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i ABSTRACT INDONESIAN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS MOVEMENT ABROAD: HYBRID MODEL APPLICATION OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND AGENT-BASED SIMULATION By Tutik Inayati NIM : 39013005 While technology cannot be left out in today’s society, the gap in technology advancement between developed and less developed countries is getting grander. With the addition of globalisation, technology has become a tool for connecting people throughout the world. When technology becomes a priority, developed countries invite highly skilled talents, including from less developed countries. The movement of scientists and engineers internationally is a crucial problem for Indonesia, since the outmigration of high-skilled human capital is not a priority to set, yet Indonesians are more interested to work abroad due to higher life quality, more appreciation on the skill, and more advanced research facilities. The lack of science and engineering university graduates also shows that Indonesia has low stock of scientists and engineers. Another condition is Indonesia’s annual budget for research and development is very low compared to its neighbouring countries. It is intended for Indonesian government to take a look into this circumstance more urgently. The research has three objectives. First, is to model the mechanism of Indonesian scientists and engineers’ movements that can collect perspective of stakeholders and to understand how these movements affect technology and economy development. Second objective is to model the behaviour of scientists and engineers regarding their decision of studying and working and what factors may affect them. The last objective is to conduct policy scenarios and how policy recommendations can influence technology and economic development. This research utilises hybrid model application of System Dynamics and Agent-based Modelling and Simulation. This research is using data that can be publicly accessed and several assumptions from literature reviews and interviews to make realistic individual choices and behaviour. Data collection is conducted in three ways: questionnaires, interviews, and secondary data available publicly. In System Dynamics model and simulation, parameters are seen from macroscopic perspective. There are two types of simulation’ purposes: first, is to search which parameter can have most optimal solution that can be used as policy recommendation, and second is to do sensitivity of uncertain variables using three standard testing (best to worst case). Five policy scenarios are Government funding for universities, increase in scholarship, incentives for attracting students abroad to return home, research and development expenditure, and incentives for

ABSTRACT INDONESIAN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS … · pengembalian berketerampilan tinggi di luar negeri, PDB untuk pendidikan tinggi, tingkat input Indonesia berketerampilan tinggi,

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Page 1: ABSTRACT INDONESIAN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS … · pengembalian berketerampilan tinggi di luar negeri, PDB untuk pendidikan tinggi, tingkat input Indonesia berketerampilan tinggi,

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ABSTRACT

INDONESIAN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS MOVEMENT

ABROAD: HYBRID MODEL APPLICATION OF SYSTEM

DYNAMICS AND AGENT-BASED SIMULATION

By

Tutik Inayati

NIM : 39013005

While technology cannot be left out in today’s society, the gap in technology

advancement between developed and less developed countries is getting grander.

With the addition of globalisation, technology has become a tool for connecting

people throughout the world. When technology becomes a priority, developed

countries invite highly skilled talents, including from less developed countries.

The movement of scientists and engineers internationally is a crucial problem for

Indonesia, since the outmigration of high-skilled human capital is not a priority to

set, yet Indonesians are more interested to work abroad due to higher life quality,

more appreciation on the skill, and more advanced research facilities. The lack of

science and engineering university graduates also shows that Indonesia has low

stock of scientists and engineers. Another condition is Indonesia’s annual budget

for research and development is very low compared to its neighbouring countries.

It is intended for Indonesian government to take a look into this circumstance

more urgently. The research has three objectives. First, is to model the mechanism

of Indonesian scientists and engineers’ movements that can collect perspective of

stakeholders and to understand how these movements affect technology and

economy development. Second objective is to model the behaviour of scientists

and engineers regarding their decision of studying and working and what factors

may affect them. The last objective is to conduct policy scenarios and how policy

recommendations can influence technology and economic development. This

research utilises hybrid model application of System Dynamics and Agent-based

Modelling and Simulation. This research is using data that can be publicly

accessed and several assumptions from literature reviews and interviews to make

realistic individual choices and behaviour. Data collection is conducted in three

ways: questionnaires, interviews, and secondary data available publicly. In

System Dynamics model and simulation, parameters are seen from macroscopic

perspective. There are two types of simulation’ purposes: first, is to search which

parameter can have most optimal solution that can be used as policy

recommendation, and second is to do sensitivity of uncertain variables using three

standard testing (best to worst case). Five policy scenarios are Government

funding for universities, increase in scholarship, incentives for attracting students

abroad to return home, research and development expenditure, and incentives for

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patents produced. From the simulation, among five scenarios there is one scenario

that has the most optimal result among others; that is increase in scholarships. To

justify this result, eight parameters are set to seek for parameters that have large

influences: rate of return of high-skilled abroad, GDP for tertiary education, input

rate high-skilled Indonesia, patents per high-skilled, postgraduate enrolment

Indonesia, R&D expenditure, scholarship, and undergraduate enrolment rate

Indonesia.

In hybrid model, there are four types of agents that are being analysed through

agent-based model style and four variables on System Dynamics side. To test the

sensitivity of this model and what factors may be influential, four parameters are

applied: adding scholarship for undergraduate program, adding scholarship for

postgraduate program, tolerance level of natives in Indonesia, and tolerance level

of natives abroad. These parameters are broken down into three levels: worst,

moderate, and best level. From all 3,240 trial runs based on four parameters, the

conclusion that can be achieved is that adding scholarship both for undergraduate

and postgraduate students can significantly change the number of students,

scientists and engineers, the number of patents, and GDP. Therefore, from two

types of modelling, educational policy giving scholarship for undergraduate and

postgraduate programs show significant results for development and innovation,

quantitatively. The next recommendation is to increase research facilities to

arouse technology innovation and giving appropriate base for scientists and

engineers abroad to return home. The last recommendation is to connect to private

industries on research activities basis and in addition market the technology

innovation to the industries. Further research can include more complete data

from the Government to generate optimal simulation results. Secondly, diaspora is

one effort that Indonesian Government tries to link in order to have knowledge

transfer, next research discussion should be about whether diaspora is effective to

compensate the limited scientists and engineers, domestically.

Keyword: Scientists and engineers, agent-based model, system dynamics,

international

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ABSTRAK

PERGERAKAN ILMUWAN DAN INSINYUR KE LUAR

NEGERI: APLIKASI MODEL HIBRIDA DINAMIKA SISTEM

DAN SIMULASI BERBASIS AGEN

By

Tutik Inayati

NIM : 39013005

Di saat teknologi tidak bisa ditinggalkan di masyarakat saat ini, kesenjangan

dalam kemajuan teknologi antara negara-negara maju dan yang kurang

berkembang semakin besar. Ditambah globalisasi, teknologi telah menjadi alat

untuk menghubungkan orang di seluruh dunia. Ketika teknologi menjadi prioritas,

negara-negara maju mengundang talenta yang sangat terampil, termasuk dari

negara-negara yang kurang berkembang. Pergerakan ilmuwan dan insinyur

internasional merupakan masalah krusial bagi Indonesia, karena perpindahan

sumber daya manusia yang berketerampilan tinggi bukan prioritas untuk

ditetapkan, namun orang Indonesia lebih tertarik untuk bekerja di luar negeri

karena kualitas hidup yang lebih tinggi, lebih banyak penghargaan pada

keterampilan, dan fasilitas penelitian yang lebih maju. Kurangnya lulusan

universitas jurusan sains dan teknik juga menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki

ketersediaan ilmuwan dan insinyur yang rendah. Kondisi lain adalah anggaran

tahunan Indonesia untuk penelitian dan pengembangan sangat rendah

dibandingkan dengan negara-negara tetangga. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar

pemerintah Indonesia lebih memperhatikan keadaan ini. Penelitian ini memiliki

tiga tujuan. Pertama, adalah memodelkan mekanisme pergerakan ilmuwan dan

insinyur Indonesia yang dapat mengumpulkan perspektif pemangku kepentingan

dan memahami bagaimana gerakan ini mempengaruhi perkembangan teknologi

dan ekonomi. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk memodelkan perilaku para ilmuwan dan

insinyur mengenai keputusan mereka untuk belajar dan bekerja dan faktor-faktor

apa yang dapat memengaruhi mereka. Tujuan terakhir adalah untuk melakukan

skenario kebijakan dan bagaimana rekomendasi kebijakan dapat mempengaruhi

perkembangan teknologi dan ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan aplikasi

model hybrid antara Dinamika Sistem dan Simulasi dan Model berbasis Agen.

Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang dapat diakses publik dan beberapa asumsi

dari tinjauan literatur dan wawancara untuk membuat pilihan dan perilaku

individu yang realistis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tiga cara: kuesioner,

wawancara, dan data sekunder tersedia untuk umum. Dalam model dan simulasi

Dinamika Sistem, parameter dilihat dari perspektif makroskopis. Ada dua jenis

tujuan simulasi: pertama, untuk mencari parameter mana yang dapat memiliki

solusi paling optimal yang dapat digunakan sebagai rekomendasi kebijakan, dan

yang kedua adalah melakukan sensitivitas variabel tidak pasti menggunakan tiga

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pengujian standar (kasus terbaik ke terburuk). Lima skenario kebijakan adalah

pendanaan pemerintah untuk universitas, peningkatan beasiswa, insentif untuk

menarik siswa ke luar negeri untuk pulang ke rumah, pengeluaran penelitian dan

pengembangan, dan insentif untuk paten yang dihasilkan. Dari simulasi, di antara

lima skenario ada satu skenario yang memiliki hasil paling optimal antara lain;

yaitu peningkatan beasiswa. Untuk membenarkan hasil ini, delapan parameter

ditetapkan untuk mencari parameter yang memiliki pengaruh besar: tingkat

pengembalian berketerampilan tinggi di luar negeri, PDB untuk pendidikan tinggi,

tingkat input Indonesia berketerampilan tinggi, paten per keterampilan tinggi,

pendaftaran pascasarjana Indonesia, pengeluaran riset dan pengembangan,

beasiswa, dan tingkat pendaftaran sarjana Indonesia.

Dalam model hibrida, ada empat jenis agen yang dianalisis melalui gaya model

berbasis agen dan empat variabel di sisi System Dynamics. Untuk menguji

sensitivitas model ini dan faktor-faktor apa yang mungkin berpengaruh, empat

parameter diterapkan: menambah beasiswa untuk program sarjana, menambah

beasiswa untuk program pascasarjana, tingkat toleransi penduduk asli di

Indonesia, dan tingkat toleransi penduduk asli di luar negeri. Parameter ini

dipecah menjadi tiga level: level terburuk, sedang, dan terbaik. Dari semua 3.240

uji coba berjalan berdasarkan empat parameter, kesimpulan yang dapat dicapai

adalah bahwa menambahkan beasiswa baik untuk mahasiswa sarjana dan

pascasarjana dapat secara signifikan mengubah jumlah siswa, ilmuwan dan

insinyur, jumlah paten, dan PDB. Dari dua jenis pemodelan, kebijakan pemberian

beasiswa untuk program sarjana dan pascasarjana menunjukkan hasil yang

signifikan untuk pengembangan dan inovasi, secara kuantitatif. Rekomendasi

berikutnya adalah meningkatkan fasilitas penelitian untuk membangkitkan inovasi

teknologi dan memberikan dasar yang sesuai bagi para ilmuwan dan insinyur di

luar negeri untuk pulang. Rekomendasi terakhir adalah untuk terhubung ke

industri swasta berdasarkan aktivitas penelitian dan di samping itu memasarkan

inovasi teknologi ke industri.

Kata kunci: Ilmuwan dan insinyur, model berbasis agen, dinamika sistem,

internasional