ABSTRACTS - Kobe University EJ...Aristotle, ng-to-be and Passing-away, and of such academic books as A.A. Long, Philosophy , J.Barnes and Annas, The Modes of Scepticism, and G.E.R

ABSTRACTS

The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World:Transmission and Organization of Knowledge in the Ancient Mediterranean World

Sept. 3-7, 2018, Nagoya, Japan

Program

19:00 WelcomeReceptionatHotelMielparqueNagoya （https://www.mielparque.jp/nagoya/en/）

9:00 TransferfromHotelMielparquetoNagoyaUniversity

9:20 Coffee

9:40 WelcomeAddress1(VicePresidentofNagoyaUniversity)9:50 WelcomeAddress2(MarikoSakurai)

Session1Chair:TakashiFujii10:00 OpeningRemarks(YoshiyukiSuto)10:15 Peter J. Rhodes TheClassicalGreekHistoriansandTheirSources10:50 Akiko Moroo DevelopmentandTransformationofLocalMythinLycia

11:25 Coffeebreak

Session2Chair:TakashiFujii11:40 Josine Blok ReadingGreekNumeracy:ACloserLookatGreekNumerals12:15 Yasuhira Yahei Kanayama WhattheUseofWritingTabletsBroughtaboutinGreece:AncientModelsofMindand

Memory

Monday, Sept.3

Tuesday, Sept.4

1The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

12:50 Lunch

Session3Chair:RyosukeTakahashi13:50 Andronike Makres OldandNewEpigraphicEvidenceonAncientGerenia(SouthPeloponnese)14:25 Elizabeth A. Meyer WhatTypesofKnowledgewasTransmittedbyInscribedAccountsandLegalDocuments?15:00 J. E. Lendon RhetoricalEducationandtheOrganizationofKnowledgeofthePastintheRomanWorld

15:35 Coffeebreak

Session4Chair:RyosukeTakahashi15:50 Georgy Kantor TransmissionofLegalKnowledgeinEasternRomanProvincesintheHighEmpire16:25 Hajime Tanaka TransmissionofCouncilDocuments:ACaseoftheFourth-CenturyAntiocheneChurch

17:00 Discussions

18:00 TransfertoHotelMielparque19:30 DinneratLocalRestaurant

9:00 TransferfromHotelMielparquetoNagoyaUniversity

Session1Chair:NoboruSato9:40 Kostas Vlassopoulos InterculturalExchangeofKnowledgeintheArchaicandClassicalMediterranean10:15 Lilian Karali PurpleDye:DisseminationofDyeingTechnologyandPurpleDyeNetworksinEastern

Mediterranean

10:50 Coffeebreak

Wednesday, Sept.5

2 The Fourth Euro-Japanese Colloquium on the Ancient Mediterranean World ABSTRACTS

Session2Chair:ToshihiroOsada11:05 Judith M. Barringer WesternGreekPoleisandMainlandSanctuaries11:40 Kyoko Sengoku-Haga DiffusionofImperialPortraitsintheRomanEmpire12:15 Marion Meyer TravellingImages,TravellingGods:Greek-PhoenicianEncountersintheHellenisticPeriod

12:50 Lunch

Session3Chair:YukikoKawamoto13:50 Tomoaki Nakano BetweenOldandNew:AMarkerofKingshipontheStatuesofPtolemaicKings14:25 Yoshiyuki Suto SocialResilienceandOrganizationofKnowledgeinPtolemaicEgypt15:00 Discussions

15:30 ResearchTrip1toTokugawaGardenandMuseum （http://www.tokugawa-art-museum.jp/en/）

18:00 SymposionatTokugawaGarden20:30 TransfertoHotelMielparque

9:00 CheckoutoftheHotelMielparque TransferfromHoteltoNagoyaUniversity

Session1Chair:YoshiyukiSuto9:40 Mariko Sakurai TransmissionoftheConceptofPublic/PrivateDistinctioninClassicalAthens10:15 Noboru Sato OralTransmissionofKnowledgeandSuppressingAudience’sthorybosinClassicalAthens10:50 Catherine Morgan Bridgingthe[Corinthian]Gulf:theRoleofLandscapeintheTransmissionandOrganisationof

Knowledge

Thursday, Sept.6


11:25 Coffeebreak

Session2Chair:YukikoKawamoto11:40 Barbara Kowalzig MediterraneanPolytheismbetweenMemoryandOblivion12:15 Irad Malkin OraclesandNetworks:SharingDivineandHumanKnowledge

12:50 Lunch

Session3Chair:YukikoKawamoto13:50 FinalDiscussions14:30 ClosingRemarks(CatherineMorgan)

15:00 ResearchTrip2toIseShrine StayatIsePearlPierHotel （http://www.pearlpier.com/）

9:00 CheckoutoftheHotelandDeparture VisittoIseShrine

17:00 ArrivalatNagoyaStation

Friday, Sept.7


List of Participants

Judy Barringer is Professor ofGreek Art and Archaeology attheUniversity ofEdinburgh.Herscholarlyworkcentersoniconology,Greek religion and mythology, sculpture,andvase painting from theArchaic throughHellenisticperiods.She is theauthorofseveralbooks, including studies ofNereids and thehunt inancientGreece, andanaward-winningtextbook,aswellasnumerousarticles.Shehasjustcompletedanewbook,A Cultural History of Olympia and its Monuments.

Jo s ine B l ok i s P ro f e s so r o fAncient History and Class icalCivilization atUtrechtUniversity,theNetherlands, andamemberoftheRoyalDutchAcademyofArtsandSciences.She chairs the European Network for theStudyofAncientGreekHistory (http://ensagh.wp.hum.uu.nl)and isamemberof theadvisoryboardofAtticInscriptionsOnline(https://www.atticinscriptions.com).Herfieldof interest is thehistoryofarchaicandclassicalGreece,especiallycitizenship; in2017, shepublishedCitizenship in classical Athens(Cambridge,CUP).

Takashi Fujii (Ph.D.HeidelbergUniversity) isAssociateProfessorof EuropeanHistory atKwanseiGakuinUniversity (Nishinomiya,Japan).Hisresearchinterestscoverthepolitical,social and religious history of theHellenisticWorldand theRomanEast,Greekepigraphy,thehistoryofCyprus, andGreek thanatology.HispublicationsincludeImperial Cult and Imperial

Representation in Roman Cyprus (Stuttgart, 2013),and‘ANewFragmentofDiocletian’sCurrencyRegulation fromAphrodisias’ inJRS105 (2015,withAngelosChaniotis).Heiscurrentlyworkingon the first anthology in Japanese translationofGreek inscriptions from theHellenistic andImperial periods, and on the publication ofthe conferencesProcessing Death: Greek Texts, Images, and Imaginations, andFrom the Markets to the Associations: A Comprehensive View of the Greek Mercenary World in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods (withMatthewTrundle andDanielGomez-Castro).

Yasuhira Yahei Kanayama isfull professor and researcher atNagoyaUniversity.Hismaininterestlies in Plato’s epistemology andmethodology, and also inAncientScepticism.Hehaspublishednumerouspapers especiallyonPlato (inEnglish aswell as in Japanese),and Japanese translations of all theworks ofSextus Empiricus (withMarikoKanayama),Aristotle,On Coming-to-be and Passing-away, andofsuchacademicbooksasA.A.Long,Hellenistic Philosophy, J.Barnes and J.Annas,The Modes of Scepticism, andG.E.R. Lloyd,Ancient Worlds and Modern Reflections (with three other co-translators).Recentlyheco-editedSoul and Mind in Greek Thought: Psychological Issues in Plato and Aristotle (2018),withMarceloD.BoeriandJorgeMittelmann.


Georgy Kantor isOfficialFellowand Tutor in Ancient History,Keeper of the College Pictures,St John's College, andAssociateProfessorofAncientHistory in theUniversityofOxford.Hisresearch interests includeRomanlegaland institutionalhistory,epigraphyof theRomanworld,and institutionaldevelopments intheGreekpoleisof theHellenisticandRomanperiod, especially inAsiaMinorand theBlackSearegion.

Lilian KaraliisProfessorEmeritusof Prehistoric andEnvironmentalArchaeology at theNational andKapodistrianUniversityofAthens.HerinterestsincludetheHistoryofArchaeology,EnvironmentalArchaeologywithemphasis onthestudyoftheseaworldandthearchaeologicaluseof seashells.She is theauthorof:Shells in Aegean Prehistory (1999),PURPUREAE VESTES. II.(2008withC.Alfaro),Notebooks on Geoarchaeology(2015, inGreek,withG.Ferentinos).She is thedirectoroftheLeontariCaveExcavationProjectandtheSchistiOdosproject.

Yukiko Kawamoto isdesignatedassistantprofessorat the InstituteforAdvanced Research and theDepartmentofOccidentalHistory,NagoyaUniversity.After the completion ofherstudiesatKing’sCollegeLondon in2016,she held postdoctoral research positions atDoshishaUniversity,OsakaCityUniversity,andLMUMunich.Shewasalso aRomeAwardeeat theBritishSchool atRome (2016/17). HerresearchareaisRomanculturalhistoryandthesociopoliticalhistoryof the lateRomanRepublicto the early Imperial period. She is currently

preparing for amonographon thedesigns ofRomangardens based on archaeological andtextualevidence.

Barbara Kowalzig isAssociateProfessor ofClassics andHistoryatNewYorkUniversity. She is areligious and cultural historian ofancientGreece in its broaderMediterraneancontext , and has part icular interests inthe sociology ofmusic and performance aswell as the role of religion in the social andeconomic transformationof theancientworld.Her publications include Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece(Oxford,2007).

J. E. LendonisProfessorofHistoryin the Corcoran Department ofHistoryattheUniversityofVirginia.Hegrewup inFuchūandattendedtheAmericanSchool inJapan. His fatherwasa professor ofEnglish atWasedaUniversity.HehashisBAandPhD fromYaleUniversity,andhe isauthorofEmpire of Honour. The Art of Government in the Roman World (1997).Soldiers and Ghosts. A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity(2005),andSong of Wrath. The Peloponnesian War Begins(2010).HeiscurrentlyworkingontheimpactofrhetoricaleducationintheRomanWorld.

Andronike Makres (D.Phil.Oxon)specializesinAncientGreekHistoryandEpigraphy,focusingonClassicalAthensandHellenisticandRomanPeloponnese.Herpublicationsinclude“DionysiacFestivals inAthensandtheFinancingofComicPerformances” inThe Oxford Handbook of Greek


and Roman Comedy (2014)andtheneweditionofthepost-EucleideianAtticchoregic inscriptionsoftheInscriptiones Graecae(IGII/III³,ParsIV,1,2015).She isco-founder/directorof theHellenicEducation&ResearchCenter(HERC)(www.herc.gr)andaboardmemberoftheGreekEpigraphicSociety (www.greekepigraphicsociety.org.gr). In2017sheinitiatedGIO,acollaborativeprojectoftranslationsofAncientGreek inscriptions intoModernGreek(www.greekinscriptions.com).

I r a d M a l k i n i s P r o f e s s o rEmeritusofAncientGreekHistory,Department ofHistory,TelAvivUniversity,andIsraelPrizeLaureateforHistory(2014).Hehasmadeground-breakingcontributionstohistoricalmethodologyespeciallyhistheoryof‘networks’,andconceptualisationofethnicityand identity.Hismainpublicationsinclude A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean(Oxford2011),The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity(UCP1998).

Elizabeth A. Meyer isT.CaryJohnson, Jr., Professor ofHistoryin the Corcoran Department ofHistoryattheUniversityofVirginia.Sheworks at the intersection ofhistory, law,andepigraphy.She is theauthorofLegitimacy and Law in the Roman World. Tabulae in Roman Belief and Practice (2004),Metics and the Athenian Phialai-Inscriptions. A Study in Athenian Epigraphy and Law (2010), andThe Inscriptions of Dodona and a New History of Molossia (2013). She iscurrentlypreparinganhistoricalstudyofGreekmanumissioninscriptions.

Marion Meyer (Ph.D. in Bonn;habilitationinHamburg)isProfessorof Classical Archaeology at theUniversity ofVienna (since 2003).She previously taught at the universities ofMunich,Hamburg,FloridaandBonn.Hermainresearch interests are ancientGreek culture,ancient Athens, visual communication; thecreation, tradition,use, functionandsignificanceof images; phenomena of acculturation in theEasternMediterranean.Herrecentpublicationson these subjects includeAthena, Goddess of Athens. Cult and Myth on the Acropolis until Classical times (2017, inGerman).ShecurrentlyworksonpublicandprivatecommemorationofthedeadinAthens.

Catherine Morgan is SeniorResearchFellow inClassics atAllSoulsCollege,Oxford,andProfessorof Classics and Archaeology intheUniversityofOxford.FormerlyDirectoroftheBritishSchoolatAthens,hercurrentworkfocusesonthecentralIonianIslands,wheresheco-directs a surveyandpublicationproject innorthernIthaca,andcollaboratesinfieldworkonMeganisiandLeukas.Sheisalsoaco-directoroftheKenchreaiQuarriesSurveyintheCorinthia.Herpublications include Isthmia VIII (1999)andEarly Greek States beyond the Polis (2003): she iscurrentlywriting a book inHistories in theIonianIslands.

Akiko Moroo is Professor ofWesternandMediterraneanHistoryatChibaUniversity ofCommerce.Her research interests include theGreek epigraphyhabit, theAthenianEmpire,and the cultural interaction in the eastern


Mediterraneanworld.Sheistheauthorof“TheOriginandDevelopmentofAcropolisasaPlaceforErectingPublicDecrees:PericleanBuildingProjectandItsEffectontheAthenianEpigraphicHabit,”inT.Osadaed.The Parthenon Frieze. Ritual Communication between the Goddess and the Polis. Parthenon Project Japan 2011-2014 (Wien, 2016)and“TheErythraiDecreesReconsidered: IG I314,15&16,” inA.MatthaiouandR.Pitt (eds.)Αθηναίων έπίσκοπος. Studies in honour of Harold B. Mattingly (Athens,2014).Sheparticipated in theTurkish-Japanese joint excavationof theTlosBasilica from2010 to 2017.The result of thisexcavationwhere shecontributeda reportonthe inscriptions found there is expected tobepublishedinduetime.

Tomoaki Nakano isProfessor atCollege of International Studies,Chubu Univers i ty and formerassociate curator at theAncientOrientMuseum, Tokyo. He also works asassistant director for the investigation of aGraeco-Roman temple called‘El-Zayyan’ inKharga oasis, Egypt.He recently publishedtheCatalogueofEgyptianCollectionatKyotouniversity,thelargestofitskindinJapan,asthesupervisor.

Toshihiro OsadaisProfessoroftheHistoryofAncientGreekArtattheUniversityofTsukuba.Hisresearchfocuseson the religious aspects oftheclassicalGreekart.Heistheauthorof"AlsoTenTribalUnits–TheGroupingofCavalryontheParthenonNorthFrieze",AJA115(2011)537-548,andaneditorofThe Parthenon Frieze. Ritual Communication between the Goddess and the Polis. Parthenon Project Japan 2011-2014(2016).

Peter Rhodes was Professorof Ancient History and is nowHonoraryProfessor andEmeritusProfessor at the University ofDurham.HehasworkedparticularlyonGreekpoliticalhistory(boththeinstitutionalformalitiesandhowpeoplebehavedwithintheconstraintsandopportunitiesprovidedbythoseformalities),andon the literaryandepigraphic sources forGreekhistory.

Mariko Sakurai is ProfessorEmerita, theUniversity ofTokyo.ShepublishedAncient Greek Women(1992, inJapanese),Studies on Ancient Greek Social History (1996, inJapanese),Herodotus and Thucydides (2007, in Japanese), etc. She isnowwritingabook,A History of the Ancient Greeks, c.1000 to 338 B.C.E.tobepublishednextyear.

Kyoko Sengoku -Haga i s anassociate professor of Center forEvolvingHumanitiesaffiliatedwiththeGraduateSchoolofHumanitiesandSociologyat theUniversityofTokyo.Sheteaches Greek and RomanArtHistory andClassicalArchaeology.Herresearch focusesonbothreligiousandtechnicalaspectsofClassicalsculpture, and regarding the latter, from2007shehasbeenconductingajointresearchprojectwith theComputerVision laboratory of prof.Katsushi Ikeuchiandprof.TakeshiOishiof theUniversityofTokyo.


Noboru SatoisAssociateProfessoratKobeUniversity(PhD:Universityof Tokyo) . His main academicinterests are in law, rhetoric andsociety inClassicalAthensandAncientGreekhistoriography. He is the author of Bribery in Classical Athens (2008 in Japanese) and acontributorofBrill’s New Jacoby.He iscurrentlyworkingontranslationofDemosthenes’forensicspeecheswithotherJapanesecolleagues.Heco-organised the third and fourthEuro-JapanesecolloquiumontheAncientMediterraneanWorld.

Yoshiyuki Suto is Professor ofAncientHistoryandDirectoroftheInstitute forAdvancedResearch(http://www.iar .nagoya-u.ac.jp)atNagoyaUniversity. His interests includethe historical geography of Greece and thearchaeology of Ptolemaic Egypt. He is theauthor ofAkoris I: Amphora Stamps (2005,withH.Kawanishi)andHellenism on the Nile (2014, inJapanese).He isoneof theco-organizersof theAkorisArchaeologicalProject (http://akoris.jp/archive.html).

Ryosuke Takahashi isAssociateP r o f e s s o r o f An c i e n t G r e e kand Roman His tory at TokyoMetropo l i t an Un ivers i ty . H i sresearch interests are in social and economichistory of Ptolemaic andRomanEgypt andGreekPapyrology.Hehaspublishedarticlesonthecustomofbrother-sistermarriage inRomanEgypt (JRS99,2009,withJaneRowlandson)andfamily archives from the village ofTebtunis(Ancient Society42,2012andZPE185,2013)

Hajime Tanaka is AssociateProfessor inDepartment ofAreaStudiesat theUniversityofTokyo.Hisprincipalresearch interest is intheprovincialadministrationoftheLaterRomanEmpire and in the acculturationofprovincialcities.Hisdoctoral thesis focuses onLibaniustheSophist in the fourth-centuryAntiochanddiscusses political and social roles playedbysophists, compared to thoseof thebishops.Heis nowworking on the translation of all theGreek lettersofLibanius.Apartof itsresult isLibanius, Letters,vol.1 (2013, inJapanese);vol.2(forthcoming).

Kostas Vlassopoulos isAssistantProfessorofAncientGreekHistoryattheUniversityofCrete.Heisco-editorofThe Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Slaveries,andtheauthorofUnthinking the Greek Polis: Ancient Greek History beyond Eurocentrism(2007),Politics: Antiquity and its Legacy(2010)andGreeks and Barbarians(2013).


ABSTRACTS

TuesdaySept.4

Peter J. Rhodes

The Classical Greek Historians and Their Sources

Herodotus,Thucydides andXenophon reliedprimarilyonoral information,andtherewasnoother source available formuchofwhat theywanted; butHerodotus andThucydides didsometimesquotedocumentsand literary texts,andThucydidessometimesbasedargumentsonthem.Butotherhistoriansinthefourthcenturyrelied essentially on earlierwritten accounts.EphorususedThucydidesashismainbutnothissolesourceforthePeloponnesianWarto411and theHellenicaOxyrhynchiaafter that.TheAtthidographersmadeuseoftheirpredecessors(atanyratePhilochorusmadeverysubstantialuseofAndrotion).TheAthenaionPoliteia fromAristotle’sschool in itsnarrativepartusedarangeofhistories andother texts (documentsinthatpartwereprobablyfoundintheliterarysourcesratherthanbydirectresearch),anddidnotalwayssucceedinresolvingproblemswherethe sourcesconflicted;butmost strikingly, itsanalyticpartwasbased largelyontherelevantlawsofAthens,withsomedirectknowledge.ForHerodotusandThucydides in thefifthcentury,andatleastforXenophoninthefourth,materialwasobtainedprimarilybyvisitingplacesandtalkingtopeople.Formostofwhat theywroteabout they had no predecessors.Documentsmightbecitedoccasionally,buttherewasnotatfirstastrongsenseofhowdocumentsmightbeused,and inanycasemuchof the informationwhich the historianswantedwould not beavailable indocuments;similarly,otherkindsofliteraturemightbecitedoccasionallybutwere

notculledsystematically.

Akiko Moroo

Development and Transformation of Local Myth in Lycia

In this paper, I explore the development oftheLycian identity, focusingon stories aboutthebeginningsof theircitiesandpeople.HereIparticularly focusonTAM II 174andrelatedmaterials. The Lycians had been exposedto Greek cultures for a long period. TheyparticipatedintheTrojanWaronthesideoftheTrojans.According toHerodotus, theLycianswereoriginallyfromCrete(Hdt.1.173.1-3),andagroupofimmigrantswerecalledTermilaewhichbecamethenameoftheplacetheysettleddown.HealsotellsthatthenameLyciaderivedfromamancalledLycoswhowasbanishedfromAthenssettleddownatTermilae.Herodotusfurthermoretells that someof the Ioniancities tookkingsdescended from the Lycian Glaucus. ThefoundationmythofLycia inwhich thepeopleofLyciaoriginated inCretewaswellknown intheGreekworldandwas repeatedly reportedinclassicalantiquity (Strabo12.8.5,14.1.6;Paus.7.3.7etc.).WhenAlexanderliberatedtheGreeksofAsiaMinor fromthePersianrule,hemadeNearchossatrapofLycia.Thatmeans that theLycianswerenotliberatedbutplacedunderthesubjectofAlexander’sempire(Arr.Anab.3.6.6).Nevertheless,institutionallyandadministratively,LyciawasHellenised thereafter, particularlyunderthePtolemaicrule,andatthesametime,the Lycians developed and reinvented theirownautochthonous foundationstories. I lookathowtheLyciansexpressedandpromotedself-recognitionandthewayinwhichtheirlocalisedmythsandhistorieswereusedtopromoteand


developdiplomatic relationships inHellenisticandRomantimes.

Josine Blok

Reading Greek Numeracy: A Closer Look at Greek Numerals

The transmission of formal knowledge isshapedon theonehandby thesocial, culturaland institutional contexts of this transmissionandontheotherbythetoolsusedtopreserveand communicate suchknowledge. In ancientsocieties,thesetoolswerethescriptsforwritinglanguage andnumerals, interactingwith oralcommunication. InancientGreece, twonumericsystemswere inuse: thealphabeticnumerals,probablydevelopedintheearly6thcenturyBC,andtheacrophonicsystem,ofuncertaindateoforigin,andwithanearliestattestationso far intheearly5thc.BCinCorcyra.Bothsystemswerebasedon thealphabetandbothwerenotationsystemsthatdependedontheuseofanabacustomake calculations, but there are cognitivedifferencesbetween them.Oneof the strikingfeatures of our evidence is the overwhelminguseof theacrophonicsystem in inscriptions fornotationofmoney; there issignificantepichoricvariation in the signs used, but the overallsystemshows someconsistent characteristics.Of the alphabetic numeral system, manyparallels existed in theMediterraneanworld,but theacrophonicsystem isuniquetoGreece.InAthens, it remained in use long after thealphabeticsystemgainedprominenceelsewhere.Inmypaper,Iintendtoshedsomelightonthecognitiveaspectsofbothsystemsandon theirhistorical usage inGreekpoleis. Iwill situatetheuseoftheacrophonicsysteminthecontextof the debate on literacy, accountability andcitizenship,includingtheirgenderaspects.

Yasuhira Yahei Kanayama

What the Use of Writing Tablets Brought about in Greece: Ancient Models of Mind and Memory

The invention of the alphabet was one ofthe threemost influential events of humaninformation revolution, the other two beingGutenberg’sprinting press and computers.It enlarged theworld of theGreeks beyondthe limitationof timeand space, creating thetraditionofhistoria.TheGreekauthorstriedalsoto leave their spiritual offspringasaneternalpossession.Thewritingdevicemostappropriateforthispurposewasawaxtablet,enablingthemtocomparepartsof theirworkson itssurface.It is famous thatPlatocontinuedcombingandcurlinghisdialoguesall throughhis life, as isindicatedbythewidelyknownstoryofthetabletfoundafterhisdeath,showingthebeginningoftheRepublicarranged invaryingorder.Justasa computer isnowemployedas themodel ofhumanmindandmemory,anewdevicewithbigstoragecapacity(writingmaterial)wasemployedinancientGreeceasthemodelof thesoul.ThemnemonictechniqueofSimonideswasbasedontheimageofawaxtabletwithlettersincisedonit.ThemodelsofmindPlatopresented,theWaxBlockandtheAviaryintheTheaetetus,andtheScribeandtheIllustrator in thePhilebus,werealsoderived fromtheuseofwritingmaterials.EspeciallyinterestingistheAviaryinhabitedbyahugenumberofbirds (piecesofknowledge),because it is supposed tohavecome fromtheimageofahuge library likethatofAristotleorthoseinEgypt,andwhatwasthereemployedtofacilitate theretrieveofbookswasalsoasetoftablets.


Andronike Makres

Old and New Epigraphic Evidence on Ancient Gerenia (South Peloponnese)

Pausanias’testimony(3.26.11)placesthepolisofGerenia to theNorth-NorthWestofKardamyleinSouthPeloponnese.W.Kolbe,theeditoroftheInscriptionesGreacaevolumeof the inscriptionsofLakonia andMessenia (IGV1)published in1913,wasthefirst to identifycorrectlyAncientGereniawiththeareaofthemoderndayvillageofKampos located intheMesenianMani.Kolbeattributed toAncientGerenia four inscriptions.Twoof them (IGV11335and IGV11336)areproxenydecrees. In thepublication clause oftheseconddecree it isstipulatedthat thestelewas tobesetupat theSanctuaryofMachaonanimportantSanctuarywhichisalsomentionedbyPausanias (3, 26.9):“Here inGerenia is atombofMachaon, sonofAsclepius, andaholysanctuary.” Pausanias also says that in histemplemenfoundcuresfordiseasesandthatabronzestatueofMachaonwasstandingwithacrownonhishead.Theerectionof stelaiwithhonorarydecreesofGereniaattheSancluaryofMachaon inGerenia is epigraphically attestedthreemore times. The paper discusses theepigraphic evidence on the location of theSanctuaryofMachaon inGereniaandpublishesfully the 2nd c. BCE proxeny decree of theGerenians honoring the renownedMesseniansculptorDamophonthesonofPhilippos.Gereniawasoneofthesevenpoleishonoringthesculptorforhisimportantwork.Thecopiesofthedecreesof thevariouscities inhonorofDamophonarerecordedonacolumnshapedmonumentwhichwas found intheAskepieionofMesseneduringtheexcavationsofAncientMesseneconductedbytheArchaeologicalSocietyatAthensunderthedirectionofProf.P.Themelis.

Elizabeth A. Meyer

What Types of Knowledge was Transmitted by Inscribed Accounts and Legal Documents?

InclassicalAthens,onetypeofstoneinscriptionthatstarts tobeerected in the fifthcentury isthatoftheinscribedaccount.Theseinscriptionswere longconsideredtobeattestationsoffiscalresponsibilitybyelectedmagistratesand thusof the increasing transparency of democraticgovernance. Uponcloserexamination,however,the accounts are selective, that is, list onlysomemoneyandacertain limitedcollectionofmaterials—orwouldbeconsidered selective ifthepurposeofsuchaccountswas indeedto listalltheexpensesforwhichaboardormagistratehadbeenresponsible. Thispaperwillexamineclosely the contents of such inscriptions andthe criteria of selection, and argue that suchaccounts—monuments on stone erected insanctuaries—weretoconvey toawiderpublicone importantway inwhichgodswere tobehonored,andthat thechoiceof the items listedtaughtthepublicwhatthegodsvalued,andwhy.Parallelswillalsobe found insimilarlyselectivecontracts forworkalso inscribed insanctuaries,aswellasotherlegal"documents"suchassacredsalesatDelphi. All such inscriptions transmitknowledgeof thegods and theirmaterial andfinancial concerns, aswell as their preferredformsoftransactionswithhumans.This,inturn,canexplain (Iargue)why inscriptions like thisbecamegenresof inscriptionoutsideAthensaswellaswithin.


J. E. Lendon

Rhetorical Education and the Organization of Knowledge of the Past in the Roman World

Rhetorical educationhas its roots in fifth- andfourth-centuryGreece, but for a long time itremainedanelementof abroadereducationalprogram for youngmen of theGreek rulingclasses. By100BCat the latest in theGreekworld, however, and by the 80s BC at thelatest in theRoman, rhetorical education anditspreliminaries--theexpositionofpoetryunderthegrammaticus, the "pre-rhetorical exercises"(progymnasmata), and, finally, declamation (thegivingofpractice speeches,mostly judicial, oncontrivedtopics)under therhetorhadcometooccupymostorallofthetimegivenovertotheformaleducationofthegreatmajorityofyoungmenwhosefamiliescouldafford,anddesired,toeducatethem.Suchothermaterialastheymightstudy--philosophy,whatwewouldcall"literature,"andhistory, ourparticular interest here--wasstudiedmostlyasancillarytorhetoric, tostockthemindswith useful exempla for speeches.Thetopical lists thatmakeuptheFacta et dicta memorabilia of theTiberian authorValeriusMaximus can be regarded as emblematic ofhowknowledgewasorganized inarhetoricallyeducatedmind.Manyareasofknowledgewerethus,byourstandards,curiouslyunsystematic,andhistory--knowledgeofthepast--wasonesuch.Thispaperwilldiscusstheconsequencesofthisformofeducation forhowGreeksandRomansarticulatedthepast--how(orif)theyplacedpastevents indifferent chronological periods, andhow(orif)theyunderstoodchangeovertime.Iexpecttodrawexamples fromRomandomesticpoliticsandforeignaffairs.

Georgy Kantor

Transmission of Legal Knowledge in Eastern Roman Provinces in the High Empire

The paper discusses the mechanisms oftransmission of legal knowledge in easternRomanprovinces down to the third centuryAD, particularly in litigation contexts, andmakes an attempt to broaden the argumenttentatively offeredby the author in his 2009paper (‘Knowledge of law in RomanAsiaMinor’, in R. Haensch [ed.],Kommunikation und Selbstdarstellung [Munich 2009], 249-65)and introduce some regional nuance into it.It addresses the role of legal experts in theadministrationof justice, asshownbyPliny’scorrespondenceanddocumentaryevidence; thekindsof legal evidenceavailable toholdersofRoman jurisdiction, local judges and litigants;theavailabilityof legaleducationandthesocialcontext(s) ofprovincial legalknowledge. In theend, the problem of abundant Severan legalevidence andwhether it shows a systematiceffort towardsunificationanddisseminationoflegalknowledgeisdiscussed.

Hajime Tanaka

Transmission of Council Documents: A Case of the Fourth-Century Antiochene Church

CouncildecreesofChristianChurchintheLaterRomanEmpirehaveleftadeepimpressionbothondevelopment of canon laws in theMiddleAges and on ecclesiastical historiography.ACollection of Church canons and Churchhistoryhasusually recordedanecumenical orlocal council asaneventwhichhappened inadeterminedplaceandtime.Acouncildocumentcalled“Exemplumsynodihabitae”,however,shows a different character.Although it hasanappearanceof the reply from the synodof


Antioch to thepapal letter in 379, it ismadeup of four documents sent from the popeDamasus,signedbyabout150Orientalbishops.Complicatedhistory of the religiouspolicy inthe eastern empire sheds some light on thereasonanorthodoxparty inAntiochcomposeda jumbleofdocuments. In investigatingsimilarcasesofcouncildocumentation,thispaperarguesthat documents spanning several decades inrelation to the faith and the churchdisciplineweresometimescompressed intoadecreeofagivencouncilandtransmittedassuch into latergenerations. In addition, this paper examinesanother aspect of the transmission of thisdocumentwhichhasbeen ignoredbymodernscholars.The first document of“Exemplum”hasbeenattestedinmanyothersources,butitsrubric and formmay imply that“Exemplum”wassent fromtheEast through theaidof theEmperorTheodosius in a criticalmoment ofpolitical and religious tensions. In sum, thisdocument gives a clue to understanding thedisseminationofa textandthedevelopmentofChurchtradition.

WednesdaySept.5

Kostas Vlassopoulos

Intercultural Exchange of Knowledge in the Archaic and Classical Mediterranean

The study of intercultural exchange in theancientMediterranean has been dominatedby two radically opposed approaches. Thefirst one takes the intercultural exchange ofknowledge as a relatively straightforwardtransmission of information between peoplebelonging todifferentcultures. It then tries totrace elements of knowledge and informationderiving fromone culture into the texts andpracticesofanotherculture,and in thiswayto

substantiate the presumed acts of exchange.Theotherapproachhastaken itscue fromtheanthropologyofculturaldifference.Influencedbythestructuralistversionofculturalanthropology,this approach approacheswhat appears asforeignknowledgeinancienttextsasanexercisein cultural self-formation: the information onforeign cultures inGreek texts isnot reliableinformationoriginating fromthosecultures,butanexercise in theconstructionof alterityandtheformationofGreekidentitythroughopposednegation and opposition based on polaritiesand stereotypes.Theaimof thispresentationis tomovebeyondboth of these approachesintoanalternative framework for thestudyofinterculturalexchangeofknowledgeinantiquity.Thisalternativeframeworkwillbebasedonfourfundamentalobservations.Thefirst is theneedtoabandonthebeliefintheexistenceofculturesasdistinctandboundedentities.Thisdoesnotnegate theexistenceofculturaldifferences,butexplorestheheterogeneityandcomplexitywithincultures as ameans throughwhich culturesare conceived of by their bearers andmakethemselves comprehensible to other cultures.Thesecond is theneedtoexplore theways inwhich a culture refers to other cultures, andtheextent towhichaculturerefers in itsownpractices, textsandartefacts toothercultures,orisself-referential.Thethirdisthestudyofthepatternsofinterculturalcommunicationandhowthesevariouspatterns appear either on theirownorentangled.Finally,weneed toexplorethe textual and artefactual genres inwhichinterculturalexchangeofknowledgeisinscribed:the existence of different genres in differentculturesmighthaveasignificant impactontheways inwhichknowledge iscommunicatedandontheusesofthisknowledge.


Lilian Karali

Purp le Dye : D i s semina t i on o f Dye ing Technology and Purple Dye Networks in Eastern Mediterranean

The transmission of technologicalknowledge,theproductioncentersandthe tradenetworksofPurpleDye are some of themost favoriteresearch topics among international scholars.Exploitationofmarineresourcesforavarietyofusesisacommonhabitworldwideformillennia,concerning human groups leaving in closeproximitytowater.Moreover,collectingmollusksforaspecializedexploitation,suchaspurpledyeproduction, presupposes specialized skills andknowledge tocaptureandprocess thespecificspecies.Theearliest testimoniesofpurpledyeproduction in theAegeanareaonan industrialscale are dated from 1800BC.Furthermore,PurpleDye has been a valuable trade goodthroughout time from prehistory until theTurkishOccupationperiod.Similarachievementscan be noted in various environmental andculturalcontexts,unfoldingadditionalinformationabout ecosystemsand species exploitation, asfor example in the rest of theMediterranean,inwesternandnorthernEurope, theAmericas,inChina,Japanandotherpartsofworld,wheremollusksandplantswereusedaswell inordertoprovidethescaleofredtovioletcolorforhighrankedrepresentativesof thesocialpyramid, inclothingbutalsoaspigments.Thispaperisbasedonthearchaeologicalandarchaeo-environmentalremainsofthepurpledyeproductioncentresinEasternMediterraneanandrelatestoaprojectoftheLaboratoryofEnvironmentalArchaeologyoftheDepartmentofArchaeologyandtheHistoryofArtoftheNational&KapodistrianUniversityofAthens.Theaim is tosystematicallyexploreand compare places and periods based onmaterial remains,bothartefactual/architecturalandbio-archaeological,inordertogeneratefreshperspectivesoncriticalissuesofsocial,economic

andculturalchangeand toprovideascientificbackgroundforthisimportantdebate.

Judith M. Barringer

Western Greek Poleis and Mainland Sanctuaries

WhileancientGreekcolonistsmixedwithpre-existingpopulationsinsouthItalyandSicily,theyretainedreligiouspracticesandcustomsfromthehomecity, including thebuildingof temples toGreekdeities intheirnewhomeland.Theyalsomadededications, sometimesenormously lavishdedications,atsanctuariesbackonthemainlandof Greece.Whatwas the purpose of thesecontinuedcontactswithhomelandsanctuaries,particularly centuries after the colonists hadsettled into theirnewcommunities,wheretheyhadestablished theirownreligioussites?Whatmessageswere transmitted bymonumentsat suchdistant locations, andwhywere somesanctuaries favouredwhileothers, evenmajorsanctuaries,werenot?Using a series of casestudies, thispaperexamines thedistributionoflarge-scalededicationsbywesternGreekcoloniesinanefforttounderstandviewsofthehomelandfromthewesternperspective,andhowandwhyGreeksinthewestmadededicationssofarfromtheirownshores.

Kyoko Sengoku-Haga

Diffusion and Adaptation of Roman Imperial Portraits

DuringtheRomanimperialperiodanenormousnumberofemperors’portraitsweredisplayedinpublicand inprivatespheres.Someof theseartisticrenditionsaremodestworksrepresentingthe emperors’ features only roughly,whileothersshowveryclosesimilarity to theofficialportraits inRomeeven if their findspotswere


widelydispersedover thevastempire. In localsculptors’workshopstheformercouldbemadefromsketchesorpossiblyevenfromprofilesoncoins,buttocarvethelatter,theso-called“exact”copies, sculptorsneededplastermodels,whichoriginate fromasingleauthenticmodelcreatedunderthecontrolof theemperorhimself.Thusthediffusionof“exact”imperialportraitsistakenas proof of the centralization of the imperialart.Theytransmitted imperial imagescorrectlyfrom the center to provinces. But imperialportraits transmittednot only the emperors’faces.Especiallyinthecaseofimperialportraitsdedicatedinpublicspacesbylocalgovernmentsorlocalpowers,theytransmittedthededicators’messagesaswell.Actually, itwasthededicatorwho practically chose the sculptor and thestatuary typeof theportrait. Inaddition, sinceeachRomanprovincehaddifferenthistoricalbackgrounds, different religious customs, anddifferentartistic tastes, these factorsmayalsohave influenced the dedicator’s choice.Toclarify,howlocaldedicatorsreceivedthe“model”and adapted it will be considered. Besidestraditional examination of statuary types, the3DshapecomparisonmethodwillbeappliedtoanalyzesomeofAugustus’headsofthe“PrimaPorta”type.

Marion Meyer

Travelling Images, Travelling Gods: Greek - Phoenician Encounters in the Hellenistic Period

Throughout theirhistory theGreeks importedknowledge andknowhow from theneighborsat the coasts of theMediterranean, especiallythoseintheSouthandintheEast.Thiswasnotaone-waystreet.OneoftheattractionsofGreekculturewas itsbroadrepertoireof imagesandthequality and expertise of its craftsmen. InPhoenicia,Sidonwastheforemostcitytoexploittheseresourcesandtocommissionsculptureof

Greekworkmanship - for theRoyalnecropolis,but also for the sanctuary of Eshmoun. IntheHellenistic period,morePhoenician citiesbegan tomakeuseof imageswhichoriginatedinGreece.Themunicipal coinsminted in the2nd and1st centuriesB.C. attest an intriguingcombinationofPhoenicianandGreektraditionsin script and images.Whenmerchants fromBerytos foundeda club-houseonDelos in themid-second centuryB.C., after the islandhadbecomea freeport, theyeasilyadapted to thelocal ambiencewithout giving up their owncustoms and beliefs. In this Greek-speakingenvironment, they used theGreek languageforall their inscriptions, and theyusedGreekfigure-typesandiconographyforalltheirimages,includingthoseoftheirpatrongods.Thispaperisabout theappropriationandmanagementofknowledge. If you encounter expertisewhichyoucan,inonewayoranother,useforyourownintentions,thereisnoneedtocompetewiththeexperts.Fortheirvisualculture,thePhoenicianssubsequently chose Egyptian, Cypriote andGreekmodels. I argue that images ofGreekorigin becamepart of Sidonian andBerytianculture,beingusedasa“visual language” forinterests and functionswhichcontinued tobePhoenician.Forthosewhohadbeenacquaintedwith Greek civi l izat ion - those who hadreceivedtheknowledgeofwhat ithadtooffer-Greek imagesprovideda toolandapleasing,representativemeans forexpressingown ideasandconceptsvisually.

Tomoaki Nakano

Between Old and New: A Marker of Kingship on the Statues of Ptolemaic Kings

Statuesofkingswereplacedat suchreligiousbuildings as temples andmortuary templesthroughoutdynastictimesinEgyptandapartofthetraditionalsocontinuedintoPtolemaicPeriod


underHellenisticrulers.Inthispaper,theuseofaparticularmotifcarvedonthebeltsofkings’statueswillbeanalysedanddiscussedpayingspecialattentiontothechangesofothersimilarmotifsindynastictimes.Theoriginofsuchbeltmotifsgoesback to theEarlyDynasticPeriodand itprobablyrelates to thedivinenatureoftheKing.Decorationintheburialchamberofthepyramidsaswellastheirengravedtextswillbeexemplifiedtoclarifythemeaningofthemotifasamarkerofkingship.

Yoshiyuki Suto

Soc ia l Res i l i ence and Organiza t ion o f Knowledge in Ptolemaic Egypt

Recent scholarly opinion on the nature ofPtolemaicempirehasgradually tended towardtheview that itwas a reasonably stable andsuccessful premodern state. Such evaluationseemsdemonstrably invalidatfirstsight foranempirecursedwithconstantdomestic turmoiland repeated external threats.But the sheerlongevityof thedynasty (275years,evenabitlonger than255yearsof the18thdynasty, theheyday of thePharaonicEgypt) testifies theremarkable resilience of theEgyptian societyin theHellenisticperiod.Theaimof thispaperis toprovideanexplanation for this resilienceonthehypothesis thataneffectiveandefficienttransmission and organization of knowledgemadeitpossibleforthePtolemiestoattainsuchremarkable social stability.To illustrate thevariousfacetsofsuchorganizationofknowledgeindifferentsociallevels,Ifocusonthefollowingthreeconspicuousphenomena:thepropagationofsynodaldecrees,thecontinuityofthesystemforrecordinglaboratquarries,andthespreadofthecustomoferectingstatuesofprominentpriestsintempleprecincts.Theresultof theexaminationof these cases suggests that itmaybe a fairconclusion that harmoniousmanipulations of

traditional and newly introduced knowledgecontributed theresilienceof the societyunderthePtolemaicrule.

ThursdaySept.6

Mariko Sakurai

Transmission of the Concept of Public/Private Distinction in Classical Athens Ithasbeenoftenpointedoutthatpublic/privatedistinctionwas clearly recognized in classicalAthens. Indeed, in such a radical democracyaspracticed inAthens in the latterhalfof the5thcenturyBCE, theconceptofpublic/privatedistinctionmusthavebeensharedamongalmostallcitizens.Otherwise,appointmentsofarchonsby lot and someotheradministrative systemswouldnothaveworkedwell.Thispapergropestowards elucidatingwhat time the concept ofpublicandprivatedistinctionpropagated intheAthenian society andwhatkindofprocess itfollowed.Theremusthavebeen someeventstheAtheniancitizens faced tobeconsciousofthedistinction. Oneof themmusthavebeentheThemistocles’proposition that thesurplusmoney from the new foundmine,Maroneia,should be spent on shipbui lding, not ondistributingamongthecitizens,whereasagermof theconceptofpublicandprivatedistinctionmight be recognized in some of theSolon’slaws; forexample, fr.31a,‘Besides this,hedoesnotallowanyonetoselladaughterorasister,unless it isdiscoveredthatshehasalreadyhadintercoursewithamanand isno longervirgin.(translation is byD.F.Leão and P.J.Rhodes)’shows that thepolis intervened inacitizen’soikosthroughlimitingtheauthorityofitskyrios


Noboru Sato

Ora l Transmis s i on o f Knowledge and Suppressing Audience’s thorybos in Classical Athens

Oral communicationwas crucially importantfor transmission of knowledge especially inthepre-modernworld. In theworld ofGreekpoleis, thepublic spaces, suchas anagora oranassembly,weredevelopedand informationwasorally transmittedtheretoa largenumberof people at once. Presumably this, in turn,urged thedevelopmentof speaking techniquestopersuade thewider audience.Especially indemocraticAthens, inmanypublic occasions,suchasthecouncil, theassemblyandthecourtof law, speakers used various sophisticatedrhetoricalskillstopersuadethefellowAtheniancitizens.However, theaudiencedidnotquietlylisten to their speeches.Theywouldnot listentowhat theydidnotwant tobutoftenraisedtheirvoicesagainst thespeakers.Theaudiencealsoapplaudedthespeakerswhoseopinionwasfavourabletothem.Scholarshavediscussedthephenomenon of thorybos, thenoise raisedbyaudience, inClassicalAthens (e.g.Bers1985). Ithasbeen recently reevaluated as evidence toproveactiveparticipationofordinarycitizensintheirpolitical/judicial decision-makingprocess(e.g.Thomas2016).However,ithasbeenlargelyneglectedhowtheAthenianspeakersdealtwiththeir audience’s thorybosby their rhetoricalskills.Atticoratorsmusthavedevelopedproperrhetorical techniques todealwith thorybos inaccordancewithasituation.Themainpurposeof this paper is to investigate how theAtticpublic speakers skillfully attempted tomaketheiraudiencequietandtoanalyzethedifferenttechniquesusedbythespeakersintheassemblyandthosebythelitigants.

Catherine Morgan

Bridging the [Corinthian] Gulf: the Role of Landscape in the Transmiss ion and Organisation of Knowledge

The paper exp lores the imp l i ca t i on o fenvironment–physicalandsocial, constructedand experienced – in the organisation ofinformation on multiple levels. Organisedinformation is often perceived in terms ofthewritten record, usuallyguaranteedbyanauthorityandpertainingtoacommunityorplace.Yetthisleavesopenthequestionoftheefficacyand embeddedness of the knowledge soughtand/orconveyed (assessmentofwhichrequiresacontextualunderstandingthatoftenreliesuponthematerialrecord).Italsooverlooksthewaysinwhichtheconductoflifeinwiderenvironmentsrelies upon informationwhichmay transcendpolitical boundaries and/or exist largely intheoral sphere. I attempt tomap thiskindofinformationinthecaseofthecombinedGulfsofCorinthandPatras (heretermedtheCorinthianGulf) . Of al l the spaces of high maritimeconnectivity in theoldGreekworld (includingtheThermaic,EuboianandSaronicGulfs, andtheIonianandAdriaticseas),theCorinthianGulfcomesclosesttotheMediterraneanasconceivedbyHordenandPurcell inTheCorruptingSea,asaplaceofhighriskandofopportunity,withland- and seascapes fragmented intomicro-regions constantly reconfigured throughhuman agency and environmental conditionspresentingthe idealconditions formobilityandconnectivity.Attentionispaidtothenatureandroleof thisareaof sea,questionsof scale, andthe implicationsofconnectionsbetweenspecificmicro-zonesandresources.


Barbara Kowalzig

Mediterranean Polytheism between Memory and Oblivion

FrenchstructuralisminthewakeofJean-PierreVernant andMarcelDetiennemaintains thatinGreekpolytheism,godsmustbe studied inteams.Therearenumerousdivinepairswhosemode of action and spheres of activity standoutmore clearlywhen held against anothergod: Hestia-Hermes,Apollo-Dionysos,Ares-Aphrodite,Zeus-Hera.Thispaperexperimentswith the idea that certain configurationsof gods should also be examined in a long-term and transcultural perspective wheretheMediterranean sea takesonapivotal rolein the transmission and reinterpretation ofreligiousknowledge.Starting fromthe frequentjuxtapositionofZeusandAphrodite inGreco-Roman antiquity, the paperwill argue thatthe combinationAmun/Baal Saphon/Zeus :Astarte/Aphrodite emergesas a transculturaldivinepairinthecontextofcross-culturaltradeby sea in the IronAgeMediterranean.Thecouple has a long and intriguing tradition intranslationbetweenpolytheisticsystemsgoingbacktothelateBronzeAge.Ascomplementarypowersconcernedwithseafaringandeconomicexchange, their association acquires salienceaspartofanewvalorisationof theseaat theBronzeAge-IronAgetransition.Thatthisteaminhistorical times recurs specifically inport-citiesinvolvedincross-culturaltrade,e.g.aroundtheBlackSea, insouthernSpain,onDelos,andatNaukratis asZeusOurios-Soter :AphroditeEuploia-Pontia-Syrie-Ourania,suggestsalegacyoflong-termtransmissionofpolytheisticstructures,whiletheseamighthaveagencyintransformingtraditionalknowledgeaboutthedivine.

Irad Malkin

Oracles and Networks: Sharing Divine and Human Knowledge

Oraclesmediate between divine and humanknowledge.My purpose is to discuss andcompare two types of inquiring about, andsharing of, knowledge: inspired prophecyand lotoracles. In the first instance, Iwish tounderstandthepanopticgeographicalknowledgeof Apollo as the god of colonization andfoundationoracles,incontrasttothesupposedly

“hodological”(route-oriented)humanknowledge.Divinenamingand“giving”ofsites tosettlersmakethem into“places”(note,e.g.,Ptolemy’sdistinctionbetweengeographyandchorography).

“Place”isontological(cf.theexpression“totakeplace”),thecombinationofmateriality,meaning,and practice.The very knowledge of placesand theirnamesand thedivineorder tosettlethem implieda justification for theirconquest,akindof legitimizingcharter.Between750-500BCEcloseto400newcitystateswere foundedalong the shores of the Black Sea and theMediterranean.Togetherwiththeirmothercitiesand some other 600 city states, they formedavast networkwhosehubwas oftenDelphi,relyingonitsOracle,thePythianGames,andthenetworkof theoroi.ApolloArchegetes,godofcolonization,wasat thecenter, linkingwestern,eastern,northernandsouthernGreeksinawebofa“SmallGreekWorld.”There isacommonmotif in foundation prophecies: the founder’s inquirywas expected tobephrased as“towhich land should I go”?The answermusthavebeenverbal, not amere choicebetweenyes/nooptions.Currentscholarshipviewsmanyof the reported foundation oracles asgenuineandquicklydisseminatedalongnetwork lines.Theneed forapologiesandre-interpretationofenigmaticoraclesonlypoints to the importanceand adherence of thewords spoken. Theywerenot easily concocted after the fact.The


Phokaians settledCorsica (=Kyrnos)with theoracle“to foundKyrnos”inhand.Having failedandmovedtoElea,theoraclewasre-interpretedtomean“to found a hero shrine toKyrnos(thenameof thehero). Lot oraclespresent adifferentwayof impartingdivineknowledge.Thereisnoroomforenigmassincethephrasingisentirelyup to the inquirer.Delphiknewthelot in itsownhistory (Gaia-Themis-Apollo,whogotDelphi“in the third allotment”), in itsprocedure (theorderof inquiry)andthechoiceof itspersonnel.Whenreported, thewordsofthe inquiryarequotedas if theyareApollo’s,becomingaprophecy.Perhaps theSpartanconsultationtocolonizeHerakleiaTrachiniawasthusconducted.Oraculardivination, especiallyby lot, is tantamount tooutsourcingdecisions:thematter isdeferred todivine“arbitration”(thegodknowswhichwaybest to turns) andits legitimation is toberecognizedbyall,withnocause forresentment.Legitimation ispartlybased on randomization.The verb anhaireinpoints to theuseof lots thatare“pickedup”,perhaps by thePythia.Therewas also a lotoracle by the“two beans”,mentioned in afourth-century inscription involvingSkiathos(itwasnotcheap).Dodonaoffersabigcorpus(some1400inscribedinquiries)ofindividuals.AnanalysisoftheAtheniansconsultationaboutthesacred fieldsatEleusisexemplifies.PhilochorosandAndroitonreport that“thesanctuaryhadresponded: itwasmoreprofitable andbetterif they left themuntilled.”In fact thiswas theresultofacomplicateddouble-and tripleblindconsultation,where randomness is introducedat every step.“Many are the dice-throwers(thrioboloi) but few are the prophets,”wasapparentlyapopularmaxim. Inspiredprophecywasusuallyheld inhigher esteem,butdid itattesttoadifferentkindofdivineknowledgeassharedbyhumanbeings?

ACCESS

Nagoya University Higashiyama Campus

Conference Hall, Integrated Research Bldg


ACCESS

Nagoya University Higashiyama Campus

Conference Hall, Integrated Research Bldg