Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)

8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)

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Page|1 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)

ACADEMICWRITING

ORIENTATION

TertiaryLearning,PlagiarismandHarvardReferencing

Studyingtowardsobtainingadegreeishardwork.Itabsorbsmoreofyourtimethanafulltimejob,oritshoulddoifyou

aredoingitright.Thatswhytherewardsforgettingonearegood:adegreeillustratesapersoncancommittoonething

for at least 3 years, work hard, meet deadlines and remain dedicated over the longterm and through a few nights

burning themidnightoilworkingonessays, treatmentsorjustbrainstormingnarrative ideasduringa seriousmenta

block.

Areyou

ready

to

make

the

commitment,

and

stick

to

it?

If

you

really

are;

in

3years

you

will

leave

this

institution

with

a

qualificationandasetofskillsandexperiencesthathavethepowertostartupandsustainyourwholecareer.Thats1s

prize.Startworkingforittoday.

Herearesometipstohelpyouonyourway:

1 Takesomeresponsibilityforyourownlearning

TertiaryLearningisnotlikehighschool.Atatertiarylevelyouareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforyourlearning

Thisentailsfollowinguplectureswithwiderreadingandresearch.Alectureisastartingpointandnotanendpoint.Fo

examples,ifyoufindalectureontherepresentationofdisabilityinterestingthenrentarelevantmovie(MyLeftFoot,A

Beautiful

Mind)

and

start

analyzing

for

yourself.

Read

more

about

the

concept

and

theory

of

representation

or

aboutdisabilitypolitics.Whatareyourownthoughts?Tobearesponsibleandeffectivetheatrepractitionerorfilmmakeryou

have tohaveyourownmindandhave thoughtdeeplyaboutahugenumberofsubjectsand issuesaswellashaving

workedonyourdisciplinespecifictechnicalskills.

Atatertiary levelthe lecturersarenotsupposedtogiveyouallthe informationtopass, liketheywereexpectedtoat

school.GainingfullbenefitfromtheintellectualaspectsoftheAFDALearningprogrammeorfromanydegreecourseis

YOURresponsibility.StartwithattendingallofyourCoreCourselecturesandcontinuebyresearching,readingandusing

yourmindwhenyouwatchafilmorstageperformancetorelateittowhatyouarelearning.BythetimeyouleaveAFDA

yourmindshouldbeasfinetunedandreadyforindustryasyourknowledgeandskillsrelatedtoyourdiscipline.

Have initiativewhen itcomestoyourown learning.Findvarioussourcesof information.theAFDAresourcecentre is

notthe

only

library

in

town!

There

are

mainstream

cinemas,

art

house

cinemas,

there

are

film

and

theatre

journals

there are entertainment/arts sections inThe Star and theMailandGuardian. Read! Read! Read!! You are a degree

student!Knowwhatisgoingoninyourownregion,andyourowncountry.WhatishappeningtoSouthAfricanstoday

outsideofyourworld?

Neverassumethatapieceofinformationisnotrelevanttoyoubecauseitdoesnotspecificallypertaintoyourchosen

discipline.Youarenotonlyheretopracticecraftskillsbuttobecomesomeonewhohastheabilitytoconceptualiseand

solveproblems innovatively.Create linksbetweenthe informationonofferandyourownunderstandingoftheworld

youlivein.


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2 SelfManagement

Attertiary levelyouarethenavigatorofyourownsuccess.The lecturersarenotgoingtospoonfeedyouandmothe

youthroughtheprocess.Empoweryourselfwiththelittlepiecesoflogisticalknowledgeyouneedtosucceed:

o Whatareyourdeadlinesthisterm?Find

out

from

the

first

day

of

term

and

plan

for

how

you

will

complete

each

assignment

on

time.

If

you

have

two

deadlinesclosetogether,howareyougoingtomakesureyoudobothassignmentstothebestofyourability

anddonotspinyourselfintoaflurryofpanicked lastminuteactivityculminating inworkthatdoesnotreflect

yourabilities?

o Whatresourcesdoyouneedtocompleteyourtreatments?Bereadyandstockupearlyonthethingsyoumayneedasyounearadeadlinesuchasthenecessaryfoldersas

specifiedinthecourseguidelines,aholepuncher,paperclips,printercartridgesorwhateverelseyoumayneed

Just incase there isa lastminute rush tomeetyourdeadlinedonot increase thestressonyourselfbybeing

unprepared.There isnotacomputer foreverystudentsoconsidergettingaheadandgettinggoingwithyou

writtenwork.Usethefacilitieswiselyandtimeously.

Makesure

you

have

back

ups.

It

happens

to

afew

people

every

time:

they

miss

adeadline

because

the

computercrashedandtheynevermadeacopy.

o ManageyourtimeYouneedtoensureyougettherightbalanceofstudy,studentfunandproperrelaxation.TheAFDAprogramme

isdemandingandreliesuponteamwork.So it is importanttocollaboratetocreateagoodworkethic inyou

projectgroup.Ifeverygroupmemberstartstheirresearchandprojectpreparationfromdayoneofeachterm

thenyouwillmake itasagrouptotheendofeachtermwithoutthesleepdeprivation,stressand infighting

inevitablycausedbybadtimemanagementandintenseworkingtoatightdeadline.

Ifyouneedtodoparttimeworkinordertofundyourstudies,ensurethatyoudonottakeontoomuch.Donot

allowsuch

work

to

interfere

with

scheduled

times

when

you

are

expected

to

be

at

school.

If

you

are

not

filming

duringtheholidaystrytomaximizeyourearningpotentialduringtheseperiods.

o KnowwhatisexpectedFamiliarise yourself with the course guidelines. You do not want to find yourself in the position of being

penalizedbecauseyouunwittinglybreachedacourseguideline.For instance,doyouknowhowmany lectures

youneedtoattendinordertoobtainyourdueperformedstatus?

Furthermore,makenoteofwhatyouarerequiredtodeliverintermsofpresentationoftreatmentwork(font

layout, spacing, folders), word or page numbers required, and any other expectations. The course guidelines

providethisinformationsobesuretoreadthroughthemthoroughlybeforeyoustarttypingyourtreatment.

3 Plagiarism

ItisaseriousbreachoftheAFDACourseGuidelinesforyoutocopyanymaterialfromanotherperson,beityourfriends

work,fromawebsite,bookorarticle,withoutacknowledgingthesourceandthereforeimplyingtheworkisyourown

thoughts.Thisisanoffencethatwouldleadtodisciplinaryactionifdetected.Dokeepinmindthatthelecturersknow

yourfieldofstudy,soitisusuallyveryobvioustothemwhenyouhaveborrowedthematerialfromsomeoneelse.

Whatisplagiarismexactly?


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HarvardReferencingHowtowriteaReferencePage

1. Oncetheconclusionofyouressayhasbeenwritten,startonanewpage.2. TypetheheadingReferencesinbold.3. Eachentrystartsonanewline,donotusenumbersorbulletpointsforreferences.4. Specificinformationforeachtypeofsourceyoumightuseisbelow,butthefollowingisagoodruleof

thumb:

a. Theauthorssurname,acomma,thentheauthorsinitials(fullstopsaftereachinitial).Iftherearetwoauthorslistbothnames,iftherearemorethantwoauthorsthenyoumayusethefirst

authorsnamefollowedbyetal.

b. Theyearofpublication,followedbyafullstop.Ifthereisnodatethentypen.d.(whichstandsfornodate)instead.

c. Titleandsubtitleofthebookorarticleinitalics,followedbyafullstop.d. Cityofpublicationfollowedbyacolon.Notethisisthecityofpublication,notcountryor

state/province.Ifyouareuncertainlookupthepublisherswebsiteonlinetodeterminewhich

citytheyoperatefrom.

e. Publisherfollowedbyafullstop.5. Thenextentrybeginsonanewline.6. Allentriesinthereferencepagemustbeinalphabeticalorder.7. Ifthereareseveralitemsfromthesameauthorthenlisttheminchronologicalorder(oldestitemfirst).8. Ifthereareseveralitemsfromthesameauthorinthesameyearthenaddaletteraftertheyear.Eg.

Fiske,J.1987a.

Fiske,J.1987b.

NotesonReferencePages Everysingleiteminyourreferencepagemustbereferencedinyouressay(usingintextreferencing). IfyoureadabookbutdidnotreferenceitinyouressayyoumayNOTlistitinyourreferencelist. IfyouneedtoreferenceanumberoffilmsinyouressayafterthereferenceincludeaFilmographyandreferencefilms/televisionshowsasnotedbelow. Neverusefootnotesforreferencing.Thereferencepageisalwaysaseparatepageattheendofthe

essayandintextreferencesshouldalwaysappearwithinthetext.

InTextReferencing Intextreferencingisusefulforthefollowingpurposes:

o Itprovesthatyoureadtheitemsinyourreferencelist ifyoucannotprovideanintextreferenceforaniteminyourreferencelistthendoNOTincludetheiteminyourreferencelist.

o Itshowsthatyoudidnotplagiariseyouressay.o

It

tells

the

reader

where

they

can

find

the

theory/quote

you

have

referenced.

Wheneveryoumakereferencetosomeoneelsesworkensureyouuseanintextreference:o Ifyouarequotingdirectlyfromsomeoneswork,usedoublequotationmarks,andtheninclude

anintextreferenceattheendofthequote.

o Ifyouareexplainingsomeonestheory/idea/experienceyoumuststillincludeanintextreferencesothereaderknowswherethetheorycomesfrom.

o Atanundergraduatelevelallthetheoriesyouexplainshouldbebasedonotherauthorsworkandassuchshouldbereferenced.

Theformatisalwaysthesame:


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o Referencesareusuallyinbrackets.o Firstistheauthorssurnamefollowedbyacomma.o Nexttheyearfollowedbyacolon.o Finallythepagenumber.o Example:Theconceptofintertextuality(Fiske,1987:67)isappliedinmyfilm...o Ifyouhavealreadymentionedtheauthorsnameintheparagraphthenyouonlyneedlistthe

yearandpagenumberinbrackets.

o Ifyoucontinuediscussingthesameauthorsworkbutarereferencingadifferentpageyouneedonlyreferencetheyearandpageinbrackets,example:(1987:80).

o Ifyoubegindiscussinganotherauthorsworkthenyoumustincludeafullreference(name,year,pagenumber)ifyouwishtoreturntothepreviousauthorstheory.

ReferencingEachentryisformattedasfollow:

Format Examples Notes

Article:Periodical

journal

has

avolume

number

and

an

issue

number

Author.Date.Titleofarticle.Titleofjournal,volumeofjournal(numberofissue):pagereference,dateof

issue.

a)Kruger,J.P.1988.Sexisminadvertising.Communicare,7(3):1215,March11.

b)Klimoski,R.,&Palmer,S.1993.TheADAandthehiringprocessinorganisations.Consultingpsychology

journal:practiceandresearch,45(2):1036.

Ajournalarticleindicatingjournaltitle,volume(=7),issuenumber(=3),pagenumbers(=1215)anddate(=March11).

NB.The

titleofthejournalisitalicised,NOTthetitleofthearticle.

Exampleb:Intextreferencing:(Klimoski&Palmer,1993:13)Article:Periodical journalhasaseasonaldateAuthor.Date.Titleofarticle.Titleofjournal,volumeornumberofissue:pagereference,Season.

Lee,S.T.1986.Thesemanticsofadvertising.Psychologytoday,19:3437,Fall.

Theseason"Fall"followsthepagereference.

Article:Magazine

(magazine

=popular

literature)

Author.Date.Titleofarticle.Titleofjournal,volumeornumberofissue:pagereference.

Posner,M.I.1993.Seeingthemind.Science,262:673674,Oct29.

Intextreferencing:Posner(1993:A12)


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Article:Newspaper AuthorAuthor.Date.Titleofarticle.Titleofnewspaper:pagereference,Monthandday.

Stewart,M.T.1988.Shouldprivatisationprosper?SAAintheyear1990.TheArgus:3,May17.

Titleofthenewspaperinitalics. Thedayofthemonthfollowsthepagereference.

The

title

of

newspaper

is

followed

by

a

colon,

unless

the

volume

or

issue

number

is

known.

Treat

like

a

magazineorjournal.

Book:CorporateauthorAuthor.Date.Title:subtitle.Place:Publisher.

a)Sanlam.1998.Annualreport:1998.Bellville:Sanlam.

b)EmployeeBenefitResearchInstitute.(1992,February).Sourceofhealthinsuranceandcharacteristicsofthe

uninsured(IssueBriefNo.123).Washington,DC:

Whenanorganisation"writes"abookitisknownasthecorporateauthor. Examplea:

o Sanlamisthenameofanorganisation.o Sanlamisalsothepublisher.

Thedateoftheannualreportisalsopartofthetitle. Exampleb: Thepersonalauthor(ifthereisone)issubordinatetotheorganisation.

Book:SingleauthorAuthor.Date.Title.Place:Publisher.

Kent,S.L.

2001.

The

Ultimate

History

of

Video

Games.

New

York:

Three

Rivers

Press.

Book:TwoormoreauthorsAuthors.Date.Title:subtitle.Place:Publisher.

Henderson,R.S.andSmith,P.G.1987.Thetenetsofmoralphilosophy.NewYork:VanNostrand.

Theampersand(&)beforethelastname NB.Yourtextualreferencewouldread:(Hendersonetal.,1987:64). Ifabookhasmorethantwoauthorsthenlistthefirstauthorandtypeetal.thereafter(etalmeans

andothers

in

latin).

Book:ChapterfromabookwithdifferentcontributorsAuthors.Date.Title:subtitleofthechapter.InEditorsofbook(eds.),Titleofbook.Place:Publisher.Page

references.

a)Bjork,R.A.1989.Retrievalinhibitionasanadaptivemechanisminhumanmemory.InRoedigerH.L.III&

Craik,F.I.M.(eds.),Varietyofmemory&consciousness.Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.p.309330.)


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b)Puttnam,R.A.1981.Theplaceofvaluesinaworldoffacts.InDuff,A.&Smithson,W.O.,(eds).Thenature

ofthephysicaluniverse.EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.:PrenticeHall.p.124139.

Youhaveconsultedachapterofthebook.Thechapterisbyoneperson(ormore)andthebookbyanother(ormore).

Thetitleofthebookisinitalics,NOTthetitleofthechapter. NJ=StateofNewJerseyintheUSA.

Bibliographic

detail

of

the

book

starts

with

a

round

bracket

before

the

"In".

Name(s)ofauthor(s)ofbookisgivenininvertedformat(Lastname,FirstName) TheIIIthatfollowsthenameofRoedigerindicatesthatthisH.L.Roedigeristhethirdgeneration.

Book:EditionotherthanthefirstAuthors.Date.Title:subtitle.Edition.Place:Publisher.

a)Brunner,H.1972.Hieroglyphicwriting:theEgyptianlegacy.3rdrev.ed.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

b)Mitchell,T.R,&Larson,J.R.1987.Peopleinorganizations:anintroductiontoorganizationalbehavior.3rd

ed.NewYork:McGrawHill.

Subtitle:separatedfromthetitlewithacolon. Thefirstwordofthesubtitlestartswithalowercaseletter. Thetitleendswithafullstopbeforetheeditionstatement.

Book:Editors(orcompilers)Authors.Date.Title:subtitle.Place:Publisher.

Gardner,B.P.&Smith,G.(eds).1984.Childpsychology:anintroductoryguideforparentsandteachers.

Harmondsworth:Penguin.

Ampersand(&)beforethelastname. (eds).followingthenames. Lowercaseein'eds'. Thefirstwordofthesubtitlestartswithalowercaseletter(an...).

Book:TwoitemsbysameauthorinthesameyearAuthors.Date(a).Title,Place:Publisher.(Qualification).

Pringle,GillianS.1982a.TheallegoricalnovelsofJ.M.Coetzee.Grahamstown:RhodesUniversity.(PhDthesis).

Ppringle,Gillian

S.

1982b.

Aspects

of

style

in

the

novels

of

J.M.

Coetzee.

College

English,

35(6):34

41,

September.

Thedateisfollowedbyand"a"ora"b". Theitemsarealphabeticalbytitle:Theallegorical...filesbeforeAspects... "The"isignoredinfiling.


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BrochuresNameoforganisationthatproducedthebrochure.Date.Titleofbrochure.edition.[Brochure].Author.

ResearchandTrainingCenteronIndependentLiving.1993.Guidelinesforreportingandwritingaboutpeople

withdisabilities.4thed.[Brochure].Lawrence,KS:Author.

Theauthor,K.S.Lawrenceissubordinatetothecompany/organisationthatproducedthebrochure. Theformatisgiveninsquarebracketsattheendoftheentry. Intextreferencing:("ResearchandTrainingCenter",1993:1)

ConferenceproceedingsAuthor.Date.Titleofpaper.Titleofpublisheddocument,Placeanddateofconference,pagereference(s),

Place(ofpublication):Publisher.

Truther,Mavis.1994.TheroleofthecourtinterpreterinthenewSouthAfrica.Proceedingsofthe1994

ConferenceoftheSouthAfricanInstituteofTranslators,Bloemfontein,1823June1994,pp.4659.

Johannesburg:TheInstitute.

Publishedconferenceproceedings.CiteonlythepaperreadbyTruter. Titleofthepaper:Theroleofthecourt... Titleofthepublishedvolume:Proceedings...

CorrespondenceAuthoroftheletter.Date.Descriptionofthetypeofcorrespondence,Dateofcorrespondence.[Noteof

locationoftheoriginaldocument]

Theron,C.1997.LettertotheTownClerkofStellenbosch,5May.[OriginalcopyinrecordsoftheTownCounci

ofStellenbosch.]

Governmentpublications:DepartmentsCorrectnameofcountry.Nameofdepartment.Date.Title.Place:Publisher.

SouthAfrica.DepartmentofHomeAffairs.1980.Guidelinesforchairmenofpublicationscommittees.Pretoria:

GovernmentPrinter.

Theofficialnameofthecountryistheentryelement. Givethefullnameofthedepartment. Publisherwillbetheofficialprinter/publisherforthegovernmentofthatcountry,e.g.

SouthAfrica:

Government

Printer

UK:HerMajesty'sStationeryOfficeHMSO USA:USGovernmentPrintingOffice

Governmentpublications:LawsNameofcountry(jurisdiction).Date.Author.Date.Titleofact.Place:Publisher.[Laws.]

SouthAfrica.1982.AtomicEnergyAct,No92of1982.Pretoria:GovernmentPrinter.[Laws.]


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Theofficialnameofthecountryistheentryelement. Givethefullnameofthedepartment. Titleoftheactisinitalics

InternetAuthor.Date(lastupdated).Titleofwebpage.[Online].Available:URL(Internetaddress).[Dateyouaccessed

the

site].

McKiernan,G.1996.ProjectAristotle:automatedcaterogizationofWebresources.[Online].Available:

http://www.public.iastate.edu/~CYBERSTACKS/Aristotle.htm.[4September1996].

InterviewNameofpersoninterviewed.Date.Descriptionofinterviewwithday,monthandyear.[format]

a)Smuts,Dene.1987.Interviewwiththeauthoron4August1987.CapeTown.[Cassetterecordingin

possessionofauthor]

b)Schaie,K.W.1993.[Personalcommunication].April18.

Examplea:YouhaveinterviewedDeneSmutsandhavetapedtheinterview. Exampleb:YouhavehadapersonalconversationwithK.W.Schaie.

Script/ScreenplayWriter.Date.Title.Cityofpublication:Copyrightholder.

Heyman,M.,etal.2009.BlackSwanScreenplay.NewYork:ProtozoaPictures.

Thecopyrightholderisusuallythestudiothatproducedthefilm. Thecityofpublication(ifnotavailable)isthesameasthecitythecopyrightholderislocatedin. AFDAisthecopyrightholderofallscriptsandfilmsproducedbystudentswhileatAFDA.

Secondarysource(onesourcecitedinanothersource)Author.Date.Title:Subtitle.JournalTitle,Volume:Pagereferences.

Coltheart,M.,Curtis,B.,Atkins,P.,&Haller,M.1993.Modelsofreadingaloud:Dualrouteandparallel

distributedprocessingapproaches.Psychologicalreview,100:589608.

AstudywasdonebySeidenbergandMcClelland. Coltheart

et

al

later

refers

to

this

study

in

their

article

titled

"Models

of

reading

aloud..."

(The

study

is

citedinColtheartetal.).

Thesecondarysource(thesecondsource)shouldbegiveninthereferencelist. Whenthecitedwork(thefirstwork)wasnotreadthentheintextreferencewilllooklikethis: SeidenbergandMcClelland'sstudy(ascitedinColtheart,Curtin,Atkins&Haller,1993)confirmedthat

...


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TelevisionbroadcastProgrammeTitle.Date.Place:Broadcastservice.Monthanddayofbroadcast.

TheMacNeil/Lehrernewshour.1993.NewYorkandWashington,DC:PublicBroadcastingService.Oct11.

Entryisunderthetitleoftheprogramme. Thetitleoftheprogrammeisinitalics.

ThesesanddissertationsAuthor.Date.Titleofarticle.Title:subtitle.Place:Academicinstitution.Degree.[formatifotherthanprint]

a)Potgieter,R.S.1983.Dieadvertensiewese inSuidAfrika:'nkritieseondersoek.Pretoria:UNISA.(MCom

verhandeling).[Mikrofiche]

b)Almeida,D.M.1990.Father'sparticipationoffamilywork:consequencesforfather'sstressandfatherchild

relations.BritishColumbia,Canada.UniversityofVictoria.(MAthesis.)

Inexampleayouusedthemicrofichecopyofthethesis theformatisgiveninsquarebracketsattheendoftheentry.

Usethelanguageofthepublication ifthethesisisinAfrikaans,givethebibliographicdetailinAfrikaans;ifitisinEnglish,givethebibliographicdetailinEnglish.

Video(orDVD)Title:subtitle.Date.Place:Publisher.[format]

Theinterviewgame.1985.London:BBC.[Videorecording]

Theformat[videorecording]isplacedattheendoftheentryinsquarebrackets.


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References

UniversityofCapeTown.n.d.WritingtheReport/Assignment: HarvardReferencingStyle.[Online].Available:

http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/infolit/bibharvard.htm[28April2011].

WitwatersrandSchoolofArts.n.d.SchoolofDramaticArt:RulesandStyleGuide.Johannesburg:Universityof

theWitwatersrand.

Documents

Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)