Inattentive:Children who have been diagnosed with the
inattentive ADHD tend to get bored with activities that they do not
really enjoy rather quickly. They tend to be easily distracted and
tend to make many mistakes. This children are forgetful, have a
hard time following directions, and skip from one activity to
another without finishing the first activity.
Hyperactive/impulsive :Children who have been diagnosed with
the hyperactive/impulsive ADHD are children who seen not always be
in motion. These are the children who are moving around, touching
and playing with whatever is near them. Hyperactive/impulsive
children tend to blurt out comments or answers before thinking
first. They find it difficult to wait in line or take turns.
Combined inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive:Children who
have been diagnosed with both Inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive
ADHD.
(1)
3. Interesting facts about ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopment
disorder.
ADHD affects about 4-6% of children worldwide.
There have been a number of studies of visual attention in
children with ADHD that have reported that children are poorer at
attending to, or slower to act upon.
The phenomenon of the left spatial inattention have been seen
in people with ADHD who have had damage done to the right
hemisphere.
Asymmetric attentionperformance in children with ADHD have
shown to be consistent with a large body of structural and
functional imaging in areas of the right hemisphere.(3)
ADHD was first believed to be cause by neurological damage.To a
disorder that might be inherited by a parent.
4. How it affects the brain
http ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJHT5XROrBA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJHT5XROrBA
In children and adults with ADHD there is an increased amount
of dopamine transporters involving reduced extracellular dopamine
levels and decrease dopaminergic activity(4)
(2) 5.
The etiology of ADHD are neurological deficits . These deficits
can vary in degree depending a childs ability to
Imagine the out comes of their behavior choices.
Inhibit impulses
Maintainmotivational states
To develop and act out a plan to reach their goal
To stay focus on one task
Organize thinking
Regulate emotions
Children with ADHD tend to seek out high levels of stimulationto
compensate for the underactive central nervous systems. This
stimulation seeking can lead to reckless driving, the use of drugs
and alcohol, and addiction to videoand computer games. (1) The
brain regions that are underactive or smaller are concerned with
the problems with thinking , reflecting, and planning . 6. A
three-dimensional, high-resolution MRI image of the brain of a
patient with ADHD shows regional increases in the density of gray
matter. Areas in yellow and red average between 10 percent and 24
percent more gray matter than those of the average control subject.
(UCLALaboratory of Neuro Imaging)A t hree-dimensional,
high-resolution MRI image of the brain of a patient with ADHD shows
reductions (in yellow and red) in the size of specific areas within
the frontal and temporal lobes. (UCLA Laboratory of Neuro
Imaging)(5) 7. Treatment
Treatments are continuously being revised. This is done to
increase the quality of life, and taking into account of the safety
of the child.
Therapy with central nervous stimulants or CNS are the most
widely used.
The most frequently used is methylphenidate. This
stimulantproduced an important elevation of the extracellular
dopamine level.
8. Treatment continued (Stimulants)
Methylphenidate is the most frequently prescribe drug for
children. The Oral administration may become addictive.
Dextroamphetamine is another stimulant used for the treatment
of ADHD. It enters the nerve termination possibly through the
transporters, and releases vesicular dopamine and inhibiting
dopamine and noradrenaline. Some mild side effects include:
anorexy, insomnia,and a headache
9. Non-Stimulants
Tricyclic antidepressants represents a possible alternative to
CNS therapy. The most frequently used are inipramine,
desipramine,amitriptyline and nortiptyline.
These show a series of side effectslike blood dyscrasias,
dizziness, somnolane, sedation,confusion, delirium, dysrhythmais,
reduction of the threshold for convulsion, cholestasis, renal
failure, respiratory insufficiency. Because of this these drugsare
second in line for treatment.
Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant. This drugs shows a
multiple drug interactions this is due to the metabolism by the
cytochrome. The side effects are fever, thoracic pain, sight
disturbances, convulsions, insomnia, tremor, headache, vertigo,
confusion, anxiety, depression, and aggressiveness
(4) 10. Table of medications used with children with ADHD
Methylphenidate BasedAmphetamine Based (1) 11. Resources
Book
1. Silverman, Stephan M.,Ph.D, Iseman, Jacqueline S. Ph. D, and
Jeweler, Sue.School Success for Kids with ADHD.Texas: Prufrock
Press Inc, 2009.Pint
A Book about ADHD that has up to date information on ADHD. It
has techniques for success in school. This booktalks about some
research on the disorder to help the childs parent to have more
knowledge on the disorder.
2.http :// www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJHT5XROrBA
Is where I found the video on ADHD and the brain. This video is
about how ADHD effects the brain.
Peer reviewed article
3.Chan, Edgar, Mattingley, Jason B., Huang-Pollock, Cynthia,
English, Therese, Hester, Robert, Vance, Alasdair,and Bellgrove.
Abnormal spatial asymmetry of selective attention in ADHD Journal
of Child Psychology & Psychiatry; Sep 2009, vol. %0 Issue 9, p
1064-1072
Peer reviewed article
4.Zsigmond, Major Zoltan and Benga, Ileana. Treatment Options
In ADHD. Clujul Medical; Dec 2009, Vol 82 Issue 4, p 484-487
This articleis about different types of medication that is used
to treat ADHD and the side effects that they might have.
5.Rosack,Jim.Brain Scans Reveal Physiology of ADHD. Psychiatric
News January 2, 2004 .Volume 39 Number 1 Page 26. American
Psychiatric Association
This article is about how brainscans can reveal physiology of
ADHD.
