Accelerating the realisation of key interface

technologies in transport and energy

- the PNDC

Professor Graeme Burt

graeme.burt@strath.ac.uk

Outline The changing context

for power electronic

systems for smart cities

and green transport

Implications for

interfaces

The PNDC accelerator

Examples of innovation

and deployment

Core disciplines

Power System Analysis

Power System Simulation

Power System Economics

Energy Markets

Active Network Management

Machines & Power Electronics

Control, Protection & Monitoring

Wind Energy Systems

Renewables

Dielectric Materials/Pulsed Power

HV Technology/UHF Diagnostics

Energy System Modelling

Institute Capacity

30 Academic Staff

40 Research Staff

140 Research Students

18 Tech/Admin Staff

Research portfolio: £40m

Institute for Energy and Environment

Centres of Excellence

ROLEST Robertson Laboratories for

Electronic Sterilisation Tech.

Institute for

Energy and

Environment

Power Networks

Demonstration Centre

Rolls-Royce UTC in

Electrical Power Systems

Scottish

Energy Technology

Partnership

ScottishPower Advanced

Research Centre

UK CDT in

Wind Energy

Systems

UK CDT in

Wind and Marine Energy

Systems

UK CDT in

Future Power Networks

and Smart Grids

National Grid

Framework

GSE Systems

Nuclear Engineering

Centre

EDF Energy

Advanced Diagnostics

Centre

Scottish & Southern

Research Fellowship

RTDS Technologies

Joint Research

Collaboration

TIC

Low Carbon Power

& Energy Programme.

CONTEXT

http://www2.nationalgrid.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=34301

Future energy mix

Future energy mix

Future power system

System Operability - Future

http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/

System Operability - Future

http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/

Key Aerospace Drivers:

Environment–Efficiency–Performance

Noise reduction Greener Aero

Infrastructure Constraints

Reduced Crew Workload

Optimised Performance

Fuel Efficiency Reduced emissions

Stakeholders •Manufacturers •Supply-Chain •Regulator •Passengers •Government

Goals for Future Aero Elec. Design • Improve power system efficiency • Improve Weight/Volume • Reduce Total Cost • Enhance Safety • Improve Thermal Efficiency • Improve Reliability • Improve Maintainability • Increase Functionality • Cost Effective Rapid Technological Insertion • Green Systems

Market Opportunity Market for aerospace electrical systems growing rapidly with the adoption of more electric technologies on new aircraft programmes.

Global market is expected to reach $24 Billion by 2017* and will grow even further under the adoption of novel aircraft designs and power generation.

While these relate to the civil market, there is likewise opportunity in the space and defence sectors.

* Frost & Sullivan Report, “Aircraft Electrical Power Systems–Charged with Opportunities”,2008. Available: www.frost.com

IMPLICATIONS

Challenges for measurements • Lower system inertia

– Frequency is never “nominal”

– ROCOF levels are rising

• Harmonics

• Inter-harmonics

• Unbalance, Faults

• Inaccessibility, Voltage, Weather

• “Loose” standards

• How do we calibrate? – Meters (wideband)

– Instrumentation

– On-site? Off-site?

– How do we ensure robust measurement in “real world” conditions? Can we?

27th August 2013

20 minute profile with Arc

furnace turn-on

Diurnal cycles of THDv

Weak systems implications

• Higher frequency dynamics and voltage/reactive power

issues

• Potential for maloperation of frequency-based protection

• Constraints on renewables

• Low fault levels, delayed (or maybe too fast?) converter

fault responses?

• Emulation of inertia?

• Openness of grid codes and standards

• Fidelity of measurements

• Predictability of behaviour & simulation models

Implications of evolving codes

• ENTSO-E

– Implementation guideline for

network code “Demand

Connection”, https://www.entsoe.eu/fileadmin/user_upl

oad/_library/resources/DCC/131016_-

_DCC_implementation_guideline.pdf

– HVDC grid codes, https://www.entsoe.eu/major-

projects/network-code-

development/high-voltage-direct-

current/Pages/default.aspx

– …

• IET

– Code of Practice for Low

and Extra Low Voltage

Direct Current Power

Distribution in Buildings

PNDC – SMART GRID ACCELERATOR

Technology Deployment

Utilities Vendors Suppliers

Feasibility, Testing, Validation and Demonstration

PNDC

Research and Development

National Laboratories

Universities Research Councils SME’s

PNDC Core Research Themes

PNDC

Research Themes

Protection & Control

Power Electronics

& DER

Communications

Asset Management

Sensors & Measurement

Network & Demand Side Management

Members determine the core

research projects across the

themes

Each theme has

- Academic Lead

- PNDC Research Lead

- Industrial Member

Representatives

PNDC - Unique Testing Capabilities

On Grid : 11kV Connection to Primary Substation

11/11kV Isolation Transformer

Off Grid : 5MVA Generator

Power Supply

One overhead feeder for a total

equivalent length of 60km

Pole mounted auto reclosers

Three underground feeders for

a total equivalent length of 6km.

Series voltage regulator

11kV/400V

transformers

from 500kVA

to 25kVA

Apply

resistive

line and

earth faults.

HV Network (11kV)

Transformers ~ 50 to 315 kVA

Mock impedances ~ 0.6 km

Load banks ~ 600 kVA (total)

LV Fed from HV Network

LV Network

3-50µs simulation time-step … up to 96 3 phase busses

Accurate frequency response up 3kHz

Hardware in the Loop Simulation

Real Time Simulation

PowerOn Fusion monitoring control and switching management

Industry Standard Control Systems

The 11kV Network

Technical details Three underground feeders for a

total equivalent length of 6km.

One overhead feeder for a total equivalent length of 60km.

A range of 11kV/400V transformers from 500kVA to 25kVA.

Pole mounted auto reclosers.

Series voltage regulator.

Capability to apply resistive line and earth faults.

The PNDC has an 11kV network composed of overhead lines and

underground cables with mock impedances used to provide a

representation of typical overhead lines and cable lengths which

cannot be achieved within the network compound.

The overhead line can be configured as a radial feeder with an

equivalent length of 60km which permits to demonstrate a

number of voltage issue, e.g. due to unbalance load and

distributed generation, and to test and demonstrate solutions.

Technical details

Transformers ~ 50 to 315 kVA

Mock impedances ~ 0.6 km

Load banks ~ 600 kVA (total)

PNDC LV network is powered by its HV circuit via 11/0.4 kV step-

down transformers. Cables with mock impedances represent an

urban distribution network with long feeder lengths. Single and

three phase load banks simulate load profiles required during

tests. Indoor test bays are available to connect equipment (e.g.

EV chargers) while outdoor LV pillars are used to change network

topology, isolate parts of the network (e.g. to test generators) or

as connection points for equipment placed on (bunded) test bays

in the network compound. DAQ points allow remote monitoring

and control.

The LV Network

The PNDC’s 11kV network is remotely controlled. Within the PNDC control room the

GE PowerOn Fusion system is installed to monitor and control the 11kV network’s

modern remote switchable Ring Main Units, Extensible Switch gear and Circuit

breakers. Each device on the network (switches, autoreclosers etc.) is connected to

the SCADA/DMS system allowing the full vision of the network’s configuration and

status, current flows and voltage level.

SCADA/DMS

Technical details 3-50µs typical simulation time-

step with up to 96 three phase busses simulation capability.

Rich library of primary and secondary system components.

AC and DC systems simulation.

Communications based I/O including IEC 61850 and DNP3.

Accurate frequency response up 3kHz enabling high fidelity replication of phenomena such as harmonic distortions.

The PNDC has a real-time digital simulation capability based on an RTDS platform which can be operated in two distinct but complementary modes:

Controller hardware in the loop:

Control and protection devices can be tested in real-time under realistic grid operating conditions simulated in the RTDS. The interface between the device under test and the RTDS is achieved through a number of I/O cards.

Power hardware in the loop (work in progress):

The physical 11kV network can be extended in simulation through the motor generator set, which acts as an interface. As such, the impact of large grid disturbances and HVDC on distribution networks and microgrids can be tested in a low-risk environment.

Real-Time Digital Simulation

PNDC – EXAMPLE PROJECTS

~

16kVA hybrid generator

phase

neutral

earth

LoadBank 8

LoadBank 5

LoadBank 4

FLUKE 435

PCFroment

Sigma/USB interface

CANFORD BSM5 BBCPSF 10/2 CABLE

G MCB MCB

~

360 Ah Li-Ion

Inverter control panel

Aux in

Supply

From GRID TO GO : Operation and Maintenance Manual

H07 3core 16mm cca

86amps

H07 3core 16mm cca

86amps

H07 3core 16mm cca

86amps

Hybrid generator project

• Islanded network configuration of 400V network

• Multiple loadbanks connected in series in single phase configuration for increased load capacity

• Pre-configured load profiles and load logging

• Monitoring using mobile fluke 435 power quality monitors

EV integration project

• Integration testing of induction charger

• Sensitivity study for penetration scenarios

Smart Frequency Control Project

£9m+ project led by National Grid

Investigation of fast regional RoCoF-triggered

response using PMUs– loads, storage,

generation

Save £100M’s in future

PMUs and distributed controllers

Testing at PNDC

EFCC-equipped load(s)

PMU(s)

Other loads Other loads

Other loads

Central Controller

Communications network with actual routers, devices and protocols (representative of

typical NG arrangements) with controllable latency and jitter

PNDC SFC indicative test configuration

MI – “mock impedance” to electrically emulate feeder lengths

SFC components

PNDC MG set – used to “play” pre-determined frequency responses or respond “naturally” to

events (e.g. load changes) on PNDC network

PNDC load banks and fault thrower can be

used to initiate events to test EFCC responses

Protection of converter-dominated systems project

NG System Operability Framework

VI(pu value) wave form measured at Grendon station(with 100% converter penetration level)

100%: OK? Delay in response, waveform distortion…?

Protection of converter-dominated systems project

Response delay, current magnitude and ramp rate are all configurable

ROCOF from different algorithms:

110kV connection to steelworks

European EURAMET EMRP projects

ENG63 GridSens (PNDC, State

Estimation, Impedance and Network

Topology determination)

ENG52 SmartGrids II (PMUs and

PMU metrological calibration

infrastructure)

Conclusions

Changing sectors are

challenging power systems

integration solutions, with

implications for devices

and systems

Contributions to innovation

and technology

acceleration, including

opportunities for

collaboration and co-

funding