(Abstract) - University of Calicutuniversityofcalicut.info/syl/Malayalam_Sylla_16.pdf · 2010-02-02 · 28.04.2009 and 30.-1.2009 prepared the syllabus under Choice based Credit Semester

1

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT(Abstract)

UG Programme in Malayalam under Choice based Credit Semester System –Scheme andSyllabus - implemented with effect from 2009 admission – approved - Orders issued.————————————————————————————————————————

GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH – I ‘B’ SECTION

No.GAI/B2/368/09 Dated, Calicut University. P.O., 25.06.2009————————————————————————————————————————Read: 1. U.O.No. GA I/J2/3601/08 Vol. II dated 19.06.2009.

2. Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG) held on30.01.2009 and 28.04.2009.

3. Minutes of the meeting of the Faculty of Language & Literature held on06.05.2009 item II 6

4. Minutes of the meeting of the Academic Council held on 14.05.2009 itemNo. II H6

O R D E R1. Choice Based Credit Semester System and Grading has been introduced for

UG Courses in affiliated colleges in the University with effect from 2009 onwards and theregulation for the same implemented vide paper cited 1 above

2. The meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG)at its meeting held on28.04.2009 and 30.-1.2009 prepared the syllabus under Choice based Credit SemesterSystem and resolved to approve the same vide paper read 2nd above. The minutes of themeeting of Board of Studies was approved by the meetings of Faculty of Language andLiterature and Academic Council vide papers read 3rd and 4th above.

3. Sanction has therefore been accorded for implementing the scheme andsyllabus for UG Malayalam under CCSS in affiliated colleges in the University with effect from2009 admission.

Orders are therefore issued accordingly.

The scheme and syllabus is appended herewith.

Sd/-

DEPUTY REGISTRAR (G&A-I)For REGISTRAR.

ToThe Principals of all Arts and Science Colleges.

Copy to: CE/EX Section/PG.DR/AR BA Branch/System Administrator

With a request to upload in the University WebsiteLibrary/GAI ‘F’ Section/SF/DF/FC/EG Section

Forwarded / By Order

SECTION OFFICER

2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTMALAYALAM B.A DEGREE PROGRAMME

CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM

SYLLABUS

2009 - 10

3

BapJw

2009˛10 A≤y-b\ h¿jw apX¬ tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-im-ebv°v Iogn-ep≈ tImtf-Pp-

Ifnse _ncp-Z-]-T\w Choice Based Credit & Semester (CCSS)- tebv°v amdp-I-bm-Wv. hm¿jnI

]co-£-Ifpw am¿°ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ aqey-\n¿Æ-bhpw CtXm-Sp-IqSn C√m-Xm-Ipw.

D∂X hnZym-`ymk cwKØv temI-sØ-ºmSpw D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ß-fpsS ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \mSn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-SpØp sIm≠p≈

]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb P\-ßƒ GsXmcp kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw

kº-Øm-Wv. cmjvS \n¿ΩmW ]In-b-bn¬ Xß-fp-tS-Xmb ]¶v hln-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Ah¿°v

e`y-am-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠v. Aßs\ kw`-hn-®n-s√-¶n¬ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy¿

_m[y-Xbpw Ib-‰n-A-b-°m-hp∂ D¬∏-∂-hpambn amdpw. Cu ÿnXn Hcp kaq-l-Øn\pw qjWa√.

Adn-hns‚ hnX-c-W-a√, Adn-hns‚ krjvSn-bmWv D∂X hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠v e£y-am-

°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p- klm-b-I-am-IWw ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw t_m[-\-k-º-Zm-b-hpw. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂

]m]y-Xbpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Xpey-\o-Xnbpw GsXmcp ]cn-jv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-Ø-d-bm-bn-

cn-°-Ww.

tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk cwKØv \S-∏m°nb ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jv°-cWw Hcp

hymg-h´w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-°-gn-™p. hnZym¿∞n tIµn-Xhpw ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb B ]mTy-

]-≤-Xn-bn-eqsS s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Snb hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWv Ct∏mƒ tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ FØp-

∂-Xv. _ncp-Z-tIm-gvkp-I-fpsS ]p\x-kw-Lm-S\w AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

Cu hkvXp-X-Ifpw D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymk Iu¨kn-ens‚ am¿§ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw IW-°n-se-

SpØp sIm≠mWv _ncpZ ]T-\-Øns‚ kne-_kv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

hyXy-kvX-ambn At\Iw A[ym-]-I¿ kne-_kv Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]In-b-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-

´p≠v. XpS°w F∂ \nebv°v t]mcm-bva-Iƒ D≠m-Ipw. AsXms° ASpØ L´-Øn¬ Xncp-

Øm-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q.

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn kl-I-cn® F√m-h¿°pw \µn.

28.04.09

4



1. ]co£ Dƒs∏sS 90 ]hrØn Znh-k-ß-fp≈ 6 ska-Ã-dp-Iƒ sIm≠mWv Cu t]mKmw ]q¿Øn-

bm-Ip-∂-Xv.

2. 4 Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImgvkp-I-fmWv Cu t]mKm-an-ep-≈-Xv.

A. tIma¨ tImgvkv, B. tIm¿ tImgvkv, C. tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv, D. Hm∏¨ tImgvkv

3. F√m tImgvkp-Iƒ°pw IqSn 120 sIUn-‰m-Wp-≈-Xv.

4. 5˛mw ska-Ã-dnse Hm∏¨ tImgvkn\v 3 hnj-b-ß-fmWv \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm tImtf-

Pn\pw Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu tImgvkp-Iƒ ae-bmf `mjbpw

kmln-Xyhpw sF—n-I-ambn FSpØv ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp-≈-X-√.

5. 6˛mw ska-Ã-dnse tIm¿ tImgvknse 15˛m-asØ tImgvkv Ce-IvSohv tImgvkm-Wv. 3 hnj-b-ßƒ

\n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm tImtf-Pn\pw Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

6. 5, 6 ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-embn tImgvkv h¿°v/t]mPIvSv h¿°v \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v. 2 aWn-°q¿ hoXw

CXn\p th≠n \o°n-sh-®n-´p-≠v. 6˛m-asØ ska-Ã-dn-emWv ]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm°n ka¿∏n-

t°-≠-Xv.

7. tImgvkv h¿°v/t]mPIvSv h¿°ns‚ `mK-ambn sNøm-hp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ:

(a) 25 ^pƒ kvIm∏n¬ Hcp ]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

(b) Hcp t\mh¬/sNdp-IYm kam-lmcw/IhnXm kam-lmcw/\mSIw/Xnc-°Y/kmln-Xy-]-T\w

Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.

(c) Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp tUmIyq-sa‚dn/lkz-NnXw \n¿Ωn-°p-I (So-aw-K-ßƒ

7 t]cn¬ IqS-cp-Xv)

8. aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øns‚ 75% FgpØp ]co-£bpw 25% Ct‚-W¬ Ask- vsa‚pw Bbn-cn-°pw.

9. ]co-£bv°v 4 Xcw tNmZy-ßƒ D≠m-Ipw.

(a) Objective Type , (b) Short Answer, (c) Short Essay, (d) Long Essay

10. Assk≥sa‚ v, sSÃv t]∏¿ (Np-cp-ßn-bXv 2 FÆw), lmP¿, skan-\m¿ F∂n-h- ASn-ÿm-\-

am-°n-bmWv Ct‚-W¬ A kvsa‚ v. kne-_- ns‚ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn\v skan-

\mdpw Assk≥sa‚pw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

* * * * *

5

B.A. Malayalam Degree ProgrammeCarriculam

Core Course kz¥w `mj-tbm-Spw kwkvIm-c-tØmSpw ⁄m\-hy-hÿtbmSpw D≈ Xm¬]cyw kmln-Xym-

kzm-Z-\-Øn-eqsS hnI-kn-∏n-°¬.

ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb

kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-im-kvXhpw kn≤m-¥hpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.

ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf kmwkvIm-

cnI ]cn-t]-£y-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°¬.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI hyXn-cn-‡-X-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb coXn-

bn¬ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ tijn ssIh-cn-°¬.

kuµ-cy-im-kvX-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-bs∏S¬

tIc-f-Ønse Iem-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sfbpw ]ÿm-\-ß-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-ßƒ a\- n-em-°¬

B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kvX-Øns‚ kmam-\y-k-¶¬∏-ßƒ ]cn-N-bn-°¬.

emwKzPv em_ns\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb `mjm-]-T\w

ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xhpw thdn´ hgn-Ifpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬.

KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hgn-Ifpw cq]-ssh-hn-[yhpw a\- n-em-°¬.

Zriy-˛-im-hy-˛-A-®Sn am[y-a-ßsf Bi-bn-®p≈ `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

Ie-I-fpsS cq]-s∏-S¬, hnImkw F∂n-h-bpsS Ncn-X-]-Xyb-imkvX ]cn-k-c-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈

[mcW cq]-s∏-S¬.

]T-\-bm-X-I-fn-eqsS tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI apZ-Isf t\cn´p ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.

Complementary Course tIc-f-Øns‚ NcnX L´-ßfpw kwkvIm-chpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

B[p-\nI tIc-f-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw a\- n-em-°¬

NcnX cN-\-bpsS kn≤m-¥-ßfpw k¶¬]-t`-Z-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈¬

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\hpw KmaoW kwkvIr-Xnbpw Dƒs°m-≈¬

Open Course kmln-Xy-]-T-\sØ ka-Im-enI ]k-‡n-tb-dp-∂, sXmgn¬ km[yX h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ a‰p Iem-

ta-J-e-I-fp-ambpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-I-fp-ambpw _‘n-∏n®v ]Tn-°¬

* * * * *

6

I Common Course (English) 4 3 3

Common Course (English) 5 3 3

MA1A07(01) Common Course 7 25% 75% 18

k¿Km-flI cN\bpw

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijnbpw 4 4 3

MA1B01 Core Course I `mjbpw kmln-Xy-hpw˛

]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkvXw 6 4 3

Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw) 3 2 3

MA1C01 IInd Complementary

tIc-f-]-T-\w ˛ BZy-Ime tIcfw 3 2 3

II Common Course (English) 4 4 3

Common Course (English) 5 4 3

MA2A08(01) Common Course 8 hnh¿Ø\hpw 4 4 3

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

MA2B02 Core Course II IYm-km-lnXyw 6 4 3 25% 75% 20


MA2C02 IInd Complementary tIc-f-]-T-\w ˛ 3 2 3

a[y-Ime tIcfw

III Common Course (English) 5 4 3

MA3A09(01) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnXyw 5 4 3

MA3B03 Core Course III am[ya ]T\w 5 4 3

MA3B04 Core Course IV \mSIw 4 4 3 25% 75% 20


MA3C03 IInd Complementary tIc-f-]-T-\w˛ 3 2 3

A[n-\n-thiIme tIcfw

IV Common Course (English) 5 4 3

MA4A10(01) Common Course 10

kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw 5 4 3

MA4B05 Core Course V ae-bmf IhnX˛]q¿∆-L´w 5 4 3

MA4B06 Core Course VI mjm imkvXhpw

`mjmNcn-Xhpw 4 4 3 25% 75% 20


MA4C04 IInd Complementary tIc-f-]-T-\w ˛ 3 2 3

B[p-\n-I tIcfw



Sem. Course TitleInsti/hrs/week

CreditExamHrs.

Marks

Int Ext

TotalCreditCode No.

7


CreditExamHrs.

Marks

Int Ext

TotalCredit

V MA5B07 Core Course VII hymI-cWw 5 4 3

MA5B08 Core Course VIII ae-bmf IhnX

\thm-∞m-\-L´w 5 4 3

MA5B09 Core Course IX kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ 5 4 3

MA5B10 Core Course X KZykmlnXyw 5 4 3 25% 75% 20

MA5D01 Open Course I \mS-I-]-T\w 3 4 3

MA5D02 kvXo]-T\w

MA5D03 Ne-®n-X-]-T\w

Course Work/Project Work 2 -

VI MA6B11 Core Course XI \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw 5 4 3

MA6B12 Core Course XII ae-bmf IhnX

˛ DØ-c-L´w 5 4 3

MA6B13 Core Course XIII ae-bmf

kmlnXyhna¿i\w 5 4 3

MA6B14 Core Course XIV tIc-fob-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ 5 4 3 25% 75% 22

MA6B15(E)01 Elective ssk_¿ ae-bmfw 3 2 3

MA6B15(E)02 hnh¿Ø\w

MA6B15(E)03 \h-kw-kvImc ]-T-\-ßƒ

MA6B16(Pr) Course Work/Project Work 2 4

Code No.

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

B.Com DEGREE PROGRAMME

I MA1A07(02) Common Course 7 25% 75%

k¿Km-flI cN\bpw


II MA2A09(02) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnXy 5 4 3

]cn-Nbw


CreditExamHrs.

Marks

Int Ext

TotalCredit

Code No.

8

B.Sc DEGREE PROGRAMME (In Other Pattern)

I MA1A07(03) Common Course 7 25% 75%

k¿Km-flI cN\bpw


II MA2A09(03) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnXy 5 4 3

]T\w


CreditExamHrs.

Marks

Int Ext

TotalCredit

Code No.

9

ska-Ã¿ I

tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 7

k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

k¿§m-flI Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I, kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-hm\p≈ tijn hf¿Øp-I.

Bi-b-hn-\n-ab-tijn hf¿Øp-I.

hnhn[ kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS cN-\m-X-¥-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

cN-\m-ti-jnsb hn]p-e-am-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-w hn[w hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ Adnhpw

Ah-t_m-[hpw \¬Ip-I.

\ΩpsS ImesØ Zriy-˛-im-hy˛ Bib hn\n-a-tbm-]m[n-Iƒ ê-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥

]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1 : FgpØns‚ kmam\y \nb-a-ßƒ

a) sNdp-I-Y, Ihn-X, t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y F∂o kmlnXycq-]-ßƒ, hnhn[-Xcw Fgp-Øp-I-

fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

b) ]apJ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS cN-\-Isf°pdn®p \S-Ønb \nco-£-W-ßƒ hmbn-°p-I.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v :

k¿K-km-lnXn

Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p (ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc) ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

Fs‚ IhnX ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n

(sshtem-∏n≈n kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw˛2)

Fs‚ ]Wn-∏pc (C-S-t»-cn-bpsS ]_-‘-ßƒ) ˛ CS-t»cn

cwK-]-km-[\w ˛ Hcp Ie-˛(-\m-S-I-Z¿i\w) ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈

IY-bn¬ \n∂v Xnc-°-Ybntebv°v B¿.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jnWn 2006 s^_p-h-cn)

samUyqƒ 2 : cN\m ]cn-io-e\w

a) ô®¿ ssd‰nßv (td-Un-tbm, Sn.-hn., ]Xw XpS-ßnb hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-te-°p≈ ô®-dp-Iƒ

Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w) eLp-te-J, en‰n¬ amK-kn≥, hmƒ amK-kn≥ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°¬

b) hn⁄m-\m-[n-jvTnX ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS kvIn]v‰v, imkvXw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, kn\n-a, kwKo-Xw,

kvt]m¿Svkv XpSßn hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fnse hy‡n-I-fp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-Jw, PohN-cn-X-°p-dn-

∏p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w.

c) \ne-hn-ep≈ Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn tdUn-tbm, Sn.-hn. XpS-ßnb hyXykvX am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-ew-_n-t°≠ coXn-Iƒ.

d) ae-bmf `mj-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. D®m-c-Ww, hymI-c-Ww, ]Z-tIm-iw, hc-

samgn F∂n-h-bn¬ hnhn-[-am-[y-a-cq-]-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ ]cn-io-e-\w \S-Øp-I.

Code. MA1A07(01)

]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

10

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

ae-bmf ssien ˛ Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ω

ô®¿ cN\ ˛ Fw.-]n. kptc-µ≥ (Heo-hv)

Zriy `mj ˛ -sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ ---hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬

]X `mj ˛ tIcf ] v A°m-Z-an

ae-bmfw ssÃ¬ ]pkvXIw ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

samUyqƒ 3 : ae-bm-fhpw P\-]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw

P\-]n-b-kw-kvImcw ˛ ]cky cN\, ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w, hnhn[ P\-]nb amkn-I-Iƒ, h\nXm

amkn-I-Iƒ, Btcm-Ky-am-knIIƒ, Ne-®nX amkn-I-Iƒ, _me-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ, h¿Ø-am\ ]X-

ßƒ, kvt]m¿Svkv amkn-I-Iƒ, o®¿ cN-\, F v.-Fw.-F v F∂o mjmhy-h-lmc coXn-I-fn¬ ]mtbm-

KnI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-I. (hnhn[ P\-]nb am[y-a-ß-fnse hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw Fgp-Øns‚

khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw a\- n-em-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°mw.)

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

`mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ˛ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥

am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw ˛ tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬

Zriy- mj ˛ -sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥

]X-temIw ˛ FUn.-Sn.-th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥ (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw

ae-bmf `mj C‚¿ s\‰n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I. C˛Fgp-Øns‚ kmt¶-

XnIhi-ßƒ, sh∫v Fgp-Øns‚ D≈-S°w ˛ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, D≈-S° \n¿Ωn-Xn, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v-

sh-b-dp-Iƒ, sh∫v t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C˛-tP¿W-ep-Iƒ, tªmKpI-ƒ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ][m\ ssk‰p-Iƒ,

tªmKpI--fp-sS ]cn-N-bw˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw Iºyq-´-dn¬, hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn‚bpw hnX-c-

W-Øn-s‚bpw hgn-Iƒ C‚¿s\-‰n¬, ssl∏¿ sSIvÃns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, sh∫v Unssk-\n-ßv, tªmKv

\n¿Ωm-Ww Ch-bn¬ ]mtZ-in-I-amb Adn-hp-≠m-°p-I. ae-bmfw sh∫v I≠‚ v \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-io-

e-\w.

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ tUm. ANypXv i¶¿ F v. \mb¿

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

B temIw apX¬ C ˛ temIw hsc ˛ tUm.-sP.-hn.-hn-f-\new


C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ tUm.-_n.-C-Iv_m¬, sI.-c-ho-µ≥ (Unkn _pIvkv)

ssk_¿ ae-bmfw ˛ FUn.-kp-\n-X.-Sn.-hn., Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fßn-s\, -˛ tUm.-_n.-C-Iv_m¬, sI.-c-ho-µ≥ (Id‚ v _pIvkv,

F¥n\v? Xr»q¿)

* * * * *

11

ska-Ã¿ II

tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 8

hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

hnZym¿∞n-bpsS `mjm-ti-jnbpw kmln-Xy-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw hnkvXr-Xhpw kº-∂-hp-am-°p-I.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XmØzn-I-h-i-ßƒ a\- nem-°p-I, ]mtbm-KnI hi-ßƒ ]cn-io-en-°pI.

samUyqƒ 1

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmwKXyw. \n¿h-N-\-ßfpw XXz-ß-fpw, hnh¿Ø-\w, hymJym-\w, ]cm-h¿Ø-\w,

krjvSn, ]cn-`m-jm-]-In-b, hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI [¿Ωw.

hnh¿Ø-\hpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw

b¥-X¿÷-a, Iºyq-´¿ X¿÷-a, B\n-ta-j≥, X¿÷-a-bpw C‚¿s\-‰-pw, b¥-X¿÷-a-bpsS km[y-X-

Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw

hnhn-[-Xcw hnh¿Ø\ßfpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

1. kmlnXyw

2. kmln-tXy-Xcw

3. aoUn-b-Sm≥kv-te-j≥

samUyqƒ 2

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ][m\ kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fpw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ D¤-hn-°p∂ ]iv\-ßfpw a\-

n-em-°p-I, hnh¿Ø\ coXn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI F∂n-h-bmWv Cu samUyqƒsIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-

∂Xv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v :

hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ (teJ\ kam-lm-cw)

A]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w -˛ sI.-]n.- i-¶-c≥

Imhy hnh¿Ø\w˛ Nne \nco-£-W-ßƒ ˛ tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥

hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX ˛ tUm. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿

IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-ßƒ ˛ hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym¿

]mThpw ]mcm-b-Whpw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ (kmln-Xy-temIw 99 sabv ˛ Pq¨

e°w, kmlnXy A°m-U-an, Xr»q¿)

Code. MA2A08(01)

]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

12

]tbm-K-am-XrI (hn-h¿Ø-\-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Is≠-Øm≥ \n¿t±-in-

°Ww)

hm\-ºmSn (ssh-tem-∏n-≈n) ˛ Ode to the Skylark (Shelly)Cµp-te-J-bpsS H∂m-a-≤ymbw - W.DUMERGUE, C.S- s‚ Cw•ojv ]cn-`mj

(am-Xr-`qan ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)

KoXm-RvPen-: Pn.bpsS hnh¿Ø-\w -˛ Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w

`P\w ]qP-\-am-cm-[-\bpw ˛ Leave this chanting and singing

km[-\bpw tl \n¿ØpI kmt[m.......... and telling of beads............................................................ .......................................................................

tNcq th¿s∏m-sgm-Is´ Meet him and stand by him in toil and

(PnbpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, Unkn _pIvkv, 1999) sweat of thy brow (Collected poems and plays of

RabindranathTagore, Macmillan, 1967)

kzman hnth-Im-\-µs‚ Nn°mtKm ]kwKw -Address at the Final Session ( 27 September 1893)

kam-]\ ktΩ-f-\-Ønse ]kwKw AdvaitaAshrama (Publication Department) Kolkata(1893 sk]vXw-_¿ 27)

io cma-IrjvW aTw, ]pd-\m-´p-I-c, Xr»q¿

]hm-N-I≥ ˛ J-eo¬ Pn_m≥ ˛ Prophet - Kahlil GibranBcw`w apX¬ ""Ch-sb√mw D®-cn-°-s∏´ These things he said in words. But much in hishm°p-I-fm-sW-¶nepw Dcn-bm-SmØ hN-\-ß-fm¬ heart remained unsaid. For he himself couldnotlrZbw \n`r-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ ALmX speak his deeper secret - F∂-Xp-hsc. (Greatest\nKq-V-X-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah\v works of Kahlil Gibran, Jaico Publishing House,Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.'' F∂p hsc-bp≈ `mKw Bombay).(J-eo¬ Pn_m≥ IrXn-Iƒ, t]Pv 471 ˛ 473,

Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)

samUyqƒ 3

Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°p-I.

]Z-ßƒ

hmIy-ßƒ

ssien-Iƒ

]gw-sNm-√p-Iƒ

]c-ky-ßƒ

]i-kvX-cpsS ]kw-K-ßƒ

teJ-\-ßƒ (kmlnXy imkvX am\-hnI hnj-b-ßƒ)

13

samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°pI

]Z-ßƒ

hmIy-ßƒ

ssien-Iƒ

]gw-sNm-√p-Iƒ

]c-ky-ßƒ

]i-kvX-cpsS ]kw-K-ßƒ

teJ-\-ßƒ

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

1. X¿÷a : kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb

k°dnb)

2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4.

3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI tUm.hn.-B¿.]t_m-[Nµ≥ , tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)

5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZh `´-Xn-cn, kvssI _p°v]ªn-tj-gvkv,

amth-en-°c

6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm.-F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿

(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)

Assk≥-sa‚ v

k¿§m-fl-Ihpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-hp-amb GsX-¶nepw IrXn-I-fpsS/]T-\-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Cw-

•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-fØn-tet°m ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te-t°m.

GsX-¶nepw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw

imkvX-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ°v XØp-e-yamb ae-bmf ]Z-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

Cw•ojv kn\n-abv°v ae-bmfw k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

ae-bmf kn\n-abv°v Cw•ojv k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

* * * * *

14

ska-Ã¿ III

tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 9

ae-bmf kmlnXyw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpIbpw kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Xmev]cyw

P\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

hy-XykvX kmlnXy cq]-ßƒ, ]ÿm\-ßƒ F∂n-hsb hnZym¿∞n-°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

kmlnXymkzm-Z-\tijn hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

ka-Im-eo\ kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßsf°pdn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw D≠m-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xsb°pdn®v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n-°p∂ ]mT--`m-K-ß-fmWv Cu `mKØv \n¿tZ-in-°p-

∂-Xv. CXn-lm-kw, alm-Im-hyw, JWvU-Imhyw, `mh-Ko-Xn F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]ÿm-

\-ßsf°pdn®pw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww hni-Z-]-T\w \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

a) sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥ \ºym¿, ]q¥m-\w, cma-]p-cØv hmcy¿, DÆmbn hmcy¿ XpS-ßn-b-

h-cpsS cN\m coXn-Isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn

]Tn-°p-I.

1. tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw (IrjvW-KmY) ˛ sNdp-t»cn

Xs∂-b-h-∂p-t≈m-sc-√m-cp-an-ß-s\.........

...............................-B-\-µ-Km\w XpS-ßn--\m-t\..)

2. Km‘m-co-hn-em]w (kvXo]¿∆w) Fgp-Ø-—≥

3. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw ˛ Ip©≥ \ºym¿

AXp-I-≠p-l-\p-am-\p-a-Xp-ew.......

...........-ho-Wp-h-Wßn ]Zm-t¥.....)

b) Bim≥, D≈q¿, h≈-tØmƒ F∂n-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb `mhp-IXz

hyXn-bm\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. Ch-cpsS Hcp Jfi-Im-hytam Ihn-Xm-`m-Ktam hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°pIbpw

A°m-e-sØ-gp-Xnb a‰p Ihn-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp--Ibpw sNøp-I.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Nfim-e-`n-£pIn (c≠mw-Jfiw) ˛ Ipam-c-\m-i≥

ae-tI-d¬ (X-]vX-lr-Z-bw) ˛ D≈q¿

Hcp-tXm-Wn-bmX ˛ h≈-tØmƒ

c) \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hpap≈ IhnXm NcnXw kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I, ]pXnb

Code. MA3A09(01)

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

15

Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I. Bdp Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-Øn¬ aqs∂Æw hni-Z-

ambn ]Tn-°p-I.

1. k¿∏-°mSv ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n

2. Idp-Ø-sN-ń-®n-Iƒ ˛ CS-t»cn

3. _m°n-h-√-Xp-apt≠m ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvWhmcn-b¿

4. ]mhw- am-\hlrZbw ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

5. amº-g-°mew ˛ ]n.-]n. cma-N-µ≥

6. Ae-™p-Xn-cn-bp∂ IhnX ˛ dô°v Al-ΩZv

(ssh-tem-∏n≈n, kpK-X-Ip-am-cn, dô°v Al-ΩZv F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-

t°-≠Xv.)

samUyqƒ 2

ae-bmf kmlnXy NcnXw, hnIm-kw, ]cn-Wmaw F∂nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. 6 IY-I-

fn¬ \n∂v 3 FÆw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww. Hcp t\mhepw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn°-Ww.

sNdp-IY

1. ssSK¿ ˛ _jo¿

2. Hcp \km-Wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn-im-kvXhpw ˛ k°-dnb

3. hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßƒ ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

4. aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ ˛ ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ipń

5. LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw ˛ kp`m-jvN-µ≥:

6. taml-a™v ˛ sI.-B¿ aoc

(_-jo¿, Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, sI.-B¿. aoc F∂nhcpsS IY-IfmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-

t°≠Xv.)

t\mh¬

hr≤-k-Z\w ˛ Sn.-hn. sIm®p-_mh

samUyqƒ 3

a. KZy-km-ln-XysØ Ipdn®v kmam\y ]cn-Nbw D≠m-°-Ww. D]-\ym-kw, hna¿i-\w, kmlnXy

kwkvImc ]T-\-ßƒ apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ 6 teJ-\-ßfn¬ 3 FÆw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-

Ww.

1. [¿Ω-cmP (ssZ-h-\o-Xn°v Zm£n-Wy-an-√) ˛ sI. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿

2. ac-°p-cnipw hnip≤ inc pw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥

(sI.-]n. A∏s‚ sXc-s™-SpØ teJ-\-ßƒ hmfyw˛1)

3. A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Zcn-Z-am-°p∂ hyh-kmb kwkvImcw ˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥

(h¿Æ-ß-fpsS kwKo-Xw)

4. kmln-Xy-hnZy (km-ln-Xy-hn-Zy) ˛ Ipń-IrjvW amcm¿

5. Imhy-tlXp-°ƒ ˛ Fw.-sI. km\p

(Im-hy-XØz ]th-in-I) Un.-kn. _pIvkv

16

6. Zn hm-°¿ (thdn´ ImgvN-Iƒ) ˛ hn.-sI. iocm-a≥

(sI. mkvI-c≥ \mb¿, Ipń-IrjvW amcm¿, Fw.-sI. km\p F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ßfmWv Cu ska-Ã-

dn¬ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv.)

b. cwK-I-e-Iƒ, aXw, tImf-\o-I-c-Ww, tZio-b-X, Ne-®nXw, P\-]nb kwkvImcw, am[y-a-ßƒ F∂n-

h-sb-Ip-dn®v kmam\y ]cn-N-bw D≠m-IWw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v Htc-Im¶\mSIw As√-¶n¬ eLp\mS-Iw, Hcp Xnc-°Y F∂nh \n¿tZ-in°mw.

1. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv (GIm¶ \mSIw) ˛ Pn. i¶-c-]n≈

2. ImgvN (Xn-c-°-Y) ˛ ª n

samUyqƒ 4

ka-Im-eo\ kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ß-fnse ][m\ k¶-ev]-\-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hni-Z-amb ]T\w

th≠.

1. LS-\m-hmZw

2. kqN-Iw, kqNnXw

3. Nn”-imkvXw

4. A]-\n¿ΩmWw

5. tZiobX

6. ]Xy-b-imkvXw

7. kzXzw

8. hyh-lmcw

9. B[p-\n-IX

10. at\m-hn-⁄m-\obw

11. AkvXnXzhmZw

12. ]Xn-\n-[m\w

13. _lp-kz-cX

14. Iogmf ]T-\-ßƒ

15. ]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-imkvXw

16. kvXohmZw

17. A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw

18. kwkvImc hyh-kmbw

19. \h-N-cn-X-hmZw

20. BJym-\-imkvXw

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥cw ˛ ]n.-]n.-c-ho-µ≥, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-ßƒ ˛ FUn.-kn.-sP.-tPm¿÷v, _p°v thw, Xr»q¿

* * * * *

17

ska-Ã¿ IV

tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 10

kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p≈ ][m\ hkvXp-X-Ifpw kao-

]-\coXn-Ifpw hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p≈ k¶-ev]-\-ßƒ a\- n-em-°pI

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°p-I. hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-

]n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-sØ-Ip-dn®pw \mK-cn-I-X-sb Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb Adn-hp-≠m-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIm-chpw, kwkvIm-c-Øn‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-ßƒ, kwkvImc ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tSbpw

]cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚bpw L´-ßƒ ˛ hn`P\w ˛ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ, kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-ß-

fpsS BZm\ ][m-\-ßƒ, imkvXhpw kwkvIm-chpw, kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw, \mK-cn-I-Xbpw

\K-c-h¬°-c-W-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw kwkvImcw Hcp ]Inb F∂ \nebv°pw Dev]-

∂sa∂ \ne-bv°pw, kwkvIm-csØ Ipdn-®p≈ hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ˛htc-Wy-kw-kvImchpw P\-

Iob kwkvIm-chpw ˛ sXmgn-emfn h¿§ kwkvImcw ˛ kmam\y kwkvImcw ˛ kwkvImc hyh-kmbw

˛ kwkvImchpw BtKm-foI-c-Whpw ˛ hnh-c-ß-fpsS ]hmlw, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-

Ww.

samUypƒ 2

C¥y≥ kwkvImcw ˛ hnhn[ kao-]-\-ßƒ ˛ sImtfm-Wn-b¬, kmam-PyXz, anj-Wdn kao-]-\-

ßƒ ˛ Hmdn-b‚en-Ãp-I-fp-sS-bpw tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw kzman hnth-Im-\-µ≥, Ac-hnµv tLmjv, cho-

µ-\mY SmtKm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, aX\nc-t]£

kao-]-\-ßƒ ˛ _m“Wta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ]t£m-`-W-ßfpw ZfnXv apt∂-‰-ßfpw

taml≥P-Zmtcm lmc-∏≥ kwkvImcw ssP\nkw _p≤nkw Ch-bpsS kmaqly ]k‡n,

apKf cmP-kw-`m-h\ ˛ `‡n ]ÿm\w, Iebpw kmlnXyhpw ˛ _nójv A[n-\n-th-ihpw kmwkvIm-

cnI kzm[o-\hpw, kmap-Zm-bnI aX ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-ßƒ, Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Kma-kz-cm-Pv, C¥y≥

aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-sb Ipdn-®p≈ s\lvdp-hns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

Code. MA4A10(01)

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

18

samUyqƒ 3

Zmhn-U-kw-kvImcw ˛ tIc-f-Ønse ]mMv NcnX kaq-lhpw kwkvIm-chpw, tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-

Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw kzm[o\ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬, ssXh¿ÆnI kwkvImcw

˛hnhn[ aX-ßfpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw (C-…mw˛InkvXy≥˛_p-≤-˛-ssP\ apX-em-b-h) ae-bm-f

kmlnXyw ˛ cma-N-cn-X-Im-c≥, IÆ-i≥, sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥\-ºym¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛ `mjm hnImkw ˛ \mS≥-I-e-Ifpw ¢mkn-°¬ Ie-Ifpw ˛ ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-

Øns‚ hf¿®

samUypƒ 4

kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-ßƒ ˛ ]X-am-knI ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ tZiob ]ÿm\w ˛

tZiob ]ÿm\Øns‚ kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ˛ sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\w, tIcf cq]o-

I-c-Ww. Im¿jnI ]cn-jvI-c-Ww, tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I, km£-cXm ]h¿Ø-\w, A[n-ImchntI-µo-

I-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw tIc-fhpw ˛ \h-km-aqly

]ÿm-\-ßƒ ˛ tIc-fhpw ]hm-kn-I-fpw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

kwkvImc ]T\w : NcnXw, kn≤m-¥w, ]tbmKw ˛ ae-bmf ]T\ kwLw, Id‚ v _pIvkv,

tIm´bw

P\-]nb kwkvIm-cw-˛-N-cn-Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ jmPn tP°-_v, amXr- qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t°mSv

tIcf NcnXw ˛ cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw, FS-∏mƒ

tIcf kwkvImcw ˛ F.-io-[-c-ta-t\m≥

tIcf NcnXw ˛ F.-io-[-c-ta-t\m≥

tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ ˛ sI.-F≥.-K-tWjv

tIc-fo-bX˛Ncn-X-am-\-ßƒ ˛ Fw.-B¿.-cm-L-h-hm-cn-b¿

lnµp kzcmPv ˛ almflm Km‘n

C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬ ˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew ˛ F.-B¿.-tZ-imbn (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI NcnXw ˛ ]n.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

a[y-Ime tIcfw˛k-º-Øv, kaq-lw,-kw-kvImcw ˛ Fw.-B¿.-cm-L-h-hm-cy¿

(Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv)

kwkvIm-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw ˛ tUm.-sI.-F≥.-]-Wn-°¿,

Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥, Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´bw

ka-\z-bhpw kwL¿jhpw ˛ hn.-A-c-hn-µm-£≥, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv

Culture - RaymondWilliams

19

Composite Culture in a Multi Cultural Society - Edi: Bipin Chandra & Sucheta MahajanThe Idea of Culture - TerryEagleton

InterpretingEarly India - RomilaThaparCulture andCivilisationof India - D.D.KosambiAncient IndianSocialHistory - RomilaThapar

* * * * *

20

ska-Ã¿ I

tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛7

ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw

k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

hmWnPy imkvX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmln-tXy-X-c-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab

coXnIƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn Ahsc Bi-bhn-\n-a-b-Øn\v ]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

k¿§mflI cN-\-I-fn¬ Xmev]cyw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I. teJ-\w-˛-IØv F∂nh Fgp-Xp-hm\pw

X¿÷-a-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I.

hmWnPy imkvX]c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: kvac-W-Iƒ

(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mse-Æ-w ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

\mS-I-Øn\p ]n∂nse \mSIw (I¿a-hn-]mIw) ˛ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv

\nd-IpSw (Pohn-X-∏mX) ˛ sNdp-ImSv

hntZ-im-\p-`-h-ßƒ (Hm¿Øm¬ hnkva-bw) ˛ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cen

Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc (Fs‚ Pohn-X-IY) ˛ F.-sI.-Pn.

B a\p-jy≥ \oXs∂ (Ch≥ Fs‚ ]nb kn.-sP.) ˛ tdmkn tXmakv

AºXv cq] iº-f-ap≈ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ ˛ Fw.-sI.sI \mb¿

(BtcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an-√msX)

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ sNdpImSv, G.-sI.-Pn., Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cm-en, Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb¿ F∂n-h-cpsS

cN-\-Iƒ ]Tn-t°≠Xv.)

samUyqƒ 2: hnNm-c-km-lnXn (te-J\ kam-lm-cw)

(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mse-Æ-w ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

ae-bmfw ad-°p-∂-h¿ (In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS) ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

kvXo ]mXn-\n-[yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw ˛ Aa¿Xym-sk≥, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2004

(hn-I-k\w Xs∂ kzmX-¥yw)

ASp-°f Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°pI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k-^v

tIc-fo-b-Xbpw kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥, NBS tIm´-bw, 1998

(kn-\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-hpw)

^mkn-k-Øns‚ a\ximkvXw ˛ Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-µ-Ip-am¿

(_p≤s‚ Nncn)

Code. MA1A07(02)

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

21

Ie-bnse kztZin ]ÿm\hpw ]p\cp-≤m-c-Whpw ˛ hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥

(`m-c-Xo-b-Ie 20˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬)

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Aa¿Xym-sk≥, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥ F∂n-

h-cpsS teJ-\-ßfmWv ]Tn-t°≠Xv)

samUyqƒ 3

1. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb hnhn[ Fgp-Øp-IfpsS kz`mhw

2. hnhn-[-Xcw IØp-I-fpsS amXrI (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw)

3. ]c-ky-`mj (Z¿Lm-kp-Iƒ, Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, Fkv.-Fw.-F-kv., a‰p-]-c-ky-ßƒ)

4. _nkn-\ v tP¿W-enkw ( hnhn[ B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØWw Ah-bnse `mjbpw

ssienbpw a\- n-em-°-Ww)

klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ

hmWn-Py-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ 12˛mw A[ymbw hsc (tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

samUyqƒ 4: hnh¿Ø\w

hnh¿Ø\w ˛ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ ˛ tkmX-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language)

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-Ifpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw

˛ kmlnXy hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ]iv\-ßƒ ˛ imkvX-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ]tXyI ]iv\-

ßƒ ˛ ]kw-K-]-cn-`mj ˛ ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-ßƒ°p-th-≠n-

bp≈ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ ˛ ]c-ky-ßƒ, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-

Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\w. b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-cWw (Translitera-

tion) hnh¿Ø\ ]p\x-krjvSn (Transaction) F∂n-h-sb°pdn-®p≈ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-

Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

tØ-≠-Xm-Wv).

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

1. X¿÷a : kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb k°dnb)


3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI ˛ tUm.hn.-B¿.]t_m-[Nµ≥ ,


4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿


5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZh `´-Xn-cn,

kvssI _p°v]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°c

6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm.-F≥.-C.hniz-\mY Aø¿


7. `mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw.-]n.-k-Zm-in-h≥


* * * * *

22

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf `mj, kmlnXyw kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb Ipdn®v s]mXp-[m-c-W-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

`mj-bnse hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

k¿§m-flI cN-\-bn-te¿s∏-Sm-\p≈ hnZym¿∞n-bpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.

samUypƒ 1 : IY-Iƒ

(Bdv IY-I-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)

Bcm-[\ ˛ Ddq_v

lmb,v F¥p-c-k-ap≈ Ifn-Iƒ ˛ AIv_¿ I°-ń¬

Xcn-ip-\new ˛ am[-hn-°pń

£pcky-[mc ˛ kn.-hn. iocm-a≥

hnhm-l-∏n-t‰∂v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.

U¬ln 1981 ˛ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥

(Cu ska-Ãdn¬ Ddq-_v, am[-hn-°p-ń, kn.-hn. iocm-a≥, hn.-sI.-F≥. F∂n-h-cpsS IY-IfmWv ]Tn-t°-

≠Xv)

samUyqƒ 2 : Ihn-X-Iƒ

(Bdv IhnX-I-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)

Fs‚ `mj ˛ h≈-tØmƒ

Du™m¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n

\nanjw ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v

am™p-a-d™ ]q°mew ˛ ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

ag-°mew ˛ A≥h¿ Aen

arK-in-£-I≥ ˛ hnP-b-e£van

(Cu ska-Ãdn¬ h≈-tØmƒ, sshtem-∏n-≈n, hnP-b-e£van, A≥h¿ Aen F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-

IfmWv ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv.)

samUyqƒ 3 : t\mh¬

thcp-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-‰p¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥

samUyqƒ 4 : Xnc-°-Y/\mSIw

s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew ˛ ]Zva-cm-P≥ (Xn-c-°-Y)

* * * * *

ska-Ã¿ II

tIma¨ tImgvkv ˛ 9

ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw

Code. MA2A09(02)

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

23

ska-Ã¿ I

tIma¨tImgvkv 7

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]T\w

k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

]c-º-cm-K-X-a-√mØ t]mKm-ap-Iƒ°v ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI

taJe-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw hf¿Øp-I.

hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI.

imkvX-hn-j-b-ßƒ amXr-`m-j-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-°p-I.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ _me-]m-T-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1 : ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXy cN\

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hnI-kn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp kmln-Xy-im-J-bmWv imkvX-km-lnXyw. imkvX

kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w hºn-®-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂

imkvX Imcy-ßƒ efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv imkvX-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v D≠m-th-≠Xv

AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. AØcw cN-\-I-fpsS ]iv\-ßfpw ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu

tamUyq-fns‚ e£yw.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ÿm\w, ssh⁄m-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn\pw k¿Km-

fl-I-kmlnXyØn-\pw D≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ ˛ ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS ]iv\-ßƒ ˛ `mj

˛ ssien ˛ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ ˛ ]Xn-]m-Z\ coXn-bpsS ]m[m-\yw. imkvXhnj-b-ßƒ k¿Km-flI-

cN-\bv°v hnj-b-am-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ ]iv\-ßƒ.

samUyqƒ 2 : imkvX-kmlnXn (imkvX teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-cw)

1. Nne-¥n-he ˛ sI. `mkv°-c≥ \mb¿

2. Bcp-sS-bmWo `qan ˛ B¿.hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

3. \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn-s°m-cm-apJw ˛ Sn.-]-Zo]v,

(Ip-™p-I-W-ßƒ°v hk-¥w) Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

4. hwi-ß-fpsS AXn-Po-h\w ˛ Poh≥ tPm_v tXmakv

(hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ico-c-im-kvXw) Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

5. Pem-h-Imiw: `c-W-IqSw, Itºm-fw, kaqlw ˛ hµ\ inh, amXr- qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t°mSv

(P-e-bp-≤-ßƒ)

Code. MA1A07(03)

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

24

samUyqƒ 3 : Hcp imkvX-⁄s‚ Poh-N-cnXw

bq-dn-K-Km-dn≥ ˛ kn.-Pn. im¥-Ip-am¿,

tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv, Xr»q¿

samUyqƒ 4 : hnh¿Ø\w

hnh¿Ø\w ˛ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ ˛ tkmX-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language)

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-Ifpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw

˛ kmlnXy hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ]iv\-ßƒ ˛ imkvX-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse ]tXyI ]iv\-

ßƒ ˛ ]kw-K-]-cn-`mj ˛ ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-ßƒ°p-th-≠n-

bp≈ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ ˛ ]c-ky-ßƒ, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-

Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\w. b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-cWw (Translitera-

tion) hnh¿Ø\ ]p\x-krjvSn (Transcreation) F∂n-h-sb°pdn-®p≈ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-

Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

tØ-≠-Xm-Wv).

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

1. X¿÷a : kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb k°dnb)


3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI ˛ tUm.hn.-B¿.]t_m-[Nµ≥,


4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿


5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZh `´-Xn-cn,

kvssI _p°v]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°c

6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm.-F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿


* * * * *

25

ska-Ã¿ II

tIma¨tImgvkv 9

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]T\w

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw Xmev]cyw hf¿Øp-I. Bkzm-Z-\-tijn hf¿ØpI.

ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb Ipdn®v kmam-\y[mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

amXr-`m-j-bpsS sshIm-cn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-bm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-

°pI.

hnhn-[-ssh-⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Iƒ kz¥w `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-°p-I.

k¿Km-fl-I-tijn ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1 : t\mh¬

BSp-Po-hnXw ˛ _\ym-an≥ (Ko≥ _pIvkv, Xr»q¿)

samUyqƒ 2 : IYm-k-am-lmcw

(6 IY-I-fn¬ 4 FÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

sabn¬ dÆ¿ ˛ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSv

kz-]v\w-t]mse ˛ ]nb F.-F-kv.

h≠n-th-j-ßƒ ˛ sshim-J≥

aI≥ ˛ Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥

tNme-a-c-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ˛ hn.-B¿. kp[ojv

s]e-a-dpX ˛ \mcm-b≥

(Cu- ska-Ã-dn¬ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°m-Sv, ]nb F.-F-kv., sshim-J≥, \mcm-b≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-

IfmWv ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv).

samUyqƒ 3 : \mSIw

A[n\n-th-i-Øns‚ Bkp-c-h-gn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-Fw. cmL-h≥ \ºym¿

(kzm-X¥yw Xs∂ Pohn-Xw) (tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan)

samUyqƒ 4 : IhnX

]pØ≥ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw ˛ CS-t»cn

* * * * *

Code. MA2A09(03)

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

26

ska-Ã¿ ˛ 1tImgvkv ˛ 1

`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw: ]T\Øns‚ coXn-im-kvXw

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

`mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw, kaqlw F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ ]mY-anI [mc-W cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hni-I-e-\-co-Xn kzmb-Ø-am-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

kaqlw ˛ ]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-N-\w. kaq-l-]-T\w ˛ `n∂coXn-Iƒ. `mc-Xo-bhpw ]mivNm-Xy-hp-

amb ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ. ]T-\-k-º-Zm-b-ßƒ. kaq-l-Øn-\p-≈nse hy‡n-I-fpsS Iao-I-c-Whpw hy‡n-I-

fpsS [¿Ω-hpw˛ kaq-lhpw hy‡nbpw ˛ kwL¿jw, ka-\zbw. `mjbpw kaq-l-hpw. kaq-l-Øn-\p-

≈nse D]-k-aq-l-ßƒ ˛ enwKw, PmXn, aXw, h¿§w, hwiw F∂n-h-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Ah-bpsS

Iq´m-bva-I-fpw. kaq-l-Øns‚ hnI-k-\w, ]mIv NcnX kaqlw, Im¿jnI kaq-lw, \mK-cnI kaq-lw,

\mK-cn-I-Xbpw kwkvIm-chpw, s]mXp-k-aq-lhpw cmjvSob kaq-lhpw. A[n-Imc LS\, kmaq-lnI

aqey-ßƒ, aqey-ß-fpsS Bt]-£n-I-X, kmaq-lnI imkvXhpw (Sociology) CX-c-am-\-hnI hn⁄m\

imJ-Ifpw (N-cn-X-hn-⁄m-\w, \c-hwi imkvXw, hwio-b-]-T\w (Ethnology)samUyqƒ 2

`mj˛ ]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-N-\-w ˛ `mjmLS\ (`mj Hcp hyhÿ F∂ \nebv°v ZznL-S\ hni-

Zo-I-cn-°-Ww) mjm Nn”-ßƒ, mjm-Nn-”-ßfpw CXc Nn”hyhkvYIfpw Symbolic, Iconic, indexi-cal XpS-ßnb Nn”-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw `mjm Nn”-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw. `mj Bhn-jvImc

am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ D®-cnX i_vZw `mjmam[y-a-Øns‚ hkvXp-sh∂ \nebv°v ˛ `mjm i_vZ-

Øns‚ (Sound) ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛ ÿmbn (Pitch) _ew (Stress) ssZ¿Lyw (Length) `mjm-[¿Ω-ßƒ

˛ hmsamgn, hc-samgn ˛ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w, hyXymkw (`mj kwkvIm-cm¿÷-\-Øns‚ D]m[n F∂

\nebv°pw kwkvIm-c-hm-l-I-sa∂ \nebv°pw Du∂¬ \¬In ]Tn-∏n-°-Ww) `mjbpw kaq-lhpw ˛

`mjm t`Z-ßƒ ˛ `mjm ]cn-Wmaw. `mj-bpsS A¿∞-\n¿Æb LS-I-ßƒ ˛ A¿∞-hn-\n-ab coXn-

Iƒ. A`n-[, e£-W, hyRvP\ connotative, Dinotative, Emotive, Phatic.enwKw, h¿Æw, PmXn XpS-ßn-

b-h-bpsS ]-Xn-^-e\ßƒ `mj-bn¬.

samUyqƒ 3

kmln-Xyw˛ \n¿h-N-\w, kmln-Xy-`m-j. Bkzm-Z-I≥, IrXn, I¿Ømhv Chsb°pdn-®p≈ `mc-

Xo-bhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb A`n-]m-b-ßƒ. kmln-Xy-cq]w, A¿∞t_m[-\-X-¥-ßƒ, A¿∞-X-e-

Ønepw am[y-a-X-e-Ønepw I¿Ømhv kzoI-cn-°p∂ cN\m X¥-ßƒ ˛ ]m-kw, coXn, KpWw, Ae-¶m-

cw, _nw_-ßƒ, Oµ v XpS-ßn-b-hbpsS \n¿Æ-b-\hpw hnh-c-W-hpw. kmlnXy IrXn-I-fpsS hymJym\w

kn≤m-¥-ßfpw kao-]-\-ßfpw ˛ [¿Ω-hm-Z-]-cw, a\-»m-kvX-]-cw, kmaq-lnI imkvX-]cw, Poh-N-cn-

X-]cw XpSßn B[p-\nI Imew hsc-bp≈ hna¿i\ kn≤m-¥-ßsf Ipdn®v GI-tZi [mcW

hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v e`n-°-Ww. kmln-Xyhpw kuµ-cyhpw ˛ kmln-Xym-\p-`qXn ˛ kmln-Xyhpw kmln-

tXy-Xc `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw ˛ imkvXw, Ncn-Xw, Poh-N-cn-Xw, Bfl-I-Y, XXz-Nn-¥, cmjvSobw

XpS-ßn-b-h.

Code. MA1B01

]T-\-k-abw : 108 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

27

samUyqƒ 4

kwkvImcw ˛ ]m-tbm-KnI \n¿h-N-\w˛ ]T-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n˛ ]T-\-coXn ˛ tZin/am¿§n, D]cn

˛ P\-Iob Zzµz-ß-fpsS _‘hpw hyXym-khpw. kmwkvIm-cn-Im-hn-jvIm-c-ßƒ hmkvXp, NnX-sagpØv,

kwKo-Xw, A`n-\-bw, \rØw, inev]w XpS-ßn-b-h. kmlnXyw kwkvIm-cm-hn-jvIm-c-sa∂ \nebn¬.

kwkvIm-c-ssh-hn[yw h¿Æw, h¿§w, hwiw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬. kmwkvIm-cnIm[n-\n-

thiw, ]Xn-tcm-[w, ka-\z-bw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ :

]uc-kvXy-km-lnXy Z¿i\w ˛ FUn.-Fw.-F-kv.-ta-t\m≥

Imhy-Nn¥ ˛ NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\pÆn

Imhy-]o-TnI ˛ ap≠-t»cn

Imhy-X-Xz-]-th-inI ˛ Fw.-sI.-km\p

`mc-Xob Imhy-imkvXw ˛ Sn.-`m-kv°-c≥

kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ Uªyq.-F®.vlUvk¨

(H∂pw Bdpw A[ym-b-ßƒ) hnh: Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥

StudyingLiterary theory-an Introduction - Roger Webster

TheoryofLiterature - Wellak and Warren

Modern Criticism and theory - Ed.David Lodge with NigelWood

Dialecticofenlightenment - Max Horkheimer andTheodorAdorno

OnLanguage - Roman Jakobson

Culture and thought - Cole, Michel and Scribner

AScientific theoryof culture - Malinowski

FundamentalsofSociology - P.Gisbert

Structuralist poetics - JonathanCuller

Thepursuit ofSigns - JonathanCuller

Orality andLiteracy - Ong

HumanSociety - KingslyDavis

PremitiveCulture - J.B.Taylor

AncientSociety - Morgan

Culture andAnarchy - MathewArnold

Civilization - CliveBell

Literary theory - Ananthology (Ed.JulieRivkinandMichaelRyan)

* * * * *

28

ska-Ã¿ II

tImgvkv ˛ 2

IYm kmln-Xyw

Dt±iye£yßƒ

t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D≠m-°p-I.

ae-bmf t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb a\- n-em-°p-I.

ka-Im-eo\ t\mh-en-s‚bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

Ncn-X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp D¬]-∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu kmlnXy cq]-ßsf Dƒs°m-

≈p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

t\mh¬ ˛ ]m›mXy ]uckvXy \n¿h-N-\-ßƒ ˛ t\mh¬ apt∂m-Sn-Iƒ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬

˛ sdmam≥kp-Ifpw t\msh-√-Ifpw ˛ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ hniz-]-kn-

≤-ß-fmb t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-Ifpw ˛ hnt\m-Zhpw hn⁄m-\hpw ˛ a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn, Pohn-Xw,

kwkvIm-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temIw apgp-h≥ ]c-°p-∂Xv t\mh-ep-I-fn-

eqsS. `mc-Xob t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-Ifpw ˛ t\mh¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬

˛ap-t∂m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ BZysØ ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ hyXy-kvXm`n]mb-ßƒ ˛ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse t\mh-ep-

Iƒ ˛ Cµp-te-Jbpw A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw ˛ Cµpte-JbpsS Ncn-X-]-c-hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]m[m-

\yw.

Ncn-X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥ ]n≈-bpsS Ncn-X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛

]m[m\yw.

X¿÷a t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ, tSmƒtÃmbv, hnIvS¿ lyqtKm,

Nmƒkv Un°≥kv, slan-Mvth XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXnItfm cho-µ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿, _¶n-wN-µ-Nm-‰¿Pn,

Xmcm-i-¶¿ _tµym-]m-[ymb, ic-®-µ-Nm-‰¿Pn, Bim-]q¿Æm-tZ-hn XpS-ßnb C¥y≥km-ln-Xy-Im-c-

∑m-cpsS t\mh-ep-Itfm BImw.

tIc-fob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ t\mh-

ep-I-fn-eqsS amXw A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏´ AXp-hsc ]pdwtemIw Adn-bm-Xn-cp∂ Pohn-X-ßƒ ˛

km[m-W-°m-cp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw PohnXw ˛ ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-

hhpw kzm[o-\hpw t\mh-en¬, kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI ]iv\-ßƒ t\mh-en¬ ˛ t\mh¬ km[m-c-W-

°m-cs‚ Iem-cq-]-ambn amdnb kml-Ncyw. XI-gn, tIi-h-tZ-hv, _jo¿, Fkv.-sI. Ddq_v, apØn-cn-

tßmSv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.

Code. MA2B02

]T-\-k-abw : 108 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

29

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. imcZ ˛ N¥p-ta-t\m≥

2. [¿a-cmPm ˛ kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n≈

3. c≠n-S-ßgn ˛ XIgn

samUyqƒ 2

kmaq-lnI am‰-ßƒ hy‡nsb tIµo-I-cn®p sIm≠p≈ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ a\-»m-kvX-

Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛ hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw ˛ s]mcp-Ø-ßfpw s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Ifpw ˛ hy‡nbpw am\-

knI ]iv\-ßfpw ˛ `mj-bp-tSbpw cN-\-bp-tSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

cmP-e-£van, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-ń, sI. kptc-µ≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, sNdp-Im-Sv, ]md-∏p-d-Øv, ae-bm-

‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥, kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, h’-e, F≥. ]n. apl-Ω-Zv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ.

t\mh-en¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o\-ßfpw, Bhn-jv°cW coXn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ

˛ hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ ˛ hy‡n kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ ]iv\-ßƒ ˛

imkvX-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛ hnizm-k-Ø-I¿®-Iƒ ˛ aqey-Nyp-Xn-Iƒ ˛ A¥¿ap-JXzw ˛ AkvXn-Xz-kw-

_-‘n---bmb ]iv\-ßƒ ˛ cmjvSob k¶-ev]-ß-fn¬ h∂ am‰w ˛ kz]v\-ß-fpsS \jvSw ˛ ]Xo-£-

I-fpsS ssItamiw ˛ am\-knI hn`m-¥n-Iƒ, Bi-b-°p-g-∏-ßƒ/A\yh¬°-cWw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw -˛ ]md-∏p-dØv

aøgn-∏p-g-bpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬ ˛ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ≥

am‰mØn ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

t\mh¬ kmlnXy NcnXw ˛ s]m^. sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥

ae-bmf t\mh¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ˛ tUm.-tPm¿Pv Ccp-ºbw

BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ tUm. tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw

ae-bm-f-t\mhens‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ ˛ s]m^. Xpº-a¨ tXmakv

Ncn-X-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ Iev]‰ _me-Ir-jvW≥

kn.-hn. Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS ˛ Fw.-sI. IrjvW≥

]Xn-]mXw `mjWt`Zw ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

ssZh -\o-Xn°p Zm£nWy-an√ ˛ tUm. sI. `mkvI-c≥\m-b¿

t\mh¬ \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw ˛ Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

t\mhepw cmjvSo-bhpw ˛ F.-Fw. hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈

samUyqƒ 3

sNdp-I-Y-˛\n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse

sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ hniz-]-kn-≤-cmb sNdp-IYmIrØp-°ƒ sNdp-I-Y-sb∂ kmlnXy cq]-Øns‚ hf¿®

˛ bqtdm-]y≥ mj-I-fn¬ em‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥˛ B^n-°≥ mj-I-fn¬˛ a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£va-km-

£m¬°m-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ sNdp-IYbpsSÿm\w.

30

sNdp-IY `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬˛ hf¿®˛ sNdp-IY ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ sshtZin-I-kzm-[o\w BZy-

Im-e-sN-dp-I-Y-Iƒ˛ ]X-]-h-¿-Ø-\w˛ ]X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS ]Nm-cw˛ A\p-I-c-W-ßƒ˛ tIc-fo-bm-¥-co-

£-Øn¬ \S-Ønb ]p\xkrjvSn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c≥˛ BZy sNdp-I-Y˛ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\w.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°w 1930-˛-I-tfmsS cq]-s∏´ \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn h∂

XI-gn, tZhv, _jo¿, Ddq-_v, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Imcq¿, hn.-Sn. Fw.-B¿.-_n., efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P-

\w, sI.-k--c-kz-Xn-bΩ F∂nh-cpsS IY-Iƒ bYm-X-Y-k-t¶-Xw˛ km[m-c-W-a-\p-jy--cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-I-

fmb IYm-]m-X-ßƒ, kzmX¥y-k-a-c-]-›m-Ø-ew˛tIc-f-Ønse CS-Xp-]£ cmjvSob kzm[o-\w˛

]Xyb imkvX-]-c-amb kzm[o-\w˛ ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ]`m-h-Imew sNdp-I-Y-bpsS aWvU-

e-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

hmk-\m-hn-IrXn ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb\m¿

ac-∏m-h-Iƒ ˛ Imcq¿

a\p-jy-]p-Xn ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w

samUyqƒ˛ 4

a. sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ h∂ `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ˛ 1950 ItfmsS IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS am\-knI

temI-ßsf NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ \n∂p amdn B¥-c-kz-XzsØ Bhnjv-I-cn--°p-∂-Xn\p ]m[m-\yw, Sn ]fl-\m-`≥, Fw.-Sn, am[-hn-

°p-ń, F≥. taml-\≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿

]£nbpsS aWw ˛ am[-hn-°pń

sNń-∏q-°ƒ ˛ tImhn-e≥

b. B[p-\n-IXm ]ÿm\w ˛ ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xzw˛bmYm¿∞ysØ A]-cn-NnX h¬°-cn-°p-I˛

B[p-\n--IXm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cN\mX-¥w˛ hyXykvX BJym\ coXn-Iƒ˛ bqtdm∏nse AkvXn-Xz-

hm-Zw, iq\y-Xm-hmZw apX-emb Bi-b-K-Xn--I-fpsS kzm[o-\w˛ (km¿Xv, Im^vI, Iayq F∂n-h-cpsS

Z¿i-\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ASp-∏w)˛ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf XI¿°p∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°¬˛

Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-≈, H.hn hnP-b≥, Fw. apIp-µ≥, ]fl-cm-P≥, tkXp, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp-≈,

hn.-sI.-F≥. Im°-\m-S≥, k°-dn-b, B\-µv, kn.-hn. iocma≥, ]´-Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb

IYm-Ir-Øp-°ƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ˛ k°-dnb

apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºmń ˛ Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n≈

e©v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.

c. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ka-Im-enI apJw Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ B[p-\n-IXm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚

hgn-I-tfmSv Htc kabw ASp-∏hpw AI-ehpw ]pe¿Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h¿ ˛ ]mc-Un, ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘w, arK-

I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw sFXn-ly-ß-fp-sSbpw LS\ BJym\ cq]-ßƒ B[p-\n-I-X-s°-Xnscbp≈ Ielw

31

˛ ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xz-Øns‚ At\z-j-Ww˛ -kvXohmZw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w, ]m¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-

´-h-cpsS kzXzm-hn-jvIm-cw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnscbp≈ ]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS ]Xn-tcm[w ˛

kmaq-lnI PmK-X, kq£va cmjvSob ss\Xn-I-[m-cW

F≥.-F-kv. am[-h≥, F≥. ]`m-I-c≥, kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥, hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am¿, sshim-J≥,

AIv_¿ I°-ń¬, Atim-I≥ sNcp-hn¬, sI.-]n. \n¿a¬ Ipam¿, tKkn, taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥,

inlm-_p-±o≥ s]mbvXpw-I-S-hv, hn.-B¿. kp[o-jv, kmdm tPmk-^v, KoXm lnc-Wy≥, Ajn-X, Nµ-a-Xn,

knXmc Fkv., kp[o-c, sI.-B¿. aoc, sI.-]n. cma-\p-Æ-n, _n. apc-fn, kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\w, ]n. kptc-

µ≥, kp`mjv Nµ≥, B¿. DÆn, Cµp-ta-t\m≥, sI.-tcJ, [\y-cmP,v kn. A\q]v XpS-ßnb ]pXnb

Fgp-Øp-Im¿.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

H‰ ˛ hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am¿

Cu `qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠ ˛ kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥

]¥n-t`m-P\w ˛ kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

sNdp-IYm kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

sNdp-IY C∂se C∂v ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥

IYm-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ KŸm-hen

IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥

sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµ v ˛ tUm. hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥

\n»-_vZ-Xbpw \n¿Ωm-Whpw ˛ C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

IY-bpsS IY ˛ tUm.-sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZyIme sNdp-IYIƒ ˛ ì î '' ''

100 h¿jw 100 IY ˛ '' ''

sNdp-IY hm°pw hgnbpw ˛ '' ''

IY-bpw `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-ahpw ˛ '' ''

* * * * *

32

ska-Ã¿ III

tImgvkv ˛ 3

am[y-a-]-T\w

DtZiye£y-ßƒ

Bib hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ Bib hn\n-ab taJ-

e-I-fpsS km[yX Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

_lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\w (mass communication) ]›m-Ø-ew, am[y-a-]-T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkvXw F∂n-

hsb Ipdn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-I.

am[y-a-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ am\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw (Dimensions) XXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kmam\y t_m[-

ap-≠m-°p-I.

B[p-\n-I-km-t¶-XnI hnZyIfpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS am[y-a-]-h¿Ø\w F∂ -sXm-gn¬ taJ-

e-tbm-Sp≈ A`n-cpNn hf¿Øp-I.

Ne-®nX Bkzm-Z-\w, ]T-\w, Ne-®nX \ncq-]Ww F∂n-h-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-°p-I.

A®-Sn˛Zriy˛imhy˛C‚¿s\‰v taJ-e-I-fn¬ `mj-bpsS ]tbm-K-ssh-hn-≤y-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I.

kmaq-ln-I-˛-cm-jvSo-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]cn-kc-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hna¿i-

\-_p-≤n-tbmsS ]Tn-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw ]m]vXcm-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ˛]-e-Xcw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ßƒ _lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\

(mass communication) Øns‚ ]›m-Øew, A®-Sn-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw C¥y-bnse ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-

Øns‚ NcnXw, C¥y≥ ]X]h¿Ø-\-cwKw kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w

anj-W-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h\, ]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-

\hpw ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-hpw. ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XXz-ßfpw am\-ßfpw (principles and dimensions)

Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw˛hnImkw˛tdUntbm˛sSen-hn-j≥, kn\na F∂n-h-bpsS

kzm[o\w.

A®Sn am[ayw ˛ dnt∏m¿ńß.v F¥mWv hm¿Ø, hm¿Ø-bpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ ˛ hm¿Ø cq]-s∏-

Sp-Ø¬ ˛ C≥sh¿´v ]nc-anUv coXn ˛ A®Sn am[y-a-ß-fn-tebpw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fn-tebpw

dnt∏m¿ń-ßnse hyXymkw ssd‰nßv (writing) FgpØv ˛ Fgp-Øns‚ hnhn-[-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ F¥mWv

ô®¿ FgpØv, hm¿Øm ô®¿ ˛ A`n-ap-J-ßƒ ˛ tImf-sa-gpØv ˛ apJ-]-kwKw (editorial) Ce-IvtSm-

WnIvkv am[y-a-ß-fnse hm¿Ø Xøm-dm-°¬ ˛ ]t£-]-W-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v th≠ KpW-ßƒ, FUn-

Code. MA3B03

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

33

‰nwßv (editing) FUn-‰nßv ]Inb ˛ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ. tIm∏n FUn-‰nßv hm¿Ø ˛ Xe-s°´v \¬I¬

˛ C√p-kvtSj≥, ]q^v doUn-ßv, t]Pv cq]o-I-c-Ww.

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø NcnXw -˛ ]pXp-∏≈n cmL-h≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

hrØm¥ ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈

am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw -˛ Fw.-hn. tXma-kv, kmwkvIm-cnI

]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v

]X-]-h¿Ø\w `n∂-ap-J-ßƒ ˛ tIcf ] v A°m-Zan

\m\m \mZw Htc temIw ˛ ko≥amIv ss_U-v, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

hm¿Ø ˛ ]Xhpw hm¿Øbpw ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v

dnt∏m¿ńwKv ˛ ,, ,,

kºq¿Æ ]X-kw-hn-[m\w ˛ ,, ,,

hm¿Ø-bpsS inev]-ime ˛ F≥.-F≥. kXy-h-X≥

]X-`mj ˛ tIcf ]kv A°m-Uan

]X temIw ˛ Sn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v

samUyqƒ 2

Zriy-˛-imhy am-[yaßƒ ˛ ]t£-]-W-Øns‚ NcnXw ˛ ]t£-]Wkmln-Xy-Øns‚ ]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ tdUn-tbm-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw hnImkw tIc-f-Øn¬ tdUntbm ]t£-]-W-Øns‚ Bcw`w

tdUn-tbm-bv°p-th≠n kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°p-tºmƒ i≤n-t°-≠ Imcy-ßƒ tdUntbm ˛ ô®¿

˛ tdUntbm \mS-I-ßƒ, hnZym-`ymk Im¿jnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ. P\-Iob am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ tdUn-

tbm-bpsS ]k‡n ae-bmf kmln-Xy˛ kwkvIm-c ]Nmc-W-Øn¬ tdUntbm hln® ]¶v.

sSen-hn-j≥ Bhn¿`m-hw-˛-hn-Im-kw-˛-Sn.-hn. C≥Uy-bn¬˛ tIc-f-Øn¬˛ hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ˛ Sn.-

hn.-bnse hnhn[ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°¬ hm¿Ø ˛ sSen-hn-j≥ ˛ P\-]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛hn-⁄m-

\-hn-t\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ (tSm°v tjm, dnbm-en-‰n-tjm, kvt]m´v ssehv)

klmbIKŸ-ßƒ

Zriy-˛-imhy am[y-a-ßƒ ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v

Zriy-`mj ˛ sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v

sSen-hn-j≥ tPW-enkw ˛ hn.-cm-P-tKm-]m¬, Id‚ v _pIvkv

B temIw apX¬ "C'temIw hsc ˛ tUm. sP hnf-\new

samUyqƒ 3

kn\na˛Bhn¿`mhw, hf¿®, kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ, temI-kn-\na, tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-

bpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ tUmIyp-sa‚dn ˛ ô®¿ kn\n-a-I-fpsS hyXymkw, C≥Uy≥ kn\na ˛ ae-bmf

kn\na ˛ kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw, Xnc-°Y \n¿ΩmWw ˛ A\p-I-ev]\w (adaptation) Xnc-°-Ybpw

kwhn-[m-b-I\pw ˛ kn\n-a-bpsS kmt¶-XnI hi-ßƒ. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn-Xw, Ne-®n-Xhpw

t]£-I\pw, Bkzm-Z\w \ncq-]Ww, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ ae-bmf kn\n-

a-bn¬ hcp-∂-sX-ßns\, ]mtZ-in-I-kz-Xz-t_m[w (tI-c-fo-b-X) kn\na Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX-ßs\ ˛

34

kn\na ]T\w kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ. Xnc-°Ym cN-\-bpsS Iebpw kn≤m-¥hpw

klmbI KŸ-ßƒ

Ne-®n-X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v

temI-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

ae-bmf kn\n-abpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, amXr-`q-an _pIvkv

ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶-c, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

Hcp kn\na Fßs\bp≠m-Ip∂p ˛ sI.-sI. Nµ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

temI kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\n°v ˛ tUm. apc-fo-IrjvW, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw ˛ tUm. B¿.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c≥, amXr-`q-an _pIvkv

Xnc-°Ym cN-\ Iebpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬

kn\n--abpw ]Xy-b-im-kvXhpw ˛ hn.-sI. tPmk^v

Aen-hns‚ aµm-c-ßƒ ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c

kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw ˛ sI. the-∏≥

ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n ˛ hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥

kn\n-a-bpsS CS-ßƒ ˛ kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥

cmXnbpw aqS¬a™pw ˛ H.-]n. cmPvtam-l≥

NnXw Ne-®nXw ˛ a¶S chn-h¿Ω

ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp-tºmƒ ˛ sF. jäp-J-Zmkv

^nenw Ub-d-£≥ ˛ kmP≥ sXcph-∏pg

samUypƒ 4

ssk_¿ am[y-a-ßƒ : \h-am-[y-a-ßƒ ˛ C≥^¿ta-j≥ bpKw ˛ hnh-c kmt¶-XnI hnZy Bi-

b-hn-\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠m-°nb hnπ-h-ßƒ ˛ Iºyq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v ˛ C˛kmln-Xyw, C‚¿s\‰v Broadcast-

ing C‚¿s\‰v tdUn-tbm, C˛-sa-bn¬, thƒUv sshUv sh_v W.W.W) hm¿Øm-[n-jvTnX sh_vssk-‰p-

Iƒ, C˛-_p-°v, tªmKv, web ]km-[\w hnhn[ sh_v t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ kmam\y ]cn-Nbw

klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ

C‚¿s\‰v -˛ ANyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿,

tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v

C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ ANyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿,

tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v

C‚¿s\‰v Hcp ]T\w ˛ ]n.-tk-Xp-am-[-h≥, en]n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

C‚¿s\-ddpw C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ sI.-c-ho-µ≥ & tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, Unkn _pIvkv

B temIw apX¬ "C'temIw hsc ˛ tUm. sP hnf-\new, tIcf `mjm C≥kv-‰n-‰yq´v

ssk_¿ kmlnXyw ˛ kp\nX Sn.-hn. (F-Un), Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

35

samUyqƒ 5

am[ya hna¿i\w : am[y-a-ß-fpsS [m¿Ωn-IX ˛ kaq-lsØ \nb-¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-ßƒ, H∏o-\n-

b≥ eoU¿ ˛ ka-hm-b-Øn-s‚bpw kΩ-X-Øn-t‚bpw D¬∏m-Z\w ˛ am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-th-iw, P\-

]nb kwkvIm-chpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ _lp-kz-c-Xbpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw

hn]-Wnbpw

hni-Z-]-T-\Øn\p≈ teJ-\-ßƒ

a\- pw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥

am[ya [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am-‰-®-´hpw ˛ F≥.-]n. cmP-µ≥

ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm.-SnsI cma-N-µ≥

am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]Xn-tema ]IrXw ˛ cho-µ≥

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse kvXo ˛ tUm. kp[m-hm-cy¿

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm.-Sn.sI. cma-N-µ≥, amXr-`q-an

GIm-¥-\-K-c-ßƒ ˛ ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ kn.-_n. kp[m-I-c≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

t_m[-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ Imew-an-Sn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ F. Nµ-ti-J¿, sdbn≥t_m _pIvkv

kn\n-a, kaq-lw, ]Xy-b-imkvXw ˛ cho-µ≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv

am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw ˛ FUn-‰¿: ^m≥kn-kv Imc-bv°m´v

]km: tP¿W-enkw Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v

tUm¨t_mkvtIm tImtfPv

IÆq¿ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n

P\-]nb kwkvImcw ˛ jmPn tP°∫v

* * * * *

36

ska-Ã¿ III

tImgvkv ˛ 4

\mSIw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

ae-bm-f-\-mS-I-sØ°p-dn®v Ncn-X-t_m[w ]Tn-Xm-hn\v e`y-am-°p-I.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI kmwkv°m-cnI cmjvSob Ncn-X-Øn¬ \mSIw sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w

t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-I.

\mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ LS-\m-X-e-Ønepw Bhn-jv°m-c-X-e-Ønepw D≈ khnti-jX

t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

cwK-`m-j, ico-c-`m-j, \mS-I-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-`m-j-bnse `mjm-t`-Z-hn-kva-b-ßƒ, i_vZ-\n-b-

¥Ww F∂nh a\- n-em-°p-I.

Acßv, kwhn-[m-\w, Na-bw, ]›m-Ø-e-kw-KoXw, i_vZ-I-ao-I-c-Ww, shfn-®-I-ao-I-cWw F∂n

h-sb-Ip-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-⁄m-\w t\SpI.

\mS-I-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-Ønepw \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-Ønepw XpS¿]-T-\-Ønepw Kth-j-W-Ønepw

Xmev]cyw P\n-∏n°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

(a) cwK-I-e-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ßƒ-˛-A-\p-jvTm-\m-fl-Ihpw A\p-jvTm-t\-X-c-hp-amb cwKm-hn-

jv°-c-Ww- -sX-øw- -ap-Sn-tb-‰v- -s]m-dm- v- -]q-X\pw Xnd-bpw- -Im-°-c-in-\m-S-Iw- -Xp-S-ßn-b-h- -\m-tSm-Sn- -¢m-knIv-

-\mSI ]mc-º-cyw- -hn- -P-\-Øns‚ ]am-W-ßƒ. IqØv- -Iq-Sn-bm- w- -I-Y-I-fn- -kw-kvIr-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ- -B -

°YIƒ˛-Iq-Ø-º-ew-˛-B-´-]-Im-c-ßƒ Ia-Zo-]n-I.

(b) ]q¿∆-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂v \mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øn-te-bv°p≈ hnIm-kw- -]u-c-kvXyhpw ]m›m-

Xy-hp-amb \mS-I-k-¶¬]-ßƒ, \mS-I-Øns‚ LS-I-ßƒ-˛-Ir-Xn-˛-\m-S-I-Ir-Øv-˛-th-Zn-˛-cw-K-]mTw cwK-

Ønse hkvXp-°ƒ-˛-sk-‰v-˛-t]m-∏v etc˛ A`n-\-bw-˛-A-`n-t\-Xm-hv-˛-t]-£-I≥-˛-\m-S-I-]-tbm-P-\w-˛-\m-S-

Im-\p`qXn.

]uc-kvXy-\m-SI k¶¬]w- - -c-Xs‚ \mSy-imkvXw B[m-c-am-°n- -\m-Sy-[¿Ωn- -tem-I-[¿Ωn- -A`n-

\-b-co-Xn-Iƒ˛(-N-Xp¿hn-[m- n-\-bw) hrØn-Iƒ- -\m-S-I-L-S-\- -]-©-k-‘n-Iƒ- -k-‘n-I-fpsS LS-I-ß-fpsS

ckm-\p- q-Xn- -c-k-\n¿∆-N-\w- -hn- m-hw- -A-\p- m-hw- -k-©-mcn- m-hßƒ- -c-k-\n-jv]-Øn- -hym-Jym-\-t -Z-ßƒ.

\mS-I-hn- m-K-ßƒ- -Z-i-cq-]-I-ßƒ- -cw-Kw- -A-c-ßnse LS-I-ßƒ- -hn-hn-[-Xcw thZn-Iƒ- -\m-S-I-c-N\m X¥-

ßƒ-˛-\m-µn-˛-]-th-i-Iw-˛-hn-jv°w`w Bfl-K-Xw-˛-A-]-hm-cn-Xw-˛-\m-S-I-kw-hn-[m-\w-˛-kq-X-[mc≥.

]m›m-Xy-\m-S-I-k-¶¬]w- -A-cn-tÃm- n-ens‚ s]mb-‰n-Ivkns\ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn- -Sm-PUn tImaUn-

Code. MA3B04

]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

37

˛-\m-S-Ihpw CXc BJym-\-cq-]-ß-fpw-˛-C-Xn-lm-kw-˛-N-cn-Xw. SmP-Un-bpsS LS-I-ßƒ-˛-\m-S-I-Øns‚

ê-ip-Xn-˛IYm¿kn-kv-˛-hym-Jym-\-ßƒ ˛ -Ko°v \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]tXy-I-X.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

CuUn-∏kv cmPmhv ˛ tkmt^m-¢nkv

Ducp-`wKw ˛ `mk≥

ae-bm-f-Ønse Ko°v-˛-kw-kvIrX \mS-I-hn-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v GI-tZi [mcW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

Cu samUyq-fn¬ \¬I-Ww.

samUyqƒ 2

B[p-\nI \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-te-bv°p≈ hnImkw ]m›m-Xy-k-º¿°w-˛-an-Ã-dn-tπ-kv-˛-]m-j≥tπ-

kv sjbvIvkv]o-cn-b≥ \mS-I-th-Zn- -t•m_v Xob-‰¿- -\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ C_vk\pw Ãn≥

_¿Kn-\p-ap≈ ]¶v-˛-kp-L-SnX \mS-I-ßƒ˛ (Wellmade Drama) ]iv\-\m-S-I-ßƒ- (Problem plays) ˛-\m-S-

I-Øns‚ ]nc-an-U¬ LS-\-˛-Xm-Zm-flo-I-c-Ww-˛-b-YmXYm thZn-˛-]p-Xp-]-ta-b-ßƒ-˛-km-aq-ln-Iw-˛-cm-jvSo-

bw˛F∏nIv Xob-‰¿- -A-\y-h¬°-c-Ww- -A-_vtk¿Uv Xob-‰¿- -]ph¿ Xob-‰¿- -sX-cphv \mS-Iw- - -am-flI

\mS-I-ßƒ-˛-Uow-tπ-˛-]p-Xp-]-co-£-W-ßƒ-˛-Cw-]-j-\nÃv˛-F-Iv]-j-\n-Ãv-˛-]-Xo-Im-flI \mS-I-ßƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

I\y-I- ˛- F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈

Cuiz-c≥ Ad-Ãn¬ ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈

ka-Xz-hmZn ˛ ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈

samUyqƒ 3

tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xv \mS-I-k-¶¬]-ßƒ-˛-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-ßƒ-˛-X-angv kzm[o\w ˛-]-l-k-\-ßƒ-

˛-knhn-˛-C.hn.Ir-jvW-]n-≈-˛-lm-ky-\m-S-I-ßƒ. hS-t°-a-e-_m-dnse hnhn[ \mS-Imh-X-c-W-k-`-Iƒ-˛-

Ip- -a-Øv hnZzm≥ ]n.-tI-fp-\m-b¿ tZio-b-t_m-[-Øns‚ kzm[o\w cwK-th-Zn-bn¬- -km-aq-lnI cmjvSob

]iv\-ßƒ-˛-tbm-K-t£-a-k-`-bpsS \mS-Im-h-X-cW ]cn-i-a-ßƒ-˛-\-ºq-Xncn \mS-I-X-bw-˛-E-Xp-a-Xn-˛-A-

Sp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-ß-tØ-bv°v-˛-a-d-°p-S-bv°p≈nse alm-\-cIw ˛ ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy ]ÿm-

\hpw \mS-I-th-Znbpw ˛ Im¿jnI ]iv\-ßfpw \mS-I-th-Znbpw ˛ ]m´-_m°n ˛ Iq´p-Irjn XpS-ßnb

\mS-I-ß-fpsS ]k-‡n-˛-a-e-_m¿ Iem-k-an-Xn-˛-]o-∏nƒkv Xob-‰¿ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥˛-sI.-]n.-G.-kn-˛-

tI-c-f-Ønse \mS-I-I-em-k-an-Xn-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Aiz-ta[w ˛ tXm∏n¬`mkn

CXp`qan-bmWv ˛ sI.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv

samUyqƒ 4

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn¬ h∂-am-‰-ßƒ ˛ s]m^-j-W¬ Ata-Nz¿ hn`-P\w ˛ Kmao-W-I-em-k-an-

Xn-Iƒ \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-ßƒ Ipń-I-fpsS cwK-thZn Ipń-I-fpsS thZnbpw apXn¿∂ hcpw kvXo]£-

thZn ˛ ae-bmf cwK-th-Znbpw kvXoIfpw ˛ tdUntbm \mS-I-ßƒ ˛ ]t£-]-W-Ie ˛ kvIn]v‰n¬

i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ Ah-X-cW coXn ˛ kv°n‰p-Iƒ ˛ tamtWm BIvSv ˛ anan-In˛Imºkv Xob-‰¿

˛ ]Nm-cW \mSIthZn.

38

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

cmhpÆn ˛ ]n.-Fw.-XmPv

A∏-acw ˛ Un.-]mWn, tIcf _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sXmgn¬ tIµ-Øn-te°v ˛ FUn.-F≥.-B¿.-Km-a-]-Imiv

tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-im-e, ]ªn-t°-j≥

Unhn-j≥

ka-Xew (k-a-X-ew) ˛ ap√-t\-gn,

tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Xr»q¿

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ:

\mSy-imkvXw ˛ H∂mw-`mKw ˛ hn-h¿Ø\w -˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-bW ]njm-cSn

tIc-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \mS-I-ßƒ ˛ tUm.-F-kv.-sI.-\m-b¿

kwKo-X-\m-SI NcnXw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv.-ta-t\m≥

ae-bmf \mSI NcnXw ˛ s]m^.-Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈

Db-cp∂ bh-\nI ˛ kn.-sP.-tXm-akv

\mS-I-]-th-inI -˛ G.-kn.-l-cn-i¿Ω

]uckvXy \mS-I-Z¿i\w ˛ ]pØ≥Imhv amØ≥ Xc-I≥

Z-i-cq-]-I-ßƒ ˛ hn.-F-kv.-i¿Ω

th\¬Xp-ºn-Iƒ ˛ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

cwK-`mj ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈

ae-bmf \mS-I-]-ÿm\w ˛ Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥

tIµ-I-em-k-an-Xnbpw Iem-k-anXn ]ÿm-\-hpw ˛ ]h-\≥ ˛ tIfn Pq¨ 1976

\mS-I-Z¿∏Ww ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈

I¿´¨ ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈

A`n-\-b-Øns‚ ck-X¥w ˛ apcfn

hnZzm≥ ]n.-tI-fp-\m-b-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ FUn.-C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥

t_m[-\-\m-S-I-thZn ˛ F≥.-B¿.-Km-a-]-Imiv

Dramatic experience - J.L.StyanIntroduction to study of Literature - Hudson (Chapter on Drama only)Theatre of theAbsurd - Martin Esslin

* * * * *

39

ska-Ã¿ ˛ IV

tImgvkv ˛ 5

ae-bmf IhnX ˛ ]q¿∆-L´w

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf Imhy-im-J-bpsS D¬]Øn apX¬ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ hyXy-kvX- Imhy-k-º-Zm-b-

ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

]mNo\ a≤y-ImeL-´-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm≠ ImhyimJ-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. ae-

bm-f-`m-jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I.

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cq]w-sIm≠ kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-k-chpw tIc-fo-b-Xsb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-

°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu IrXn-Iƒ°p≈ ]¶pw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°pI.

samUyqƒ 1

]mNo-\-km-lnXyw ]m´v, ]mńs‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, eoem-Xn-e-Iw \¬Ip∂ \n¿∆-N-\w, e£-

W-bp-‡-amb cma-N-cn-Xw, ]mń\v ]n¬Im-e-Øp-≠mb ]cn-Wm-aw, \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-Km-Y,

Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ, ‡n-]-ÿm-\w. CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\w, _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚

kzm[o-\w, _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ ]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ka-\zbw, \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-

Km-Y, IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip∂ kzXzt_m[w, tIc-fo-bX Oµ- n¬, mj-bn¬, PohnX kµ¿ -

ß-fn¬. Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ ˛ `mj, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w, kmaqly ]k-‡n, kmaqly ]cn-k-cw,

_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw, ]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-chpw _rlXv ]mc-º-cyhpw, Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-I-fnse ka-

\zb kwkvImcw, tIc-f-ob Ncn-Xhpw Fgp-Ø-—≥Ir-Xn-Ifpw, kwkvIm-chpw [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw ]N-cn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ hln® ]¶v.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

cma-N-cnXw ˛ 3˛mw ]Sew

IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw kpµ-c-Imfiw ˛ BZysØ 11 ]m´p-Iƒ

IrjvWKmY ˛ tla-¥-h¿Æ\w (sNdp-t»-cn)

A[ymfl cmam-bWw Infn-∏m´v ˛ Injv°n-‘-mImfiw (Fgp-Ø-—≥)

kya-¥Iw Xp≈¬ ˛ Ip©≥\-ºym¿

samUyqƒ 2

aWn-]-hmf kmlnXyw, aWn-]-hmf `mj, eoem-Xn-eI \n¿∆-N-\w, aWn-]-hm-fsØ \n¿Æ-bn-

°p∂ 1˛mw inev]-Øns‚ khn-tij ]T-\w, kwkvIrX kzm[o\w, kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-cq]ß-fpsS

ae-bmf amXr-I-Iƒ, Nºp, kwkvIrX Imhyw, kvtXmX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ÿe-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

DÆp-\oeo ktµiw ˛ ]kvXm-h\ Hgnhm°n BZysØ 10 t«mI-ßƒ

`mjm cmam-bWw Nºp ˛ koXm-kz-bw-hcw 26˛36 t«mI-ß-fpw, KZyhpw

Code. MA4B05

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

40

samUyqƒ 3

17, 18 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ, kmlnXyIrXn-Iƒ, ]m›mXy anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w, kmlnXy cq]-ß-

fpsS InkvXo-b-amb \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ, [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-t_m-[hpw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ ]q¥m\w

IptNe-hrØw h©n-∏m´v (Zzm-c-Im-h¿Æ-\hpw ˛ cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿

IrjvW-Ip-tNe kwK-ahpw amXw)

""C∏m-cn-en-∂n√o-h-Æ-sam-cp-a-lm-cm-P-[m-\n...........

.................................................................................................

amXw t]mepw [\-lo-\-\mb hn]≥ apIp-µs\

am\kw sIms≠-Sp-Øn´v IqsS sIm≠p-t]mbv''˛

F∂p-hsc

]pØ≥]m\ 12˛mw ]mZw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚

hymIp-e-]-em]w (""AΩ I\ym-a-Wn-X-s‚.......- ˛ A¿tÆmkv ]mXncn,(km≥tPmkv

-`hn-°-X-kvam¬'' F∂p-h-sc) _pIvÃmƒ, am∂m-\w, 1992

\f-N-cnXw 4˛mw Znhkw \f-Z-a-b¥o kwKaw ˛ DÆmbn hmcy¿

(""hmtXmlw irWp-\-f-`q-X-hr-µ- km£n''F∂

t«mIw- Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `mKw amXw.)

samUyqƒ 4

\mtSmSn kwkvIm-csØ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ ]m´pIfpw \mtSmSn Km\-ßfpw, ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww.

Ah-bpsS `mjm]chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

hS-°≥ ]m´v ˛

DÆn-bm¿® IqØv ImWm≥ t]m-b IY

(""B‰p-Ω-W-Ωte DÆn-bm¿®'' apX¬

""Im‰-Øp-]-™n-]-d°pw t]mse

hnń´p Xs∂bpw t]mIp-∂p≠v'' -˛ F∂-Xp-hsc)

am∏n-f-∏m´v

_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿ lpkv-\p¬P-am¬ ˛ sambo≥Ipń sshZy¿

(""]qa-I-fms\'' apX¬

""aXn-a-d-∂n¬km-sbØpw'' Km\w hsc)

ssIs°m-ń-I-fn-∏m´v

imIp-¥fw -˛ hnZzm≥a®m-s´-f-bXv

\memw-JWvUw (""IeymWn If-hmWo sNm√p kn.-]n.-Ir-jvW-s\-f-bXv

\obm-sc-∂Xpw'' apX¬ ""AXp-e-hn-I-a≥ (km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿)

]mWn-K-lWw sNbvXp'' hsc)

41

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ :

kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm\ß-fn-eq-sS ˛ FUn : tUm.-sI.-Fw.-tPm¿Pv, NBS, tIm´bw

]Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ˛ Sn.-Fw.-Np-Ωm¿

ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈

tIcf kmlnXy NcnXw ˛ D≈q¿

ae-bmf kmlnXy NcnXw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen

* * * * *

42

ska-Ã¿ IV

tImgvkv ˛ 6

`mjm-im-kvXhpw mjm-N-cn-Xhpw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

B[p-\nI `mj-imkvX kn-≤-m¥-ßsf kw_‘n®v kmam\y ⁄m\w hnZym¿∞n°v D≠m-

°n-sb-Sp-°p-I.

B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kvX-Øns‚ kmam-\y-]-cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI. Ahsb ae-bmf

`mj-bpsS hyXykvX hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn a\- n-em-°pI

`mjbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ _‘-ßsf tIc-fob kµ¿`-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w

sNøm-\p≈ tijn t\SpI

`mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw, enwK-hn-th-N-\-w, `mjm-a-t\m-`mhw XpS-ßnb am\-ßƒ ae-bmf

kµ¿`-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-I.

ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sf-∏‰n Ah-t_m[w P\n-∏n-°pI

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

samUyqƒ 1: `mjm-im-kvX-]-T\w : BapJw

1. `mj ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hy-hÿ ˛ `mjm Nn”w ˛ kqNIw/kqNnXw

2. `mjm-ssh-hn-[y-ßƒ: amXr-`m-j, ]Y-a-`m-j, ZznXo-b-`m-j, HutZym-KnI `mj, hyh-lmc `mj,

hmsam-gn, hc-sam-gn, am\-I-`m-j, am\-tI-X-c-`m-j, Poh¬`m-j, arX-`mj

3. `mjm-imkvX kao-]-\-ßƒ : Ncn-Xm-fl-Iw, Xmc-X-aym-fl-Iw, hnh-c-Wm-fl-Iw, hyXn-tc-Im-fl-

Iw, LS-\m-flIw

4. `mjmhn`-P-\-co-Xn-Iƒ : B\p-hw-in-Iw, I£ym-]cw

5. ]bp-‡-`m-jm-imkvXw : ZznXob `mjm-t_m-[-\w, \nL-≠p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, hnh¿Ø-\w, Iºyq-

t´-j-W¬ `mjm-im-kvXw, ]m‹m-‰nIvkv

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

B[p-\nI `mjm-imkvXw ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, im¥ AK-Ãn≥

`mjm-h-tem-I\w ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

`mjm imkvX-hn-thIw ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

`mjm-K-th-jWw ˛ sI. Ip©p-Æn-cmPm

ACource inModernLinguistics - C F Hockett

ModernLinguistics - S KVerma & Krishnamurti

Code. MA4B06

]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

43

samUyqƒ 2 : `mjm-LS\

1. kz\-hn-⁄m\w : kz\w/ kz\naw/ D]-kz\w; hyXn-tcIw/ ]qc-I-hn-X-cWw; ae-bm-f-Ønse

i_vtZm¬∏m-Z\w; kzcw, hyRvP-\w, Nn√v ˛ hn`-P\w tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse h¿Æ-ßƒ°v

]e-am-Xncn ipXn-t`Zw hcp-∂Xv F∂ `mKw; -A-£cw, A£-c-am-e, (tI-c-f-]m-Wo-\ob N¿®-

Iƒ) h¿Æw ˛ en]n ˛ A£cw Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kw, hrØ-im-kvX-Ønse k¶-ev]w-

en]n, en]n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]tXy-I-Xbpw ]iv\-ß-fpw, en]n-]-cn-jv°-c-W-i-a-ßƒ

2. cq]n-a-hn-⁄m-\w, ae-bm-f-Ønse cq]n-a-ßƒ, ]IrXn/]Xy-bw, kzX¥w/_≤w

3. hmIy-hn-Nm-cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ cN-\m¥c hymI-cWw ae-bmf `mj-bpsS

ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°pI

4. A¿∞-hn-Nm-cw, ]cym-bw, \m\m¿∞w, hn]-co-Xw, B¿∞n-I-t£-Xw, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-\n¿ΩmWw

5. ]Z-tImiw

samUyqƒ 3

1. kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkvXw kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w

2. `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw

3. `mjm-kq-XWw : B-[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww, am\-Io-I-c-Ww, en]n-h¬°-cWw (a-e-bmf kµ¿`-Øn¬)

4. `mjm-a-t\m-`m-hw, `mjm-kw-c-£-Ww, `mjm-]-Z-hn, `c-W-`m-j A[y-b-\-am-[y-aw ˛ ]iv\-ßƒ

5. ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, LS-\m-X-e-Ønepw ]Z-X-e-Øn-ep-ap≈ kzm[o-\-ßƒ

6. `mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m-\w, tIc-f-Ønse `mjmt`Z-ßƒ, s]mXp-a-e-bm-fw, am\-I-a-e-bmfw XpS-ßnb

]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

kmaq-lnI `mjm-imkvXw ˛ Djm-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

eoem-Xn-eIw kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-im-kvX-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ ˛ hn.-F-kv. j◊pJw

hm°ns‚ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Sn.-_n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿

A[n-Im-chpw `mjbpw ˛ ]n.-Fw. Kncojv

`mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m\w ˛ ]n. tkma-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿

`mjm-temIw ˛ Sn.-_n. thWp-tKm]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿

ae-bm-fn-bp-sS-a-e-bm-fw ˛ Fkv. cmP-ti-J-c≥

\ΩpsS `mj ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv.

hwio-b-Xbpw `mjbpw ˛ sI.-sI. _m_p-cmPv (`mj, kzXzw,

A[n-Im-cw ]n.-Fw. Knco-jns‚ ]T\w)

hmIy-L-S\ ˛ C.-hn.-F≥.-\-ºq-Xncn

tIc-f-Ønse BNm-c-`mj ˛ ]n.-Fw. Kncojv

LanguagePlanning - E.Annamalai

LanguageMovements in India - E.Annamalai

SociolinguisticsAnIntroduction - PeterTrudgill

44

samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS NcnXw

1. `mj-bpsS Ncn-X-]p-\¿\n¿ΩmWw ˛ B¥-cnI/_mly-]p-\¿kr-jv-Sn, ]mKv`m-jm-k-¶ev]w

2. ae-bmf mjm-cq-]o-I-cW kn≤m-¥-ßƒ : kwkvIr-X-P-\yw, kzX-¥-hm-Zw, D]-im-Jm-hm-Zw, ]q¿∆-

˛-X-angv ae-bmf hmZw, `mjm-kw-I-a-W-hmZw

3. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ]oTn-I-bnse N¿®-Iƒ

hna¿i-\m-flI ]T\w

4. `mjbpsS h¿Ø-am-\m-hÿ

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]cnWma-ßƒ ˛ Cf-wIpfw Ip™≥]n≈

`mjm-N-cnXw ˛ Fkv.-hn. thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿

]q¿∆-tI-c-f-`mj ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

ae-bm-f-`mjm ]cn-Wmaw: kn≤m-¥-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥

tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

ssIcfo i_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c-∏n≈

ae-bmf `mjm Nc-nXw ˛ C.-hn.-F≥. \ºq-Xncn

ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

* * * * *

45

ska-Ã¿ ˛ V

tImgvkv ˛ 7

ae-bmf hymI-cWw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

`mjsb hni-I-e\w sNbvXv `mjm-kz-cq]w \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\p≈ ]m]vXn-bp-≠m-°pI.

ae-bm-f-`m-jsb A]-K-Yn®v ]tbm-K-ßsf a\- n-em-°pI

`mjm-˛-hym-I-cW ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-ßsf kzcq-]n-°pI

At\z-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS e`n® hkvXp-X-Isf tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøpI

`mjm ]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw \nb-a-ß-tfbpw kw_-‘n®v kz¥-amb A`n-]mbw cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI

samUyqƒ 1: [z\n, -h¿Æw

1. A£cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-am-e, A£ckwJy kw_-‘n® hnhn[ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ, A[n-

Im-£-c-ßƒ, kwhr-tXm-Im-cw/tIµ-kzcw/ AIm-c-ßƒ, kz\w/kz\n-aw, ]ZmwKw F∂o ]cn-I-

ev]-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I.

2. k‘n ˛ ]eXcw hn`-P-\-ßƒ, kwln-Xbpw k‘nbpw, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse Imcn-I-Iƒ,

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS k‘n-hn-Nm-csØ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I, eoem-Xn-e-I-Ønse

k‘n-k-¶-ev]-ß-fp-ambn tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-bØnse hn[n-Iƒ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI

3. KZyw, ]Zyw ]X-`mj XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse k‘n-Im-cy-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]Nmc-

Øn-ep≈ kwkvIr-X-k-‘n-cq-]-ßƒ.

4. h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-ßƒ: ae-bm-f-Ønse h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-ßfpw Ahbv°v tIc-f-]m-Wn\n \nc-Øp∂ Imc-

W-ßfpw ˛ `mjm-]-cn-Wm-a-tl-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-N-bw, i_vZ-X-e-Ønepw A¿∞-X-e-

Ønepw kw`-hn-°p∂ ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fpsS `mjm-_m-ly-amb Imc-W-ßsf Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°p-I.

5. `mj-bnse Nn”-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ, enJn-X-`m-j-bn¬ Nn”-ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\w,

]Zw ]ncn-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ CS (spacing) bpsS A¿∞-X-e-ßƒ.

samUyqƒ 2: i_vZ- hn-`m-K-ßƒ

1. ]Z-ß-fpsS hn`-P\w: [¿Ωw; cq]w; D¬]Øn Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Z-ßsf A]-K-Yn-

°p-I. ]Ir-Xn, ]Xybw, CS-\ne Ch tNcp-tºmgp≈ k‘n-Im-cy-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-I.

2. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS i_vZ-hn-`-P\w hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈

Kp≠¿´v, amØ≥, tij-Kn-cn-]`p F¬.-hn.-B¿, kn.-F¬. B‚-Wn, sI.-kp-Ip-am-c-]n≈ F∂n-h-

cpsS A`n-]m-b-ßƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I-.

3. \maw, IrXn, t`ZIw F∂o hI-t`-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hn`-P-\-ßfpw tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw

i_vtZm¬]Øn ]I-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n a\- n-em-°p-I.

4. hnh¿Ø\ ]Inb, AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ, aqe-]-Ir-Xn FIm-£-c-ambncps∂∂ k¶-ev]w,

Code. MA5B07

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

46

Ncn-X-]-c-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, `mjmhn-I-k-\-k-¶-ev]hpw hnh¿Ø\ ]In-b-bpw, h¿Ø-am-\-

Ime `mjm-hn-I-k-\hpw F.-B-dns‚ k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS km[p-X-bpw

5. tZymX-I-ßƒ, G.-B-dns‚ \nK-a-\-ß-fpw Ah-bpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw

t`ZIw ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse t`Z-I-ßƒ

samUyqƒ 3: \ma-hn-`mKw

1. \maw, \ma-hn-`m-K-ßƒ, hn`-P-\-I-aw, hn`-P-\-Øn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm-\w, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS \ne-

]m-Sp-Iƒ

2. enwKw: ae-bm-f-Ønse enwK-K-W-\, ]Xy-b-ßƒ, kam-k-cq-]-ßƒ, \]pw-k-I-cq-]-krjvSn

3. hN\w: hN-\-\n¿Æ-bw, ]Xy-b-ßƒ, ]Xy-b-\n-cm-k-Øn-\p≈ kµ¿`-ßƒ.

4. hn`-‡nbpw Imc-Ihpw: hmIy-Ønse ]Z-_‘w, hn`‡n \n¿∆-N-\w, ]Xy-b-ßƒ, hn`-‡ym-`m-

kw, Imc-I-_-‘w, G Bdn-s‚bpw a‰p sshbm-I-c-W-∑m-cp-tSbpw aX-ßƒ

5. \njv]-∂-\m-a-ßƒ: \njv]m-Z-\-]-Xy-b-ßƒ, X≤n-X-ßƒ, cq]-\n-jv]m-Z-\hpw `mj-bpsS ]tbm-

K-£-a-Xbpw

samUyqƒ 4: Inbm-hn-`mKw

1. Inb: Inbm-hn-`-P\w D]m-[n-Iƒ, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob-Ønse N¿®

2. Imew: ]Xy-b-ßfpw hnX-c-Whpw h¿Ø-am-\-Ime ]Xy-bw, \nKo¿Æ I¿Xr-Iw, ]Im-cw,

]tbmKw, ]Ir-Xn, \ma-[m-Xp, Jne-[m-Xp, A\p-]-tbm-Kw, \ntj[w XpS-ßn-b-h.

3. AwKInb : ]q¿Æ-In-bbpw A]q¿Æ-In-bbpw, ]‰p-hn-\-I-fpsS hn`-P\w t]sc-®-ß-fpsS hyt]-

£-I-hm-Iy-[¿Ωw, hn\-sb-®-ß-fpsS hn[-ßfpw coXn-I-fpw, Inbm \njv]∂ \ma--ßƒ, IrØp-

°ƒ, IrXn-Ir-Øv, Imc-I-IrØv XpS-ßn-bh. Ah-bpsS [¿Ωw, coXn, hn`-P\w.

samUyqƒ 5: hmIy-hn-Nmcw

1. hmIy-\n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-L-S-\psS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, hmIy-hn-`m-K-ßƒ, eLp-

hm-Iy-ßƒ, k¶o¿Æ-hmIyw, alm-hmIyw

2. BImw£ F∂ k¶-ev]w, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Z-I-aw, hmIymw-i-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Øw,

]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmk N¿®

3. kam-k-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hmIy-[¿Ω-hpw, ka-kvX-]-Z-ßfpw `mj-bpsS ]tbm-K-£-a-Xbpw Ah-

kw-_-‘n® \nb-a-ßƒ

4. hymt£-]-I-ß-fpsS hmIy-[¿Ωw

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

i_vZ-tim-[n\n ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\nbw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw `mjyw ˛ kn.-F¬. B‚Wn

`mjm-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ kn.-F¬. B‚Wn

ssIc-fo-i-_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI.-kp-Ip-am-c-]n≈

47

kmln-Xy-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Pn i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

]q¿∆-tI-cf `mj ˛ sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-cWw ˛ tPm¿÷v amØ≥

`mjm-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv

hymI-c-W-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ Sn.-_n. thWptKm]m-e-]-Wn-°¿ (F-Un.)

tIc-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw ˛ C.-hn.-F≥. \ºq-Xncn

`mjm-im-kvX-Ønse tNmwkv°n-b≥ hnπhw ˛ sI.-F≥.-B-\-µ≥

* * * * *

48

ska-Ã¿ ˛ V

tImgvkv ˛ 8

ae-bmf IhnX ˛ \thm-∞m-\-L´w

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

20˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-cw-`n® hnhn[ Imhy-c-N\m kt¶-X-ß-tfbpw Ihn-I-tfbpw ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

kmaqlnI \thm∞m\w Ihn-X-bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-sX-ßs\sb∂v a\- n-em-°p-I.

Ihn-X-bn¬ kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf Ncn-X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I--hp-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-IfpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

\thm-∞m\ Ihn-X-Isf h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ hyXykvX hmb-\m-co-Xn-I-fn-eqsS A]-K-Yn-°p-

Ibpw ]k-‡nbpw ]m[m-\yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

samUyqƒ 1

IhnX IhnXbØn-\p-apºv ˛ sh◊-Wn- ]ÿm\w, ]®-a-e-bmf ]ÿm-\w, sImSp-ß-√q¿ If-cn,

tIc-f-h¿Ω ]ÿm-\w, a-Wn-]-hmf ]mc-ºcyw BJym-\-I-hn-X-bn¬, kwkvIrX \mS-I-X¿÷-a-Iƒ,

alm-Im-hyw, ]mk-hm-Zw, ]mk-hm-Z-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]m[m-\yw.

tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-kw, A®-Sn, ]X]-h¿Ø\w

Ch ˛ tIc-fob \thm-∞m\w ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-®p˛ tZiob t_m[hpw kmaq-

lnI-]-cn-j-vI-c-tWm-Zy-a-ßfpw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w.

B[p-\n-I -I-hn-Xbw ˛ ]ta-b-ß-fpsS ]pXp-a. Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse \ho\ ]h-W-X-Iƒ. ae-

bmf Imev]-\nI Ihn-X, hnem-]-Imhy]ÿm-\w, mh-Ko-X-ßƒ, IYm-Im-hy-ßƒ, mh-\m-fl-I-X, hnIm-

c-]-c-X, hy‡n-]-c-X, BZ¿im-fl-I-X, kzIo-b-tem-I-kr-jvSn, kz]v\m-S-\-Iu-Xp-Iw, Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, KX-

Im-e-`-‡n, ]Ir-Xym-`n-ap-Jyw, ]pXp-a-tbm-Sp≈ Bk-‡n, kzmX¥y-hmRvO, CS-∏≈nbpw Nß-ºp-

gbpw ˛ Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]m[m-\yw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

eoe -˛ Ipam-c-\m-i≥

A—\pw aI-fpw ˛ h≈-tØmƒ

t]a-kw-KoXw ˛ D≈q¿

aWn-\mZw ˛ CS-∏≈n

bh-\nI ˛ Nß-ºpg

Code. MA5B08

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

49

samUyqƒ 2

IhnX Ihn-X-b-Øn\pw CS-∏≈n ]ÿm-\-Øn\pw tijw, Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS Im¥n ˛ ]pXp-

tem-I-Øns‚ ]h-W-X-Iƒ, hntZim-[n-]XytØmSp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, tZio-b-X, kmaq-lnI ]Xn-_-

≤X.

Ip‰n∏pdØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿, shÆn-°pfw, Fw.-]n. A∏≥, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v,

]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm Ihn-X.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Kma-e£van ˛ Ip‰n-∏p-d-Øp-tI-i-h≥ \mb¿

kqcy-Im¥n ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

If-¶-a-‰ssI ˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ

\c-_en ˛ ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿

samUyqƒ 3

tZiob ]ÿm-\hpw a‰p-km-aqlnI cmjvSob kw`-h-ßfpw Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w

t_mt[-iz-c≥, ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ≥, Sn.-F-kv. Xncp-ap-ºv, Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-

fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm IhnX.

kln-°-tbm-Zmkyw ˛ t_mt[-iz-c≥

hnj∏-£n-tbmSv ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ≥

Ime-h¿jw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥

Fs‚ bphXzw ˛ Sn.-F-kv. Xncp-apºv

samUyqƒ 4

Imev]-\n-Im-\-¥c Ihn-Iƒ ˛ Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw AXns‚ ]Xn-tcm-[hpw, ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-

Xyw, aebmf Ihn-X-bpsS ]pXp-∏n-d-hn, ]mem \mcm-b-W≥ \mb-¿, ]n. mkv-°-c≥, hb-em¿, H.-F≥.-hn.,

Hf-∏-a-Æ, A°n-Øw, t]wPn XpS-ßnb Ihn-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Hm¿°pI h√t∏mgpw ˛ ]n.-`m-kv°-c≥

l\p-a¬tkh Xp©≥ ]d-ºn¬ ˛ CS-t»cn

bpK-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n

B^n° ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

* * * * *

50

ska-Ã¿ ˛ V

tImgvkv ˛ 9

kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

kmln-XysØ Hcp km¿∆-eu-InI ]Xn`m-k-ambn I≠v hyXykvX ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Ime-ß-fn-

epw D≠m-bn-´p≈ hna¿i\ kn≤m-¥-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw hna¿i-\-Øn-

s‚bpw kn≤n-Iƒ hn]p-e-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

samUyqƒ 1

Ihn, IhnX F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® `mc-Xob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ. ckw, [z\n, coXn, KpWw, Ae-¶m-

cw, HuNn-Xyw, htIm‡n F∂o kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ˛Chsb kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

hni-Z-amb ]T\w Bh-iy-an-√.

hni-Z-amb ]T\w

1. kmlnXy \n¿∆-N\w ˛ NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\pÆn ˛ Imhy-Nn¥

2. `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ `mK-ßƒ :-˛

KpW-]-I-cWw, i_vZm¿∞-]-I-c-Ww, [z\n ]I-c-Ww, ck-]-I-cWw (D-]-hn-`mKßƒ th≠

\n¿∆-N-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw amXw aXn.)

samUyqƒ 2

hrØhpw Ae-¶m-c-hpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Ae-¶m-c \n¿∆-N-\hpw hn`-P-\-hpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-

Ønse Ae-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW thWw. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h amXw

aXn.

kmtaym‡n hn`mKw ˛ D]-a, Zo]-Iw, cq]-Iw, D¬t]-£, ]Xn-h-kvXq]-a, ZrjvSm-¥w, A]-

kvXpX ]iwk (-A-e-¶m-c-ß-fpsS kmay hyXym-k-ßƒ A]-K-Yn®v Imhy-`m-j-bpsS cq]o-I-c-WsØ

kw_‘n® `mc-Xo-b-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \nco-£n-®-dn-b-Ww,)

AXni-tbm‡n hn`mKw :˛ cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm‡n, Dt√-Jw, hntcm-[m-`mkw

hmkvX-thm‡n hn`mKw :˛ kz`m-thm-‡n, A¿∞m-]Øn, Imhy-enwKw, A¿∞m-¥-c-\ymkw

t«tjm‡n hn`mKw :˛ t«jw, kam-tkm‡n

i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam\y [mcW thWw. Imhy-Øns‚ `mh-cq] inev]-ßsf cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p∂-Xn¬ i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ßƒ°p≈ ]¶v ]T-\hnt-[-b-am-°-Ww. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v

ba-Iw, ZznXo-b-£-c-]mkw F∂nh amXw aXn.

hrØw :-˛ hrØhpw Ihn-X-bpw, ][m-\-s∏´ kwkvIrX hrØßfpw `mjm-hr-Øßfpw amXw

hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-®m¬ aXn. hrØ-a-RvP-cn-bnse hrØ-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-ń-cn-°-Ww.

Code. MA5B09

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

51

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v kwkvIrX hrØ-ß-fn¬ A\p-jvSp-∏v, Cµ-h-P, ctYm≤X, ZpX-hn-f-w_n-

Xw, hk-¥-Xn-e-Iw, im¿Zq-e-hn-Io-Un-Xw, kKv≤-c, Ipkp-a -a-RvP-cn, hntbm-Kn-\n, ]pjv]n-XmK F∂nh

amXw aXn. `mjm hrØ-ß-fn¬ Infn-∏m´p hrØ-ßƒ, Xp≈¬∏m´p-hr-Ø-ßƒ, KmY, k¿∏n-Wn,

\tXm-∂X F∂nh amXw aXn.

ZmhnU kuµcy imkvXw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

XnW k¶ev]w:

(C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w ˛ ]k‡nbpw km[y-Xbpw) ˛ sI. Aø-∏-Wn-°¿.

samUyqƒ 3

]m›mXy kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßƒ B[p-\nI Ime-L-´w-hsc. tπt‰m, Acn-tÃm-ń¬ XpSßnb-

h-cpsS kn≤m-¥-ßƒ. tπt‰m-bpsS A\p-I-c-WhmZw, Imhy ]tNm-Z-\sØ kw_-‘n® A`n-]mbw

Iem-Im-c-∑msc Ipdn®v tπt‰m, tπmt‰m-bpsS Ncn-X-]m-[m\yw

Acn-tÃm-ń¬ :˛ A\p-I-c-W-hm-Zw, SmP-Un-bpsS \n¿∆-N\w, Bdp-L-S-I-ßƒ CXn-hr-Ø-sØ-

°p-dn®p≈ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ, hyXykvX kmlnXy cq]-ßƒ, tIma-Unbpw F∏n°pw SmP-Unbpw.

IYm¿knkv

sdmam‚nIv bpKw ˛ th¿Uvkv h¿Øv, endn-°¬ _meUvkns‚ Bap-J-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw

th¿Uvkvh¿Øns‚ Imhy-\n¿∆-N-\w, `mh-\bv°v sImSpØ ]m[m-\yw, Imhy-`m-j-sb-°p-dn®v

th¿Uvkvh¿Øv. ˛ tImƒdnUvPv Ihn ]Xn-`-sb-°p-dn®v ˛ Cam-Pn-t\-j\pw ^m‚knbpw.

Imhy-`m-h-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tImƒdn-UvPns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

]m›m-Xy-km-lnXy XXz-im-kvXw ˛ sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥

]m›mXy kmlnXy Z¿i-\w ˛ Fw. A®yp-X≥

\h-X-cwKw ˛ Fw. eoem-hXn

samUyqƒ 4

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. ssieo\njvT \ncq-]Ww ˛ tUm.hn.B¿. ]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿,

(ka-Im-e \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-ßƒ) ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen

2. LS-\m-hm-Zhpw Nn”-im-kvXhpw ˛ tUm. kn. cmtP-µ≥

3. am¿IvknÃp \ncq-]Ww ˛ ]n. tKmhn-µ-]n-≈

(ka-Im-e \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-ßƒ)

4. A]-\n¿ΩmWw XØzhpw ]tbm-Khpw ˛ hn.-kn. ioP≥

(B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy- kmlnXy kao]\ßƒ)

5. sân-\nÃv kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ F≥.-sI.-c-ho-µ≥

(B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy- kmlnXy kao]\ßƒ)

* * * * *

52

ska-Ã¿ ˛ V

tImgvkv ˛ 10

KZy-km-lnXyw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

GI-tZiw Bbncw h¿j-ßƒ°v apºv Bcw-`n®v H´-[nIw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS cq]w ]m]n®

ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Imen-I-amb hnIm-k ]In-b-Isf Ipdn®v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t_m[y-

s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-Sp-°p-I.

KZykmln-Xy-Øns‚ kmam\y hnh-c-Whpw ]mNo\ a≤y-Ime B[p-\nI KZy-cq-]-ß-fpsS

amXrIbpw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-XysØ Ipdn®v kmam\y

]cn-⁄m\w t\Sm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

a. KZyw ˛ KZy-km-lnXyw ˛ KZy-Øn-s‚bpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw NcnXw ˛ ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚

Ncn-X-]-c-amb Ah-tem-I\w

imk-\-Imew ˛ imk-\-ß-fpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, en]n-hn-\ym-kw, `mjm-]-c-amb

khn-tij-X-Iƒ, imk-\-`mj ka-Im-eo\ `mjsb FX-amXw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. sIm√-h¿jm-cw-

`-Ønse `mj- im-k-\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n a\- n-em-°pI. hm°p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, k‘n, h¿Æ-]-cn-

Wmaw F∂o `mjm-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬IWw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. hmg-∏n≈n imk\w \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-c-W-w ˛ tI-cf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ

2. `mjm IuS-eobw \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-c-W-w ˛ tI-cf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ

b. a≤y-Ime KZyw˛ aWn-]-hm-fhpw KZy-km-ln-Xyhpw a≤y-Im-esØ KZy-cq-]-ßƒ, IqØpw IqSn-bm-´-

hpw KZy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w. B´ ]Im-c-ßfpw IaZo-]n-I-I-fpw, \ºym¿

Xangv ˛ `mjm-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛ a[y-Ime KZy-sØ-Ip-dn®v eoem-Xn-eIw \¬Ip∂ kqN\-I-ƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Aw_-co-tjm-]m-Jym-\w : ˛ tUm.]n.sI.-\m-cm-b-W-]n≈

""io]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥...... Pzen-°n‚nXp'' - D≤-cWw : ]mNo\ ae-bmfKZyamXr-I-Iƒ

iq¿∏-WJm¶w \º¿.1 D≤-c-W-w : tI-cf `mj-bpsS hnIm-k ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛

samUyqƒ 2

sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w ˛ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w. ae-bmf `mj-bv°p-≠mb hf¿®, DZ-bw-

t]cq¿ kp\l-tZm-kns‚ Imew, A®-Sn, ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w, kwt£-]-th-Zm¿∞w, ]pt√en Ip©p XpS-

ßnb IrXn-Iƒ. ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam IØ-\m¿, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, Kp≠¿´v, B¿®v Uo°≥ tImin

XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ. ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, B[p-\nI KZy-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-]pkvX-

I-ßƒ ˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥, F.-B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, A∏≥ Xºp-cm≥, kztZ-im-`n-

Code. MA5B10

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

53

am\n cma-Ir-jvW-∏n≈ XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime KZy-Im-c-∑m¿, KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hn`n∂ imJ-Iƒ,

k¿§m-fl-Ihpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-amb `mj, D]-\ym-kw, IY, t\mh¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D¤-hw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw ( BZy-]m-Zw) ˛ ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-\m¿

Fs‚ arK-bm-kva-c-W-Iƒ ˛ tIc-f-h¿ΩhenbtImbnØºp-cm≥

\ms´-gp-Ø-»≥am¿ ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿

`mh-\m-i‡n ˛ aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c≥

samUyqƒ 3

ka-Im-eo\ KZyw ˛ B[p-\nI KZy-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ KZy-c-N-\-bnse ]pXnb kao-

]-\-ßƒ. ka-Im-eo\ KZy-`mj ˛ ]pXnb hm°p-Ifpw `mjm-L-S-\bpw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. B\bpw A¬]w sXep¶pw ˛ F.-]n.DZ-b-`m\p

(D-Z-b-`m-\p-hns‚ sXc-s™-SpØ D]-\ym-k-ßƒ,-

Un-kn-_p-Ivkv)

2. \mS-Im-`n-\bw Nne Nn¥Ifpw ˛ ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n≈

kvac-W-Ifpw (ssI-\n-°-c-bpsS ]_-‘-ßƒ,

en‰n¬ ]n≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-cWw)

3. Nn¥n-t∏mb HtcSv ˛ Fw.-B¿.-_n. (ap-J-—m-b-Iƒ)

4. A∂-hn-Nmcw ˛ Ip™pÆn (Ip™p-Æn amjpw Iptýmfpw)

samUyqƒ 4

Poh-N-cnXw, Bfl-I-Y, kva-c-W-Iƒ, bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ F∂o kmlnXy im-J-I-fn¬ ae-bmf

`mj-°p-≠mb hf¿®.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

_m“-Wy-Øn-\p-t\sc (B-fl-IY) ˛ C.-Fw.-F-kv., Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

taa\ (a-\-km-kva-cm-an) ˛ s]m^. Fkv. Kp]vX≥ -\m-b¿

Hm¿a-bn¬ òXn-Z-amb Hcp-bmX ˛ Fw.-]n. hotc-µ-Ip-am¿, amXr-`qan _pIvkv

(ssl-a-h-X-`q-hn¬)

alm-Ihn (Nn-Zw-_-c-kva-c-W) ˛ _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

klm-b-I K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛ Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈

tIcf kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ˛ D≈q¿

ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. Irjv-W-]n≈

KZyw ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿

]mNo\ ae-bmfw ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ≥

]mNo-\ae-bmf -K-Zy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ˛ tUm. ]nsI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈

sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-ßƒ ˛ tUm. sI.-F≥. Fgp-Ø-—≥

ae-bmfssien ˛ Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n.-sP. tXma v

a[y-Im-e-a-e-bmfw ˛ tUm.-]n.-hn.-th-em-bp-[≥]n≈

amkn-Im-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ Pn. ]nb-Z¿i≥

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

* * * * *

54

ska-Ã¿ ˛ VI

tImgvkv ˛ 11

\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

\mtSm-Sn-kw-kvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\w kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzXz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-

t_m[w krjvSn-°p-I.

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-im-Jsb AXn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ ]pXnb Nn¥-I-fpsS shfn-

®-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-I.

tIcf kwkvImc ]T-\-Øn\v A\p-_-‘-amb [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.

t^mIv-tem-dns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-sf°pdn®pw ka-K-amb [mc-W- cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp--I.

tIc-fob kaq-l-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw hnIm-khpw cq]-s∏-Sepw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-

⁄m-\ob Nn¥-Isf ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]m]vXn-t\-Sp-I.

t^mIv-tem¿ tiJ-c-W-Øn-\p≈ imkvXobamb ]tbmK sshZKv[yw t\Sp--I.

tiJ-cn® t^mIv-tem-dp-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ]T-\-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ ]m]vXn t\Sp--I.

PmXn-˛-aX \nc-t]-£-amb tIc-fob s]mXp-PohnX kwkvIm-csØ DƒsIm-≈p--I.

\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]cn-t]-£y-Øn¬ Zen-Xv, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kvXohmZ Nn¥-Isf cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

. ae-bmf `mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw A¥ v Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kzXzm`n-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn\pw ian-°p-I.

. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m\ob-Øn¬ D∂-X-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw th≠ ASn-ÿm\w cq]-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I.

samUyqƒ 1 : \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m\obw (Folkloristics)

1. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-imJ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cyhpw Ncn-Xhpw

2. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ e£yhpw hym]vXnbpw ]T-\-co-Xnbpw

3. ô¬Uv kb≥kv (Field Science) F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw. ]km-

c-I≥, Bth-ZI≥, afiehrØn, (Field work) A`n-apJw, tNmZym-hen Xøm-dm-°¬

4. ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ˛ t^mIv-tem-dn-kw, ]bp‡ t^mIv-tem¿, \mK-cnI t^mIv-tem¿

5. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ka-Ime ]cn-k-cw˛ P\-]nbIe-Iƒ, am[y-a-ßƒ, ]c-ky-ßƒ,

kvt]m¿Svkv F∂nhsb Ipdn-®p≈ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\-]-c-amb hymJym-\-ßƒ

6. t^mIv-tem¿ h¿§o-I-cWw ˛ km¿h-euInI h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

7. ae-bm-f-Ønse t^mIv-tem¿ ]T-\-ßfpw tIc-f-Ønse t^mIv-tem¿ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

8. t^mIv-tem¿ kwc-£-Whpw t^mIv-tem¿ ayqkn-bhpw

Code. MA6B11

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

55

klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]mTy-`m-K-ßsf°pdn®v

kmam-\y-amb [mc-W- t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

t^mIv-tem¿ ]T\w: C∂se C∂v

(t^mIv-tem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw k¶-ev]-\-ßfpw) -˛ tUm cmL-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv

F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

]ø-∂q¿; 1999

t^mIv-tem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ cmjvSobw ˛ F®v.-sI. kt¥mjv

(t^mIv-tem¿ hgnbpw s]mcp-fpw)

samUyqƒ 2: hmsam-gn-h-g°w

1. \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ

a) \mtSmSn CXn-lm-k-ßƒ

b) \mtSmSn IYm-Km-\-ßƒ

c) sXmgn¬ ]m´p-Iƒ

e) Ipń-I-fpsS ]m´p-Iƒ

f) hnt\m-Z-Km-\-ßƒ

g) A\p-jvTm\ Km\-ßƒ

2. \mtSmSn KZy-I-Ym-Jym-\-ßƒ

a) \mtSmSn°Y-Iƒ

b) ]pcm-hr-Ø-ßƒ

c) sFXn-ly-ßƒ

d) ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ

e) ISw-I-Y-Iƒ

f) \mtSmSn`mjWw

Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ tIc-f-Ønse hmsamgnhg° t^mIv-tem-dp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

Is≠-tØ-≠-XmWv. klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Hmtcm C\-Ønepws]´ t^mIvtemdp-

Isf°pdn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Btcm-ap-Æn-bpsS A¶-∏p-d-∏mSv ˛ tUm.-Fw.-B¿.-cm-L-h-hm-cy¿,

(tIc-f-t^m-Iv-tem¿) FUn-‰¿. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv


]ø-∂q¿,1997

hb-\m-´p-Ip-e-h≥ (tIc-f-t^m-Iv-tem¿) ˛ Fw.-F. dlvam≥

FUn-‰¿. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

F^v.-F-^v.-Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv,

]ø-∂q¿, 1997

56

samUyqƒ 3: \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ

1. \mtSm-Sn-\rØw ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-ßƒ, kwL-\r-Ø-ßƒ

2. \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-Iw˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-ßƒ, kwL-\r-Ø-ßƒ

3. \mtSmSn kwKoXw : klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-I-

sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

tIc-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \rØ-ß-fmb sXøw, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, tImacw, k¿∏w Xp≈¬, Ifw-

]m-´v, Imf-I-fn, BZn-hmkn \rØw, Xncp-hm-Xnc Ifn, H∏-\, am¿KwIfn F∂n-hsb Ipdn®pw \mtSm-Sn-

\mSI-ß-fmb apSn-tb-‰v, Im°-c»n \mS-Iw, IWym¿I-fn, ]pdm-´v, NmØn-cm¶w F∂n-hsb Ipdn®pw

kmam-\y-amb [mcW t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

\mtSm-Sn-kw-KoXw (tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥I-e-Iƒ) ˛ tUm.-F.-sI. \ºym¿

F≥.-_n.-Fkv., tIm´bw, 1989.

the-h-chv (tKmX-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ) ˛ tUm.-kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tIµw, IWn-awKew.

samUyqƒ 4 : \mtSmSn ùXn-I-kw-kvIm-cw, kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ßfpw \m´-dn-hp-Ifpw

1. \mtSm-Sn-ssI-th-e-Iƒ a¨]m-Xw, ssIØdn

2. \mtSmSn kmt¶-XnIhnZy Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, DuØm-e-Iƒ

3. \mtSmSn hmkvXp-hnZy tIc-fob Krl-\n¿ΩmWw

4. \mtSm-Sn-sshZywAΩqΩ sshZyw Huj-[-k-ky-ßƒ

5. \m´p-`-£Ww `£-W-ssh-hn-[y-ßƒ, ]mN-I-hnZy

6. \m´m-Nm-c-ßƒ hnhm-lm-Nm-c-ßƒ, ac-Wm-\-¥c BNm-c-ßƒ

7. \mtSmSn hmZy-ßƒ ]p≈ph hoW, ]p≈p-h-°p-Sw, \¥p-Wn, ]d

8. \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ Irjn, a’y-_-‘-\w, kky-k-ºØv

klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn F√m-hn-`m-K-ßsf Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW

t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tKmX-h¿§ kky-hn-⁄m\w (kky-ß-fpsS ˛ tUm. C.-D-Æn-Ir-jvW≥

\m´dnhv) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw, 2004

DuØme ˛ hn.-F-®v. Zncm¿

kwkvIr-Xn, IÆq¿ (c≠mw ]Xn-∏v,

Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2009)

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

1. Hmtcm samUyq-fp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp skan-\m¿ F¶nepw Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

2. Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw Hcp t^mIv-tem¿ C\-sa-¶nepw imkvXo-b-ambn tiJ-cn®v ]_-‘-cq-]-

Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

3. t^mIv-tem¿ ayqknbw Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbv Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw ]-cn-iant°≠-Xm-Wv.

57

4. GsX-¶nepw Hcp t^mIv-tem-dns‚ Ah-X-c-W-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ sN∂v t\cn-´p≈ \nco-£W ]cn-

Nbw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

5. arXhpw A⁄m-X-hp-amb t^mIv-tem-dp-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-hm\pw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ ]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\hpw Xmev]-cyhpw ]pe¿tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

6. t^mIv-tem¿ Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

7. HmUntbm hnjz¬ km[y-X-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

t^mIv-tem¿ ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

tIc-f -`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v; Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw; 1992

t^mIv-tem¿]-T\w ˛ -kn-≤m¥Xew; F≥. `‡-h-’e sdÕn

\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ tUm. Fw.-hn. hnjvWp-\ºq-Xncn

Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw

t^mIv-tem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw ]cn-I-ev]-\-Ifpw ˛ tUm.-cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\mSv


]ø-∂q¿

t^mIv-tem¿ \nL≠p ˛ tUm. Fw.-hn. hnjvWp-\ºq-Xncn

Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw

tIcf t^mIv-tem¿ ˛ FUn-‰¿ tUm.- cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\mSv


]ø-∂q¿

tKmX-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ ˛ tUm.-kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tIµw

IWn-aw-Kew.

t^mIv-tem¿ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ tUm.-kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

tIc-f -`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw; 2007

tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ ˛ tUm.-F.-sI. \ºym¿, F≥.-_n.-F-kv.

tIm´bw 1989.

tUm.-kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ FUn‰v sNbvXv Un.-kn. _pIvkv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Xmsg ]d-bp∂]pkvX-

I-ßƒ.

1) \mtSmSn ssIthe

2) Irjn-bpsS \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ

3) kky-ß-fpsS \m´-dnhv

4) \m´p-`-£-Ww

* * * * *

58

ska-Ã¿ ˛ VI

tImgvkv ˛ 12

ae-bm-f-I-hnX ˛ DØ-c-L´w

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

ka-Im-en\ ae-bm-f Ihn-Xsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏´ ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Isf°p-dn®p ]Tn-

°I. Ihn-X-b-Øn\pw sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»-cn, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, i¶-c-°p-dp∏v XpS-ßn-

b-h¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Ihn-Xm-[m-c-Iƒ°pw tijw ae-bmf IhnX k©-cn® hgn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-

bpI. ka-Im-enI Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]-chpw `mh-]-c-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw Imev]-\n-I-amb `mhp-I-Xz-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ ˛ -¢m-

knIv B`n-apJyw ˛ ]mc-º-cy-O-µ- p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te°v Xpd-∂n-Sp∂ am¿§-

ßƒ˛ H.-F≥.-hn. Ipdp-∏v, kpK-X-Ip-amcn, hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn, B¿ cma-N-µ≥, Fw.-F≥.-]m-

eq¿, Pn. Ipam-c-∏n≈, ap-√-t\-gn XpS-ßnb Ihn--I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v

tNmdqWv ˛ H.-F≥.-hn. Ipdp∏v

IrjvWm, \osbs∂ Adn-bn√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

D÷-bn-\n-bnse cm∏I-ep-Iƒ ˛ hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn

H∂p-an√ ˛ B¿. cma-N-µ≥

samU-ypƒ 2

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS BZy-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-I-X˛ Cd-°p-aXn sNø-

s∏´ B[p-\n-IX F∂ hna¿i\w t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ kml-N-cyw˛ ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-bpambp≈

kmayhyXym-k-ßƒ, Imev]-\n-I-X-tbm-Sp≈ Ielw F∂ \ne-bn¬ B[p-\n-IX, F≥.-F≥. I°mSv,

F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, A°n-Øw, Aø∏∏-Wn-°¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v

]m¿°n¬ ˛ F≥.-F≥. I°mSv

]≠sØ taim¥n ˛ A°n-Øw

aZn-cm-inbn¬ Hcp kmbm”w ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

arXyp-]qP ˛ Aø-∏∏-Wn-°¿

samUypƒ 3

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse DØ-c-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v tijw cq]-s∏´ cmjvSob B[p-\n-

I-X. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Nph∂ hm¬ F∂v hnti-jn∏n-°-s∏´ cmjvSob Ah-ÿ˛ CS-Xp-]£ Xoh-

Code. MA6B12

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

59

hmZw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mhp-I-XzsØ Fßs\ kzm-[o-\n®p F∂ ]T-\w. IS-Ω-\n-´, sI.-Pn. i¶-c-

∏n≈, k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, B‰q¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Ihn-XIƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v

IpdØn ˛ IS-Ω-\n-´

kwI-aWw ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω

_wKmƒ ˛ sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈

]\n ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥

samUypƒ 4

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-L-´-Øn¬ Fgp-X-p-Ibpw cq]-]-c-hpw, cmjvSo-b-hpamb B[p-\n-I-

X-bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ \n∂v amdn k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w. F.-A-ø-

∏≥, Un. hn\-b-N-µ≥, _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sv, tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥, Ipco-∏pg ioIp-am¿ XpS-

ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w.

_p≤\pw Bń≥Ip-ńbpw ˛ F. Aø∏≥

Imbn-°-c-bnse IS¬ ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-µ≥

FhnsS tPm¨ ˛ _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

Nm¿hm-I≥ ˛ Ipco-∏pg ioIp-am¿

samUypƒ 5

ka-Im-enI Ihn-X-bnse hnhn[ ]h-W-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bpI. ]cn-ÿnXn ˛ kvXo˛ ZenXv ]Xn-

\n-[m-\-ßƒ Ihn-X-bn¬ Fßs\ ]I-S-am-Ip∂p F∂ ]T-\w. ]pXnb Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ. ]n.-]n. cma-N-µ≥, dôIv Al--ΩZv, cmhp-Æn, sI.-hn. t__n, ]n. cma≥, sI.-B¿ tSmWn,

Fkv. tPmk-^v, taml\ IrjvW≥ Ime-Sn, hn.-Fw. Kncn-P, A\nX Xºn, kmhnXn cmPo-h≥, at\mPv

Ipdq¿, A≥h¿ Aen, hn.-Pn. Xºn, Aar-X, hocm≥Ipń XpS-ßn-b- Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-XIfpsS khn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\v

efnXw ˛ ]n.-]n. cma-N-µ≥

inh-KwK ˛ AarX

ag-s∏m´≥ ˛ taml-\-Ir-jvW≥, ImeSn

]qh-c-ins‚ tNmń¬ ˛ Fkv. tPmk^v

klm-b-IKŸ-ßƒ

B[p-\nI kmlnXy NcnXw ˛ F-Un: sI.-Fw. tPm¿÷v

]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS

ae-bmf IhnXm kmlnXyNcnXw ˛ tUm.Fw. eoem-hXn

B[p-\n-IX ae-bmf IhnX-bn¬ ˛ tUm. F≥. AP-b-Ip-am¿

B[p-\n-I-XbpsS cmjvSob kuµ-cyw ˛ tUm. ]n. tkma≥

60

F¥mWv B[p-\n-I-X ˛ Fw. apIp-µ≥

IhnXbpw ]mc-ºcyhpw ˛ F≥.-F≥. I°mSv

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-ßƒ ˛ FUn: kn.-sP. tPm¿÷v

DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX: h¿Ø-am-\hpw hwim-h-enbpw˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥

Ihn-Xm-cXn ˛ tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn

h¿W-cmPn ˛ tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn

* * * * *

61

ska-Ã¿ ˛ VI

tImgvkv ˛ 13

ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

ae-bmf hna¿i\ kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. Ime-L-´-ß-f-n-eq-sSbp≈ hf¿®

a\- n-em-°p-I. hnhn[ hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Fßs\ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®p--

sh∂v a\- n-em-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

Ah-Xm-cnI (ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) -˛ Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿

]mk-hmZw (kmlnXy ka-c-ßƒ) ˛ sI. `mkv°-c ]n≈, NBS, tIm´bw

abq-c-k-tµiw (ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥

\f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bv°p≈ ˛ F.-B¿. cmPcmP -h¿Ω

Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw Ah-Xm-cnI

sNdp-t»cn (]©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-X-bw) ˛ kmlnXy ]©m-\\≥ ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W]n≈

Ihn-Xbpw ]Zyhpw (ae-bmf\ncq-]Ww C∂se) ˛ kn. A¥-∏mbn

samUyqƒ 2

I∂n-s°m-bvØns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-Øns‚ Zmk≥ ˛ ap≠-t»cn

\nXy-X-bn¬ Aen-bp∂ \nanjw ˛ Fw.-sI. km\p

(Aim-¥n-bn¬ \n∂v im¥n-bn-te°v)

DZ-b-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw (EXp-]-cn-h¿Ø\w) ˛ sI.-]n. i¶-c≥

samUyqƒ 3

hmg-°pebpw ]n≥ap-d-°mcpw ˛ Xmbm-´p-i-¶-c≥

(sXc-s™-SpØ ]-_-‘-ßƒ)

IÆo¿∏mSw (Im-hy-hyq¬∏-Øn) ˛ Fw.-]n. i-¶pÆn \mb¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)

hf-f-tØmƒ Ihnbpw a\p-jy\pw (\-h-X-cw-Kw) ˛ tUm. Fw.-eo-em-hXn

klys‚ aI≥ (io¿jm-k\w) ˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥ ˛

IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬ (Ah-Xm-cnI) ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

samUyqƒ 4

]W-b-Øns‚ A[-c-kn-µqcw sIms≠-gp-Xnb IY -˛ sI.-]n.-A-∏≥

(IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`hkØbpw )

Code. MA6B13

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

62

F≥.-hn. Ihn-X-bnse tZiob ]cn-t]£yw ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

(hmb-\-bpsS hgn-Iƒ)

h≈-tØm-fns\ hos≠-Sp-°¬ (hos≠-Sp-∏p-Iƒ) ˛ ]n.-]n. cho-µ≥

]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw (]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw) ˛ ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥

Ihn-X-bpsS Ipcp-Ø-t°Sv, hm-b-\-bp-tS-bpw ˛ hn.-kn. lmc-n-kv

(FgpØpw hmb-\bpw)

klm-b-IKŸ-ßƒ:

ae-bmf\ncq-]Ww C∂se ˛ FUn: Fkv.-Kp-]vX≥ \mb¿


ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°mSv

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: ]mcw- -L´w ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: a[y-L´w ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: B[p-\nI L´w ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen

ka-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXykvX apJ-ßƒ ˛ ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI KŸm-hen

* * * * *

63

ska-Ã¿ ˛ VI

tImgvkv ˛ 14

tIc-fob cwK-I-e-Iƒ

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

\mtSmSn A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ apX¬ ssieo-\njvT Ie-Iƒ hscbp≈ Ie-I-tfbpw ]m›mXy

kzm[o-\-Øn-eqsS kz¥-ambn cq]w sImSpØ Ie-I-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Ch-bpsS Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-amb ]T-\-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-I.

`mc-Xo-bhpw hntZiob-hp-amb \mSy-k-¶¬]-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn Hcp \mSy-]m-c-ºcyw tIcfw

Fßs\ t\Sn-sb-SpØp F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv D≠m-°p-I.

hniz-]-kn-≤-amb Hcp ]c-º-cm-K-X-ssien Zriy Ie-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\p-≠v. ChsbIpdn®p kmam-

\y-⁄m\w t\Snbn-cn-°p-I.

cwK]mT-sØ-°qSn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v Zriy kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS ]T\w \n¿∆-ln°m≥

]m]vX-\m-°p-I.

kmlnXy]T\w kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-am-sW∂ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu Ie-I-fpsS

kwkv°mc ]cn-k-chpw Ch-bn¬ D≈S-ßn-bn-cn°p∂ kmwkv°m-cn-Imw-i-ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-

am-t°-≠-Xns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

B[p-\nI cwK-k-¶¬∏-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd Awi-ßƒ Cu Ie-I-fn¬ kzcq-]n-°-s∏-ń-

´p≠vî C-hsb Is≠-Øm≥ hnZym¿∞nsb ]m]vX-\m-°p-I.

P\-Io-bhpw P\-]n-b-hp-amb B[p-\nI Ie-I-fpsS kwkvImc ]cn-kcw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

samUyqƒ 1: cwK-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw˛ BZym-¶p-c-ßƒî î

]T-\-ta-Je

cwK-I-e-Ifpw Bhn-jv°m-chpw tIc-fob ]cn-t]-£y-Øn¬

tIc-f-Øn¬ kz¥-amb cwK-Iem ]mc-º-cyw. A\p-jvTm\/ \mtSmSn cwK-I-e-Iƒ, cwK ]mc-º-cy-

Øns‚ BZym-¶p-c-ßƒ ˛ G‰hpw efn-X-hpw ]mNo-\hp-ambî cq]w ˛ shfn-®-∏mSv Xp≈¬. thj-∏-

I¿®bpw `mh-∏-I¿®bpw. cwK-I-e-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kz`mhw Gdnbpw Ipd™pw hcp∂ a‰p-I-e-Iƒ

tImXmΩq-cn, sIt¥m≥]m-´v, Xoøm-´v, ]mt\-¶fn, ]m\, IWn-bm¿I-fn, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, If-sa-

gp-Øv, ]mºn≥ Xp≈¬, tht´-°m-c≥ ]m´v, Aø∏≥]m´v, ]qc-°-fn, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn, Xń-t∑¬I-fn,

h´-°fn, Z^v ap´, H∏\, Ad-_-\-ap-´v, IpØ-vdm-Øo-_v, am¿§w-I-fn, apSn-bm-´w, tafw, taf-]m-c-º-cy-

Øns‚ Zriy-ihy kwkv°mcw sN≠-ta-fw, ]©-hm-Zyw, in¶m-cn-tafw, in¶m-cn-ta-f-Øns‚ P\-]nb

kwkv°mcw.

Code. MA6B14

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

64

Cu Ie-I-fpsS kmwkv°m-cn -I-]-cn -kcw˛ Dt±-i-e-£y-ßƒ, Cu Ie-Isf°p-dn -®p≈

kmam\y⁄m\w amXw aXn. hnti-j-]-T\w Bh-iy-an-√.

Ie-bpsS hnI-kn-X-cq-]-ßƒ sXøw, Xnd, ]S-b-Wn, apSn-tb‰v apX-em-bh

apSn-tb‰v - Hcp\m-S-I-Øns‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb ]q¿Æ-X. Imhp-h- -Øns‚ hnim-e-amb cwK-ÿen k¶¬∏w

tÃPns‚ ]cn-[n-bn-te-°v. cwK-k-¶¬∏w, Blm-cyw, Bkzm-Z-I≥.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ßƒ ˛ tUm. F.-sI. \ºym¿

2. \mSy-th-Zn-bn¬ \S≥ ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿ (F≥ IrjvW-

]n≈bpw `mc-Xob \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw, ]n.-hn.

them-bp-[≥]n-≈)

3. apSn-tb-‰v ˛ Fkv.-sI.-\m-b¿

(tI-c-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ßƒ)

4. tIc-fob hmZy-I-e-I-fpsS D¤-hhpw hnIm-khpw ˛ F.-F-kv.-F≥. \ºo-i≥

(Xm-f-ßƒ Xmf-hm-Zy-ßƒ)

5. am∏n-f-I-e-Iƒ Hc-h-tem-I\w ˛ F≥.-Im-Xn-cn-t°mb amÃ¿,

(am-∏nf Iem Z¿i-\w) tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, Xr»q¿, 2009

samUyqƒ 2: IqSn-bm´w

]T-\-ta-Je

kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS tIc-fob A`n-\b kº-Zmbw, IqSn-bm-´-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw,

sXfn-hp-Iƒ, Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, DÆp-\o-eo-k-tµiw Ncn-X-]m-[m-\yw, `‡n-]-ÿm-\w, _m“-Wm-[n-]-

Xyw, t£X-tI-µnX kwkv°mcw Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bpsS Imew, tXme≥, IqSn-bm-´-Øn\p]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ ][m\ \mS-I-ßƒ. A`n-t\-Xm-°ƒ, IqØ-º-ew, ]mtZ-inI kwkv°m-c-Øn-\p-ta¬ _rl-

Xv]m-c-ºcyw hnZq-j-I≥. ]mtZ-in-I-kw-kv°m-chpw `mjbpw ]m[m\yw t\Sp-∂p. NmIym¿Iq-Øv. IqSn-

bm-´hpw IqØpw, kmaq-ly-hn-a¿i\w t]°-Y-IfpsS kmaq-ly-]-k-‡n, ]pcp-jm¿∞-°q-Øv, NXp¿∆n-

[m-`n-\b kº-Zm-b-ßƒ, ss]¶p-fw-cm-a-®m-Iym-cpsS kw`m-h-\.

kvXo-]m-Xn-\n[yw ˛ \ßym¿IqØv

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1) IqØºe-ß-fpsS kw`m-h-\ ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-jm-c-Sn

(Iq-Ø-º-e-ß-fn¬)

2) A`n-\bw ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v

(cw-Km-h-X-cWw `mKw aq∂v JWvUw c≠v)

3) IqSn-bm-´w, kp`Zm [\-RvPbw H∂ma¶w ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-c-Sn

(Iq-Ø-º-e-ß-fn¬)

4) IqSn-bm-´-Ønse hnZq-j-I-∑m¿ ˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-c-Sn

(AtX ]pkvX-Iw)

65

5) `K-hZ÷pIw ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

(]-cn-`m-j)

klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ

IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw ˛ AΩm-a≥ Xºp-cm≥

\mSy-I-ev]-Zpaw ˛ amWn-am-[-h-®m-Iym¿

]pcp-jm¿∞-°qØv ˛ IrjvW-N-µ≥

\ßym¿Iq-Øv (-Cw-•o-jv) ˛ \n¿Ωem ]Wn-°¿

IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬ ˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

samUyqƒ 3: IY-Ifn

]tbm-Kw, Ncn-Xw, hnIm-kw, kwkv°mcw

]T-\-ta-Je

17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ sIm´m-c-°-cØvXºp-cm≥ cq]w sImSpØ cma-\m-´w, IY-I-fn-bpsS ]mKq]w

cmam-b-WsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n F´p-Zn-h-ksØ IY-Iƒ, sIm´m-c-°-c-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ. B´-°-Y-I-fpsS

LS-\, hnImkw

tIm´bw Xºp-cm≥, alm-`m-c-XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbp≈ \mep IrXnIfpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb

]q¿Æ-X, ]mX k¶¬∏w, CXn-hrØw ]n¬°me kzm[o\w I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ kº-Zmbw.

DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS \f-N-cn-Xw. kmlnXy]c-amb Hu∂-Xyw, CXn-hr-Øw, IYm-]m-Xw, `mj

cwKm-hn-jv°m-c-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, \√-km-ln-Xy-a√ \√ -cwKkmln-Xy-sa∂ ]am-Ww. DÆmbn

Bhn-jv°-cn® A¿∞-]-]-©sØ IY-I-fn-bpsS Zriy-`m-j-bn-eqsS kwth-Z\w sNøp-hm≥ km-[y-

as√∂ hmZw ˛ DØ-c-cm-am-b-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cNn-°-s∏´ It√-°p-f-ßc cmL-h-]n-jm-c-Sn-

bpsS cmh-tWm-¤hw IY-I-fn-bpsS kuµcy k¶¬∏-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb ]I-S-amb am‰w ]Xn-\m-b-

I≥am¿°v e`n® ]m[m\yw

IoN-I-h-[w, DØ-c-mkz-bw-hcw (C-c-bn-Ω≥Xºn) \c-Im-kp-c-h-[w, cmP-kqbw (Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-

\mƒ), _men-hn-P-bw (I-√q¿ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv) F∂n-ßs\ ]Xn-\m-bI ][m-\-amb IrXn-Iƒ IØn-

th-j-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Ønse kmwkv°m-cnI LS-I-ßƒ.

cmP-k-]-[m-\-ß-fmb IØn-th-j-ß-fpsS Bhn-jv-°-c-WsØ CØcw IY-I-fn-eqsS Nn´-s∏-Sp-

Øn-sb-Sp-°¬ Iπn-ßm´v \ºq-Xncn.˛ Iπn-ßm´v cq]wsImSpØ Iπn-ßm-S≥ kº-Zmbw ˛ hS-°≥

]tZ-i-ß-fnse I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ kº-Zmbw ˛ `‡n kwh¿≤I-ß-fmb IptN-e-hr-Øw t]mep≈ P\-

]nb IY-Iƒ IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-tim-`sb \ne-\n¿Øp-∂n√, F∂ hmZw, I√p-hgn kº-Zmbw

Ipbn¬sØm-Sn-bn¬ Cń-cm-cn-®-ta-t\m\pw injy≥ ]ń-°m-s¥mSn cmhp-Æn-ta-t\m\pw, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥

kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaw, I√p-hgn kº-Zm-bw, kuµ-cy-k-¶ev]w, ico-c- m-jbv°pw \mSy-[¿Ωn°pw

h∂ ]m[m\yw I√p-hgn kº-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ IY-I-fn-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩnXn, Iem-a-fiew B[p-

\n-I-oIcWw, ]Nmc-Ww, ]mtZ-in-I-Xbv°XoX-amb kmam-\y-h-ev°-cWw P\-]nb IY-Iƒ, amen-

bpsS I¿Æ-i]Yw Cu IY-bpsS kmaqly cmjvSob ]k‡n, IY-Ifn A`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw,

If-cn-∏-b‰pw IY-I-fn-bpw

66

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS cmXn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥

(a-e-bm-fn-IƒI-fpsS cmXn-Iƒ)

2. I¿Øy-]mTw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-S,v

(IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mT Ncn-Xw) Iem-a-fiew Fw.-]n.-F-kv. \ºq-Xn-cn

3. cma-\m´w apX¬ IY-I-fn-hsc (I-Y-Ifn kzcq]w) ˛ at¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈,

kn.-sI. inh-cma-∏n-≈,

4. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw ""Imte IZm-NnZY'' F∂ t«mIw apX¬ B cwKw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc

5. \f-N-cnXw c≠mw Znhkw BZy-cwKw (\f-N-cnXw B´-]-Imcw Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿),

klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ

IY-I-fn-cwKw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv. tat\m≥

sNm√n-bm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿ (c≠p hmey-

ßƒ)

IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mT NcnXw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv

Iem-a-fiew Fw.-]n.-F-kv. \ºq-Xn-cn

IY-Ifn kzcq]w ˛ at¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, kn.-sI. inh-cm-a-

∏n-≈

Iem-a-fiew NcnXw ˛ eoem \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

tIm´bw IY-Ifn ˛ B‰q¿ IrjvW-]n-jm-cSn

\f-N-cnXw Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw hymJym\w ˛ F.-B-¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

\f-N-cnXw B´-]-Imcw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿

DÆmbnhm-cn-b¿ ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈

(ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY ]k-‡-`m-K-ßƒ)

\mSym-Nm-cys‚ Pohn-X-ap-Z-Iƒ ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿, RmbØv

_me≥

Fs‚ PohnXw Ac-ßnepw AWn-b-d-bnepw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥\m-b¿

Xnc-t\m´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew cma≥Ipń \m-b¿

Hm¿Øm¬ hnkvabw ˛ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cen

IY-I-fn-thjw ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m`≥\m-b¿

]pd∏mSv ˛ IpΩnWn

IY-Ifn ˛ ]n.-hn. IrjvW≥\m-b¿

knUn/UnhnUn

tIm´bw IY-Iƒ ˛ thZnI. Xriq¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)

cmPkqbw ,,

67

samUypƒ 4: ]n¬°me cwK-I-e-Iƒ

Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ Xp≈¬, D¤-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ, A`n-\-b-k-º-Zmbw, hI-t`-Z-ßƒ

tamln-\n-bm´w hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ

sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w, Nhn´p-\m-S-Iw, ][m\ \mS-I-ßƒ, Ah-X-cW coXn-Iƒ, kwkvIr-X-

kzm[o-\w, Xangv kzm[o-\w, kwKoX \mS-I-ßƒ, B[p-\nI \mS-Ik¶-ev]-ßƒ, kn\n-a, sSen-^n-enw,

IYm-]-kwKw, anan-In, Imcn-t°-®¿ XpS-ßnb P\-]nb Ie-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI

khntij-X-Iƒ. ]cn-k-chpw kzm[o-\hpw amXw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bm¬ aXn. hni-Z-]-T\w Bh-iy-

an-√.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. Ip©≥ \ºym¿ kmlnXy ]©m-\\≥ ˛ ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W∏n≈

2. Hm´¬-Xp-≈¬ (ta-f-∏-Zw) ˛ Iem-a-fiew Ir-jvW≥Ipń- -s]m-Xp-hmƒ

3. taml-n\n-bm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew I√ym-Wn-°p-ń-bΩ

4. Nhn-´p-\m-SI kzcq]w (Nhn-´p-\m-SIw) ˛ k_o\-dm^n, (\mj-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ,

tIm´bw 1964)

5. kwKoX \mSIw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈

(a-e-bmf \mS-I-km-lnXy NcnXw)

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

tIc-f-km-lnXy NcnXw ˛ D≈q¿

ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n.-sP. tXmakv

Iem-a-fiew NcnXw ˛ eoem-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW-]n≈

tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-ßƒ ˛ Fkv.-sI. \mb¿

Nhn-´p-\m-SIw ˛ k_o-\m-dm^n

Assk-≥sa‚pw t]mPIvSpw

t^mt´m kn.-Un. tiJ-cWw

Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, ]K¤ Bkzm-Z-I¿ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw

Iem-tI-µ-ß-fpsS kµ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v

a‰p Ie-Ifp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw

Ie-I-sftbm IYm-]m-X-ß-tf-tbm, IrXn-I-tf-tbm, ssien-I-tftbm Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ,

Hcp Ah-X-cWw I≠v Bkzm-Z\w \n¿_-‘-ambpw Xøm-dm-°-Ww.

P\-]nb Ie-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]T\w Xøm-dm-°¬

* * * * *

68

ska-Ã¿ 6

Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv

ssk_¿ ae-bmfw

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-X-sb-∏‰n kmam-\y-ambpw ae-bmfw Iºyq- nw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-∏‰n khn-

ti-j-ambpw a\-kn-em°n AXv ]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xm-°sf ]m]vX-

cm-°pI.-

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw ]kn-≤o-IcWØn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fn¬

ssk_¿temIw sNep-Ønb kzm[o\sØ∏-‰n-bp≈ ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb kmam-

\y-⁄m-\w D≠m-°p-I.

ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚bpw ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-

∏‰n kmam\y [mcW \¬Ip-I.

ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kn¬ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I.

C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmf D≈-S° \n¿Ωn-Xn°v (Web content making) hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]m]vX-cm-

°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

ae-bmf mjsbbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw ssk_¿temIw Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Is≠-

Øp-I.

taev]-d™ taJ-e-I-fnse Kth-j-W-]-T-\-ßƒ°v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t]cn-∏n-bv°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

`mjm-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy AXns‚ Ncn-Xhpw hnIm-khpw (km-am-\y-ambn amXw), ae-bmfw A®-Sn-

bpsS Bcw`w ˛ tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv ˛ _©-an≥ s_bven ˛ Kp≠¿´v ..., ssS∏v ssd‰-dns‚ IS-

∂p-h-chv ˛ ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jv°-cWw ˛ ]gb en]nbpw ]pXn-b- en-]nbpw, Iºyq-´¿ ˛ ASn-ÿm\

hnh-c-ßƒ, ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ XpS-°w, hnhn[ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-ßƒ, DS-a-ÿXm tkm^v‰v-sh-

bdpw kzX-¥-tkm-^v‰v-sh-b-dpw, sUkvIvtSm∏v ]ªn-jnw-Kv, hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v-sh-b-dp-Iƒ (In-

put Tools), hnhn[ ae-bmfw t^m≠p-Iƒ ASCIIbpw ISCIIbpw. bq\n-tIm-Uv, F≥tIm-UnwKv F∂m-

se¥v? bq\n-tImUv t^m≠p-Iƒ, ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-apJw +OCR, Text to speech,

Speech to Text, Spell checker F∂n-h-bpsS ae-bm-f-Ønse km[y-X-Iƒ.

samUyqƒ 2

F¥mWv C˛-km-ln-Xyw? C˛-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn[ ]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ßƒ, ae-bmfw sh_vssk-

‰p-Iƒ, sh_vt]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, Hm¨sse≥ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-ßƒ ˛ ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw ktlm-Z-

c-kw-cw-`-ß-fmb hn°n-K-Ÿ-im-e, hn°n-\n-L-≠p, hn°n-sNm-√p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ˛ k¿∆-hn-⁄m\-

Code. MA6B15(E)01

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 2

69

tImiw sh_v-F-Un-j≥, kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-I-amb sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ/t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C˛-_p-°v, C˛-sse-

_-dn, UnkvIIw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-ßƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ F∂ Aa-Nz¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cW taJ-e, "ªqtemIw'

(Malayalam blogosphere), kn‰n-k¨ tP¿Wenkw, tªmKvkm-ln-Xyw.

samUyqƒ 3

F¥mWv ssk_¿km-lnXyw? ssk_¿ imkvX-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ, ssk_¿ ]¶p-Iƒ (Punk) XpS-

ßn-bh, ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿I-Y-Iƒ, ssk_¿ hnj-b-I-amb t\mh-ep-Iƒ (Fw. apIp-µs‚ \rØw),

ssk_¿hn-j-b-I-amb kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-ßƒ/]T-\-ßƒ (]n.-sI. cmPtiJ-c≥, Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥),

Xnc-samgn (hyper text)bpw hmb-\-bpw, bmYm¿∞yhpw ]XoXn bmYm¿∞yhpw (Virtual Reality),

ssk_¿kz-Xzw, ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿_-‘-ap≈ ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ß-fpw.

samUyqƒ 4: (]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w)

a. ae-bmfw Iºyq-ńwKv

hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v-sh-b-dpIsfbpw (Input Tools) H∏w en]y-¥-cW (Translation) tkm^v‰v-

sh-b-dp-I-sfbpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw bq\n-tImUv t^m≠v D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp ae-bmfw

ssS∏nwKv tkm v‰v-sh-b¿ F¶nepw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]cn-io-en-°p-Ibpw th-Ww. t\m v]mUv t]mep≈

Hcp t_knIv FUn-‰¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Um‰m-F≥Sn ]cn-io-en-∏n-®m¬ aXn. (ssS-∏nw-Kns‚ thKX ]co-

£n-t°-≠-Xn-√). bq\n-tImUv t^m≠p-I-fmb Im¿Øn-I, ARvP-en, cN-\, aoc, ZypXn XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-

N-b-s∏-ń-cn-°-Ww. en]y-¥-cW tkm^v‰v-sh-b-dp-I-fmb hc-sam-gn, samgn Ioam≥, kz\-teJ F∂n-h-

bpambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S-Ww.

b. ae-bmfw D≈-S-°-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw t]mj-Whpw

ae-bmfw D≈S° \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬I-Ww.

hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw A\p-_‘ kwcw-`-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-

X¬, FUn‰p sNø¬, tªmKv \n¿Ωn-°p-I, tªmKnw-Kv, hn°n KŸ-im-e, teJ-\-kq-Nn, KŸ-ti-J-cw

XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ D≈-S°w \n¿Ωn-bv°¬ F∂nh ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]cn-io-en-°-Ww. Hmtcm tImtfPpw

(Un-∏m¿´vsa‚pw Hcp ae-bmfw sh_vsskt‰m As√-¶n¬ ae-bmfw tªmtKm \n¿Ωn®v AXv ÿnc-

ambn A]vtU‰v sNbvXv \ne-\n¿Øn ]cn-io-en-°Ww (sh-_vssk‰v ]cn-]m-e-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cn-io-

e-\hpw \¬In-bm¬ \∂v. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬ teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-

hm\pw ]cn-io-en-°mw.)

Reference1. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn : tUm.- A-Nyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿ (tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v , 2000)

2. B temIw apX¬ C˛-temIw hsc : tUm.-sP.-hn. hnf-\new (tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v , 2000)

3. C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw : tUm._n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-µ≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm´bw, 1999 6˛m-aXv FUn-j≥)

4. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fß-s\, F¥n\v? : tUm._n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-µ≥

(Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2003)

5. ssk_¿ ae-bmfw : FUn-‰¿ : kp\nX Sn.-hn (Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2009)

70

6. `mh-\m-XoXw (a-e-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿ IY-Iƒ) : tUm.-]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm´-bw)

7. GIm¥ \K-c-ßƒ : tUm.-]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)

8. `mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ : Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)

9. \rØw (t\m-h¬) : Fw. apIp-µ≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)

10. Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmfw (te-J-\w) : ]n.-hn. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥, C.-Fw. io[-c≥

(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 1999 k]vXw-_¿ 5, ]p.8)

11. Xnc-samgn (te-J-\w) : ]n.-]n. cma-N-µ≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jn-Wn, 2008 sabv, Pq¨)

12. C‚¿s\‰pw bqWn-tImUpw ae-bm-f-`mjm ]iv\-ßfpw (te-J-\w) : tUm. atljv awK-em´v

(amXr-`qan Bgv-N-∏-Xn∏v 2008 s^_p-hcn 17, ]p. 85, e°w 51)

13. tªmKnwKv : am[y-a-tem-IsØ hnπ-h-h-gn-Iƒ (teJ-\w) : hn.-sI. BZ¿iv (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-

]Xn∏v, 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 7, ]p.85, e°w 32)

14. C˛-km-lnXyw (te-J-\w) : tUm.-Fw.-F≥. Imc-t»cn (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2006 P\p-hcn 1)

15. ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ : km[y-X-Ifpw ]c-an-Xn-Ifpw (te-J-\w) : kp\nX Sn.-hn. (`m-jm-km-ln-Xn,

2007 Unkw-_¿ ]p. 23, e°w 2)

16. Cyberspace : First steps (Article) - Micheal Benedict (in 'Cyber Culture Reader' - Ed. David Bell)

Routledge, London, 2000

17. How Cyberculture Delete Nature (Article), Jerry Mander, The Ecologist, Vol. 29, No. 3, March/April

1999)

18. China working paper, CWP, 2005 (Article - Available online - google search)

19. Blogging : Personal participation in public knowledge building in the web (Article - available online

- google search)

20. ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb (http://ml.wikipedia.org)

21. hn°n- KŸ-ime (http://ml.wikisource.org)

22. hn°n- \nL≠p (http://ml.wiktionary.org)

23. hn°n- ]mT-ime (http://ml.wikibooks.org)

24. hn°n- sNm√p-Iƒ (http://ml.wikiquotes.org)

25. k¿∆-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw sh_v-F-Un-j≥

26. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

27. hnhn[ ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ

˛ªq-tem-I-I-Y, ªqtem-I-I-hn-X, ªqtemI ImcpWyw F∂nh Dƒs∏-sS.

28. amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏n¬ hcp∂ tªmKv

* * * * *

71

ska-Ã¿ 6

Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv

hnh¿Ø\w

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

hyXy-kvX-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS kwkvIm-csØ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Isf ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.

hnh¿Ø\ kmln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp s]mXp-[m-c-W-bp-≠m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\hpw Hcp k¿§-kr-

jvSn-bm-sW∂ Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\-ßsf°pdn®v kmam\y t_m[-ap-≠m-°p-I.

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]mtbm-KnI ]mT-ßƒ ]cn-io-en-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

hnh¿Ø\w F∂m-se¥v? F¥n\v? hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kam-\-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚

`n∂-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ ]Zm-\p-]Zw kzX-¥w, ]p\xkrjvSn ˛ Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\w, kwK-l-hn-h¿Ø\w, A\p-

I-cWw hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ aqeyw hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ ˛ hnh¿ØIs‚ tbmKy-X-Iƒ

samUyqƒ 2

hnh¿Ø\Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb am\-ßƒ. aqe- m-j˛ e£y- mjm kwkvIm-

c-ßƒ ˛]-Z-ykm-ln-Xyw, KZy-km-lnXyw, imkvX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, imkvtXXc IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn‚ ]iv\-ßƒ ˛ ssi-en-I-fpsSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fp-sSbpw \m´p-`m-jm-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw

hnh¿Ø\w.

samUyqƒ 3

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. `mc-Xob t\mh¬ X¿÷-a-Iƒ ˛ Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥

2. _jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ˛ hnh. tUm. Fkv. them-bp-[≥

Nne-Nn-¥-Iƒ

3. X¿P-a-]-T-\-Ønse ]pØ≥]p-Xp-a-Iƒ ˛ tUm.-kvI-dn-b-k-°-dnb

4. hn-h¿Ø-\w- ˛ F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿ (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v)

5. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n˛ s]m^.-]n.-am-[-h≥]n≈

samUyqƒ 4

]mtbm-Kn-I-]-cn-io-e\w

Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te-bv°pap≈ ]cn-`mj.

Ihn-Xm-Jfiw/IYm-Jfiw/KZy-`mKw

ssien/]g-s©m√v/]Z-ßƒ

Code. MA6B15(E)02

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 2

72

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

hnh¿Ø-\-hnNmcw -˛ tUm.-F≥.-C.-hn-iz-\m-Y-Aø¿

(tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-Ãyq-´v)

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm imkvX-`q-anI ˛ tUm.-hn.-B¿.-]-t_m-[-N-µ≥

(tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-Ãyq-´v)

hnh¿Ø\w ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

`mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw.-]n.-k-Zm-in-h≥ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)

X¿÷pa-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tZ-h-`-´-Xncn

(kvssI-_p°v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°-c)

X¿÷a:kn≤m-¥hpw -]-tbmKhpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ FUn.-P-b-kpIp-am-c≥, kv°dnb k°-dnb

Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXy ]oTnI ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXy ]cn-Nbw ˛ FUn.-tUm.-Nm-Ø-\mØv A®p-X-\pÆn

`mjbpw `mjm-¥-c-Whpw ˛ sI.-Fw.-tImin

hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ ˛ FUn: -tUm.-hn.-B¿.-]-t_m-[-N-µ≥

* * * * *

73

ska-Ã¿ VICe-IvSohv tImgvkv

\h-kw-kvImc ]T\ßƒ

Dt±iye£y-ßƒ

kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]mNo-\hpw \ho-\-hp-amb k¶-ev]-

ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

\h-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w ùXn-I- Xe-Ønepw _u-≤n-I- Xe-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp∂ hyh-lm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. A°m-Z-an-IvXe-ß-fn¬ Ch Gsd ]k-‡-am-Wv.

\ΩpsS cmjvSob kmaqly ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ch Fßs\ k∂n-th-in-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p F∂p≈

\nco-£Whpw kmam-\y-amb Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°epw Cu tImgvkns‚ e£y-am-Wv.

samUyqƒ 1

]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw, Zen-X-\pw, kvXo°pw th≠n-bp≈ i_vZ-ßƒ kam-\-X-tbmsS kaq-l-Øns‚

s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂p-b-tc-≠-Xm-Wv. Ch-bpsS aqeyw BXy-¥n-I-ambn am\-hn-I-Xsb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-

°p-∂p. AtX-k-abw hnI-k-\-Øns‚ sX‰mb \b-ßsf hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

sske‚ vhmen ]t£m`w ˛ Nn]vtIm ]ÿm\w ˛ \¿ΩZ _®mthm Bt¥m-f≥ ˛ ]Ir-Xn-kw-

c-£W kanXn ˛ πm®n-aS ka-c-k-anXn XpSßn hnhn[ Iq´m-bva-Iƒ.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw kvXosb-bpw Ahn-`-‡-ambn I≠ ]q¿∆n-I-cpsS Bi-b-ßƒ, ]m¥-h-ev°-

cn-°-s∏-´-h-cpsS \oXn-°p-th≠n i_vZn® ]XybimkvX- kw-ln-X-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS hni-I-e-\w.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CØcw hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn® \h-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kulrZw

]pe¿Øp∂ hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, ]Ir-Xn-Po-h\w ˛ ]Ir-Xn-Irjn ˛ ]c-º-cm-KX Ipe-sØm-gn-epI-

fpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w ˛ \m´-dn-hp-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Whpw tImUo-I-c-Whpw ]p\x]-tbm-Khpw ˛ kvXo]p-

cpj kaXzw hn`m-h\w sNbvX ]pXnb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ ChbpsS kmln-Xy-Ønse ]Xn-^-e\w.

A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v

]md-Iƒ ˛ H.-hn. hnP-b≥,

thcp-Iƒ hnev]-\bv°v ˛ kn.-hn. iocm-a≥

s]m¥≥amS ˛ kn.-hn. iocm-a≥

tKm]n-Im-Z-WvUIw ˛ Aø-∏-]-Wn-°¿

Ib‰w ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥

abn-eΩ Hcp PohnXw ˛ Bfl-I-Y

ssZh-Øns‚ IÆv ˛ F≥.-]n. apl-Ω-Zv

Imem-Xo-X-amb ⁄m\w ˛ kp[m-aq¿Øn.

Code. MA6B15(E)03

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 2

74

I≠¬Im-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Fs‚ PohnXw ˛ s]m°p-S≥

\¿Ω-Z-bvs°mcp ]m´v ˛ Ip™-∏-]-´m-∂q¿

samUyqƒ 2

]cn-ÿn-Xn ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ ssPh-ssh-hn[yw F∂o kw⁄-I-fpsS A¿∞-hpw,

hym]vXnbpw a\-kn-em-°-Ww.

hnhn[ ]cn-ÿnXn kao-]-\-ßƒ : ]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-imkvXw ˛ lcn-X-cm-jvSobw ˛ ]cn-

ÿnXn B[ym-fln-I-hmZw ˛ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kvXohmZw ˛ ùXn-I-k-ZmNmcw F∂o ]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw

kn≤m-¥-ß-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m[w \m´-dn-hp-Isf ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°p∂p ˛ \m´-dn-hp-

Ifpw \mS≥ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-chpw ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Btcm-

Ky-kw-c-£-Whpw.

hni-Z-am-b-]-T-\-Øn\v

Imhp-Xo-≠t√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

Im‰p-]-d™ IY ˛ H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥

]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-im-kvX-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ Sn.-]n. kpIp-am-c≥

sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ ˛ sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈

`mc-X-∏pj ˛ ]n.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥

samUyqƒ 3

Zen-X≥ F∂ kw⁄ ZenXv k¶-ev]\w ZenXv kmlnXyw ae-bm-f-Ønse ZenXv kmlnXyw.

kzXzm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ \qX-\-ta-Je ]m¥-h-evIrX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Bfl-]-Im-i-\-ßƒ Bfl-

IY ˛ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse Zen-Xv-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-h-g°w ˛ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-

fnse Zen-XvPo-hnXw ˛ Zen-XvPo-hnXhpw cwK-th-Zn-bpw.


PmXn-°pΩn ˛ sI.-]n.-I-d-∏≥

Nmshmen (t\m-h¬) ˛ ]n.-G.-D-Ø-a≥

ZenXv ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw ˛ Ihn-bq¿ apc-fn, Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´-bw

(Z-enXv `mj Bdmw A≤ym-bw).

Idp-∏ns‚ kuµcy imkvXw ˛ sI.-C.-F≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tj-gvkv,

(Idp-∏ns‚ kuµcy imkvXw) Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

Zen-X¿ BcmWv?, ZenXv kmlnXyw F¥v? ˛ sI.-kn.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥,

F¥n\v? F∂o A≤ym-b-ßƒ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, 2008.

(Z-enXv kmlnXy ]ÿm-\w)

samUyqƒ 4

kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ, kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpamb Ah-Im-i-Øn\pw

ka-Xz-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ kvXo apt∂-‰-ßƒ ˛ hnZym-`ym-kw, sXmgn¬, Ie-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \thm-

75

∞m-\-Øns‚ ]mX-Iƒ ]n∂n´ kvXoi‡n ˛ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ em‰n-\-ta-cn-°, ^m≥kv, Cw•-≠v,

B^n° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ sân-\n-k-Øn-\p-≠mb DZ-bhpw hf¿®bpw ˛ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w.

hnhn[ sân-\nÃv hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ

DZm-c-kvXo-hm-Zw, kmaqly kvXohm-Zw, Ct°m-s^-an-\n-kw, ªm°v sân-\n-kw, ae-bm-f-Ønse

kvXo]£ kmlnXyw ˛ BZy-Ime Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ tXm´-°m´v C°m-h-Ω, efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-

\w, sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ XpS-ßn-b-hsc Ipdn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW, _u≤n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hn`n-∂-

ambn kvXosb Hcp \h-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS ]p\-kr-jvSn-bpsS ]pXnb ]iv\]cn-k-cw.


1. kp`-Zm¿÷p\w \mSIØns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v (s]m^. ]n.-i-¶-c≥

\ºym¿ ût≠-j≥, Xr»q¿)

2. PmK-cqI ˛ ]nb F.-F-kv.

3. sNdnb Icn-]p-c≠ temIsØ

kvXobpsS kz]v\-ßƒ ˛ hn.-Fw.-Kn-cnP

4. apSn-sØøw Dd-bp-tºmƒ (km-dm-tPm-k-^ns‚ ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥

]m]-Ød F∂ IrXn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI)

5. kvXobpw kwkvIm-chpw :

⁄m\-im-kvX-]-c-amb Hcp At\z-jWw ˛ efnXm se\n≥ (hn-th-N-\-Øns‚ `n∂-

ap-J-ßƒ, tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-

jØv)

* * * * *

76

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

]m›mXy `mc-Xob cwK-I-em-X-Xz-ßƒ, NcnXw F∂nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp--I.

tIc-fob cwK-I-e-bpsS ]cn-Wm-ahpw Ncn-Xhpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS kz`mhw, ka-Im-enI cwK-thZn F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p-I.

cwK-I-e, cwKm-hn-jv°m-cw, kwhn-[m\w F∂n-ßs\ \mS-I-Øns‚ ]mtbm-KnI Xe-ßƒ ]cn-N-

b-s∏-Sp-I.

samUyqƒ 1

]m›mXy ˛ `mc-Xob cwK-I-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS Ncn-X-sØbpw kz`m-h-sØbpw Ipdn-®pw

]Tn-°p-I-bmWv ChnsS e£y-am-°p-∂-Xv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

bh\\mS-I-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛ Pn.-Ip-am-c-]n≈

(Pn.-Ip-am-c-]n-≈-bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ teJ-\-ßƒ) cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Nß-\m-t»cn

\mSy-Ie (I-em-tem-Iw) ˛ sI.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿

\ho\ \mSI k¶¬]-ßƒ (\m-S-I-Z¿i-\w) ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈

Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´bw

samUyqƒ 2

tIc-fob cwK-I-e-bpsS ]cn-Wm-ahpw Ncn-Xhpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

cwK-thZn ]c-º-cm-KXw (cw-Km-h-X-c-Ww) ˛ Un.-A-∏p-°p-´≥ \mb¿

tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

\m´-c-ßn\v Hcp ]oTnI (\m-´-c-ßv-˛-hn-Im-khpw ˛ Pn.-`m¿K-h≥ ]n≈

]cn-Wm-a-hpw) tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

DW¿hns‚ Imew, \mSIw hf-cp∂p ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n-≈,

F∂o A[ym-b-ßƒ (a-e-bmf \mSI kmlnXy tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan, Xr»q¿

Ncn-Xw)

ska-Ã¿ V

Hm∏¨ tImgvkv

\mS-I-]-T\w

Code. MA5D01

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

77

samUyqƒ 3

ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ ˛ s]m^-j-W¬, Aa-Nz¿ hn`-P\w ˛ hnhn[ \mS-Im-h-

X-cW kwL-ßƒ cq]w sIm≈p∂p ˛ sI.-]n.-G.kn, kwKaw Xnøt‰gvkv, Imfn-Zmk Iem-tI-µw,

KoYm B¿´vkv ¢∫v, tIcf Xnø-t‰-gvkv, hniz-tI-cf Iem kanXn (tXm-∏n¬ `mkn, sI.-Sn.-ap-l-Ω-Zv,

Fkv.-F¬.-]pcw kZm-\-µ≥, ImeSn tKm]n, G.-F≥.-K-tW-jv, kn.-Pn.-tKm-]n-\m-Y≥, ssh°w Nµ-ti-J-

c≥ \mb¿, s]m≥Ip∂w Zmtam-Z-c≥, ]n.-sP.-B‚-Wn, F≥.-F≥.-]n-≈, Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿ apX-

em-b-h¿ s]m^-j-W¬ \mS-I-th-Zn°v th≠n \S-Ønb cN-\-Iƒ ˛ t]£-Isc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-

\p≈ tNcp-h-Iƒ ˛ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ˛ KmaoW Ac-ßp-Iƒ ˛ \mS-I-ßƒ (kn.-F¬.-tPm-kv, ]n.-B¿.-

Nµ≥, IS-hq¿ Nµ≥ ]n≈, ]p∂] Zmtam-Z-c≥, ]d-hq¿ tPm¿÷v, sI.-F-kv.-\-ºq-Xncn apX-em-b-h-

cpsS cN-\-Iƒ). \mSI°f-cn-Iƒ (67se imkvXmw-tIm´ sh®v \S∂ Ifcn apX¬) hnhn[ \mS-Im-h-

X-cW ]cn-io-e\ kwcw-`-ßƒ ˛ kv°qƒ Hm^v Uma ˛ tIcf kwKoX \mSI A°m-Z-an.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

krjvSn ˛ sI.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv, sI.-Sn.-bpsS \mS-I-ßƒ

kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿

Idp-Ø-ssZ-hsØ tXSn ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈

Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´bw

samUyqƒ 4

Ipń-I-fpsS \mS-I-thZn ˛ Ipń-I-fpsS cwK-th-Zn-bpsS a\x-»mkvXw ˛ Ipń-Iƒ t]£-I-cm-Ip-

tºmƒ ˛ cwK-]-`mXv(Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw) cwK-tN-X\(Xr-»q¿) \h-cwK(]m-e-°m-Sv) imkvX-km-lnXy

]cn-j-Øns‚ _mtem-’h PmY-Iƒ ˛ Ipń-I-fpsS \mS-I-th-Znbpw apXn¿∂-h-cpw.

kvXo]£ \mSI thZn ˛ ae-bmf cwK-th-Znbpw kvXoIfpw ˛ \mSI cN-\bpw kvXo a\ pw

˛ kvXoIƒ°p th≠n-bp≈ cN-\-Iƒ Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ ˛ imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ h\nXm

Iem-Pm-Y-Iƒ (Bcym ]≈w, sI.-]n.-G.kn.-kp-tem-N-\, \ne-ºq¿ Abn-j, amth-en-°c s]m∂-Ω,

im¥m-tZ-hn, aW-°mSv Dj, kn.-sI.-en-√n, eoem ]Wn-°¿, ]n.-kn.-tZ-h-In F∂n-h-sc-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-

°-Ww.)

tdUntbm \mS-I-ßƒ ˛ ]t£-]W Ie ˛ kvIn]v‰n¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ ˛ i_vZ \nb-

¥Ww ˛ Ah-X-cW coXn

kvIn‰p-Iƒ GIm-`n-\bw (tam-tWm-B-IvSv) i_vZm-\p-I-c-Ww(-an-an-In) Imºkv Xnø-‰¿ kv°qƒ

Item¬k-h-ßƒ ˛ k¿∆-I-em-ime a’-c-ßƒ ˛ tIc-tfm-’-h-ßƒ ˛ sXcphp \mS-I-ßƒ ˛ ]Nm-

cW \mS-I-th-Zn˛t_m-[\ \mS-I-thZn.

klm-bIKŸ-ßƒ

tIc-f-Ønse \mtSmSn \mS-I-ßƒ ˛ tUm.-F-kv.-sI.-\m-b¿

kwKo-X-\m-SI NcnXw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv.-ta-t\m≥

\mSI ]th-inI -˛ F.-Un.-l-cn-i¿Ω

cwK-`mj ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈

ae-bmf \mS-I-km-lnXy NcnXw ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈

78

\mSI Z¿i\w ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-]n≈

ae-bmf \mSI ]ÿm\w ˛ Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥

\mS-I-Øn-te-bvs°mcp \S-∏mX ˛ G.-]n.-]n.-\-ºq-Xncn

tIµ-I-em-k-an-Xnbpw Iem-k-anXn ]ÿm-\hpw ˛ ]h-\≥, tIfn Pq¨ 1976

Hfn-hnse Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn

Ac-ßp-Im-WmØ \S≥ ˛ Xnt°m-Sn-b≥

\mSI Z¿∏Ww ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈

A`n-\-b-Øns‚ ck-X¥w ˛ apcfn

I¿´¨ ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈

hnZzm≥ ]n tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ FUn: C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥

t_m[\ \mS-I-thZn ˛ F≥.-B¿.-Km-a-]-Imiv

kqX-[mcm, FXnse FXnse ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]n≈

* * * * *

79

ska-Ã¿ V

Hm∏¨ tImgvkv

kvXo]-T-\-ßƒ

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

Ncn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-SmsX t]mb kvXoXzsØ \n¿∆-Nn-°-p-I.

Kth-jW hn⁄m\ imJ-bmbn hf¿∂n-´p≈ sân-\n-k-Øns‚ Ncn-X-L-´-ß-tfbpw ssk≤m-

¥nIXe-tØbpw a\- n-em-°p-I.

tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn-ep≠mbn´p≈ kvXo apt∂-‰-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse kvXo]£ cN-\-Isf khn-ti-j-ambn ]Tn-°p-I.

kvXo]£ \ncq-]Ww tIc-fob Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Øn¬ sNepØnb kzm[o\w a\- n-em-°p-I.

tIc-fob Iem-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI cwK-ß-fn¬ kvXoI-fpsS kw`m-h-\-Isf Adn-bp-I.

samUyqƒ 1

1 kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew ˛ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w (kvXo-]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS

DZbw; hyXykvX Ncn-X-L-´-ßƒ ˛ sân-\¬ ˛ sân-\nÃv ˛ ôsabv¬; hyXykvX sân-\n-

k-ßƒ ˛ en_-d¬, tkmjy-enÃv & am¿IvknÃv, dmUn-°¬, ªm°v, t]mÃv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ &

tX¿Uv thƒUv, aƒń dmjW¬, t]mÃv ÃIvN-d¬, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c sân-\n-kw, Ct°m-s^-

an-\nkw XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI; A°m-Z-anIv cwK-ß-fn-te-

bv°p≈ kvXo ]T-\-Øns‚ hym]\w ˛ Ncn-Xw, kmº-ØnI imkvXw, ùXn-I-im-kvXw, Poh-

im-kvXw, kuµ-cy-im-kvXw, a\ximkvXw, aXw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fnse kvXo ]¶m-fn-Øw)

2. kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-Xew (sh¿Po-\nbm hpƒ^v, kntam¨ Zv_ps∆, Zcn-Z,

B≥Un-b≥ dn®v, Fsebv≥ tjmhmƒ´¿, eqkn Cdn-K-sd, sSdn CuKnƒ´¨, tIbv‰v an√-‰v,

sle≥ knIvkm-kv, s_‰n ss^Zm≥, k^n-tbm-ddn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Nn¥-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn

]Tn-°p-I.

3. kvXoXz-Øns‚ \n¿∆-N\w ˛ ]iv\-ßƒ

samUyqƒ 2

tIc-fob kaq-l-Ønse kvXob-hÿ (Ip-Spw-_w, kaq-lw, hnhm-lw, \nbaw F∂n-h-bn¬ h∂n-

cn-°p∂ Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf¿®, PmXn-kz-Xz-ØneqsS kvXo ]T-\w) tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-

´p≈ kvXo apt∂-‰-ßƒ (tImtfm-Wn-b¬, kzmX-¥y, \thm-∞m-\, kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c, B[p-\nI

Ime-L-´-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ hyXykvX kvXo apt∂-‰-ßƒ) I¿jI ]ÿm-\hpw kvXo ]¶m-fn-Ø-

hpw˛ tSUvbqWn-b\pw kvXoIfpw ˛ BZn-hmkn ZfnXv kvXo apt∂-‰-ßƒ ˛ `qan-k-a-c-ßfpw kvXoI-

fpsS ]¶pw˛ kvXobpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw ˛ tIc-f-Ønse kvXohn-tam-N\ Kq∏p-Ifpw Ah-cpsS Iem-˛-

kmw-kvIm-cnI kmaqly ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

Code. MA5D02

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

80

samUyqƒ 3

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse kvXo]£Nn¥ (a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hyXykvX L´-ß-fn-ep-

≠m-bn-´p≈ kvXobm-hn-jvIm-c-ßƒ ˛ hmsamgn hg-°-ß-fn¬, \mtSmSn kmln-Xy-Øn¬, ]mNo\

Ime-ß-fn¬, sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Ime-ß-fn¬, \thm∞m-\-Im-e-Øv, B[p-\nI ˛ DØ-cm-[p-\nI Ime-ß-

fn¬ Chsb kmam-\y-ambn Adn-™p-thWw ]Tn-°p-hm≥)

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ ˛ tXm´-bv°m´v C°m-h-Ω, Aºm-Sn Im¿Øym-b-\n-

b-Ω, Ipń-°p-™n-X-¶-®n....)

s]sÆ-gp-Øns‚ BZy-L´w (kc-kz-Xn-b-Ω, e-fn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\w, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, cmP-

e-£v-an....)

s]sÆ-gp-Øns‚ apJy-[mc (am-[-hn-°p-ń, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, kpK-X-Ip-am-cn, h’-e)

B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ime-L-´-Ønse kvXosb-gp-Øp-Im-cn-Iƒ (hn-P-b-e-£van, kmhnXn cmPo-

h≥, Ajn-X, tKkn, hn.-Fw. Kncn-P, tdmkvta-cn, ]n. KoX, A\n-Xm -Xºn, sI.-B¿. aoc, Nµ-a-Xn,

kp[o-c, ]nb F.Fkv)

kvXoIƒ Bfl-I-Y-sb-gp-Xp-tºmƒ

(hyXykvX Ime-L-´-ßfnse kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-tfbpw hyXykvX Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-I-fpsS khn-

tij kzXz-sØbpw hy‡-ambn ]Tn-°m-\mWv i≤n-t°-≠-Xv.)

samUyqƒ 4

kvXo]£ \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ NcnXw (gyno-lesbian-gay apX-emb Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Isf kmam-\y-

ambn ]cn-N-b-s]-S-Ww) ˛ enwK-]-Z-hn-bpsS ]iv\-ßƒ ˛kvXo-`m-j˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse kvXohmZ Nn¥-

Iƒ ( k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, ]n. KoX, sP. tZhn-I, tUm.-Pm≥kn sPbnw-kv, hn.-kn. lmcn-kv,

kn.-F-kv. Nµn-I, tUm. imc-Z-°pń XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬) ae-bm-f-Ønse

kvXo \ncq-]-I¿ am[y-a-ßfpw kvXo]-£-Nn-¥-Ifpw h\nXm amkn-I-Iƒ cwK-I-e-Ifpw kvXoIfpw

˛ kvXo \mS-I-thZn

XpS¿hm-b-\-bv°p≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

kvXo Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬; ]n.-e-£van-°p-ń-b-Ω, klr-Z-b-thZn; Xr»q¿

kvXo ; hn.-kn. lmcnkv, Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw

kvXohmZ-kn-≤m¥-ßƒ; ]im¥vIpam¿

apSn-sØ-ø-ßƒ; (kmdm tPmk-^ns‚ "]m]-Ød'bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I) Id‚ v _pIvkv; Xr»q¿

tIc-f-Ønse kvXoap-t∂-‰-ß-fpsS NcnXw; kn.-F-kv. NµnI; tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan, Xr»q¿

sân-\nÃv kuµ-cy-imkvXw; (F-Un.) Knskem G°¿; (]-cn-`m-j) Pm\-In, tUm.- sI. tKm]n-

\m-Yv, _p°v thw; Xr»q¿

Ncn-X-Ønse s]Æn-S-ßƒ; civan _nt\mbv; tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v; Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

kvXohn-tam-N\w˛ Ncn-Xw˛ kn≤m-¥w-˛-k-ao-]\w; F.-sI. cma-Ir-jvW≥, sI.-Fw. thWp-tKm-]m-

e≥; \b-\-_pIvkv; ]ø-∂q¿

BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw kvXo˛-]-IrXn; hµ-\m-inh; hnh. tPm¿÷v sI. AeIvkv; t^_n-b≥

_pIvkv, Be-∏pg

kvXo ]T-\-ßƒ, k®n-Zm-\-µ≥; t_m[n ]ªn-jnwKv lukv; tImgn-t°mSv

]W-bw, ssewKn-I-X, A[n-Imcw; KoX; Id‚ v _pIvkv; Xriq¿

81

sân\nkw ˛1

sân-\nkw ˛2; tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v; Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

kvXohmZw; sP. tZhnI; Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw

kvXo k¶ev]w ae-bmf t\mh-en¬; tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn

Fgp-Øp-Imcn-bpsS apdn; sh¿Pn-\nbm hpƒ^v; hnh. F≥. aq -°pń; amXr-`qan ]kn-≤o-I-cWw

tNmcbpw IÆocpw \\™ hgn-Iƒ; tZh-bm\n

1114 s‚ IY; A°mΩ sNdn-bm≥

IpSpw_w kzImcy kzØv, `c-W-IqSw F∂n-h-bpsS D¤hw; se\n≥; t]mK- ohv ]ªn-t°-

j≥kv, tamkvtIm; 1980

EXp-a-Xn-Iƒ°v ]Tn-®m-se¥m; Fw.-]n. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv; awK-tfm-Zbw ] v; 1942

]pcp-j-∑m-cn-√mØ temIw; sI.- k-c-kz-Xn-øΩ; hnX. tIm´-bw, F≥.-_n.-Fkv; 1958

kzmX-¥y-e-_v[n-°p-ti-j-ap≈ kvXokz-Xzm-hn-jvImcw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬; \ΩpsS

kmlnXyw ˛ \ΩpsS kaqlw; 1901˛2000; hmfyw˛3

A¥¿÷\w Hcp ]T\w; hn.-kn. lmcnkv; efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\w- jjvSy-_vZ-]q¿Øn ˛

BtLm-j-I-Ωn-‰n), \mjvW¬ _p°v Ãmƒ, tIm´bw 1969

cmP-e£van F∂ Fgp-Øp-Imcn; ]k. kn.-sF.-kn.-kn. _pIv lukv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw; 1996

"IÆocpw In\mhpw hntam-N\hpw' (kvXo]£ Nn¥ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬) \ΩpsS kmlnXyw

\ΩpsS kaqlw 1901˛2000

kvXo]£ am[y-a-]-T-\-ßƒ; FUn. ayqkvtacn tPm¿÷v; Id‚ v _pIvkv; Xr»q¿

Iogm-f-]-T-\-ßƒ; kqkn Xmcp, tXP-kzn\n \nc-RvP\; Un.-kn. _pIvkv; tIm´bw

kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-Ønse Znim-t_m[w; tUm.-Fw. eoem-hXn-; F≥.-_n.-Fkv; tIm´bw

Cµp-teJm ]T-\-ßƒ; -C.-]n. cmP.-tKm-]m-e≥ (F-Un.) tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿

Ct°m sân--\n-kw, Ct°m Sqdnkw, am¿Ivkn-kw, F≥.-Fw. ]ntb-gvk¨

ImgvN-bpsS tImbva; -Sn.-sI. cma-N-µ≥; am-Xr-`qan _pIvkv

BZy-Ime h\nXm amknIm ]T-\-ßƒ; Pn. ]nb-Z¿i≥

Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS,- _mem-a-Wn-bΩ; amXr-`qan 1969

"\jvS-t_m-[-ß-fn-√msX' tZhIn \ne-b-tßm-Sv,

hymg-h´ kva-W-Iƒ; _n.-I-√ym-WnbΩ; -aw-K-tfmZbw 1958

Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ; sI.-A-PnX; -Un.-kn.-_pIvkv; tIm´bw 1999

Bfl-I-Y-bvs°m-cm-apJw; efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w

Fs‚ IY; am[-hn-°pń

sXmgn¬tIµ-Øn-tebv°v; A¥¿P-\-k-amPw; FUn.F≥.-B¿.Kma-]-Imiv; tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-

I-em-ime ]ªn-t°j≥kv Unhn-j≥

AXn-Po-h-\hpw hntam-N-\hpw; hrµm-Im-cm´v; Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

hnth-N-\-Øns‚ `n∂-ap-J-ßƒ; Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿; tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv

kvXo imkvXw kaqlw; FUn.-tUm.-Sn.-sI.-B-\-µn, tUm.-sI.-F≥.-K-tW-jv; tIcf imkvX-

kmlnXy ]cn-jØv

P\-Io-b-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ ae-_m-dns‚ s]¨]m-X-Iƒ; tUm.-Sn.-sI.-B-\µn; tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy

]cn-jØv

* * * * *

82

ska-Ã¿ V

Hm∏¨ tImgvkv

Ne-®n-X-]-T\w

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-´-Ønse i‡-amb Hcp am[y-a-sa∂ \nebn¬ Ne-®n-X-I-esb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I.

kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw, NcnXw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hnZym¿∞n°v kmam\y⁄m\w

D≠m-hp-I.

Xnc-°-Ym-c-N-\, kn\n-am-t´m-K^n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, kwhn-[m\w XpS-ßn-b kn\n-a-

bpsS kmt¶-Xn-IXIƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

Hcp eLp-kn-\na/Imw-]kv ^nenw/ tUmIyp-sa‚dn \n¿Ωn°m-\p≈ Xmev]cyw hnZym¿∞n-I-

fn¬ D≠m-°p-I.

Ne-®n-X-]-T-\w, Ne-®nX \ncq-]Ww F∂o cq]-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw

Fgp-Xm-\p-ap≈ tijn hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D≠m-°pI.

samUyqƒ 1

bqWn‰v 1

kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw ˛ kn\n-a-bpsS imkvXob XØzw ˛ s]gvkn-Ã≥kv Hm^v

hnj≥ : Hcp sk°‚n¬ 24 s^bn-ap-Iƒ F∂ XØzw. kn\na: kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Iem-

cp]w. kn\na F∂ P\-Iob am[yaw

bqWn‰v 2

kn\na-bnse Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ: o®¿kn-\n-a-Iƒ-˛-lkz kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-Iƒ˛

B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ shtÃ¨ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Un‰-IvSohv kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ slmd¿ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛

ayqkn-°¬ kn\n-a-Iƒ tImaUn kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ ªm°v B‚ v ssh‰v kn\n-a-Iƒ \n»_vZ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛

cmjvSob kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ kvXo ]tabw apJy-amb kn\n-a-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ kn\n-a-bp-ambn _‘-

s∏´p≈ X-cw-Xn-cn-hp-Isf Ipdn®v kmam-\y-amb [mc-W-bp-≠m-I-Ww.

bqWn‰v 3

kn\na-bpsS NcnXw hf¿® ˛ BZy-Ime kwhn-[m-b-I¿, eqan-b¿ _tZgvkv ˛ tkmhn-b‰v kn\n-

a-Iƒ ˛ P¿Ω≥ FIvkv]-j-\nkw ˛ \ntbm-dn-benkw ˛ ^©v \yp thhv kn\na ˛ ka-Im-enI temI-

kn-\nabpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Code. MA5D03

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 4

83

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kn\n-aIƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SWw

_m‰n¬ jn∏vt]m-Sw-In≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w: sk¿Pn sFk≥Ão≥

ss_kn°nƒ Xohvkv ˛ kwhn-[m\w: hnt´m-dnb Unkn°

Nn¬U≥ Hm^v slh≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w: aPoZv aPoZn

Xmsg sImSpØ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS CjvSm-\p-k-cWw ImWm≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw. Ah-

bn¬ \n∂v ¢mkv, skan-\m¿, t]mPIvSv F∂nh Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in°mw

aZ¿ ˛ ]ptUm-hv°n≥

]mj≥ Hm^v tPm¨ Hm^v B¿°v

kn‰n-k¨ sIbv≥ ˛ Hm¿k¨sh-√kv

emkvSmU ˛ s^√n\n

Hm∏¨ kn‰n ˛ tdmk-en\n

\k-dn≥ ˛ eqbn-_p-\p-h¬

sh¬Uv kvtSm_-dokv ˛ CwKvam¿ _¿Kv-am≥

dmj-tam¨ ˛ Ipdm-tkmh

^mc≥lo‰v ˛ ^mt¶m-Sqt^m

kn\na ]mc-ssUtkm -˛ ˛ Guiseppe Tornatort

ssk¢nÃv ˛ -samlvkn≥ aIva¬_^v

kv]nwKv kΩ¿ ^mƒ hn‚¿ & kv]nwKv ˛ Inw.-In.-Up°v

Zn dnt´¨ -˛ Andrei zyadinstar

d¨ teme-d¨ ˛ tSmwssS-Iv-h¿

Hm^vsskUv -˛ Pm^¿ ]\mln

F tjm´v ^nenw F_u´v In√nwKv ˛ Iok temhvkv°n

AKznsd Z dmØv Hm^v tKmUv ˛ sh¿W¿ sl¿ tkmKv

Z emÃv sSbn≥

]m≥kv em_-dn¥v - Gillermo Del Toro Gomez

Z tK‰v UnIvtS-‰¿ -˛ Nm¿fn Nmπn≥

bqWn‰v 4

C¥y≥ kn\na: BZy-Ime kn\n-a-Iƒ kXy-Pn-Xvtd, EXzn-IvL-´-Iv, arWmƒsk≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿

\S-Ønb _wKmfn kn\n-a-bnse ]co-£-W-ßƒ. Kncojv Imk-dh≈n, iymw s_\-K¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-

cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ, kn\n-a-bnse kvXo ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ: aocm-\m-b¿, A]¿Wm-sk≥, Zo]-taØ XpSßn-

b-h-cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ. ka-Im-enI Xangv kn\n-a-bnse ]pXnb ]h-W-X-If ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S-Ww.

taLm-[mt° Xmcm ˛ EXznIv L´°v

anÃ¿ B‚ v an nkv Aø¿ ˛ A]¿Wm-sk≥

kp_“Wy-]pcw ˛ iin-Ip-am¿

84

C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ßfpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw a\- n-em-°m≥ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-

°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv \n¿t±-in-°mw. Assk≥sa‚ v, t]mP-

IvSv, ¢mkv, skan-\m¿ F∂nh ]kvXpX kn\n-a-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øn-sIm≠v Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in°mw.

Nmcp-eX ˛ kXy-Pn-Xvdmbv

`qh≥tjmw ˛ arWmƒ sk≥

LS-im≤ ˛ Kncojv Imkd-h≈n

hm´¿ ˛ Zo]-taØ

`qanI ˛ iymws_-\-K¬

AK-lm-c-Øn¬ IgpssX ˛ tPm¨ F_lmw

]cp-Øn-ho-c≥ ˛ Aao¿ kp¬Øm≥

Hmt´m-Km^v ˛ tNc≥

ªm°v ˛ kRvPbv eoem _≥kmen

Iº\n ˛ cmwtKm-]m¬ h¿Ω

samUypƒ 2

bqWn‰v 1

Ne®nX kt¶-X-ßƒ: kmam\y ]cn-Nbw s^bnw, tjm´v, ko≥, koIz≥kv, sam≠mjv F∂n-

h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW.

bqWn‰v 2

kwhn-[m-\w, kn\n-am-t´m-K- n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, U∫nßv F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-

\y-[m-cW

bqWn‰v 3

Xnc-°-Y, Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ \n∂v kn\n-a-bn-te-°p≈ am‰w˛ hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-

S¬, C¥y≥ Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ae-bmfw Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ, t\mh¬, IY, \mSIw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ A\p-

h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (Adaptaion)

bqWn‰v 4

tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-Iƒ, lkz-kn-\n-aIƒ (Short films) ayqknIv B¬_-ßƒ, \yqkv do¬,

B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ, ]cky NnXßƒ, BZy-Ime tUymIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ, tdm_¿´v vfml¿ń-bpsS

\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv, s_¿´v lm≥kvS-bpsS •mkv-˛-hm¿´vUnkv\n-bpsS B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ,

B\-µv]-Svh¿≤≥, Fw.-F. dlvam≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw hoUn-tbm-Ifpw hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv ˛ tdm_¿´v ^vfml¿ń

•mkv ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kvS-

kq ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kvS-

t_mws_ Ah¿ kn‰n ˛ B\-µv]-Svh¿≤≥

]I¿∂m´w ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmP≥

85

Ipa-c\√q-cnse Ipf-ßƒ ˛ Fw.-F. dlvam≥

]Xn-s\-´m-asØ B\ ˛ ]n.-_m-e≥

]o˛-jn‰v ˛ Aap-Z≥

F¿Øv tkmßv ˛ ssa°¬ PmIvk¨

^mc≥ lo‰v 9/11 ˛ ssa°¬ aq¿

B\n-ta-j≥ ^nen-ap-Iƒ

]n‚ vUv sdbv≥t_m ˛ KoXm-RvPen dmhp

˛ ^‚m-knb 2000 ˛ knUv\n ÃpUntbm

]cky NnX-ßƒ

]mt°Pv ˛ \yqtbm¿°v ^nenw s^Ãn-h¬

samUypƒ 3

bqWn‰v 1

ae-bmf kn\na Bcw`w ˛ hnK-X-Ip-am-c≥, _me≥, \yqkv t]∏¿ t_mbv XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime

kn\n-a-Ifpw kwhn-[m-b-Icpw kmam\y ]cn-Nbw.

bqWn‰v 2

]n.-F≥. tat\m≥, cmap-Im-cym-´v, ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, Ac-hn-µ≥, sI.-Pn. tPm¿÷v XpS-

ßnb kwhn-[m-b-I¿ aebmf kn\n-a-bn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-ßƒ.

tPm¨ F_-lmw, ]fl-cm-P≥, `c-X≥ Sn.-hn. Nµ≥, se\n≥ cmtP-µ≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-b-I-

cpsS kn\n-a-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 3

P\-]nb kn\n-a-Iƒ, kwhn-[m-b-I¿ ˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°m-Sv, io\n-hm-k≥, sª n XpS-ßnb

kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. ]pXp-\nc kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

ae-bmf kn\nam \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ D¤-hw. ][m-\-\n-cq-]-I¿. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Zfn-Xv-˛kvXo˛

kh¿W ]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpsS cmjvSo-bsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\w. A`n-t\-Xm-°sf Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\w.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ

Hmfhpw Xochpw ˛ ]n.-F≥. tat\m≥

sImSn-tb‰w ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Irjv¨

hmkvXp-lmc ˛ Ac-hn-µ≥

ImgvN ˛ sª n

A[nI-hm-b\ ImgvN ˛ ¢m v/skan-\m¿/Assk≥sa‚ v F∂n-h-bv°mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ

Hcn-SØv ˛ Ac-hn-µ≥

Fen-∏-Ømbw ˛ ASq¿

Xqhm-\-ØpºnIƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

\n¿Ωmeyw ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

If-f≥ ]hn-X≥ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

86

hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w ˛ io\n-hm-k≥

sshimen ˛ `c-X≥

ssZh-Øns‚ hnIr-Xn-Iƒ ˛ se\n≥ cmtP-µ≥

IYm-h-ti-j≥ ˛ Sn.-hn. Nµ≥

\mtSm-Sn-°m‰v ˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°mSv

klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ

temI-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥

C¥y≥ kn\na ˛ Fw.-F-^v. tXmakv

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥

25 temI-kn-\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-µ≥ (Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv)

kn\n-a-bpsS CS-ßƒ ˛ kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥

ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n ˛ hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥

Ne-®n-X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥

kn\n-a-bpsS temIw ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

kn\n-a-bpsS hgn-bn¬ ˛ sF.-jäp-J-Zmkv

ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp∂p ˛ sF.-jäp-J-Zmkv

kn\n-abpw kwkvIm-chpw ˛ sI. tKm]n-\m-Y≥

k©m-cn-bpsS hoSv ˛ sF.-jäp-J-Zmkv

kn\n-a-bnse ico-c-`mj ˛ tPmkv sI. am\p-h¬ (I-d‚ v _pIvkv)

ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cdh-¶c

P\-]nb kn\n-a-bpsS cmP-in-ev]n-Iƒ ˛ ˛ Imhn¬ cmPv,

]fl-cm-P≥, `c-X≥

Ac-hn-µs‚ Ie ˛ H.-sI. tPmWn (t_m-[n)

^pSvt_mƒ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImgvNbpw ˛ a[p-P-\m¿±-\≥ (Un.-kn.-_n)

]Xn-\n-[m-\hpw

Ne-®n-X-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ FUn. ]∑\ cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿, ]n.-sI. ]c-

ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿, kvamcI KŸm-hen

75 Years of Malayalam Cinema DVDA history of the cinema from its origin to 1970 - Eric Rhod (Penguin Books)How to read a film James Monaco

Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Fw.Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\mb¿

Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Un.-kn. _pIvkv

kl-km-_vZ-Øns‚ kn\n-a-Iƒ - frame film south

* * * * *

87

ska-Ã¿ I

tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv

tIcf ]T\w ˛ BZy-Ime tIcfw

Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ

4 ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-embn 4 tImgvkp-I-fm-bn-´mWv tIc-f-]-T\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-

Øns‚ Ncn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

D≠m-°p-I-bm-Wv e£yw. Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-I-tfm-sSm∏w kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpw kmaq-ln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-

cn-I-˛-km-lnXy˛cm-jvSob ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS BflIY-Ifpw Poh-N-cn-X-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw

]T-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

samUyqƒ 1: kwkvImcw \n¿h-N-\-ßƒ, kmwkvIm-cnIhrØw F∂-k-¶ev]w ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

D® ˛ \oN-t`Zw

Ncn-Xw˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

Ncn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, hnhn[ NcnX cN-\m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ

samUyqƒ 2: tIcfw qan-im-kvXw, Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ, BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ, tIc-tfm¬∏-Øn-I-Y-Iƒ

]cm-a¿i-ap-ff IrXn-Iƒ, k©m-cn-Ifpw bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fpw, kwkvImc Ncn-X-c-N-\-

bpsS D]m-Zm-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, imk-\-ßƒ, \mW-b-ßƒ, ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ, ]mNo-\-kw-kvIm-

cw, Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-Ip-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw

samUyqƒ 3: kwL-Imew ˛ kwL-km-ln-XyIr-Xn-Iƒ, Ime-\n¿Æbw, `n∂m-`n-]m-b-ßƒ, ]Xn-‰p∏-

Øv, ][m\ cmPm-°-∑m¿, kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xw, aXhpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, XnW-Iƒ, ùXn-I-

kw-kvImcw.

samUyqƒ 4: Ipe-ti-Jc kmamPyw ˛ atlm-Z-b-]p-cw, ][m-\-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿, sIm√-h¿jw, `qhy-h-

ÿ, P∑n kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw, Bcy-Zm-hnU k¶-e-\w, t£X-tI-µo-IrX

`c-W-hy-hÿ. acp-a-°-Øm-bw, hnhn-[-a-X-ßƒ ˛ _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw blq-Z-˛-C-

…m-anI ssIkvXh aX-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤yw. hmWn-Py-_-‘-ßƒ. _p≤-ssP-\-a-X-ß-

fpsS XI¿®, lnµp-a-X-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\w, ioi-¶-c≥, PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIc-f-k-aq-

l-hpw. PmXo-b-amb Iq´m-bva-I-fpw, PmXn-bpsS ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ Iq´m-bva-Ifpw, _m“-Wm-

[n-]-Xyw.

* * * * *

Code. MA1C01

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 2

88

ska-Ã¿ II


tIcf ]T\w ˛ a[y-Ime tIcfw

samUyqƒ 1: GIo-IrX kmam-Py-Øns‚ XI¿® ˛ Imc-W-ßƒ, \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ hf¿® ˛ ]cn-an-Xn-

Iƒ ˛ ][m\ \m´p-cm-Pyßƒ

samUyqƒ 2: thWmSv kzcq]w hf¿®, hn]p-e\w, kma-q-lnI ]Xym-Lm-Xw. bp≤-ßƒ ˛ am¿Øm-

WvU-h¿Ω hsc.

s]cpºS∏p kzcq]w, hf¿®, InS-a-’-c-ßƒ, ]men-b-Ø-—≥, hntZ-im-[n-]Xyw.

samUyqƒ 3: s\Sn-bn-cn∏v kzcq]w ˛ ]›m-Øew. Ip™m-en-a-c-bv°m¿, amam-¶w, a‰v cmP-hw-i-ßƒ

˛ tIme-Øn-cn-amcpw Ad-bv°¬ cmP-hw-i-ßfpw

samUyqƒ 4: Iebpw kwkvIm-c-hpw. ]m´pw aWn-]-hm-f-hpw. tIc-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw.

IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬, kmwkvIm-cnI kzXz-cq-]o-I-c-Ww. Ad-_n-a-e-bm-fw,

am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ, sX°≥ ˛ hS-°≥ ]m´p-Iƒ.

* * * * *

Code. MA2C02

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 2

89

ska-Ã¿ III


tIcf ]T\w ˛ A[n-\n-th-i-Ime tIcfw

samUyqƒ 1: hntZim-[n-]Xyw C¥-y-bn¬ tI-c-f-Øn¬. ]m›mXy cmjvSob aX kmº-ØnI kml-

N-cyw. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hchv B[n-]-Xyhpw XI¿®bpw -˛ U®v B[n-]Xy iaw˛

XI¿® ˛ ^©v A[n-\n-thißƒ.

samUyqƒ 2: aXhpw kwkvIm-chpw, tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°pkv, DZbwt]cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv, Iq\≥

Ipcnip Iem]w, anj-Wdn ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ `mjm ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, A®-Sn-bp-sSbpw

]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚bpw XpS-°w.

samUyqƒ 3: _nójv B[n-]-Xyw, hnhn-[-bp-≤-ßƒ, Iem-]ßƒ, ]g-»n-I-em-]-ßƒ, ssakq¿ BI-

a-Ww, ae-_m¿ Iem-]w, \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sSbpw XI¿®.

samUyqƒ 4: tZiob ]ÿm-\-ßƒ tImtfm-Wn-b¬ hnt[-bXzw, tIc-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-h¬°-c-

Ww, hnZym`ymk ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w, tlmwdqƒ ]ÿm-\w, I¿jI

]ÿm-\-ßfpw ka-c-ß-fpw, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÃ‰v tIm¨K- v, ssh°w Kpcp-hm-bq¿

kXym-K-l-ßƒ, Jnem-^Øv ]ÿm-\w, ae-_m-dnse tZiob ]ÿm-\-ßƒ, sFIy-

tI-cfw

* * * * *

Code. MA3C03

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 2

90

ska-Ã¿ IV


tIcf ]T\w ˛ B[p\n-I- tIcfw

samUyqƒ 1 : tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\w, \thm∞m\w F∂ kw]-Xybw ˛ ]m›m-Xy-\-thm-∞m\w ˛

\-thm-∞m\ Nn¥-bpsS hym]-\w, kmln-Xyw, Ie, Ncn-X-t_m-[w, \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Ww,

\oXn \n¿∆-lWw F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ \mSp-hm-gnØ kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v knhn-en-b≥

kaq-l-Øn-te-bv°v.

samUyqƒ 2: kma-q-ly ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-ßƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ, kwL-S-\-Iƒ, tbmK-t£-a-k- , F≥.-

F-kv.-F-kv. Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n. XpS-ßnb kwL-S-\-Iƒ Aø-¶m-fn, N´ºn kzman-Iƒ,

io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, hn.-Sn. `´Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, a∂Øv ]fl-\m-`≥ apX-

em-b-h¿, hnZym-`ymk ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Nm∂m¿ el-f, ]menbw ka-cw, t£X ]th-

i\ hnfw-_cw

samUyqƒ 3: ka-c-ßfpw apt∂-‰-ßfpw ˛ Cu-gh satΩm-dnbepw ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-bepw, I¿jI

Iem-]-ßƒ, tIm¨K v ˛ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, KŸ-imem

]ÿm-\w, Iem kmlnXy cmjvSob cwK-ßfnse kwL-S-\-Iƒ, ]ÿm-\-ßƒ, ÿm]-

\-ßƒ, q]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-a-ßƒ, Im¿jnI ]cn-jvI-cW ]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, hnZym- ymk

_n¬

samUyqƒ 4: ]pXnb tIcfw, Bkq-XnX hnI-k\w ˛ hyh-kmb h¬°-cWw ˛ ap∂Wn `c-W-IqS-

ßƒ ˛ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bnse XI¿®, ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ, tIcf

hnI-k\ amXrI˛ km[y-Xbpw ]cn-an-Xn-bpw, km£-cXm ]h¿Ø\w, A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-

µo-I-c-Ww, tIc-f-hn-I-k\ ]≤-Xn, ZenXv apt∂-‰-ßƒ, kvXo im‡o-I-c-Ww apt∂‰-

ßƒ, IpSn-tb-‰hpw ]hm-khpw.

* * * * *

Code. MA4C04

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

sIUn‰v : 2

91

klmbI KŸ-ßƒ

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ ˛ cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ ˛ tIcf NcnXw

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.-sI. ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI NcnXw

Zmtam-Z-c≥ sI. ˛ tIcf NcnXw

io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F. ˛ tIcf Ncn-Xw, kwkvImcw

KtWjv sI.-F≥ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.Fw.-B¿. ˛ a≤y-Ime tIc-fhpw kaqlw kwkvImcw

_m-e-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.-sI. ˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIcf Ncn-Xhpw

C.-Fw.-Fkv ˛ tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr- q-an

˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ tZiob ]ÿm\w

Ip™≥ ]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \mgn-I-√p-Iƒ

CÆp-\oen ktµiw NcnX ZrjvSnbn¬

P∑n kº-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn¬

CÆp-\oe ktµiw Ah-Xm-cnI

eoe-mXn-eIw, BapJ ]T\w

tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv ˛ tIcf ]T\w

tKmhn-µ-]n≈.]n. ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\w

tXmakv ]n.sP ˛ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw

tXmakv sFkIv ˛ tIcfw aÆpw a\p-jy\pw

\ºq-Xncn F≥.-Fw. ˛ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ IY

kmaq-Xncn Ncn-X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-ßƒ

\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv ˛ tIcf Ncn-X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ

hk-¥≥ Fkv.-sI. ˛ \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ

tIcf NcnX hn⁄m-\-tImiw

them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»cn ˛ k©m-cn-Ifpw tIcf Ncn-Xhpw

hmWn-bw-Ipfw ]mtZ-inI NcnXw

IS-Ø-\mSv ]mtZ-inI NcnXw

s]cp-º-S∏v/ht∂cn tZiNcnXw

tIc-f-Ønse KŸ-ime ]ÿm\w ˛ sÃ]vkv

tIcf Iem-a-fiew NcnXw ˛ eoe \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

\ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

BflIY-Iƒ

Ign™ Imew ˛ sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m≥

Jnem-^Øv kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ tamgn-Ip∂w

Fs‚ \mSp-I-S-Ø¬ ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n

hymg-h´ kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ _n. I√ym-Wn-bΩ

92

Ac-\q-‰m≠v ˛ ]n. \mcm-b-W≥ \mb¿

Bfl-IY ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv

Fs‚ PohnX IY ˛ G.-sI.-Pn.

Fs‚ IpXn∏pw InX∏pw ˛ ^mZ¿ hS-°≥

IÆocpw In\mhpw ˛ hn.-Sn.

PohnX∏mX ˛ sNdp-ImSv

Pohn-X-k-acw ˛ kn. tIi-h≥

sImgn™ Ce-Iƒ ˛ tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn

Hfn-hnse Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn

]pXp-∏≈n cmL-hs‚ Bfl-IY ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n

hnhn[ Poh Ncn-X-ßƒ

taev]-d™ IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°-Ww.

kne-_ v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\v Assk≥sa‚ v, skan-\m¿ F∂nh ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Ø-Ww.

skan-\m¿/ Assk≥sa‚ v

tIc-f-Øns‚ Imem-hÿ ˛ Irjn ˛ kmaqly PohnXw ˛ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Irjn ˛ tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ ˛ kmaqly PohnXw ˛ kz`mhw

\mWy hnf-Iƒ ˛ `t£ym-ev]m-Z\w ˛ hyh-kmb hev°-c-Whpw Irjnbpw

kwL-km-lnXyw ˛ IrXn-Iƒ, Fgp-Øp-Im¿, XnW-k-¶-ev]hpw Imhy Pohn-Xhpw kmlnXy IrXn Ncn-

X-Øns‚ D]m-Zm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬.

a≤y-Ime tIcfw ˛ temI-N-cn-X-Ønse a≤y-Im-e-L´ k¶ev]w, Ccp-f-S™ Imew F∂ \nK-a\w

icntbm, atlm-Z-b-]pcw ˛ sImSp-ß-√q¿.

tImf-\o-I-cWw ˛ ]gb k¶-ev]-ßƒ, PohnX bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ, ]pXnb ImgvN-Iƒ ˛ kmln-Xy-Øn¬,

Ncn-X-Øn¬, kmaq-lnI t_m[-Øn¬.

A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw ˛ Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ßƒ, kzm[o-\-ßƒ

]mtZ-inI Ncn-X-c-N\˛ ]mtZ-inI Ie-Iƒ, D¬k-hw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ ˛ ]T-\w.

* * * * *

Documents

(Abstract) - University of Calicutuniversityofcalicut.info/syl/Malayalam_Sylla_16.pdf · 2010-02-02 · 28.04.2009 and 30.-1.2009 prepared the syllabus under Choice based Credit Semester