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Accounting for Ecosystem Services under the SEEA framework
Jean-Louis WeberSpecial Adviser on Economic-Environmental Accounting
European Environment Agency
ProEcoServ Partnership MeetingUNEP Headquarters, Nairobi
7-8th June 2011
2
The System of Economic-Environmental Accounts - SEEA
• The impacts of the economy on the environment and the contribution of the environment to the economy
• Integrates environmental and economic information to understand linkages
• Accounting framework brings discipline to the organisation of environmental and related data
• An international standard involves acceptance of the framework, wide application and ultimately improved quality and international comparability of statistics
Courtesy Alessandra Alfieri
3
SEEA and the national accounts
• SEEA2003 is being elevated by the UN Statistical Commission to a standard in its own right at the par with the system of national accounts:– Part 1, the “central framework”: 2012– Part 2, experimental ecosystem capital accounts: 2013
• Where relevant, SEEA uses national accounting concepts and classifications
• Extends national accounts asset boundary• Includes non-market valuations of environmental assets
and flows• Links monetary and physical information• Enables national accounts to be adjusted for
environmental depletion degradationCourtesy Alessandra Alfieri
4
Territory of reference
EnvironmentEnvironment
Natural Capital (stocks)-Land-Water-Ecosystems-Soil-Etc.
Services & Resource flows-Materials-Energy-Water-Ecosystem services-Etc.
EconomyEconomy
Activities-Production-Consumption-Accumulation
Instruments -Financial/Monetary
-Taxes/subsidies-Financing-Resource rent-Permits
Actors-Enterprises-Households-Government-Non-profit institutions
4
The SEEA Framework
Outside territory of reference
Outside territory of reference
Analytical and Policy Frameworks
-Productivity analysis-Natural resource management-Climate change-Green Growth/Green Economy
Land/Resource use/Ecosystems
Emissions/waste
Courtesy Alessandra Alfieri
5
SEEA accounts and aggregates
• Asset accounts: record stocks and changes in stocks (flows) of natural resources such as land, forest, water and minerals
• Physical and hybrid flow accounts: provide a systematic physical description of production and consumption processes, including their natural resource inputs, product throughputs and outputs i.e. wastes. Link the physical information to the economic accounts
• Monetary accounts: separately identify environmentally- related transactions presented in the existing SNA flow accounts in order to make them more explicit for analysis
• Environmentally-adjusted aggregates: combine modules of SEEA to form a full-sequence of accounts from which aggregates such as Green GDP, or Net Saving can be derived.
Courtesy Alessandra Alfieri
SEEA ecosystem accounts
• Ecosystem accounting discussed in several UN London Group meetings and at UNCEEA since 2005
• At its fifth meeting in June 2010, the UNCEEA requested the World Bank, the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the UN Statistics Division (UNSD) to develop a broad outline and road map for a volume on ecosystem accounting in the SEEA. This partnership has made progress during the past year towards a conceptual framework for experimental ecosystem accounts in the SEEA.
Revision of the UN SEEA2003 includes ecosystem accounting:
Natural resources EcosystemsEconomic
assets (SNA) Non-economic
assets
Openingstocks
Opening stocks Opening State
SNAtransactions
and otherflows
Changes instocks
Changesin stocks
Economicactivities,
naturalprocesses,
etc.
Changesin state
Closing stocks Closing stocks
Closing state
Described in SNA
RM HASSAN - UN The System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (UN 2003) - RANESA Workshop June 12-16, 2005 Maputo
Part1
The SNA satellite accounts for the
environment
expenditure, taxes, hybrid accounts, physical flows,
sub-soil, energy, water land,economic assets depletion
Part 2
Ecosystem approach to accounting
Ecosystem stocks and quality, valuation…
Revision SEEA2012/13
Negative feedbacks of ecosystem degradation on production and wellbeing
Impacts on ecosystem capacity of delivering services/benefits
2
8
The scope of SEEA: Central framework and experimental accounts
Data users
ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT
SNA
Flow
s within
econ
omy
Changes in stocks
Material inputs
Returns
SEEA – Central framework:SEEA – Central framework:
A
B
A & B are establishments/enterprises & households
Natural resources/land
Courtesy Alessandra Alfieri
9
Two approaches in SEEA
Data users
ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT
SNA
Flow
s within
econ
omy
Changes in stocks
Material inputs (provisioning services)
Returns
SEEA Experimental accounts – Ecosystem accounts:SEEA Experimental accounts – Ecosystem accounts:
Ecosystem servicesA
B
A & B are establishments/enterprises & households
X
Y
X & Y are functional units representing ecosystems
in te
rms o
f cap
acity fo
r e
cosyste
m se
rvices
Courtesy Alessandra Alfieri
Physical accounts for all ecosystems
• All ecosystems: – Inland systems, – Seas/oceans – Atmosphere
• Inland ecosystems include:– Land systems
• Forests (natural or managed)• Other terrestrial systems (wetlands, shrubland, grassland…)• Inland water systems (rivers, lakes) • Agro-ecosystems• Urban systems
– Below-surface systems functionally related to land• Soil • Aquifers
Scales• In theory, ecosystems can be described at various scales, from the
global to the microscopic.
• SEEA is an extension of the SNA focus on the same typical scales (macro-economic accounting units): – Production units (e.g. establishments) land cover units – Institutional units (e.g companies, households or public organizations)
socio-ecological systems (mapped as socio-ecological landscape units)
• Key geographical grouping: administrative units (countries, regions, protected areas), physical regions (river basins, mountains, coastal zones), biomes, bio-climatic zones…
• National accounts should be prone at being downscaled to the local level
Statistical units for ecosystem accounting and correspondence to SNA
SNA SEEA Part 2Production units (e.g. establishments) Supply units (e.g. land cover units)
Institutional units (e.g companies, households or public organizations)
Socio-ecological systems (mapped as socio-ecological landscape units)
Economic assets (owned and managed)
Ecosystem assets (economic and not economic)
Commodities (tradable goods and services + government services)
Ecosystem services (privately used and public goods)
Statistical soundness
• Accounts based on objective and comprehensive data– Radiometry observed by satellites– Derived land cover maps– Meteo data– Official statistics, physical (crops, timber, fish, domestic and imported…) and
monetary (maintenance activities, Input-Output Tables and VA by sectors)
+ sampling of in situ monitoring data+ physical (transparent) modeling
• All data documented
Statistical integration of SEEA Part 1 & 2 and the SNA
SNA & SEEA: economic and ecosystem assets
Dw
ellin
gs &
oth
er
build
ings
and
st
ruct
ures
Mac
hine
ry a
nd
equi
pmen
t
Cul
tivat
ed b
iolo
gica
l re
sour
ces
Inve
ntor
ies
Oth
er p
rodu
cts
Land
Min
eral
and
ene
rgy
rese
rves
Non
culti
vate
d bi
olog
ical
res
ourc
es
Wat
er a
nd o
ther
na
tura
l res
ourc
es
Inta
ngib
le a
sset
s (c
ontr
acts
, lic
ence
s…)
Land x xLand cover systems x x O x xBiomass/carbon x x O x OWater O xBiodiversity O O O O OSelf regulating capacity O O O O OHealth, overall regenerative capacity N N N N
x explicitly recorded as economic assetO partly or indirectly recorded as economic assetN not recorded, externality
Assets hold by ecosystem units (forests, agro-systems,
wetlands…)
Non produced assetsProduced assetsAssets hold by economic units (enterprises, government bodies, households…)
GDP
Fossil energy
Sand, gravel
Water
Biomass/ Carbon
MetalChemicals
Landscape
Water
Biodiversity
Atmosphere/ Climate
Biomass/ Carbon
Sea
TEP Air
TEPSea
DMCCarbon
TEP Land
Biomass/carbon acccounts (agriculture, forestry, …)
CO2
DMCSand/gravel
DMCWater
DMCother
Water accounts
Total Ecosystem Potential
Import-Export
Decoupling (1)from
material/energy inputs
Decoupling (2) from
environmental impacts Resource efficiency:
TMI/DMC-Carbon & TEP Land
CICES, the draft Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services
• CICES, a draft classification for ecosystem services for the purpose of SEEA has been prepared and presented to the UNCEEA at its 5th meeting in 2010.
• CICES contains three categories of services: provisioning, regulation and maintenance, and cultural. Though there are some slight technical differences, in general CICES is derived directly from the predecessor framework of the MA and consistent with its successor in TEEB.
• As an additional dimension, there is a general agreement among experts to incorporate a scale attribute to this classification scheme.
Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (draft)
Theme Class GroupTerrestrial plant and animal foodstuffs
Freshwater plant and animal foodstuffs
Marine plant and animal foodstuffs
Potable water
Biotic materials
Abiotic materials
Renewable biofuels
Renewable abiotic energy sources
Bioremediation
Dilution and sequestration
Air flow regulation
Water flow regulation
Mass flow regulation
Atmospheric regulation
Water quality regulation
Pedogenesis and soil quality regulation
Lifecycle maintenance & habitat protection
Pest and disease control
Gene pool protection
Aesthetic, Heritage
Religious and spiritual
Recreation and community activities
Information & knowledge
Symbolic
Intellectual and Experiential
Provisioning
Regulation and Maintenance
Cultural
Nutrition
Materials
Energy
Regulation of wastes
Flow regulation
Regulation of physical environment
Regulation of biotic environment
CICES: Table E.2: Proposed Thematic, Class and Group Structure – source: EEA & Roy Haines-Young
Main relations between classifications & accounting units
Monetary Statistics of Products
Physical Statistics of Products
Land Use: productive land
functions
Land Cover: biophysical land units
Ecosystems:Socio-ecological landscape units (SELU)
(terrestrial, marine & atmospheric)
Land Functions & Ecosystem Services
Institutional & Production Units
(sectors & industries)
Land Ownership(private & public)
Land use classification drafted by FAO
Level 1 Level 2Cultivated, Forest and Aquacultural land
Agricultural landForests and other wooded landLand with aquaculture facilities
Built-up and related landLand used for mining and quarryingLand used for constructionLand used for manufacturing Land used for technical infrastructureLand use for commercial, financial and public servicesLand developed for recreational purposesResidential areas
Land not in useLand for conservation and environmental protectionOther
Water bodiesInland watersMarine waters
Land cover classification based on FAO LCCS3
Land Cover Types A H e rb a c e o u s c ro p
A 1 H e rb a c e o u s c ro p / S m a ll s ize fie ld s ra in fed (< 2 h a )
A 2 H e rb a c e o u s c ro p / M ed iu m to la rg e s ize fie ld s ra in fe d
A 3 H e rb a c e o u s c ro p / M ed iu m to la rg e s ize fie ld s irr ig a te d
B T re e o r sh ru b c ro p
C M u ltip le o r la y e re d c ro p
D T re e c o v e re d a re a
E S h ru b c o v e re d a re a
F H e rb c o v e re d a re a
G S p a rse n a tu ra l v e g e ta tio n ( te r re s tr ia l/a q u a tic /re g u la r ly f lo o d e d )
H A q u a tic o r re g u la r ly f lo o d e d tre e c o v e re d a re a
I A q u a tic o r re g u la r ly f lo o d e d sh ru b o r h e rb c o v e re d a re a
J B a re a re a s ( te r re s tr ia l o r re g u la r ly f lo o d e d )
K A rtif ic ia l su r fa c e s a n d a s so c ia te d a re a s
L In la n d w a te r b o d ie s
M G la c ie r a n d p e re n n ia l sn o w
01 Urban and associated developed areas 02 Medium to large fields rainfed herbaceous cropland 03 Medium to large fields irrigated herbaceous cropland 04 Permanent crops, agriculture plantations 05 Agriculture associations and mosaics 06 Pastures and natural grassland 07 Forest tree cover 08 Shrubland, bushland, heathland 09 Sparsely vegetated areas 10 Natural vegetation associations and mosaics 11 Barren land 12 Permanent snow and glaciers 13 Open wetlands 14 Inland water bodies 15 Coastal water bodies 16 Sea (per memory)
samplingmapping
and derived Land Cover Functional Units
Land cover functional units: example of Europe
From land cover units to ecosystem landscape units
Socio-ecological landscape units (SELU)
1. Mountain ecosystem landscapes 1.1 Mountain ecosystems/ Urban and associated developed areas 1.2 Mountain ecosystems/ Broad pattern agriculture 1.3 Mountain ecosystems/ Agriculture associations and mosaics 1.4 Mountain ecosystems/ Pastures and natural grassland 1.5 Mountain ecosystems/ Forest tree cover 1.6 Mountain ecosystems/ Other dominant natural land cover 1.7 Mountain ecosystems/ Composite land cover (no dominant land cover)
2. Highland ecosystem landcapes 2.1 Highland ecosystems/ Urban and associated developed areas 2.2 Highland ecosystems/ Broad pattern agriculture 2.3 Highland ecosystems/ Agriculture associations and mosaics 2.4 Highland ecosystems/ Pastures and natural grassland 2.5 Highland ecosystems/ Forest tree cover 2.6 Highland ecosystems/ Other dominant natural land cover 2.7 Highland ecosystems/ Composite land cover (no dominant land cover)
3. Lowland ecosystems (inland) landscapes 3.1 Lowland ecosystems/ Urban and associated developed areas 3.2 Lowland ecosystems/ Broad pattern agriculture 3.3 Lowland ecosystems/ Agriculture associations and mosaics 3.4 Lowland ecosystems/ Pastures and natural grassland 3.5 Lowland ecosystems/ Forest tree cover 3.6 Lowland ecosystems/ Other dominant natural land cover 3.7 Lowland ecosystems/ Composite land cover (no dominant land cover)
4. Coastal landscapes 4.1 Coastal ecosystems/ Urban and associated developed areas 4.2 Coastal ecosystems/ Broad pattern agriculture 4.3 Coastal ecosystems/ Agriculture associations and mosaics 4.4 Coastal ecosystems/ Pastures and natural grassland 4.5 Coastal ecosystems/ Forest tree cover 4.6 Coastal ecosystems/ Other dominant natural land cover 4.7 Coastal ecosystems/ Composite land cover (no dominant land cover)
5 River systems
Draft classification of socio-ecological landscape units (SELU)
Draft classification of socio-ecological landscape units (SELU)Socio-ecological landscape units (SELU)
1. Mountain ecosystem landscapes 1.1 Mountain ecosystems/ Urban and associated developed areas 1.2 Mountain ecosystems/ Broad pattern agriculture 1.3 Mountain ecosystems/ Agriculture associations and mosaics 1.4 Mountain ecosystems/ Pastures and natural grassland 1.5 Mountain ecosystems/ Forest tree cover 1.6 Mountain ecosystems/ Other dominant natural land cover 1.7 Mountain ecosystems/ Composite land cover (no dominant land cover)
2. Highland ecosystem landcapes 2.1 Highland ecosystems/ Urban and associated developed areas 2.2 Highland ecosystems/ Broad pattern agriculture 2.3 Highland ecosystems/ Agriculture associations and mosaics 2.4 Highland ecosystems/ Pastures and natural grassland 2.5 Highland ecosystems/ Forest tree cover 2.6 Highland ecosystems/ Other dominant natural land cover 2.7 Highland ecosystems/ Composite land cover (no dominant land cover)
3. Lowland ecosystems (inland) landscapes 3.1 Lowland ecosystems/ Urban and associated developed areas 3.2 Lowland ecosystems/ Broad pattern agriculture 3.3 Lowland ecosystems/ Agriculture associations and mosaics 3.4 Lowland ecosystems/ Pastures and natural grassland 3.5 Lowland ecosystems/ Forest tree cover 3.6 Lowland ecosystems/ Other dominant natural land cover 3.7 Lowland ecosystems/ Composite land cover (no dominant land cover)
4. Coastal landscapes 4.1 Coastal ecosystems/ Urban and associated developed areas 4.2 Coastal ecosystems/ Broad pattern agriculture 4.3 Coastal ecosystems/ Agriculture associations and mosaics 4.4 Coastal ecosystems/ Pastures and natural grassland 4.5 Coastal ecosystems/ Forest tree cover 4.6 Coastal ecosystems/ Other dominant natural land cover 4.7 Coastal ecosystems/ Composite land cover (no dominant land cover)
5 River systems
Valuation
• “… a combination of methods is needed (with different types of services been subject to different and sometimes non-market valuation methodologies). Therefore, the proposal is to focus initially on a few key services for which reliable valuations can be produced for the purpose of regular accounts.”
Current discussion of SEEA Part 2, ecosystem accounts
• UNSD, WB and EEA technical meetings in Nov. 2010, March 2011• Presentation of preliminary reflections at WAVES First partners
meeting, April 2011• Expert meeting, co-organised by the EEA, UNSD and the World
Bank, Copenhagen 11-13 May– Discussion of concepts, accounting units and classifications– Discussion of valuation options (in relation to SNA…)
• Outcome of first meetings to be presented to the UNCEEA meeting, 15-17 June 2011: “SEEA Part II: Experimental Ecosystem Accounts: A Proposed Outline and Road Map”, Paper prepared by UNSD, EEA and the World Bank
• Roadmap: “Issue paper”, peer review, new workshop in 2011, drafting, “global” consultation in 2012, presentation to the UN Statistical Commission of 2013 for endorsement
In & out of Europe: ESA, NASA, ..., and the Group on Earth Observation
Earth observation programmes are numerous and deliver abundant data on land over and
biomass, as well as many climate change variables. In Europe, ESA and GMES are an
important source of data for land & ecosystem accounting.
The GlobCorine project of ESA is aimed at supporting land cover accounting
GEO Biodiversity Observation NetworkThe Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network – GEO BON – is the biodiversity arm of the Global Earth Observation System of System of Systems (GEOSS).Some 100 governmental and non-governmental organizations are collaborating through GEO BON.
EO is coordinated at the global level by the GEO Secretariat in which participate 81 countries (of which 18 African countries) and the European Commission.
Jean-Louis Weber, CBD Conférence, Libreville, 16 Septembre 2010 Jean-Louis Weber, CBD Conférence, Libreville, 16 Septembre 2010
Out of Europe:
BDOT 1992-2002 & land cover accounts in Burkina Faso
© BDOT - Burkina Faso – EIONET meeting Copenhague 30-31st January 2006
112
312
242
112
312
242
112112
312312
242242
242112
112 242 312112 8242 8 51312 33
112 242 312112 8242 8 51312 33
GRIDCODE CHANGE AREAK1000E3968N3161 112112 8K1000E3968N3162 242112 8K1000E3968N3163 242242 51K1000E3968N3164 312312 33
©BDOT2002©BDOT1992
©BDOT Changes Change Matrix
LEAC Data Table (Flat matrix)
©BDOT 1992
©BDOT 2002
Georef 1 km² Grid
Raster Analysis METHODOLOGY OF LAND COVER ACCOUNT
© BDOT - Burkina Faso – EIONET meeting Copenhague 30-31st January 2006
ANALYSIS OF PROTECTED PERIMETERS
FC Forêt classée 1045033,4 ha
PN Parc Naturel 520863,3 ha
RB Réserve biologique 16969,7 ha
RPF Réserve partielle de faune 2258048,9 ha
RTF Réserve totale de faune 226050,8 ha
TOTAL (ha)4 066 966,1 ha
80 périmètres protégés qui représentent environ 15 %de la surface totale du territoire
Protected forest
Partial Reserve of Fauna
Biological ReserveNatural Park
80 protected perimeters represent around 15% of the whole territory
© BDOT - Burkina Faso – EIONET meeting Copenhague 30-31st January 2006
The protected forest of Dida (83407,6 ha)
Etat 1992 État 2002
changements
Occupation des terres: FC de Dida 1992
1
21
24
31
32
33
5
Occupation des terres: FC de Dida 2002
1
21
24
31
32
33
5
Changements FC de Dida
0,06139,1
18669,9
5,2
-24828,4
14,2 0,0
-30000,0
-20000,0
-10000,0
0,0
10000,0
20000,0
30000,0
1 21 24 31 32 33 5
1
21
24
31
32
33
5
Postes BDOT
Dida 1992 (ha)
Représentativité %
1 0,0 0,0
21 639,6 0,8
24 3498,4 4,2
31 9399,0 11,3
32 69842,8 83,7
33 27,7 0,0
5 0,0 0,0
TOTAL 83407,6 100,0
Postes BDOT
Dida 2002 (ha)
Représentativité %
1 0 0,0
21 6778,7 8,1
24 22168,3 26,6
31 9404,2 11,3
32 45014,4 54,0
33 41,9 0,1
5 0,0 0,0
TOTAL 83407,6 100,0
Forest of Dida is subject to a strong
pressure.Around 30 % of the
total area was moved to agriculture area in 10 Years. That is to say a surface of 25
000 ha
ANALYSIS OF PROTECTED PERIMETERS
Out of Europa: Colombia
Out of Europe: test of conversion from FAO LCCS classification to EEA-CLC
Jean-Louis Weber, CBD Conférence, Libreville, 16 Septembre 2010 Jean-Louis Weber, CBD Conférence, Libreville, 16 Septembre 2010
Out of Europe: Senegal 2005 and change 1990-2005by FAO/GLCN , LCCS
