8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
1/11
Page|1 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
ACADEMICWRITING
ORIENTATION
TertiaryLearning,PlagiarismandHarvardReferencing
Studyingtowardsobtainingadegreeishardwork.Itabsorbsmoreofyourtimethanafulltimejob,oritshoulddoifyou
aredoingitright.Thatswhytherewardsforgettingonearegood:adegreeillustratesapersoncancommittoonething
for at least 3 years, work hard, meet deadlines and remain dedicated over the longterm and through a few nights
burning themidnightoilworkingonessays, treatmentsorjustbrainstormingnarrative ideasduringa seriousmenta
block.
Areyou
ready
to
make
the
commitment,
and
stick
to
it?
If
you
really
are;
in
3years
you
will
leave
this
institution
with
a
qualificationandasetofskillsandexperiencesthathavethepowertostartupandsustainyourwholecareer.Thats1s
prize.Startworkingforittoday.
Herearesometipstohelpyouonyourway:
1 Takesomeresponsibilityforyourownlearning
TertiaryLearningisnotlikehighschool.Atatertiarylevelyouareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforyourlearning
Thisentailsfollowinguplectureswithwiderreadingandresearch.Alectureisastartingpointandnotanendpoint.Fo
examples,ifyoufindalectureontherepresentationofdisabilityinterestingthenrentarelevantmovie(MyLeftFoot,A
Beautiful
Mind)
and
start
analyzing
for
yourself.
Read
more
about
the
concept
and
theory
of
representation
or
aboutdisabilitypolitics.Whatareyourownthoughts?Tobearesponsibleandeffectivetheatrepractitionerorfilmmakeryou
have tohaveyourownmindandhave thoughtdeeplyaboutahugenumberofsubjectsand issuesaswellashaving
workedonyourdisciplinespecifictechnicalskills.
Atatertiary levelthe lecturersarenotsupposedtogiveyouallthe informationtopass, liketheywereexpectedtoat
school.GainingfullbenefitfromtheintellectualaspectsoftheAFDALearningprogrammeorfromanydegreecourseis
YOURresponsibility.StartwithattendingallofyourCoreCourselecturesandcontinuebyresearching,readingandusing
yourmindwhenyouwatchafilmorstageperformancetorelateittowhatyouarelearning.BythetimeyouleaveAFDA
yourmindshouldbeasfinetunedandreadyforindustryasyourknowledgeandskillsrelatedtoyourdiscipline.
Have initiativewhen itcomestoyourown learning.Findvarioussourcesof information.theAFDAresourcecentre is
notthe
only
library
in
town!
There
are
mainstream
cinemas,
art
house
cinemas,
there
are
film
and
theatre
journals
there are entertainment/arts sections inThe Star and theMailandGuardian. Read! Read! Read!! You are a degree
student!Knowwhatisgoingoninyourownregion,andyourowncountry.WhatishappeningtoSouthAfricanstoday
outsideofyourworld?
Neverassumethatapieceofinformationisnotrelevanttoyoubecauseitdoesnotspecificallypertaintoyourchosen
discipline.Youarenotonlyheretopracticecraftskillsbuttobecomesomeonewhohastheabilitytoconceptualiseand
solveproblems innovatively.Create linksbetweenthe informationonofferandyourownunderstandingoftheworld
youlivein.
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
2/11
Page|2 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
2 SelfManagement
Attertiary levelyouarethenavigatorofyourownsuccess.The lecturersarenotgoingtospoonfeedyouandmothe
youthroughtheprocess.Empoweryourselfwiththelittlepiecesoflogisticalknowledgeyouneedtosucceed:
o Whatareyourdeadlinesthisterm?Find
out
from
the
first
day
of
term
and
plan
for
how
you
will
complete
each
assignment
on
time.
If
you
have
two
deadlinesclosetogether,howareyougoingtomakesureyoudobothassignmentstothebestofyourability
anddonotspinyourselfintoaflurryofpanicked lastminuteactivityculminating inworkthatdoesnotreflect
yourabilities?
o Whatresourcesdoyouneedtocompleteyourtreatments?Bereadyandstockupearlyonthethingsyoumayneedasyounearadeadlinesuchasthenecessaryfoldersas
specifiedinthecourseguidelines,aholepuncher,paperclips,printercartridgesorwhateverelseyoumayneed
Just incase there isa lastminute rush tomeetyourdeadlinedonot increase thestressonyourselfbybeing
unprepared.There isnotacomputer foreverystudentsoconsidergettingaheadandgettinggoingwithyou
writtenwork.Usethefacilitieswiselyandtimeously.
Makesure
you
have
back
ups.
It
happens
to
afew
people
every
time:
they
miss
adeadline
because
the
computercrashedandtheynevermadeacopy.
o ManageyourtimeYouneedtoensureyougettherightbalanceofstudy,studentfunandproperrelaxation.TheAFDAprogramme
isdemandingandreliesuponteamwork.So it is importanttocollaboratetocreateagoodworkethic inyou
projectgroup.Ifeverygroupmemberstartstheirresearchandprojectpreparationfromdayoneofeachterm
thenyouwillmake itasagrouptotheendofeachtermwithoutthesleepdeprivation,stressand infighting
inevitablycausedbybadtimemanagementandintenseworkingtoatightdeadline.
Ifyouneedtodoparttimeworkinordertofundyourstudies,ensurethatyoudonottakeontoomuch.Donot
allowsuch
work
to
interfere
with
scheduled
times
when
you
are
expected
to
be
at
school.
If
you
are
not
filming
duringtheholidaystrytomaximizeyourearningpotentialduringtheseperiods.
o KnowwhatisexpectedFamiliarise yourself with the course guidelines. You do not want to find yourself in the position of being
penalizedbecauseyouunwittinglybreachedacourseguideline.For instance,doyouknowhowmany lectures
youneedtoattendinordertoobtainyourdueperformedstatus?
Furthermore,makenoteofwhatyouarerequiredtodeliverintermsofpresentationoftreatmentwork(font
layout, spacing, folders), word or page numbers required, and any other expectations. The course guidelines
providethisinformationsobesuretoreadthroughthemthoroughlybeforeyoustarttypingyourtreatment.
3 Plagiarism
ItisaseriousbreachoftheAFDACourseGuidelinesforyoutocopyanymaterialfromanotherperson,beityourfriends
work,fromawebsite,bookorarticle,withoutacknowledgingthesourceandthereforeimplyingtheworkisyourown
thoughts.Thisisanoffencethatwouldleadtodisciplinaryactionifdetected.Dokeepinmindthatthelecturersknow
yourfieldofstudy,soitisusuallyveryobvioustothemwhenyouhaveborrowedthematerialfromsomeoneelse.
Whatisplagiarismexactly?
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
3/11
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
4/11
Page|4 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
HarvardReferencingHowtowriteaReferencePage
1. Oncetheconclusionofyouressayhasbeenwritten,startonanewpage.2. TypetheheadingReferencesinbold.3. Eachentrystartsonanewline,donotusenumbersorbulletpointsforreferences.4. Specificinformationforeachtypeofsourceyoumightuseisbelow,butthefollowingisagoodruleof
thumb:
a. Theauthorssurname,acomma,thentheauthorsinitials(fullstopsaftereachinitial).Iftherearetwoauthorslistbothnames,iftherearemorethantwoauthorsthenyoumayusethefirst
authorsnamefollowedbyetal.
b. Theyearofpublication,followedbyafullstop.Ifthereisnodatethentypen.d.(whichstandsfornodate)instead.
c. Titleandsubtitleofthebookorarticleinitalics,followedbyafullstop.d. Cityofpublicationfollowedbyacolon.Notethisisthecityofpublication,notcountryor
state/province.Ifyouareuncertainlookupthepublisherswebsiteonlinetodeterminewhich
citytheyoperatefrom.
e. Publisherfollowedbyafullstop.5. Thenextentrybeginsonanewline.6. Allentriesinthereferencepagemustbeinalphabeticalorder.7. Ifthereareseveralitemsfromthesameauthorthenlisttheminchronologicalorder(oldestitemfirst).8. Ifthereareseveralitemsfromthesameauthorinthesameyearthenaddaletteraftertheyear.Eg.
Fiske,J.1987a.
Fiske,J.1987b.
NotesonReferencePages Everysingleiteminyourreferencepagemustbereferencedinyouressay(usingintextreferencing). IfyoureadabookbutdidnotreferenceitinyouressayyoumayNOTlistitinyourreferencelist. IfyouneedtoreferenceanumberoffilmsinyouressayafterthereferenceincludeaFilmographyandreferencefilms/televisionshowsasnotedbelow. Neverusefootnotesforreferencing.Thereferencepageisalwaysaseparatepageattheendofthe
essayandintextreferencesshouldalwaysappearwithinthetext.
InTextReferencing Intextreferencingisusefulforthefollowingpurposes:
o Itprovesthatyoureadtheitemsinyourreferencelist ifyoucannotprovideanintextreferenceforaniteminyourreferencelistthendoNOTincludetheiteminyourreferencelist.
o Itshowsthatyoudidnotplagiariseyouressay.o
It
tells
the
reader
where
they
can
find
the
theory/quote
you
have
referenced.
Wheneveryoumakereferencetosomeoneelsesworkensureyouuseanintextreference:o Ifyouarequotingdirectlyfromsomeoneswork,usedoublequotationmarks,andtheninclude
anintextreferenceattheendofthequote.
o Ifyouareexplainingsomeonestheory/idea/experienceyoumuststillincludeanintextreferencesothereaderknowswherethetheorycomesfrom.
o Atanundergraduatelevelallthetheoriesyouexplainshouldbebasedonotherauthorsworkandassuchshouldbereferenced.
Theformatisalwaysthesame:
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
5/11
Page|5 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
o Referencesareusuallyinbrackets.o Firstistheauthorssurnamefollowedbyacomma.o Nexttheyearfollowedbyacolon.o Finallythepagenumber.o Example:Theconceptofintertextuality(Fiske,1987:67)isappliedinmyfilm...o Ifyouhavealreadymentionedtheauthorsnameintheparagraphthenyouonlyneedlistthe
yearandpagenumberinbrackets.
o Ifyoucontinuediscussingthesameauthorsworkbutarereferencingadifferentpageyouneedonlyreferencetheyearandpageinbrackets,example:(1987:80).
o Ifyoubegindiscussinganotherauthorsworkthenyoumustincludeafullreference(name,year,pagenumber)ifyouwishtoreturntothepreviousauthorstheory.
ReferencingEachentryisformattedasfollow:
Format Examples Notes
Article:Periodical
journal
has
avolume
number
and
an
issue
number
Author.Date.Titleofarticle.Titleofjournal,volumeofjournal(numberofissue):pagereference,dateof
issue.
a)Kruger,J.P.1988.Sexisminadvertising.Communicare,7(3):1215,March11.
b)Klimoski,R.,&Palmer,S.1993.TheADAandthehiringprocessinorganisations.Consultingpsychology
journal:practiceandresearch,45(2):1036.
Ajournalarticleindicatingjournaltitle,volume(=7),issuenumber(=3),pagenumbers(=1215)anddate(=March11).
NB.The
titleofthejournalisitalicised,NOTthetitleofthearticle.
Exampleb:Intextreferencing:(Klimoski&Palmer,1993:13)Article:Periodical journalhasaseasonaldateAuthor.Date.Titleofarticle.Titleofjournal,volumeornumberofissue:pagereference,Season.
Lee,S.T.1986.Thesemanticsofadvertising.Psychologytoday,19:3437,Fall.
Theseason"Fall"followsthepagereference.
Article:Magazine
(magazine
=popular
literature)
Author.Date.Titleofarticle.Titleofjournal,volumeornumberofissue:pagereference.
Posner,M.I.1993.Seeingthemind.Science,262:673674,Oct29.
Intextreferencing:Posner(1993:A12)
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
6/11
Page|6 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
Article:Newspaper AuthorAuthor.Date.Titleofarticle.Titleofnewspaper:pagereference,Monthandday.
Stewart,M.T.1988.Shouldprivatisationprosper?SAAintheyear1990.TheArgus:3,May17.
Titleofthenewspaperinitalics. Thedayofthemonthfollowsthepagereference.
The
title
of
newspaper
is
followed
by
a
colon,
unless
the
volume
or
issue
number
is
known.
Treat
like
a
magazineorjournal.
Book:CorporateauthorAuthor.Date.Title:subtitle.Place:Publisher.
a)Sanlam.1998.Annualreport:1998.Bellville:Sanlam.
b)EmployeeBenefitResearchInstitute.(1992,February).Sourceofhealthinsuranceandcharacteristicsofthe
uninsured(IssueBriefNo.123).Washington,DC:
Whenanorganisation"writes"abookitisknownasthecorporateauthor. Examplea:
o Sanlamisthenameofanorganisation.o Sanlamisalsothepublisher.
Thedateoftheannualreportisalsopartofthetitle. Exampleb: Thepersonalauthor(ifthereisone)issubordinatetotheorganisation.
Book:SingleauthorAuthor.Date.Title.Place:Publisher.
Kent,S.L.
2001.
The
Ultimate
History
of
Video
Games.
New
York:
Three
Rivers
Press.
Book:TwoormoreauthorsAuthors.Date.Title:subtitle.Place:Publisher.
Henderson,R.S.andSmith,P.G.1987.Thetenetsofmoralphilosophy.NewYork:VanNostrand.
Theampersand(&)beforethelastname NB.Yourtextualreferencewouldread:(Hendersonetal.,1987:64). Ifabookhasmorethantwoauthorsthenlistthefirstauthorandtypeetal.thereafter(etalmeans
andothers
in
latin).
Book:ChapterfromabookwithdifferentcontributorsAuthors.Date.Title:subtitleofthechapter.InEditorsofbook(eds.),Titleofbook.Place:Publisher.Page
references.
a)Bjork,R.A.1989.Retrievalinhibitionasanadaptivemechanisminhumanmemory.InRoedigerH.L.III&
Craik,F.I.M.(eds.),Varietyofmemory&consciousness.Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.p.309330.)
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
7/11
Page|7 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
b)Puttnam,R.A.1981.Theplaceofvaluesinaworldoffacts.InDuff,A.&Smithson,W.O.,(eds).Thenature
ofthephysicaluniverse.EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.:PrenticeHall.p.124139.
Youhaveconsultedachapterofthebook.Thechapterisbyoneperson(ormore)andthebookbyanother(ormore).
Thetitleofthebookisinitalics,NOTthetitleofthechapter. NJ=StateofNewJerseyintheUSA.
Bibliographic
detail
of
the
book
starts
with
a
round
bracket
before
the
"In".
Name(s)ofauthor(s)ofbookisgivenininvertedformat(Lastname,FirstName) TheIIIthatfollowsthenameofRoedigerindicatesthatthisH.L.Roedigeristhethirdgeneration.
Book:EditionotherthanthefirstAuthors.Date.Title:subtitle.Edition.Place:Publisher.
a)Brunner,H.1972.Hieroglyphicwriting:theEgyptianlegacy.3rdrev.ed.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.
b)Mitchell,T.R,&Larson,J.R.1987.Peopleinorganizations:anintroductiontoorganizationalbehavior.3rd
ed.NewYork:McGrawHill.
Subtitle:separatedfromthetitlewithacolon. Thefirstwordofthesubtitlestartswithalowercaseletter. Thetitleendswithafullstopbeforetheeditionstatement.
Book:Editors(orcompilers)Authors.Date.Title:subtitle.Place:Publisher.
Gardner,B.P.&Smith,G.(eds).1984.Childpsychology:anintroductoryguideforparentsandteachers.
Harmondsworth:Penguin.
Ampersand(&)beforethelastname. (eds).followingthenames. Lowercaseein'eds'. Thefirstwordofthesubtitlestartswithalowercaseletter(an...).
Book:TwoitemsbysameauthorinthesameyearAuthors.Date(a).Title,Place:Publisher.(Qualification).
Pringle,GillianS.1982a.TheallegoricalnovelsofJ.M.Coetzee.Grahamstown:RhodesUniversity.(PhDthesis).
Ppringle,Gillian
S.
1982b.
Aspects
of
style
in
the
novels
of
J.M.
Coetzee.
College
English,
35(6):34
41,
September.
Thedateisfollowedbyand"a"ora"b". Theitemsarealphabeticalbytitle:Theallegorical...filesbeforeAspects... "The"isignoredinfiling.
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
8/11
Page|8 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
BrochuresNameoforganisationthatproducedthebrochure.Date.Titleofbrochure.edition.[Brochure].Author.
ResearchandTrainingCenteronIndependentLiving.1993.Guidelinesforreportingandwritingaboutpeople
withdisabilities.4thed.[Brochure].Lawrence,KS:Author.
Theauthor,K.S.Lawrenceissubordinatetothecompany/organisationthatproducedthebrochure. Theformatisgiveninsquarebracketsattheendoftheentry. Intextreferencing:("ResearchandTrainingCenter",1993:1)
ConferenceproceedingsAuthor.Date.Titleofpaper.Titleofpublisheddocument,Placeanddateofconference,pagereference(s),
Place(ofpublication):Publisher.
Truther,Mavis.1994.TheroleofthecourtinterpreterinthenewSouthAfrica.Proceedingsofthe1994
ConferenceoftheSouthAfricanInstituteofTranslators,Bloemfontein,1823June1994,pp.4659.
Johannesburg:TheInstitute.
Publishedconferenceproceedings.CiteonlythepaperreadbyTruter. Titleofthepaper:Theroleofthecourt... Titleofthepublishedvolume:Proceedings...
CorrespondenceAuthoroftheletter.Date.Descriptionofthetypeofcorrespondence,Dateofcorrespondence.[Noteof
locationoftheoriginaldocument]
Theron,C.1997.LettertotheTownClerkofStellenbosch,5May.[OriginalcopyinrecordsoftheTownCounci
ofStellenbosch.]
Governmentpublications:DepartmentsCorrectnameofcountry.Nameofdepartment.Date.Title.Place:Publisher.
SouthAfrica.DepartmentofHomeAffairs.1980.Guidelinesforchairmenofpublicationscommittees.Pretoria:
GovernmentPrinter.
Theofficialnameofthecountryistheentryelement. Givethefullnameofthedepartment. Publisherwillbetheofficialprinter/publisherforthegovernmentofthatcountry,e.g.
SouthAfrica:
Government
Printer
UK:HerMajesty'sStationeryOfficeHMSO USA:USGovernmentPrintingOffice
Governmentpublications:LawsNameofcountry(jurisdiction).Date.Author.Date.Titleofact.Place:Publisher.[Laws.]
SouthAfrica.1982.AtomicEnergyAct,No92of1982.Pretoria:GovernmentPrinter.[Laws.]
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
9/11
Page|9 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
Theofficialnameofthecountryistheentryelement. Givethefullnameofthedepartment. Titleoftheactisinitalics
InternetAuthor.Date(lastupdated).Titleofwebpage.[Online].Available:URL(Internetaddress).[Dateyouaccessed
the
site].
McKiernan,G.1996.ProjectAristotle:automatedcaterogizationofWebresources.[Online].Available:
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~CYBERSTACKS/Aristotle.htm.[4September1996].
InterviewNameofpersoninterviewed.Date.Descriptionofinterviewwithday,monthandyear.[format]
a)Smuts,Dene.1987.Interviewwiththeauthoron4August1987.CapeTown.[Cassetterecordingin
possessionofauthor]
b)Schaie,K.W.1993.[Personalcommunication].April18.
Examplea:YouhaveinterviewedDeneSmutsandhavetapedtheinterview. Exampleb:YouhavehadapersonalconversationwithK.W.Schaie.
Script/ScreenplayWriter.Date.Title.Cityofpublication:Copyrightholder.
Heyman,M.,etal.2009.BlackSwanScreenplay.NewYork:ProtozoaPictures.
Thecopyrightholderisusuallythestudiothatproducedthefilm. Thecityofpublication(ifnotavailable)isthesameasthecitythecopyrightholderislocatedin. AFDAisthecopyrightholderofallscriptsandfilmsproducedbystudentswhileatAFDA.
Secondarysource(onesourcecitedinanothersource)Author.Date.Title:Subtitle.JournalTitle,Volume:Pagereferences.
Coltheart,M.,Curtis,B.,Atkins,P.,&Haller,M.1993.Modelsofreadingaloud:Dualrouteandparallel
distributedprocessingapproaches.Psychologicalreview,100:589608.
AstudywasdonebySeidenbergandMcClelland. Coltheart
et
al
later
refers
to
this
study
in
their
article
titled
"Models
of
reading
aloud..."
(The
study
is
citedinColtheartetal.).
Thesecondarysource(thesecondsource)shouldbegiveninthereferencelist. Whenthecitedwork(thefirstwork)wasnotreadthentheintextreferencewilllooklikethis: SeidenbergandMcClelland'sstudy(ascitedinColtheart,Curtin,Atkins&Haller,1993)confirmedthat
...
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
10/11
Page|10 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
TelevisionbroadcastProgrammeTitle.Date.Place:Broadcastservice.Monthanddayofbroadcast.
TheMacNeil/Lehrernewshour.1993.NewYorkandWashington,DC:PublicBroadcastingService.Oct11.
Entryisunderthetitleoftheprogramme. Thetitleoftheprogrammeisinitalics.
ThesesanddissertationsAuthor.Date.Titleofarticle.Title:subtitle.Place:Academicinstitution.Degree.[formatifotherthanprint]
a)Potgieter,R.S.1983.Dieadvertensiewese inSuidAfrika:'nkritieseondersoek.Pretoria:UNISA.(MCom
verhandeling).[Mikrofiche]
b)Almeida,D.M.1990.Father'sparticipationoffamilywork:consequencesforfather'sstressandfatherchild
relations.BritishColumbia,Canada.UniversityofVictoria.(MAthesis.)
Inexampleayouusedthemicrofichecopyofthethesis theformatisgiveninsquarebracketsattheendoftheentry.
Usethelanguageofthepublication ifthethesisisinAfrikaans,givethebibliographicdetailinAfrikaans;ifitisinEnglish,givethebibliographicdetailinEnglish.
Video(orDVD)Title:subtitle.Date.Place:Publisher.[format]
Theinterviewgame.1985.London:BBC.[Videorecording]
Theformat[videorecording]isplacedattheendoftheentryinsquarebrackets.
8/2/2019 Academic Writing Orientation 2011 (8 September 2011)
11/11
Page|11 AcademicWritingOrientation(Updated13July)
References
UniversityofCapeTown.n.d.WritingtheReport/Assignment: HarvardReferencingStyle.[Online].Available:
http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/infolit/bibharvard.htm[28April2011].
WitwatersrandSchoolofArts.n.d.SchoolofDramaticArt:RulesandStyleGuide.Johannesburg:Universityof
theWitwatersrand.