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Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Co-chair, BU Energy Committee Member, BU Sustainability Committee [email protected]. Results of BU Energy Audit Course Overview of US Building Energy Use - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Achieving Energy Efficiency in BuildingsMichael Gevelber, Associate Professor
Mechanical EngineeringCo-chair, BU Energy Committee
Member, BU Sustainability [email protected]
•Results of BU Energy Audit Course
•Overview of US Building Energy Use
•Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Commercial Buildings
•Residential: Perform your own energy audit
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HerePlasma Spray: TBC’s & Fuel Cells
Ebeam deposition: optical coatings Electrospinning: nanofiber
P
V H
H Crystal Growth
Advanced Control Research Application Areas
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab
What’s Global Warming & What Causes it?
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering, co-chair BU energy working group, member of
BU Sustainability Comm & CEESI
20082008 20092009
Summary of Findings from GE 520/MN 500: “Energy Audit/Conservation Analysis of BU’s Charles River Campus”
20102010
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereEnergy Intensity (Per Sq Foot)Total Energy Use
Cleveland, C. (2007, Oct 24). Energy and Emissions Footprint: Boston University Charles River Campus. Presentation to the BU Energy Club.
Results of 2007 Energy Audit
0.0E+00
2.0E+11
4.0E+11
6.0E+11
8.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.2E+12
1.4E+12
1.6E+12
1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006
Btu
Heavy oil
Light oil
Electricity
Natural gas
68% Growth in Energy Use
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006
Btu
/sq
. fo
ot
(1000)
18% Increase in Energy Intensity
• What are the reasons for these trends?
• What can be done to reverse these trends?
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Building Energy Use by FuelCharles River Campus 2005-2007
Energy Supply106 kBtu
Energy Expenses
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Overview of US Building Energy Use
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereResidential
22%
Commercial
19%
Industrial
31%
Transportation
28%
Energy Use/Inefficiencies of US End-Use Sectors
21.6
18.5
31.2
27.9
12.4 (57%)
9.2
11.7 (63%)
6.7
12 (39%)
19.2
21 (75%)
6.9
In Quads
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Buildings account for ~40% of energy use!
73% of electricity use
Based on llnl energy flow charts
Major opportunity is focusing on efficiences
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereElectricity: 4.7 direct(Electricity GenerationWaste: 10.2)
HeatingGas: 5Oil:1.2Biomass: .5
Total: 21.6
Residential
11.5 Q Direct Use
21.6 Quads Total
22% of U.S. Energy use
Heating ~58% of direct
31% overall
Energy Use/Inefficiencies in Residential and Commercial Sectors
Commercial
8.6 Quads Direct
18.5 Quads Total
19% of U.S. Energy use
Heating ~ 45% overall
9.2 to end-use (43%)
6.7 to end-use (37%)
Use
Use
Waste
Electricity: 4.6(Electricity GenerationWaste: 10)
HeatingGas: 3.2Oil: 0.6Coal and Biomass: 0.1
Total: 18.5
Input (Quads)
Direct Waste: 2.3 (20%)
Electricity Waste: 10.2
Total: 12.5 (57%)
Direct Waste: 1.7 (20%)
Electricity Waste: 10
Total: 11.7 (63%)
Waste (Q)
* 1 Quad (Q) = 1015 BTU
Waste
Direct waste assumes 80% combustion efficiency.Question: Is that really the total waste?
Where are the opportunities for greater efficiency?
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Energy Savings: Solving for the Hidden Costs of HVAC
Our Focus: HVAC is 50-70% of ALL energy used in mid/large size buildings
Achieving Energy Efficiency in Existing Commercial Buildings
Strategy: Reduce high air flow rates which were implemented when energy was cheap.
Our Solution • Develop new tool to re-optimize HVAC control • This is not addressed by current tools• Based on real buildings, experience and data
Funded by MA Clean Energy Center Professor Gevelber & Professor Wroblenski BU Mechanical Engineering
Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab
Boston University team Aeolus: MIT Clean Energy Contest -Winners of Energy Efficiency track. 2013
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Residential: Perform Your Own Energy Audit
Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab
How to Become an Energy Detective: Help save the world and make some money at the same time
Prof. Michael GevelberMichael Cannamela, Ph.D Candidate, Mechanical Engineering
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Home Energy AuditINPUTS
Yearly Usage Unit
ELECTRICITY 0 kWh/yr
HEATING gas 0 therms/ yr
oil 0 gal/yr
TRANSPORT
car #10 miles/yr
20 mpg
car #20 miles/yr
20 mpg
car #30 miles/yr
20 mpg
SIZEarea ft2
occupancy 0 persons
LOCATION MA -
ENERGY PRICES
electricity 0.174 $/kwh
gas 1.63 $/therm
oil 2.9 $/gal
gasoline 3 $/gal
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
RESULTS COMPARISON
yearly
use unit % totaluse value
ENERGY
electricity 0
kBtu/yr
28775 <----MA average
heat 0 86165 <----MA average
transport 0
TOTAL 0
CO2
electricity 0
tons/yr
heat 0
transport 0
TOTAL 0 32 <----US average (4 person house)
MONEY
electricity 0
$/yr
heat 0
transport 0
TOTAL 0
HOUSEEFFICIENCYPER AREA
electricity
kBtu/yr/ft2
12.87 <----MA average
heat 38.54 <----MA average
TOTAL 51.40 <----MA average
How much energy and carbon your household uses and for what end-uses?
How much money you spend on different forms of energy? Helps to understand what efficiency investments have good payback?
What is the relative efficiency [kbtu/ft2] of your house?
Which areas can more easily be made more efficient?
MA AVG
House size
2236 ft2
Occupancy
2.55 persons
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Why focus on energy: what problems does the US face?
• Limited energy supply & global politics– U.S. is only 5% of world population but consumes
20% of world energy
• Pollution and Green House Gas emissions
• $ energy is getting more expensive
How do we know where to focus?
Total Annual Energy Cost
• Being more energy efficient to reduce our carbon footprint also saves $$$$
How’s Goldner’s class doing in terms of GHG emissions?
But how can we do better?
Where should we focus on to reduce energy use?
Energy Use in Your House
• What forms of energy do you use in your house?
• What are you using this energy for?
• How compare relative efficiency? KBTU/sq ft
Household Electricity Use
• What are some ways to increase the efficiency of your electricity use?
• What are the major uses of electricity in your house?
Household Natural Gas Use
• What are the best ways to increase the efficiency of your gas use?
• What are the major uses of Natural Gas?
Distribution of CO2 Sources
• Where should we focus?
Where focus to reduce energy costs?
What’s surprising?
The Importance of Screening Data
• Here is a histogram of the annual gasoline usage of those who participated in the home energy audits.
• Do these values make sense? What would be a good way to go about estimating someone’s average gasoline usage per year?
• In order to estimate someone’s average gasoline usage, you would need to know: how many vehicles they use, how many miles those vehicles can travel with one gallon of gasoline (mpg), and how many miles they travel in a year.
• For example:Someone has 1 car, that gets 20 mpg, and they travel 15000 miles/year. They would use: 15000 (miles/year) / 20 (mpg) = 750 (gallons/year).
• Or:Someone has 1 car, that gets 12 mpg, and they travel 30000 miles/year. They would use: 30000 (miles/year) / 12 (mpg) = 2500 (gallons / year)
• Here is that same histogram with the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) estimates on average annual gasoline usage.
• Here is a histogram of the areas of the different houses that participated in the home energy audits.
• Do all of these values make sense?
• To put things in perspective, Bill Gates’ largest house is a 66,000 ft^2 mansion in Washington (2).
• In order to determine if these values are valid, it might help to look at the Energy Usage Index (EUI). This is a measure of how much energy is used per year, per square foot (kBtu/yr/ft^2).
• As a reference, the Massachusetts average has been added to the plot. How would an increase in area of a house change the EUI? Do you think the energy usage increase as well?
• The house with the largest area corresponds to the house with the lowest EUI. What does this tell you about the data?
Same house
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
BU Energy Use:
SMG (220)
- Focus on high energy density buildings
Photonics (336)
LSEB (468)
140 BSR (140)
NOTES: (1) BUMC Net Area does not include NEIDL and rental properties (2) Data sources from BU energy audit class (M. Gevelber) & Facilities (P. Zhong & A. Ly)
FY2007 Net Area Energy Cost
CRC 9.3 M ft2 79%
BUMC(1)
1.2 M ft2 21%
Total 10.5 M ft2 100%
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereReduce Nighttime Exhaust (8 hrs)
•Find energy used to condition a unit volume of air
•Find volume of air exhausted
•Add energy used to condition air across all units of air exhausted
Estimated Savings
•11% of total oil ($7,400)•7% of total electric. ($10,900)
Estimated Implementation Cost
$17,500—about 1 year payback$17.5k to AndoverThe rest is Rebalance! Was it needed?
Estimate of Potential Setback Savings
Heating oil savings
Cooling electricity savings
Original Estimate Updated
13% ~$20k
$50k <2
21% $12,522
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
BU Energy Use:
SMG (220)
- Focus on high energy density buildings
Photonics (336)
LSEB (468)
140 BSR (140)
NOTES: (1) BUMC Net Area does not include NEIDL and rental properties (2) Data sources from BU energy audit class (M. Gevelber) & Facilities (P. Zhong & A. Ly)
FY2007 Net Area Energy Cost
CRC 9.3 M ft2 79%
BUMC(1)
1.2 M ft2 21%
Total 10.5 M ft2 100%
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes HereReduce Nighttime Exhaust (8 hrs)
•Find energy used to condition a unit volume of air
•Find volume of air exhausted
•Add energy used to condition air across all units of air exhausted
Estimated Savings
•11% of total oil ($7,400)•7% of total electric. ($10,900)
Estimated Implementation Cost
$17,500—about 1 year payback$17.5k to AndoverThe rest is Rebalance! Was it needed?
Estimate of Potential Setback Savings
Heating oil savings
Cooling electricity savings
Original Estimate Updated
13% ~$20k
$50k <2
21% $12,522