Absolute Monarchs in Absolute Monarchs in EuropeEurope

Ch 21Ch 21

What is an absolute What is an absolute monarch?monarch?

What are the benefits and What are the benefits and drawbacks of having an drawbacks of having an

absolute ruler?absolute ruler?

Where does the American Where does the American President get his power President get his power

from?from?

Where does an absolute Where does an absolute monarch get his power monarch get his power

from?from?

AbsolutismAbsolutism

• Absolute monarchsAbsolute monarchs- held all power - held all power within their states’ boundarieswithin their states’ boundaries

• Divine rightDivine right-God created the -God created the monarchy and the monarch is God’s monarchy and the monarch is God’s representative on earthrepresentative on earth

Causes of Growing Power of Causes of Growing Power of the Monarchsthe Monarchs

• Decline of Decline of feudalismfeudalism

• Rise of citiesRise of cities

• Growth of national kingdomsGrowth of national kingdoms

• Support from the Support from the middle classmiddle class

• ReformationReformation

• Religious and Religious and territorialterritorial conflict conflict

Characteristics of an Characteristics of an Absolute MonarchAbsolute Monarch• CentralizeCentralize power in their states power in their states

• Total powerTotal power of their land and people of their land and people

• Transmission of power is Transmission of power is hereditary hereditary and maritaland marital

• ExtravagantExtravagant lifestyle lifestyle

• Constant Constant warfarewarfare

• Always trying to Always trying to expandexpand their empires their empires

Spain’s EmpireSpain’s Empire

Sec 1Sec 1

What have we learned What have we learned about Spain so far this about Spain so far this

year?year?

BackgroundBackground

• Charles VCharles V• Inherited Spain, Inherited Spain,

the Spanish the Spanish colonies in colonies in America, parts of America, parts of Italy, and lands in Italy, and lands in Austria and the Austria and the NetherlandsNetherlands

• Was elected Holy Was elected Holy Roman Emperor Roman Emperor and ruled most of and ruled most of GermanyGermany

                               

Philip IIPhilip II

• Philip IIPhilip II -Inherited -Inherited Spain, Spanish Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and the Netherlands, and the American colonies from American colonies from his father Charles Vhis father Charles V

• He created an He created an empireempire that circled the globe that circled the globe by seizing the by seizing the Portuguese kingdom Portuguese kingdom that included lands in that included lands in Africa, India, and the Africa, India, and the East Indies East Indies

How did Philip’s empire How did Philip’s empire become so wealthy?become so wealthy?

Extreme WealthExtreme Wealth

• By 1600, American By 1600, American mines provided mines provided 339,000 pounds of 339,000 pounds of goldgold

• Between 1550 and Between 1550 and 1650, 16,000 tons of 1650, 16,000 tons of silversilver was brought was brought to Spainto Spain

• Between ¼ and 1/5 Between ¼ and 1/5 of every ship went to of every ship went to the kingthe king

• Philip used the Philip used the money to build a money to build a huge granite palacehuge granite palace

Golden Age of Art and Golden Age of Art and LiteratureLiterature• Great wealth Great wealth

allowed monarchs allowed monarchs and nobles to and nobles to become patrons of become patrons of the artsthe arts

• El Greco and El Greco and VelazquezVelazquez

• Don QuixoteDon Quixote

What does this art reveal What does this art reveal about the culture of about the culture of

Spain?Spain?

CatholicismCatholicism

• Philip was an Philip was an extremely devout extremely devout CatholicCatholic

• Philip believed it Philip believed it was his job to was his job to protect the empire protect the empire from the Moors and from the Moors and from from ProtestantsProtestants

Defeat of the Spanish Defeat of the Spanish ArmadaArmada• In 1588, Philip II In 1588, Philip II

sent 130 ships to sent 130 ships to England to punish England to punish the Protestant the Protestant Queen Queen Elizabeth IElizabeth I

• Better tactics and Better tactics and guns allowed the guns allowed the English to win English to win

Elizabeth the Golden AgeElizabeth the Golden Age

• Battle SceneBattle Scene

Why was England’s defeat of Why was England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada important?the Spanish Armada important?

Spanish Empire WeakensSpanish Empire Weakens

• Severe Severe inflationinflation--decline in the value decline in the value of money of money accompanied by a accompanied by a rise in pricesrise in prices

• NoblesNobles did not have did not have to pay taxesto pay taxes

• Philip declared the Philip declared the Spanish state Spanish state bankrupt 3 different bankrupt 3 different timestimes

• Dutch RevoltDutch Revolt

NetherlandsNetherlands

• Prosper without the Prosper without the SpanishSpanish

• Religious tolerationReligious toleration

• Republic not a Republic not a kingdomkingdom

• Each province had Each province had an elected an elected governorgovernor

•

How was Philip II typical of How was Philip II typical of an absolute monarch?an absolute monarch?

Reign of Louis XIVReign of Louis XIV

Sec 2 Sec 2

BackgroundBackground• 1559-1559-King Henry II King Henry II

died leaving 4 young died leaving 4 young sonssons

• 3 came to rule but all 3 came to rule but all were incompetentwere incompetent

• Their mother Their mother Catherine Catherine de Medicis de Medicis tried to hold tried to hold everything togethereverything together

• War between the War between the Catholics and Huguenots Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) (French Protestants) kept the country kept the country unstableunstable

•

Henry IVHenry IV

• Married Catherine’s Married Catherine’s daughterdaughter

• After Catherine and After Catherine and the last of her sons the last of her sons dies dies Henry IV Henry IV became king became king

• 11stst king of the king of the Bourbon dynastyBourbon dynasty

• Converted to Converted to Catholicism to keep Catholicism to keep peace in the countrypeace in the country

•

                               

Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes

• Edict of Nantes- Edict of Nantes- Declaration of religious Declaration of religious tolerancetolerance

• Allowed the Huguenots Allowed the Huguenots to live in peace in to live in peace in France and set up France and set up places of worshipplaces of worship

• Assassinated in 1610 Assassinated in 1610 by religious fanatic who by religious fanatic who was upset with his was upset with his compromisescompromises

Louis XIII and RichelieuLouis XIII and Richelieu

• Henry IV’s son Henry IV’s son Louis XIII Louis XIII was a weak king but was a weak king but he had a strong minister he had a strong minister

• RichelieuRichelieu was basically the leader of France was basically the leader of France

• Leader of the Catholic ChurchLeader of the Catholic Church

• Took 2 steps to increase the power of the Took 2 steps to increase the power of the monarchymonarchy– Forbid Huguenots to have Forbid Huguenots to have wallswalls around their cities around their cities– Made the nobles take down their fortified Made the nobles take down their fortified castlescastles

How did those 2 moves How did those 2 moves strengthen the monarchy?strengthen the monarchy?

SkepticismSkepticism

• SkepticismSkepticism- - philosophical philosophical movement that began movement that began in France following the in France following the religious warsreligious wars

• Belief that Belief that nothingnothing can be known for surecan be known for sure

• Descartes-Descartes-skeptic skeptic who became an who became an important thinker in important thinker in the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment

•

                              

Louis XIVLouis XIV

• Louis XIV-Louis XIV- most most powerful ruler in French powerful ruler in French historyhistory

• Became king in 1643 at Became king in 1643 at the age of 4the age of 4

• Cardinal Mazarin rules Cardinal Mazarin rules until 1661until 1661

• Louis further weakens Louis further weakens the the nobility nobility by no longer by no longer allowing them in his allowing them in his councilcouncil

• Goal is economic growthGoal is economic growth• ““I am the I am the statestate””

•

The Sun KingThe Sun King

• Known as the Known as the Sun KingSun King because he believed that all because he believed that all power radiated from himpower radiated from him

• Spent a fortune to surround Spent a fortune to surround himself in luxuryhimself in luxury

• 500 cooks, waiters, and 500 cooks, waiters, and servants to satisfy his needsservants to satisfy his needs

• Kept the nobility at his Kept the nobility at his palace to serve himpalace to serve him

• Patron of the artsPatron of the arts

• By 1660, By 1660, FranceFrance is the is the most powerful country in most powerful country in the worldthe world

Palace at VersaillesPalace at Versailles

• $2.5 billion in 2003 dollars$2.5 billion in 2003 dollars• 36,000 laborers36,000 laborers• 6,000 horses6,000 horses• Can accommodate 5,000 people including servantsCan accommodate 5,000 people including servants• 500 meters long500 meters long• Set on 19262 acres (bigger than Paris or Set on 19262 acres (bigger than Paris or

Manhattan)Manhattan)• 700 rooms700 rooms• 2,000 windows2,000 windows• 1,250 fireplaces1,250 fireplaces• 67 staircases67 staircases

VersaillesVersailles

• Louis XIV (1638-1715) – YouTubeLouis XIV (1638-1715) – YouTube

• The Three Musketeers (3/5) Movie CLIP - The Three Musketeers (3/5) Movie CLIP - Richelieu's Report (1973) HD – YouTubeRichelieu's Report (1973) HD – YouTube

• The Three Musketeers (5/5) Movie CLIP - The Three Musketeers (5/5) Movie CLIP - The White Ball (1973) HD – YouTubeThe White Ball (1973) HD – YouTube

• ◄ ◄ Chateau de Versailles, France [HD] ► - Chateau de Versailles, France [HD] ► - YouTubeYouTube

Disastrous WarsDisastrous Wars

• Most powerful country in the world under Most powerful country in the world under Louis XIVLouis XIV

• After invading Spanish Netherlands and After invading Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Netherlands to expand France’s Dutch Netherlands to expand France’s borders the rest of Europe formed borders the rest of Europe formed alliancesalliances against France against France

• Constant warfare and high Constant warfare and high taxestaxes began to began to take their toll on the French people.take their toll on the French people.

War of Spanish Succession War of Spanish Succession

• 1700 King of Spain died 1700 King of Spain died and Louis XIV’s and Louis XIV’s grandsongrandson became king became king

• In the In the War of Spanish War of Spanish Succession Succession most of most of Europe then attacked to Europe then attacked to prevent the joining of the prevent the joining of the empiresempires

• War ended in 1714 with War ended in 1714 with the agreement that the the agreement that the crowns would not be crowns would not be unitedunited

•

Louis XIV’s deathLouis XIV’s death

• Realized he Realized he ruinedruined FranceFrance

• Died in bed in 1715Died in bed in 1715

• French people French people rejoicedrejoiced

• Mixed LegacyMixed Legacy

Compare and contrast Compare and contrast Philip II and Louis XIV.Philip II and Louis XIV.

What have we learned What have we learned about Russia so far?about Russia so far?

Absolute Rulers of RussiaAbsolute Rulers of Russia

• Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible• Was a good ruler Was a good ruler

until his wife until his wife Anastasia diedAnastasia died

• Blamed the boyars- Blamed the boyars- nobles- for her nobles- for her deathdeath

• Executed many of Executed many of the nobles using the nobles using secret policesecret police

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• Peter the Peter the Great- - reformer who reformer who westernized Russiawesternized Russia

• Increased the Increased the Czar’s powerCzar’s power

• Russia had fallen Russia had fallen behind Europe due behind Europe due to to MongolMongol rule and rule and religious differencesreligious differences

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• WesternizationWesternization- process of modernizing - process of modernizing and industrializing Russia to make it more and industrializing Russia to make it more like Western Europelike Western Europe

• Peter traveled to Europe to learn Peter traveled to Europe to learn European European customs and manufacturing customs and manufacturing techniquestechniques

• Trip inspired him to westernize RussiaTrip inspired him to westernize Russia

• He saw it as a way to make Russia He saw it as a way to make Russia strongerstronger

Peter’s ReformsPeter’s Reforms

• Increased his Increased his powerpower– Abolished patriarch and established Holy Abolished patriarch and established Holy

Synod under his controlSynod under his control

• Modernized the Modernized the armyarmy– Hired European soldiers to train his Hired European soldiers to train his

armyarmy

• Improved Improved educationeducation– Started a school of navigation and arts Started a school of navigation and arts

and sciencesand sciences

Other westernizationsOther westernizations

• Brought in potatoesBrought in potatoes

• Started the first newspaperStarted the first newspaper

• Raised the status of womenRaised the status of women

• Ordered nobles to give up traditional Ordered nobles to give up traditional clothesclothes

Establishing St PetersburgEstablishing St Petersburg

• St. Petersburg- St. Petersburg- Russia’s first warm Russia’s first warm water portwater port

• Window to EuropeWindow to Europe

How did Peter the Great How did Peter the Great change Russia?change Russia?

Parliament Limits the Parliament Limits the English MonarchyEnglish Monarchy

Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth I

• Elizabeth IElizabeth I- - absolute ruler of absolute ruler of England England

• Had many Had many problems with problems with Parliament, mostly Parliament, mostly over moneyover money

• Left a huge debt Left a huge debt upon her deathupon her death

James IJames I

• Had similar Had similar problems over problems over moneymoney

Charles ICharles I

• Charles ICharles I- ruler of - ruler of England, in constant England, in constant disagreements with disagreements with ParliamentParliament

• Always needed Always needed money due to wars money due to wars with Spain and Francewith Spain and France

• When When ParliamentParliament refused to give him refused to give him money he dissolved itmoney he dissolved it

English Civil WarEnglish Civil War

• English Civil War -English Civil War -1642-1649, war 1642-1649, war between Royalists between Royalists and supporters of and supporters of ParliamentParliament

• Charles became Charles became less and less less and less popular as he popular as he continued to raise continued to raise taxestaxes

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

• Oliver Cromwell- Oliver Cromwell- General for the General for the PuritansPuritans

• Turned the tide of Turned the tide of the warthe war

• Capture Charles I Capture Charles I in 1647in 1647

Off with his headOff with his head

• 16491649• Charles I was brought to trial for Charles I was brought to trial for

treason against Parliamenttreason against Parliament• Convicted and beheadedConvicted and beheaded• 11stst time a reigning monarch was time a reigning monarch was

executedexecuted

Cromwell’s RuleCromwell’s Rule

• 16491649• Abolished the Abolished the

monarchmonarch and and established the established the House of LordsHouse of Lords

• Established a Established a republicanrepublican form form of governmentof government

• Crushed an Irish Crushed an Irish uprisinguprising

Restoration and RevolutionRestoration and Revolution

• Restoration Restoration – – reestablished the reestablished the monarchymonarchy

• 1658 Cromwell dies 1658 Cromwell dies and the next year and the next year Parliament asks Parliament asks Charles I son to ruleCharles I son to rule

• Charles II comes to Charles II comes to rule in 1659rule in 1659

Habeas corpusHabeas corpus

• Habeas corpus-Habeas corpus-“to “to have the body”have the body”

• 1679 law gave every 1679 law gave every prisoner the right to prisoner the right to obtain a document obtain a document ordering that the ordering that the prisoner be brought prisoner be brought before a judge to before a judge to specify the chargesspecify the charges

Why is habeas corpus Why is habeas corpus important?important?

Importance of habeas Importance of habeas corpuscorpus

• Can’t put someone in jail for no Can’t put someone in jail for no reasonreason

• Can’t hold prisoners for an indefinite Can’t hold prisoners for an indefinite amount of time before trialamount of time before trial

James II and the Glorious James II and the Glorious RevolutionRevolution• Protestants were Protestants were

afraid that the afraid that the Catholic James would Catholic James would start a line of Catholic start a line of Catholic kingskings

• Glorious Revolution Glorious Revolution – James II was – James II was overthrown and his overthrown and his Protestant daughter Protestant daughter Mary and her husband Mary and her husband William of Orange William of Orange were brought to powerwere brought to power

Limit on a Monarch’s PowerLimit on a Monarch’s Power

• Under William and Under William and Mary, England Mary, England became a became a constitutional constitutional monarchymonarchy – laws – laws limit the monarch’s limit the monarch’s powerpower

What is the purpose of the What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights?Bill of Rights?

English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights

• 16891689

• English Bill of Rights-English Bill of Rights-List of things a ruler List of things a ruler could not docould not do

• No suspending Parliament’s lawsNo suspending Parliament’s laws

• No levying taxes without Parliament’s No levying taxes without Parliament’s permissionpermission

• No interfering with freedom of speech in No interfering with freedom of speech in ParliamentParliament

• No penalty for petitioning the king about No penalty for petitioning the king about grievancesgrievances

Why was the English Bill of Why was the English Bill of Rights important?Rights important?

ImportanceImportance

No monarch could rule without No monarch could rule without Parliament’s consentParliament’s consent

Precursor to American Bill of RightsPrecursor to American Bill of Rights

End of absolute monarchsEnd of absolute monarchs

Results of the Glorious Results of the Glorious RevolutionRevolution

• Formation of a limited monarchyFormation of a limited monarchy

• Direct reaction to the absolute Direct reaction to the absolute monarchies monarchies

SummarySummary

• During the age of Absolutism (1600s and During the age of Absolutism (1600s and 1700s) European monarchs centralized 1700s) European monarchs centralized political power within their nationspolitical power within their nations

• These rulers determined government These rulers determined government policy without the consent of their peoplepolicy without the consent of their people

• Divine Right- power of the absolute rulers Divine Right- power of the absolute rulers came from Godcame from God

Commonalities Commonalities

• Each ruler (Philip II, Louis XIV, Peter Each ruler (Philip II, Louis XIV, Peter the Great) centralized power the Great) centralized power

• Ruled by divine rightRuled by divine right

• Expanded their territoryExpanded their territory

Cause and effectCause and effect

• Feudal system and religious conflicts Feudal system and religious conflicts led rulers to centralize their powerled rulers to centralize their power

• Absolute rulers abused their power Absolute rulers abused their power through wars and personal gainthrough wars and personal gain

• Glorious Revolution limits the power Glorious Revolution limits the power of the English monarchyof the English monarchy