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Activator: K-W-L ChartINSTRUCTIONS: Create a K-W-L Chart on the topic of the Holocaust on your own piece of paper. Next, fill in the “What I Know” and “What I Want to Know” columns. Be prepared to share with the class.
The Holocaust
The HolocaustThe Who, What, When, Where, Why and How
Holocaust: Defined▪ The word “Holocaust”
comes from the Greek word “holokauston,” which means a destruction caused by fire or a burned sacrifice.
▪ Historically, the term “Holocaust” refers to a specific event in the twentieth century, which was a government-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933-1945.
How it Started
▪ After World War I ended in 1918, Germany was severely punished for its aggression during the war.▪ Germany fought on the side of the Central
Powers and lost to the Allies.
▪ The Treaty of Versailles so severely punished Germany, that the country couldn’t recover financially after the war.
▪ Military and political leaders of Germany blamed Germany’s struggles on liberal politicians, Communists, and Jews.
How it Started, cont.▪ The National Socialist
German Workers (NAZI) Party adopted a conservative ideology. Hitler joined in 1919, and was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
▪ Eventually, the Nazis merged Fascism with anti-Semitism.
▪ Fascists believed that only the strongest race would survive, giving the Nazis the idea of supremacy over the Jewish.
▪ Anti-Semitism is prejudice, hostility and discrimination against the Jews.
The Targets of the Nazis▪ Some people were undesirable by Nazi
standards, whether it be because of their genetic or cultural origins, health conditions, political or religious views, or lifestyle choices.
▪ Those who met Nazi standards were known as Aryans. They were said to have “pure” German blood.
▪ Below are some examples of those the Nazis targeted:▪ Jews, Gypsies, Poles and other Slavs.
▪ People with physical or mental disabilities
▪ Jehovah's Witnesses
▪ Homosexuals
▪ Communists, Socialists, and other political enemies
A Four Phase Operation▪ Phase 1 (1933-1939):▪ Regulation and Isolation
of German Jews
▪ Phase 2 (1939-1941):▪ Totalitarian regulation of
Polish Jews
▪ Phase 3 (1941-1943)▪ Direct killing by
Einsatzgruppen in USSR
▪ Phase 4 (1941-1945):▪ Bureaucratic killing
across occupied Europe
Phase 1 in 1933▪ February 1933▪ The Sturmabteilung
(SA)/Schutzstaffel (SS) police began to enforce the Nazi laws.
▪ March 1933▪ Concentration camps begin
opening throughout Germany. ▪ The Enabling Act is passed,
giving Hitler absolute power. ▪ April 1933▪ Nazis begin to boycott Jewish
businesses.▪ Non-Aryans are prohibited
from holding positions as teachers, government officials, etc.
▪ The number of Jewish students permitted to attend German public schools is limited.
▪ The secret state police (Gestapo) was created.
▪ May 1933▪ Mass amounts of “non-
German” books are burned. ▪ July 1933▪ Political parties are outlawed.
▪ September 1933▪ Jews are prohibited from land
ownership.▪ October 1933▪ Editorial Law passed which
enabled the Nazis to censor the press and publications.
Phase 1 in 1934 and 1935
▪ June 30, 1934-July 2, 1934▪ “Night of the Long
Knives”—series of political assassinations were carried out in order to eliminate those against the Nazi party.
▪ August 1934▪ Hitler becomes
Führer of Germany, basically making him a dictator.
▪ 1935
▪ The Nuremberg Laws
▪ The Reich Citizenship Law▪ Only Germans or those
with “German” blood (“Aryans”) could be citizens of the Reich.
▪ The Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor▪ Ex: Prohibited marriages
and extramarital affairs between Jews and “Aryans”
Phase 1 from 1937-1939
▪ November 1937▪ A travelling
exhibition called External Jew Exhibit promoted stereotypes of Jews and Nazi perceptions of their danger to the world.
▪ Kristallnacht, also known as the “Night of Broken Glass,” occurs. These were deadly attacks by the SA on Jews, including their homes, businesses, etc.
▪ December 1938▪ All Jewish owned
businesses are taken over.
▪ March 1939▪ Nazis invade
Czechoslovakia.
▪ September 1939▪ Nazis invade Poland.▪ England and France
declare war on Germany.
▪ Soviet troops invade eastern Poland.
Phase 2
▪ September 21, 1939▪ Heinrich Heydrich, the
leader of the Gestapo and SS, orders “Ghettoization” of Polish Jews.
▪ Ghettos were sections of a city where Jews were forced to live, separate from all others.
▪ Throughout 1939, Polish Jews are subjected to the same systematic treatment that German Jews had previously.
Phase 3▪ June - December 1941▪ Germans invade USSR.
▪ July 2, 1941▪ Heydrich issues guidelines on executions
by Einsatzgruppen in USSR.
▪ Einsatzgruppen were squadrons responsible for mass killings of Jews, typically by shooting.
▪ September 3, 1941▪ Zyklon-B, a type of cyanide gas, is used
as agent of mass killing for the first time. It is used on Soviet prisoners of war.
▪ December 8, 1941▪ Chelmno Death Camp opened with the
sole purpose of exterminating Jews.
Phase 4
▪ January 1942▪ Killing of Jews at
Auschwitz Birkenau using Zyklon-B.
▪ March 1942▪ Belzec Death Camp
becomes operational.
▪ March 24, 1942▪ Slovak Jews to
Auschwitz.
▪ March 27, 1942▪ French Jews to
Auschwitz.
Concentration Camps
▪ A concentration camp is a place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.
▪ Well-known concentration camps▪ Auschwitz▪ The most infamous of all concentration camps.
▪ Buchenwald▪ Second largest concentration camp; mostly a work camp.
▪ Dachau▪ First concentration camp built, but the smallest; originally
built to house political prisoners.
Concentration Camp Liberation
▪ Beginning in early 1945, as they marched through German territories, the Allied troops liberated the Jews who were still alive in the concentration camps.
▪ The Soviet and American forces who encountered these camps were appalled at what they found—millions dead and thousands starving.
Summarizer: K-W-L ChartINSTRUCTIONS: Finish your K-W-L Chart on the topic of the Holocaust by filling in the “What I Learned” column.
The Holocaust