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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS COLLEGE OF NURSINGMoodle-Based Smoking Reduction Health Teachings on Nicotine Dependence of College Smokers within Metro Manila

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Above everything else, this thesis would not have been possible without the grace of

the Almighty Father, for which all our nearly exhausted efforts and knowledge that we have

learned in the making of this study was all done in honor of.

It is a great pleasure to thank our thesis adviser, Mr. Gian Carlo Torres, R.N., M.A.N.

for guiding us in this study from the beginning until the end and leading us in the right

direction when we seem to go astray in our endeavors to finish this research. We owe our

deepest gratitude to him who has made available his support in a number of ways.

We would also like to thank Dr. Christian Dicioco, M.D., Mr. Earl Francis Sumile,

R.N., M.A.N., and Dr. Jude P. Guiang, M.D. for generously sharing their knowledge and

professionalism in the validation of audio video presentations presented in the host website.

Also, we would like to extend our gratitude to Ms. Melanie Turingan for helping us

with her credible background and knowledge in statistics. It is in the lending of their

knowledge and expertise that the integrity of this study has based itself upon.

We will not forget that we are highly indebted to Moodle.com, for providing us with

free access to their software, Moodle, without which our web-based interventions for this

study could not have been possibly disseminated to our respondents and without which our

study would not have had a strong foundation of methodology.

Lastly, we are very grateful for our parents, for each other and the spirit of that we,

the researchers of this study, never knew we had in us as a group.

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS COLLEGE OF NURSINGMoodle-Based Smoking Reduction Health Teachings on Nicotine Dependence of College Smokers within Metro Manila

MOODLE- BASED SMOKING REDUCTION HEALTH TEACHINGS ON NICOTINE DEPENDENCE OF COLLEGE SMOKERS WITHIN METRO MANILA

Abstract

The study aims to determine the effectiveness of Moodle-based smoking reduction health teachings on nicotine dependence of college smokers within Metro Manila.

An experimental pre-test and post-test design was utilized in the study. A total of forty (40) subjects who voluntarily consented and qualified under the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly assigned to the control and experimental group. The control group received a Department of Health Anti-Smoking Pamphlet while the experimental group has undergone a two (2)-week intervention. The Moodle intervention involved a three-time per week audio visual presentation of health teachings focused on the detrimental effects of smoking. Baseline data were obtained using three (3) research tools counting the cigarette stick consumption, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score, and the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) result. All three tests and results were given and gathered pre and post intervention. Reminders through SMS messaging and follow-up telephone calls were made when audio visual presentations are then ready to be viewed.

The findings of the study show that (1) there is a significant difference in the cigarette stick consumption of the experimental group based on their pre and post-test results (p=0.00) (2) there is also a significant difference in the nicotine dependence of the experimental group based on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) pre and post-test scores (p=0.00); and (3) there is also significant difference in the nicotine dependence of the experimental group based on the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) pre and post-test results (p=0.00). On the other hand, no significant differences were established from the pre and post-test results of the control group based on (1) cigarette stick consumption (p=0.56), (2) Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (p=0.27), and (3) Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (p=0.42).

Hence, it can be affirmed that Moodle-based smoking reduction health teachings are effective tools in smoking reduction programs to reduce nicotine dependence of college smokers within Metro Manila. Further studies are highly recommended to increase the strengths and improve the weaknesses of the audio visual presentations and the study in general.

Keywords: Smoking Reduction, Nicotine Dependence, Moodle-Based Smoking Reduction Health Teachings

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS COLLEGE OF NURSINGMoodle-Based Smoking Reduction Health Teachings on Nicotine Dependence of College Smokers within Metro Manila

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Title Page iAbstract iiAcknowledgements iiiTable of Contents ivList of Tables and Figures vChapter 1 The Problem and Its Background

Background of the Study.....................................................................................................11.1 Statement of the Problem...............................................................................................21.2 Objective of the Study...................................................................................................51.3 Conceptual Framework..................................................................................................51.4 Significance of the Study.............................................................................................191.5 Scope and Limitations..................................................................................................211.6 Hypotheses...................................................................................................................241.7 Definition of Terms......................................................................................................24

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature2.1 Smoking.......................................................................................................................252.2 Nicotine Dependence...................................................................................................392.3 Health Education..........................................................................................................452.5 Moodle.........................................................................................................................602.6 Synthesis......................................................................................................................63

Chapter 3 Methodology3.1 Research Design...........................................................................................................713.2 Research Participants...................................................................................................72

3.2.1 Inclusion Criteria..........................................................................................723.2.2 Exclusion Criteria.........................................................................................743.2.3 Sample Size...................................................................................................743.2.4 Sampling Technique.....................................................................................75

3.3 Setting of the Study......................................................................................................763.4 Research Intervention..................................................................................................77

3.4.1 Moodle-Based Smoking Reduction Video Tabs...........................................773.4.2 Pamphlet Information...................................................................................78

3.5 Research Tools.............................................................................................................793.5.1 Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).....................................793.5.2 Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HNCC).......................................................79

3.6 Data Gathering Procedure............................................................................................803.7 Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment......................................................................84

Chapter 4 Findings and Data Analysis......................................................................................86Chapter 5 General Summary, Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

5.1 General Summary......................................................................................................1015.2 Findings......................................................................................................................101

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS COLLEGE OF NURSINGMoodle-Based Smoking Reduction Health Teachings on Nicotine Dependence of College Smokers within Metro Manila

5.3 Conclusions................................................................................................................1025.4 Recommendations......................................................................................................104

BIBLIOGRAPHIES.....................................................................................................................110APPENDICES

A. Consent Form (Experimental Group)........................................................................117B. Consent Form (Control Group)..................................................................................119C. Letter of Validation from a Medical-Surgical Nursing Professor.............................121D. Letter of Validation from a Pulmonologist................................................................122E. Letter of Validation from a Nursing Informatics Professor.......................................123F. Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence................................................................124G. Hooked on Nicotine Checklist...................................................................................125H. Department of Health Anti-Smoking Pamphlet.........................................................126I. Moodle-Based Smoking Reduction Health Tab Outline...........................................127J. Raw Data....................................................................................................................129

i. Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence Results of the Control Group...........129ii. Hooked on Nicotine Checklist Results of the Control Group..............................131iii. Average Cigarette Stick Consumption Per Day of the Control Group................133iv. Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence Results of the Experimental Group

..............................................................................................................................135v. Hooked on Nicotine Checklist Results of the Experimental Group....................137vi. Average Cigarette Stick Consumption Per Day of the Experimental Group.......139

ABOUT THE AUTHORS…………………………………………………………………141

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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS COLLEGE OF NURSINGMoodle-Based Smoking Reduction Health Teachings on Nicotine Dependence of College Smokers within Metro Manila

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

FIGURES Page1. Paradigm of the Conceptual Framework...........................................................................172. Research Design (True Experimental Pre-test and Post-test Design)................................643. Diagram of Sampling Technique.......................................................................................684. Diagram of the Data Gathering Procedure.........................................................................75

TABLE Page1. Comparison of the Mean Pre-test scores of the Control Group

on Average Cigarette Stick Consumption, Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence,and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist....................................................................................78

2. Comparison of the Mean Pre-test scores of the Experimental Group on Average Cigarette Stick Consumption, Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence, and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist..........................................................79

3. Comparison of the Mean Post-test scores of the Control Group on Average Cigarette Stick Consumption, Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence, and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist................................................80

4. Comparison of the Mean Post-test scores of the Experimental Group on Average Cigarette Stick Consumption, Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence, and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist...................................................................81

5. Comparison of the Pre-test and Post-Test scores of the Control Group on Average Cigarette Stick Consumption, Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence, and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist...........................................................82

6. Comparison of the Pre-test and Post-Test scores of the Experimental Group on Average Cigarette Stick Consumption, Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence, and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist.............................................................84

7. Comparison of the Pre-test scores of the Control and Experimental Group on Average Cigarette Stick Consumption, Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence, and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist........................................................................86

8. Comparison of the Post-test scores of the Control and Experimental Group on Average Cigarette Stick Consumption, Fagerström Test on Nicotine Dependence, and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist.......................................................................87