Absolute Monarchs

Absolute MonarchsAbsolute Monarchs

Textbook Chapter 18Textbook Chapter 18

The Power of Spain: Main IdeaThe Power of Spain: Main Idea Spain Spain

experienced a experienced a golden age golden age during the 1500sduring the 1500s

Economic Economic problems and problems and military military struggles struggles decreased decreased Spanish power Spanish power by the 1600sby the 1600s

The King Becomes EmperorThe King Becomes Emperor 1516 - King Charles I 1516 - King Charles I

becomes king of Spainbecomes king of Spain Rules as ABSOLUTE Rules as ABSOLUTE

MONARCHMONARCH Absolute monarchs Absolute monarchs

have divine right and have divine right and may not be challengedmay not be challenged

In Spain, Charles In Spain, Charles struggled to control struggled to control empireempire

Charles V and the EmpireCharles V and the Empire 1519 – 1519 –

throne of throne of Holy Roman Holy Roman Empire Empire vacant, King vacant, King Charles I Charles I becomes becomes Holy Roman Holy Roman Emperor Emperor Charles VCharles V

How might being both King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor create difficulties for

Charles?

Charles V and ReligionCharles V and Religion Wants all of Wants all of

Europe to be Europe to be CatholicCatholic• 1521 – confronts 1521 – confronts

Martin LutherMartin Luther• Rebellions against Rebellions against

Catholic rulers Catholic rulers spreadspread

• Charles V is forced Charles V is forced to sign Peace of to sign Peace of AugsburgAugsburg Martin Luther

Dividing the EmpireDividing the Empire 1556 – Charles V 1556 – Charles V

gives up thronegives up throne Splits empire Splits empire

between brother between brother and sonand son• Brother – Brother –

Hapsburg holdings Hapsburg holdings in Austriain Austria

• Son – Son – Netherlands, Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s coloniesSpain’s colonies

Ferdinand

Philip

Thinking QuestionsThinking Questions

In what ways was Charles the V a In what ways was Charles the V a successful emperor? successful emperor?

In what ways was he In what ways was he unsuccessful?unsuccessful?

Spain Under Philip IISpain Under Philip II Spain at peak of Spain at peak of

grandeur grandeur Marries Queen Mary I Marries Queen Mary I

of Englandof EnglandNo heirNo heir

1560s – Calvinist 1560s – Calvinist Protestants in Protestants in northern Low Country northern Low Country provinces revoltprovinces revolt

Dutch RevoltDutch Revolt Philip II sends Philip II sends

Duke of Alba Duke of Alba with army to with army to punish Dutchpunish Dutch• Court of Blood - Court of Blood -

tortures and tortures and executes rebelsexecutes rebels

Revolt Revolt continued until continued until 16091609

Spain and EnglandSpain and England English aid English aid

Dutch – both Dutch – both ProtestantProtestant

English sea English sea dogs attack dogs attack Spanish shipsSpanish ships

King Philip II King Philip II decides to decides to invade Englandinvade England Sir Francis Drake

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

Naval fleet Naval fleet assembled to assembled to attack Englandattack England

Queen Queen Elizabeth I is Elizabeth I is prepared for prepared for attackattack

An Empire in DeclineAn Empire in Decline Spain recovers from Spanish Armada, Spain recovers from Spanish Armada,

but still has internal problemsbut still has internal problems• Gov’t not centralized – Philip trusts nobodyGov’t not centralized – Philip trusts nobody• Wealth from America on warWealth from America on war• Philip borrows lots of money, goes into Philip borrows lots of money, goes into

bankruptcy 4 timesbankruptcy 4 times

Thinking QuestionThinking Question

What were 2 events that caused What were 2 events that caused problems for Spain?problems for Spain?

What effects might bankruptcy What effects might bankruptcy have on the development of Spain?have on the development of Spain?

Absolute Monarchy in France: Absolute Monarchy in France: Main IdeaMain Idea

Henry IV, Louis Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened XIV strengthened the French the French monarchymonarchy

Louis XIV set the Louis XIV set the example of an example of an absolute absolute monarch for the monarch for the rest of Europerest of Europe

Religious War and Henry IVReligious War and Henry IV 1560s – 1 in 10 1560s – 1 in 10

French = French = HuguenotsHuguenots•Threat to Catholic Threat to Catholic

French monarchyFrench monarchy•““one king, one one king, one

law, one religion”law, one religion”•Religious conflict Religious conflict

was challenge to was challenge to absolute absolute monarchymonarchy

John Calvin

Conflict and New KingConflict and New King St. Bartholomew Day St. Bartholomew Day

Massacre ordered by Massacre ordered by Queen Catherine Queen Catherine de’Medicide’Medici• 70,000 Huguenots 70,000 Huguenots

killedkilled Henry of Navarre Henry of Navarre

escapes death by escapes death by denying religiondenying religion• 1593 – coverts to 1593 – coverts to

CatholicismCatholicism• Becomes King Henry IVBecomes King Henry IV

Compromise and ProgressCompromise and Progress 1598 - Edict of Nantes1598 - Edict of Nantes

• Gives Huguenots Gives Huguenots limited freedom of limited freedom of worship – no longer worship – no longer need to follow need to follow religion of kingreligion of king

• Catholicism is still Catholicism is still official religionofficial religion

Henry focuses on Henry focuses on repairing war-torn repairing war-torn countrycountry


What were some of the high What were some of the high points and low points in the life points and low points in the life of Henry IV?of Henry IV?

Louis XIII and RichelieuLouis XIII and Richelieu 1610 – Henry IV 1610 – Henry IV

murdered, son Louis murdered, son Louis XIII crowedXIII crowed

Cardinal Richelieu = Cardinal Richelieu = right-hand manright-hand man• Reduce power of Reduce power of

Huguenots and Huguenots and strengthen monarchystrengthen monarchy

• Cuts off supplies to Cuts off supplies to port city of La port city of La RochelleRochelleLouix XIII

Threat from NoblesThreat from Nobles

Louis XIII and Richelieu suppress noblesLouis XIII and Richelieu suppress nobles• Richelieu’s spies uncover series of secret Richelieu’s spies uncover series of secret

planned revoltsplanned revolts• Punishments severe and included Punishments severe and included

executionexecution Richelieu directs foreign policyRichelieu directs foreign policy

• Thirty Years WarThirty Years War• Sides with Protestants in effort to Sides with Protestants in effort to

overthrow Hapsburgsoverthrow Hapsburgs


Who did Louis XIII and Cardinal Who did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu see as their enemies?Richelieu see as their enemies?

Monarchy of Louis XIVMonarchy of Louis XIV Louis XIII and Louis XIII and

Richelieu dieRichelieu die Louis XIV crowned at Louis XIV crowned at

time of power, time of power, prosperity, and gloryprosperity, and glory

Rise of the “Sun Rise of the “Sun King”King”•Cardinal Mazarin Cardinal Mazarin

advises advises •Begins to rule by Begins to rule by

himself at age 18himself at age 18

Louis XIV, Absolutism, and Louis XIV, Absolutism, and VersaillesVersailles

Begins tradition of Begins tradition of absolute monarchy absolute monarchy that lasts over a that lasts over a centurycentury

Deprives nobles of Deprives nobles of influenceinfluence

Urges nobles to Urges nobles to develop expensive develop expensive new habits of new habits of dressing, dining, and dressing, dining, and gamblinggambling

Spectacle at VersaillesSpectacle at Versailles

Versailles was a grand Versailles was a grand spectacle of kingly powerspectacle of kingly power•Louis XIV’s style emphasized Louis XIV’s style emphasized

political strengthpolitical strength•Practically every moment of Practically every moment of

king’s day required rituals by king’s day required rituals by bowing courtiersbowing courtiers

Louis and ProtestantismLouis and Protestantism Smashed power of Smashed power of

HuguenotsHuguenots• 1685 - revoked Edict of 1685 - revoked Edict of

NantesNantes• Results in financial crisisResults in financial crisis

Treasury saved by policies Treasury saved by policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbertof Jean-Baptiste Colbert• Enlarges militaryEnlarges military• Spends money on good Spends money on good

equipmentequipment Louis XIV becomes most Louis XIV becomes most

powerful ruler in Europepowerful ruler in Europe

War Over a ThroneWar Over a Throne War of Spanish War of Spanish

SuccessionSuccession Louis wants Spanish Louis wants Spanish

throne for his oldest throne for his oldest sonson

1701 - England, 1701 - England, Netherlands, Holy Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire went Roman Empire went to war against Franceto war against France

Treaty of UtrechtTreaty of Utrecht

1713 - After many defeats, Louis accepts 1713 - After many defeats, Louis accepts treatytreaty• Louis’ grandson got Spanish throneLouis’ grandson got Spanish throne• France and Spain never to be ruled by same France and Spain never to be ruled by same

monarchmonarch• Louis gave up territory acquiredLouis gave up territory acquired

Louis XIV remains in Louis XIV remains in power until death in power until death in

17151715


What were some main events What were some main events during Louis XIV’s reign?during Louis XIV’s reign?

Monarchy in England: Monarchy in England: Main IdeaMain Idea

In contrast to the In contrast to the absolute monarchies absolute monarchies of Spain and France, of Spain and France, the English monarch the English monarch was limited by was limited by ParliamentParliament

Following a civil war, Following a civil war, Parliament became Parliament became even more powerfuleven more powerful

The Tudors and ParliamentThe Tudors and Parliament Henry and ElizabethHenry and Elizabeth

• 2 prominent 2 prominent members of Tudor members of Tudor dynastydynasty

• In England, In England, Parliament placed Parliament placed curbs on absolute curbs on absolute monarchymonarchy

• Both father and Both father and daughter had to learn daughter had to learn to work with to work with Parliament to fulfill Parliament to fulfill goalsgoals

Henry and Henry and ParliamentParliament• Henry VIII created Henry VIII created

Protestant Church in Protestant Church in England to divorce England to divorce first wifefirst wife

• Had Parliament pass Had Parliament pass laws ending power of laws ending power of pope in Englandpope in England

• 1534 - Act of 1534 - Act of SupremacySupremacy

Edward, Mary, and ElizabethEdward, Mary, and Elizabeth

Henry VIII Henry VIII Edward Edward Mary I Mary I• Bloody Mary makes England CatholicBloody Mary makes England Catholic• 1558 - Mary dies1558 - Mary dies

Elizabeth I crowned queenElizabeth I crowned queen• Returns England to Anglican Church with Returns England to Anglican Church with

help of Parliamenthelp of Parliament Tension between Elizabeth and Tension between Elizabeth and

ParliamentParliament• Wanted Elizabeth to marry, she said “NO!”Wanted Elizabeth to marry, she said “NO!”

Elizabeth in ChargeElizabeth in Charge

Elizabeth allows members of Elizabeth allows members of Parliament to speak their minds Parliament to speak their minds without fear of punishmentwithout fear of punishment

Elizabeth was clearly in charge, but had Elizabeth was clearly in charge, but had difficulty keeping subjects from difficulty keeping subjects from questioning her actionsquestioning her actions• Earl of Essex rebelled against authorityEarl of Essex rebelled against authority• Essex executed as traitorEssex executed as traitor• Not the last to question Queen Elizabeth’s Not the last to question Queen Elizabeth’s

authorityauthority


What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do?work with Parliament to do?

The Stuarts and ParliamentThe Stuarts and Parliament

Relative of the Scotland Tudors Relative of the Scotland Tudors succeeded Elizabethsucceeded Elizabeth• Not as close to ParliamentNot as close to Parliament

James IJames I• Considered outsiderConsidered outsider• Rarely got the money he needed from Rarely got the money he needed from

ParliamentParliament• Wanted to be absolute monarchWanted to be absolute monarch• Sees Puritans as a threat to his powerSees Puritans as a threat to his power• Publishes the Publishes the King James BibleKing James Bible

Charles I Defines ParliamentCharles I Defines Parliament

1625 - James I dies, son Charles I takes 1625 - James I dies, son Charles I takes overover

Declines in popularity when marries Declines in popularity when marries Catholic princessCatholic princess

Parliament refused to provide money Parliament refused to provide money until Charles signed Petition of Rightuntil Charles signed Petition of Right• Limited king’s power - cannot act without Limited king’s power - cannot act without

approval from Parliamentapproval from Parliament• Charles ends up taxing English people Charles ends up taxing English people

without Parliament - forces bankers to lend without Parliament - forces bankers to lend him moneyhim money


Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament?Parliament?

The English Civil WarThe English Civil War Conflict continuedConflict continued

• Between king who Between king who believed in absolute believed in absolute monarchy and monarchy and Parliament who saw Parliament who saw itself as independentitself as independent

Limited king’s Limited king’s powerspowers• Having been ignored Having been ignored

11 years, Parliament 11 years, Parliament took opportunity to took opportunity to further limitfurther limit

• Demand Parliament Demand Parliament be called at least be called at least every 3 yearsevery 3 years

Parliament Parliament reconvenedreconvened• 1640 - Charles I 1640 - Charles I

finally reconvened finally reconvened Parliament to ask for Parliament to ask for moneymoney

• ““Long Parliament”Long Parliament” Grudging Grudging

acceptanceacceptance• Parliament also ruled Parliament also ruled

king could no longer king could no longer dismiss Parliamentdismiss Parliament

War with ParliamentWar with Parliament

Radical Puritans try to abolish Radical Puritans try to abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican appointment of bishops in Anglican ChurchChurch• King is outranged and arrested Puritan King is outranged and arrested Puritan

leaders for treasonleaders for treason Charles led troops into House of Charles led troops into House of

Commons, but men had already Commons, but men had already escapedescaped

1642 - English Civil War officially begins1642 - English Civil War officially begins

Royalists and RoundheadsRoyalists and Roundheads King needed to rely on wealthy nobles called King needed to rely on wealthy nobles called

Royalists to pay for armyRoyalists to pay for army Parliament could back its army by voting for Parliament could back its army by voting for

fundingfunding• Roundheads = Puritans, merchants, some upper Roundheads = Puritans, merchants, some upper

classclass• Led by Oliver CromwellLed by Oliver Cromwell• 1644 - kill 4,000 of king’s men1644 - kill 4,000 of king’s men

1646 - king surrenders and Cromwell 1646 - king surrenders and Cromwell dismisses all members of Parliament who dismisses all members of Parliament who disagreed with himdisagreed with him• Rump ParliamentRump Parliament

Trial and ExecutionTrial and Execution

Eventually Rump Parliament charged Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason and put him on trialking with treason and put him on trial• Charles defended himself and recognized Charles defended himself and recognized

the authority of Parliament to put him on the authority of Parliament to put him on trialtrial

• Charles sentences to death and executed Charles sentences to death and executed January 30, 1649January 30, 1649

England Under CromwellEngland Under Cromwell

England’s gov’t becomes England’s gov’t becomes commonwealth and outlaws monarchycommonwealth and outlaws monarchy

Cromwell given title of Lord Protector of Cromwell given title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and IrelandEngland, Scotland, and Ireland

Foreign IssuesForeign Issues• Military expeditions to Scotland and IrelandMilitary expeditions to Scotland and Ireland• Economic policies led to war with Dutch Economic policies led to war with Dutch

over trade; also warred on Spainover trade; also warred on Spain

A Defender of AbsolutismA Defender of Absolutism Question of ruleQuestion of rule

• People troubled People troubled by constant by constant turmoil in turmoil in EnglandEngland

• Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes fled to France fled to France during during Cromwell’s ruleCromwell’s rule

• Hobbes wrote Hobbes wrote LeviathanLeviathan

LeviathanLeviathan• Hobbes Hobbes

described described humans as humans as naturally selfishnaturally selfish

• People need all-People need all-powerful powerful monarch to tell monarch to tell them how to livethem how to live


What were some effects of the English What were some effects of the English Civil War?Civil War?

Monarchy ReturnsMonarchy Returns

The RestorationThe Restoration• 1658 - Cromwell dies, son replces but not a 1658 - Cromwell dies, son replces but not a

good leadergood leader• Parliament eventually votes to bring back Parliament eventually votes to bring back

monarchymonarchy Charles II invited to be kingCharles II invited to be king

• Had to agree to Parliament’s conditionsHad to agree to Parliament’s conditions

The Reign of Charles IIThe Reign of Charles II

Has to address conflict with Dutch, religious Has to address conflict with Dutch, religious tensions, role of Parliamenttensions, role of Parliament

Supported religious toleration for Catholics, Supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen Church of EnglandChurch of England

(+) Charles reopened theaters(+) Charles reopened theaters (+) Habeas Corpus Act passed(+) Habeas Corpus Act passed (-) 1665 - bubonic plague returned followed (-) 1665 - bubonic plague returned followed

by Great Fire of Londonby Great Fire of London (+) After fire Charles supported public (+) After fire Charles supported public

construction projectsconstruction projects

James IIJames II

Brother of Charles…CATHOLICBrother of Charles…CATHOLIC James not popular - believed in right to James not popular - believed in right to

rule as absolute monarchrule as absolute monarch• Not tolerated by EnglishNot tolerated by English

Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution• 1688 - William and Mary invited to become 1688 - William and Mary invited to become

monarchsmonarchs• Both ProtestantBoth Protestant• James fled to FranceJames fled to France

Changes in GovernmentChanges in Government

Bill of RightsBill of Rights• William and Mary had William and Mary had

to sign before taking to sign before taking thronethrone

• Prevented monarch Prevented monarch from levying taxes from levying taxes without consent of without consent of ParliamentParliament

• US Bill of Rights US Bill of Rights based on this based on this documentdocument

Constitutional Constitutional monarchymonarchy• Term for monarchy Term for monarchy

limited by lawlimited by law• England rejected England rejected

conceot of absolute conceot of absolute monarch who ruled monarch who ruled by divine right, for by divine right, for monarch ruled by lawmonarch ruled by law

Thinking QuestionsThinking Questions

What happened during the Glorious What happened during the Glorious Revolution?Revolution?

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Absolute Monarchs