barriers to accessing traditional lands for ‘caring for country’: poor health & social dysfunction, distance, poverty, reliance on larger centralised settlements for health & education services.
• Lack of a systems understanding: not accounting for interrelationships between sectors
Relationship between ‘caring for country’ & chronic disease
• Building on previous research (health benefits of traditional diet, better health at smaller settlements)
• Adult health checks of a representative sample (c300) in a northern Australian settlement + triangulated self-assessment of the time the people sampled spend in caring for country activities (living at outstation, hunting, art, ceremony).
• Correlations between time on country and markers for three chronic disease conditions, some pre-symptomatic
• Estimated probable change in severity for chronic disease conditions per unit increase in engagement in ‘caring for country’:
• Analysed primary health care costs• Concluded there are significant economic efficiencies for securing improved
health outcomes if engagement in land management is increased, even by a relatively small amount.
• Now analysing generalisabity of these findings, inc in desert areas
(Campbell et al in prep; Burgess et al in prep and see Garnett, S and Sithole B 2007, Sustainable Northern Landscapes and the Nexus with Indigenous Health: Healthy Country Healthy people. Land and Water Australia, Canberra;)
Engagement in land management and chronic disease risk.
Chr
onic
dis
ease
ris
k
Control over life (self assessed) through engagement in land management
HYPOTHETICAL
WHO framework for social determinants of health
WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, final report August 2008
More Activity
More Art
ImprovedHealth
Caring for country
Activities & Projects
Agency Assets
More Food Harvested
HigherIncome
MoreSpecies
StrongerKnowledge
NewSkills
LocalAssets
OtherWork
ParticipantMotivation
Understanding ‘caring for country’ as a social – ecological system
EducatedYouth
Youth knowledge of country is a key variable
Shane Jupurrula White recording knowledge of his responsibilities from elders
“The old words tell us where we come from”Shane Jupurrula White
Pho
to:
Kar
issa
Pre
uss
Pho
to:
Mic
hael
LaF
lam
me
Youth Knowledge
Increasing Knowledge per Year
Total Country Visits
Visits per Year
Knowlege per Person Visit
Agency Planned Visits
Year
Visits per Family
Comm Planned Visits
Year
Science Knowledge
Elder Knowledge
~Knowlege
Valued
Probability of Being in Town
Youth Visits
Number of Elders
Decaying Knowledge per Year
Knowledge per Elder Number of Youth Other
Activities
Probability of Choosing Country Visit
~Knowledge
Valued
Agency Capacity
Family Capacity
Staff Turnover
Rate
Rate of Elder
Sharing
Youth Knowledge
Visits per 000
Dollars per Year
Families per year
Elder Loss Rate
Number of Scientists Knowledge
per Scientist
Rate of Scientist Sharing
Maximum Sharing Rate
Number of Youth per Visit
~
Knowledge Loss Rate
~
Retention Rate
Modellingoptimal rates
youth engagement with elders & country
Improved nutrition
Shop food match to
bush food seasons
Seasonal changes learned
More physical activity
Better fitnessObservations
named, shared in local language and
English
Recording information:
GIS & multimedia
Technacy, literacy & numeracy
Country-based
learning
Natural resource
management contracts
Country visits
++YOUTH YOUTH
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE
++PHYSICAL PHYSICAL HEALTHHEALTH
__TIME SPENT TIME SPENT
ON COUNTRYON COUNTRY
More income
More job opportunities
More other opportunities
Systemic impacts from youth
engagement with elders & country
Troubled questions….• What do Aboriginal people actually do in land management?• Do we (society) really need that?• Where is income going to come from?• And isn’t education – literacy, numeracy - actually very
important? • Does everyone out bush actually want to do land
management?• What about all the other jobs that need to be done in remote
settlements?• Who is going to pay for it? • And how does it get organised?
Pho
to:
Luca
s Jo
rdan
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to: K
aris
sa P
reus
s
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to: K
aris
sa P
reus
s
Do NRM programs follow principles of customary Law?
“The IPA needs to not be afraid of being adopted by Ngurra-kurlu”
Steven Jampijinpa Patrick, Lajamanu
Signing North Tanami IPA Agreement
Pho
to:
Kar
issa
Pre
uss
Pictures – caring for country
Pho
to:
Kar
issa
Pre
uss
Pho
to:
Kar
issa
Pre
uss
Pho
to: J
ane
Wal
ker
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to:
Kar
issa
Pre
uss
Pho
to:
Kar
issa
Pre
uss
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to:
Josi
e D
ougl
as
www.schools.nt.edu.au/tlcland
Track based monitoring
track plots + experienced trackers = meaningful data
Southgate and Moseby. 2008 Track based monitoring for the deserts and rangelands of Australia. NHT funded, Report to WWF, TSN.
School DustWatch
School DustWatchwww.school.dustwatch.edu.au
State/Territory NRM responsibilities(Contracted/facilitated)
Other research and monitoring
AREAThreat-ened species
WaterPark mgt
Pastoral land conditionmonitoring
Feral animals, weeds
Wind erosion
Bio-security
Climatechange
A ** * *
B ** * ** * *
C ** ** * * *
D * * * *
E * * * * *
Potential public sector demand, given capacity
Private sector(Marketable, based on outcomes)
Labour or outcome-based contracts
AREA
Burning- Green-house Gas mitigation, Carbon offsets
Feral animals
Fencing BurningWeed control
A * *
B ** ** * *
C * * *
D * * *
E * * *
Potential private sector demand, given capacity
PRIVATE NET BENEFIT
_ +
_
+ 2
3A4
PU
BL
IC N
ET
BE
NE
FIT
Positiveincentives
Negativeincentives
1A
0
Application of the cost-effectiveness plane in joint production of health and environmental
services
3B
No policy action
1B:
Campbell, Davies & Wakerman. 2007. Desert Knowledge CRC, Working Paper #11; and forthcoming in Rural & Remote Health Online Journal
Principles for land management to produce health & wellbeing outcomes,
covering…
• Authority structures accountable to customary governance of land
• Intergenerational learning• Partnerships for two-way learning about
environmental change• Management approaches that promote social
learning and account for community and investor aspirations
Planning for cross-sectoral outcomes for local people and
investors
Land Law Language Ceremony Kinship
Human Land management knowledge, skills
NRM guided by customary law
Fluency, literacy in languages
Youth become responsible adults
Skills to keep family healthy
Social Families actively caring for land
Law taught and learned
Languages taught in school
All families keep ceremonies alive
All kin groups teach in school
Financial Income from land -based enterprise
Money shared in a proper way
Elders paid for shared knowledge
Payment for cultural services
Family-based enterprises
Physical Roads built to important places
‘Tools’ to meet responsibilities
Stories and photos archived
Transport for country visits
Well-maintained family outstations
Natural Productivity of plants and animals
Important places properly cared for
Proper names of plants, animals
Increases in plants, animals
Regular family country visits
Examples of outcomes
Aboriginal land management – desert Australia
• Uniquely placed for sustainable livelihood outcomes (health, well being, income)
• Smaller settlements have a key role• Cultural motivations are foundational • Public investment is important to enterprise
viability – ‘social enterprise’• Planning needs to join up land management,
health, education and arts
ThankyouCollaborating & support organisations:• CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems• Centre for Remote Health• Charles Darwin University • Northern Territory Government• Central Land Council• Community members and staff: Lajamanu, Yuendumu, Anmatjere, Wilowra, Ntaria, Nepabunna,
Hay • Warlpiri Media• Australian Government Department of the Water, Environment, Heritage and the Arts• Australian National University• Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation• Land and Water Australia
Collaborating researchers including: • David Campbell, Paul Burgess, Stephen Garnett, John Wakerman, Michael LaFlamme, Jane
Walker, Karissa Preuss, Josie Douglas, Fiona Walsh, Miles Holmes, Steven Jampijinpa Patrick., Lance Box,.
Photos: Earthbound consultants, Karissa Preuss, Paul Hastings, Michael LaFlamme, Jocelyn Davies, Josie Douglas, Lucas Jordan, Jane Walker
This research is supported by funding from the Australian Government Cooperative Research Centre Program through the Desert Knowledge CRC; the views expressed do not necessarily represent the views of Desert Knowledge CRC or its Participants.