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Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

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Page 1: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios
Page 2: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Disclaimer

Mead Johnson sponsors programs such as this to give 

healthcare professionals access to scientific and 

educational information provided by experts. The 

presenter has complete and independent control over the 

planning and content of the presentation and is receiving 

compensation from Mead Johnson for the presentation. 

The presenter’s  comments and opinions are not 

necessarily those of Mead Johnson. In the event that the 

presentation contains statements about uses of drugs 

that are not within the drugs’

approved 

indications,

Mead Johnson does not promote the use of 

any drug for indications outside the FDA‐approved 

product label. 

Page 3: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Learning Objectives

• At the end of this presentation the learner will:- Understand the nutritional challenges of preterm 

infants- Recognize the role of early TPN amino acids in 

decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants- Be able to discuss the importance of preterm 

formulas with higher P/E ratios in promoting growth  and lean body mass development in preterm  infants

- Understand the benefits of human milk fortification in  providing protein and other essential nutrients for the  preterm infant

Page 4: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Protein Outline

• Standardized early  parenteral nutrition

• Higher protein preterm  formulas

• Early and exclusive  human milk with 

various fortifiers

• Lactoengineering    

PTF 24 HP

Human 

Milk

FortifierEarly TPN

High Protein   

Preterm 

Formula

Page 5: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

ELBW Nutritional Challenge

Zeigler. J Peds Gastro  2007

Inadequate 

nutrition

Postnatal 

growth failure

Impaired 

neurocognitive 

development

Protein (80%)

Energy (20%)

Page 6: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

ELBW Nutritional Challenge Prevent Inadequate Nutrition

Zeigler. J Peds Gastro  2007

Inadequate 

nutrition

Postnatal 

growth failure

Impaired 

neurocognitive 

development

Protein (80%)

Energy (20%)

Page 7: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

ELBW Vulnerability to  Inadequate Nutrition

Page 8: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

The Reference Fetus Available Energy Stores in the Fetus 

and Newborn

Reference fetus: Ziegler, Growth, 1976.

Page 9: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Postnatal Weight Loss  Has Two Components

POSTNATAL WEIGHT LOSS

A. Excess ECF: (50%)‐Adaptation to extrauterine life

‐Of no consequence nutritionally

B. Endogenous Protein / Fat Stores (50%)‐

ICF

Nutritional

Page 10: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

fetus in uteroglucose alone

105

100

95

90

85

80

75

70birth    1        2       3         4        5         6       7

days of age

gram

s of bod

y  protein

Change In Body Protein Stores (ELBW)

Denne, Prot & Energy Req in PT infants 2001.

(2%)

(‐1.5%)

(‐21gm)

Enteral    

(29gm)

26 weeks

Proteolysis despite receiving energy

Page 11: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Parenteral Nutrition and Growth

Page 12: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Louisville Early TPN Experience TPN‐related Data

*first five days (average) Radmacher P and Adamkin DH J of Peri 2009

Page 13: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Protein Dose in Stock TPN (g/k/d)

• If you start with 5% AA you can’t increase the fluid rate!

• Additional fluids can be co‐infused if glucose and/or 

electrolyte requirements change

AA

60ml/k/d

80ml/k/d2%                        1.2                                1.64%                        2.4                                3.25%                        3.0                                4.0

Page 14: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Enteral Feeding VLBW 

PROTEIN REQUIREMENTSFactorial Approach•Estimates Protein and Energy•Does not estimate catch‐up

Empirical Method•Physiologic response to graded intakes•Tends to exclude ELBW•Does not measure energy•Includes catch‐up

Page 15: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Protein Requirement  (Factorial Method) Enteral

4.0 g/kg/d3.7 g/100 kcal P/E

*With allowance for efficiency of conversion (90%).

Ziegler et al. Growth. 1976;40:329‐341.

Page 16: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Enteral Protein and Energy Requirements  of Preterm Infants 

(Protein increases, P/E decreases)

Ziegler E. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45:S170‐4.

P/E = Ratio of protein to energy, expressed as grams of protein per 100 kcal.

Page 17: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Requirement

(g/kg/d)

<1000 g 3.5 – 4.51000–1500 g 3.5 – 4.0

Unfortified preterm breast milk          2.7Fortified preterm breast milk

3.7 – 4.8

Fortified donor breast milk

3.0 – 4.1

Preterm formula 24                               3.6Preterm formula 24 high protein

4.0 – 4.2

Comparison of Protein Requirements  and Enteral Options*

g/kg/d when fed at 120 kcal/kg/d

Hay WW. Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism.1st ed. Saint Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book; 1999.

*Includes factorial and empirical methods

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Contents of human milk vary by stage of lactation. Fortified breast milk and premature formulas may need the protein needs of infants over 1000 grams, but fall below the requirement estimate of Ziegler when fed at 120 kcal/g/d.
Page 18: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Revised Recommended Protein Intake and Protein‐Energy  Ratio for Premature Infants According to Postconceptional  Age and the Need for Catch‐up

“EUGR”

Rigo J, Senterre J. J Pediatr. 2006;149:S80‐S88.PER = gram of protein/100cal

Weight gain decreases with sharper decrease in LBM gain and protein retention during last month of gestation

Page 19: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Adapted from Revised  Recommended Protein Intake/

P/E Ratio/PCA and Catch‐Up Needs

PCA               Protein (g/k/d)            P/E (g/100cal)26 – 30                       4.4                                   

3.3

30 – 36                  3.6 – 4.0                                3.0

36 – 40                  3.0 – 3.4                            2.6 – 2.8

Page 20: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Impact of Protein/Energy Ratio  (P/E) on Body Composition

To increase LBM accretion and limit fat mass deposition, an 

increase in P/E is mandatory 

Lean Body Mass

Weight Gains

Fat Mass Gain

P/EProtein

Energy(-)

(+)

Adapted from Rigo J, Senterre J. J Pediatr. 2006;149:S80‐S88.

(+)

(+)

(+)

(+)

Page 21: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Advantages of a Higher Protein  24 Cal Preterm Formula

INCREASED P/E RATIO

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The 24-kcal/fl oz formula is available in a high-protein formulation. Let us now discuss the importance of protein in preterm infant nutrition in the next few slides
Page 22: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Preterm Formulas Reaching  4g/kg/d Protein

LSRO  Protein > 5.0g/k/d may be undesirable

Page 23: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Protein and Weight Gain

For each gm/kg of additional  protein weight gain increases:

3.4 g/kg/d

4.1 g/kg/d

4.3 g/kg/d

Kashyapl/Heard 1994Olsen 2002Ernst/Radmacher/Adamkin 2003

Page 24: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Species Specific Milk

Page 25: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Protein, Calcium, and Sodium Requirements for  VLBW Infants and Human Milk

Fomon SJ 1977Groh‐Wargo S 2000Ziegler E 2007

*0.9g/dl @ 200ml/k/d**1.5g/dl @ 150ml/k/d

Page 26: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Rickets Diagnosis• Identify high

risk patients

• Term infant formulas, unfortified human milk• ELBW long‐term TPN use, steroids, cholestasis, fluid 

restricted • SAP > 1000 IU/L• Serum P < 4mg/dl• High serum alkaline phosphatase activity – most 

sensitive and specific marker, but not diagnostic• Low serum phos relatively sensitive, not specific• Serum Ca, PTH and 25 (OH) D levels are usually normal 

Osteocalcin not usually helpful• Evaluate with wrist/knee radiograph if indicated.  

Rickets is radiological, not biochemical, diagnosis

Page 27: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Peak Alkaline Phosphatase in  <1000 g Infant

Peak alk phos: 1078+356  IU/L in 18 infants with rickets

If peak alk phos > 1000 IU/L, 10/19 had rickets

But, if peak alk phos 600‐800 IU/L, 3/29 with rickets

Mitchell et al. BMC Pediatrics 2009, 9:47

Page 28: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Preterm Infants Fed Fortified Human Milk  Receive Less Protein Than They Need

• Fortified human milk is assumed to provide  adequate amounts of nutrients for premature 

infants• Assumption “may”

be  true if:

- Composition of milk is expressed during weeks 2  to 3 of lactation

- Not true for DBM or expressed milk >3 weeks of  lactation

- (DECREASED PROTEIN)

Arslanoglu, Ziegler et al J of Peri 2009

Page 29: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Assumed and Actual Protein, Fat and Energy  Content of the Fortified Human Milk and 

Assumed and Actual Protein, Energy Intakes of  the Infants

STD                     

ADJ (BUN<9,>14)

Assumed values  Actual values    Assumed values  Actual values

Intakes

Protein intake (g/kg/d)  

First week                     3.4±0.1             2.9±0.4                3.7±0.1               2.9±0.3

Second week                3.5±0.1             2.9±0.3                4.0±0.4               3.2±0.4

Third week                    3.5±0.1             2.8±0.2                4.2±0.3               3.4±0.5

Energy intake (kcal/kg/d)

First week                  126.1±5.2         125.9±7.9            132.2±1.8           127.2±12.1Second week             128.4±2.4         126.6±11.8          135.2±4.2           125.6±11.6Third week                 127.6±2.4         120.5±8.3            135.9±2.7           128.0±8.3

N=32600 –

1750gProtein Δ

STD 0.5 to 0.7g/k/d                                     Protein Δ

ADJ 0.8g/k/d Arslanoglu, Ziegler et al J of Peri 2009

Page 30: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Human Milk Fortification

• Caloric density of expressed PT human milk on average does 

not differ from term DMBM

• Can assume 67 cal/100ml with PT human milk

• Protein content of PT human milk changes during lactation 

and is > term DMBM

• Manufacturers of fortifiers assume expressed milk has 

1.5g/100ml (lactation at 2 – 3 weeks).  Term DMBM protein 

has 0.8 to 0.9g/dl

• Energy intakes at 90 –

100 kcal/k/d are seldom limiting for 

growth

Page 31: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Mid‐Infrared Spectrophotometry  (MIRSA)

• Point‐of‐care• Accurate• Measures protein, 

fat, energy and  carbohydrates

• Uses only a small  volume of milk

• Affordable• Fast• Small footprint

• Wavelength spectrum  1200 to 2400 nm

• Commercially available— validated for bovine milk

Lacto‐engineering

Page 32: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Human Milk Fortification

Powder

Liquid

Human MilkHuman Milk Human MilkHuman Milk

Bovine HMFBovine HMF HumanHMF

HumanHMF

Standard Exclusively Human

Page 33: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Composition of Feedings Using HMF per 100 mL

* No additional minerals or vitamins ( ) per 150 mL

Liquid HumanMilk Fortifier

Page 34: Adamkin Protein VNJC Slides - Mead Johnson · decreasing postnatal growth failure in preterm infants - Be able to discuss the importance of preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios

Summary

• Early TPN amino acids decreases postnatal  growth failure

• Preterm formulas with higher P/E ratios  promote growth and lean body mass

• Human milk fortification may require increase  amounts of protein dependent on the protein  content of the mother’s milk or donor breast 

milk