admixture & assimilation in Early Europe

8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe

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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`

kgriy lebkr` Argòk.

ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevfòks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrgès, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81

Veu wfii `kvkr jk gjik

te ifvk dkrk f` pkgok, jkogusk yeu ikat dkrk jigom, g`b oglk jgom wdftk

Kcyptfg` prksfbk`t, Cglgi Gjbki @gsskr, (76;:)

G`b Gjrgl neur`kykb,cef`c e` stfii tewgrb tdk seutd.

Ck`ksfs 7:>6

wdftks & sklftks,

f`bfckèus Kurepkg`s=

gblfxturk & gssflfigtfe`

f` kgriy Kurepk

ourgtkb jy

gllg jfrgce

Nglks Dg`mf`s, Zk`gfssgòk Orusgbkrs

Sdktdkr e`k tdeucdt ea tdk Rurms gs _oytdfg`s er Rreng`s, wgys oeuib jk aeu`b ea if`mf`c

tdksk pkepiks wftd tdk jfjifogi pkepiks ea Cec g`b Lgcec er wftd tdk Fsdlgkiftks. Rdfs if`m wgs

jkf`c lgbk girkgby f` tdk aeurtkk`td ok`tury, ie`c jkaerk tdk dulg`fsts oglk e` tdk sok`k,

_flfigriy, tdgt Kurepk oe`tfùkb te gookpt tdk _oytdfg` er Oguogsfg` dypetdksfs wkii

f`te lebkr` tflks og` è beujt jk skt bew` pgrtiy te Kurepkg` ktdèok`trfsl,

jut ft wgs gise tdk jkst sodeigriy epf`fe` gvgfigjik u`tfi

tdk igtkr kfcdtkk`td ok`tury.

Nglks Dg`mf`s, Zk`gfssgòk Orusgbkrs>

Dulg`fst Orusgbk Iftkrgturk f` tdk Gck ea Lkdlkb FF

Qfrtugi Nkwfsd Serib> Oestg bk Xrgtg, Xertucgi


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Rdk Oestg bk Xrgtg, g rkcfe` ea sdgrp oe`trgsts, eooupfks tdk oegstgi strfp jktwkkÌfsje` g`bXerte.Ft dgs g rfod

dkrftgck ea ok`turfks-eib leùlk`ts tdgt tkstfay te tdk oelf`c tecktdkr ea pkepiks g`b ouiturks.

Relgr

Rdfs tew` wgs tdk dkgbqugrtkrs ea tdk Erbkr ea tdk M`fcdts Rklpigr f` Xertucgi u`tfi tdk 72td ok`tury, wdk` tdk

erbkr wgs kxtf`cufsdkb g`b rkpigokb jy tdk Erbkr ea Odrfst, aeu`bkb gt tdgt sglk tflk. Rdk afrst nkwfsd skttiklk`tf` tdk tew` gise teem pigok f` tdk 72td ok`tury. Rdk Nkwfsd qugrtkr eìy eooupfkb e`k strkkt> tdk prksk`t-bgyZug

Br. Negqufl Ngof`te. @e`ktdkikss, bkspftk fts slgii sfzk, ft wgs g prespkreus oellu`fty g`b fts fàiukòk wgs te

fòrksk crkgtiy f` tdk 7;td ok`tury, f` tdk pkrfeb ea tdk Bfsoevkrfks, wdk` Relgr wgs girkgby tdk dkgbqugrtkrs ea

tdk Erbkr ea Odrfst g`b fts cevkrèr wgs Xrfòk Dk`ry tdk @gvfcgter.

Gt #3? e` tdk sglk strkkt wgs tdksy`gcecuk,wdfod rklgf`kb f` usk u`tfi 7261, tdk bgtk wdk` tdk erbkr wgs cfvk`

tekxpki tdk Nkws arel Xertucgi. Rebgy ft deusks tdk Gjrgge ^goute Xertucukusk-Dkjrkw Luskul. Kvk` tebgy,

oigy pets grk stfii mkpt kljkbbkb dfcd f` tdk aeur oer`krs ea tdk odgljkr ea wersdfp, gs pgrt ea g trgbftfe`gi

tkod`fquk aer flprevf`c tdk reel's goeustfos. F` tdk :8td ok`tury, tdreucd tdk kaaerts ea _gluki _odwgrtz, tdk

sy`gcecuk wgs rksterkb g`b cfvk` te tdk _tgtk, g`b, sfòk 76:7 ft dgs oeiikotkb èt eìy tdk ieogi dkrftgck ea

beoulk`ts g`b kpfcrgpds jut gise teljste`ks wftd Dkjrgfo f`sorfptfe`s arel etdkr pgrts ea tdk oeu`try. F` 764;,

arksd kxogvgtfe` werm wgs u`bkrtgmk` gt tdk sy`gcecuk, ikgbf`c te tdk bfsoevkry ea g` evk` aer tdk dkgtf`c ea

wgtkr g`b g wgii wdfod cgvk gookss te tdk deiy jgtds bksfc`kb aer purfafogtfe` purpesks.

Oigssfafkb gs Serib Dkrftgck jy [@K_OE, tdk Oe`vk`te bk Orfstesurreu`bkb jy lkbfgkvgi wgiis, wftd fts skvk`

oiefstkrs g`b kljiklgtfo Lgùkif`k wf`bew fs g` kssk`tfgi pgrt ea g`y vfsfter's ftf`krgry. F` Relgr, tdk jkst wgy

te cgf` g` flprkssfe` ea tdk tdrkk skpgrgtk lelk`ts f` tdk dfstery ea Xertucuksk grodftkoturk fs te vfsft tdk

odurodks ea _g`tg Lgrfg be Eifvgi (Cetdfo), _e Nege Jgptfstg (wftd fts Luùkif`k beerwgy g`b flpertg`t 71td

ok`tury pgf`tf`cs f`sfbk tdk odurod) g`b, e` tdk regb te tdk ogstik, tdk odurod ea @essg _k`derg bg Oeòkfoge (g

Zk`gfssgòk odgpki). F` tdk surreu`bf`c bfstrfot, `gturk ievkrs wfii gpprkofgtk tdk crkgt igmk orkgtkb jy tdk bgl ea

Ogstkie bk Jebk, wftd fts lgc`fafok`t vfkws g`b tdk odgòk te k`ney wgtkr sperts.

Ikfrfg

Belf`gtkb jy fts preub ogstik, tdk aerlkr reygi pgigok oe`qukrkb arel tdk Leers f` 77?;, tdk ofty bkvkiepkb gt

tdk aeet ea tdk dfii, jerbkrkb jy tdk rfvkr Ifs g`b sprkgbf`c eut arel tdk eib Zug Bur f` mkkpf`c wftd tdk typfogi

struoturk ea lkbfgkvgi tew`s. Rdk Nkwfsd qugrtkr wgs te jk aeu`b f` tdk grkg èw eooupfkb jyZug Bel Gae`se

Dk`rfquks,Zug Bel Bf`fsg`bIgrce bg _kg`b weuib dgvk bgtkb jgom te tdk 72td ok`tury, f` tdk rkfc` ea BelBf`fs (7:36-7?:;). Ft wgs f` tdfs eib pgrt ea tdk ofty, oiesk te tdk Ogtdkbrgi (jkcu` f` 7;;8 wftd g` Grodkeiecfogi

Luskul èw gttgodkb te ft), tdgt e`k ea tdk afrst Nkwfsd werms f` Xertucgi wgs pujifsdkb> tdk "Gilg`god

Xkrpktuul" jy Gjrgge ^goute, prf`tkb jy tdk kqugiiy Nkwfsd Grjgge b'Ertgs. Etdkr f`tkrkstf`c pigoks te vfsft grk

tdkFcrkng bg Lfskrfoerbfg, u`bkr wdfod tdk Eib _y`gcecuk fs tdeucdt te ifk, tdkFcrgng bk _e Xkbre(g 7:td

ok`tury Zelg`ksquk odurod), tdk Lu`fofpgi Luskul g`b tdk 71td-73td ok`tury sdrf`k ea@essg _k`derg bg

Kògr`ggewftd fts pgèrglfo vfkws.

Oefljrg

_ftugtkb e` tdk èrtd jg`m ea tdk rfvkr Le`bkce g`b e`k ea tdk lest flpertg`t Kurepkg` Nkwfsd qugrtkrs wgs te

jk aeu`b f` tdk oftfks f` tdk lfbbik gcks, Oefljrfg fs jkst mèw` aer fts [`fvkrsfty, wdfod k`neykb reygi pretkotfe`

arel tdk lelk`t ea fts afrst flpig`tgtfe` f` Oefljrfg (gatkr fts aeu`bgtfe` fÌfsje` f` 7:68). Gt e`k tflk, tdk ofty

dgb tdrkk Nkwfsd qugrtkrs, f` tdk pgrfsdks ea _g`tfgce, _g`tg Nustgg`bXkbrkfrg. Sftd tdk kpfbklfo oguskb jy tdk

jigom pigcuk f` tdk 72td ok`tury, tdk pepuigtfe` bkorkgskb sfc`fafog`tiy, jkoelf`c oeòk`trgtkb eìy f` tdk Nkwfsdqugrtkr ea _g`tg Nustg, wdfod, gatkr tdk erbkr wgs cfvk` aer tdkkxpuisfe` ea tdk Nkws f` 7261, oglk te jk mèw`

gsZug @evg. Rdk lest flpertg`t sy`gcecuk wgs sftugtkb f` tdkNubfgrfg Qkidg bk _g`tfgce, tdk Nkwfsd qugrtkr

oiesk te tdk Fcrkng be Oerpe bk Bkus. G wgim greu`b tdk lkbfgkvgi qugrtkrs ea tdfs ofty fs kveogtfvk ea tdk

trgbftfe`s wdfod grk stfii mkpt gifvk tebgy g`b gise prevfbks g ùljkr ea, f`tkrkstf`c surprfsks> gle`cst tfik grodks

g`b stkps grk te jk aeu`b tdk _t. Qkidg(tdk Eib Ogtdkbrgi, erfcf`giiy jufit fii tdk Zelg`ksquk styik), tdkLestkfre

bk _g`tg Oruz (g 7:td ok`tury le`gstkry, oe`tgf`f`c tdk teljs ea tdk afrst mf`cs ea Xertucgi) g`b tdk Gilkbf`g

Cgtk. Rdk ouiturgi dkrftgck ea tdk Nkws wgs ogrrfkb e` f`te lg`y aglfifks ea oe`vkrtkb er se-ogiikb -@kw

Odrfstfg`s," oe`trfjutf`c te tdk sofk`tfafo g`b dulg`fstfo gbvgòklk`t ea tdk [`fvkrsfty, syljeifogiiy sftugtkb e`
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Costa_Verde.html#Portohttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/syntoc.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/syntoc.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Costa_Verde.html#Portohttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.html


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tdk dfii evkrieemf`c tdk ofty. G`y teur ea tdk ofty lust gise fòiubk g vfsft te tdk u`fvkrsfty's agjuieus Jgrequk

ifjrgry wdfod oe`tgf`s lerk tdg` 7;8,888 veiulks g`b tdk _gig bes Ogpkies(Okrkle`fgi Dgii). @kgrjy fs

tdkLusku Lgodgbe bk Ogstre, wftd fts Zelg` Oryptepertfoewdfod oe`tgf`s flprkssfvk oeiikotfe`s ea pgf`tf`cs,

Zk`gfssgòk souipturk g`b ceib nkwkiikry (7:td-76td ok`turfks). Rdk @gtfe`gi _ofkòk Luskul kxdfjfts tdk

f`vk`tfe`s g`b f`strulk`ts uskb f` kxpkrflk`ts tdgt ikb te tdk tdgt ikb gbvgòklk`t ea lebkr` sofkòk, f` wdfod

lk` suod gs tdk sofk`tfst Xkbre @u`ks (7;8:-7;34), g @kw Odrfstfg` g`b u`fvkrsfty preaksser f` tdfs ofty, wkrk te

pigy suod g` flpertg`t pgrt.

Gt Oe`fljrfcg, f` tdk surreu`bf`cs ea Oefljrg, grk tdk lest flpertg`t Zelg` ruf`s f` Xertucgi g`b, :6 ml arel

tdk ofty, og` jk aeu`b tdk spg ea Iuse g`b tdk kxtrklkiy jkgutfaui aerkst ea Juogoe wftd fts `ke-Lgùkif`k detki-

pgigok.

Etdkr pigoks ea f`tkrkst

G vfsft te tdk Oestg bk Xrgtg rkprksk`ts tdk odgòk te bfsoevkr twe ea tdk lgner ogusks ea tdk crkgt prfbk tdgt fs

arkquk`tiy akit f` Xertucuksk grodftkoturk, jetd ea tdkl oigssfafkb jy [@K_OE gs Serib Dkrftgck> tdk Le`gstkry

ea Gioejgog g`b tdk Le`gstkry ea Jgtgidg. Rdk afrst fs g Ofstkrofg` gjjky aeu`bkb f` 77;:, wftd g` flpesf`c `gvk

g`b gustkrk oiefstkrs. Rdk Le`gstkry ea Jgtgidg (72td-71td ok`turfks) fs g lgstkrpfkok ea Cetdfo grodftkoturk,

agleus aer fts uàf`fsdkb odgpkis g`b tdk jkgutfaui stgf`kb cigss wf`bews ea tdk Aeu`bkrs' Odgpki, wdfod deusks

tdk telj ea Xrfòk Dk`ry tdk @gvfcgter, wde dgb suod g oiesk g`b epk` rkigtfe`sdfp wftd tdk Nkwfsd oellu`fty.

Gtig`tfo Bfgspergs>

Nkws, Oe`vkrses, g`b Orypte- Nkws f` tdk Gck ea Lkrog`tfifsl, 7;88-7488.

Zfodgrb I. MGCG@ & Xdfifp B. LEZCG@

tdk kbfters ea tdfs sepdfstfogtkb g`tdeiecy eaakr g ciflpsk ea skvkrgi bfsofpif`ks lkktf`c gt tdk outtf`c kbck.

Koeèlfo dfstery, Gtig`tfo stubfks, Nkwfsd stubfks, g`b stuby ea tdk Garfog` bfgsperg, gle`c etdkr afkibs, oelk

tecktdkr f` tdksk tk` odgptkrs, rkvfsftf`c g`b rkvfsf`c eur u`bkrstg`bf`c ea tdk pigok ea _kpdgrbfo (_pg`fsd g`b

Xertucuksk) Nkws g`b tdkfr oe`vkrse mf` f` tdk aerlgtfe` ea tdk Gtig`tfo werib. Gs wk skk lerk oikgriy arel tdfs

veiulk, wdfik ykt vfotfls ea kxoiusfe` g`b bfsorflf`gtfe`, tdky oelprfskb gotfvk pigykrs f` Kurepkg` evkrskgs

kxpg`sfe` g`b kgriy oeie`fgifsl, kvk` fa f` rkigtfvkiy slgii ùljkrs. Gtig`tfo Bfgspergs epk`s wftd g swfat

evkrvfkw jy Ne`gtdg` Fsrgki ea tdk oe`vkrse/_kpdgrbfo trg`seokg`fo trgbk `ktwerms g`b tdkfr sdfatf`c peiftfogi

oe`tkxts. Gbgl _utoifaak eaakrs g skoe`b dfcd-ikvki swkkp ea tdk _kpdgrbfo Gtig`tfo, aeousf`c lerk e` ouiturgiagoters. Rdk jeem tdk` eaakrs twe lgf` skotfe`s> e`k e` lkrog`tfifsl, tdk etdkr e` fbk`tfty g`b rkifcfe`. Rdk afrst

skotfe` epk`s wftd Sfl Mieestkr's survky ea g dg`baui ea lfb- skvk`tkk`td-ok`tury Butod _kpdgrbfo lkrodg`ts g`b

tdkfr kaaerts gt oeie`fgi skttiklk`t-jufibf`c f` vgrfeus tkrrfterfks f` tdk Glkrfogs. Lest ea tdksk lk` dgb girkgby

spk`t tflk f` tdk sdert-ifvkb Nkwfsd dgvk` ea Butod Jrgzfi. Rdky we` crg`ts te orkgtk `kw oellu`ftfks f` bfaafouit

g`b u`bkvkiepkb tkrrfterfks, rustikb up skttikrs f` Kurepk (f` selk ogsks è`-Nkws), prevfsfe`kb suppifks fòiubf`c

sigvks, g`b skt sgfi.

Rdeucd tdk lgnerfty ea tdksk skttiklk`ts agfikb buk te dgrbsdfp er eppesftfe` jy oeie`fgi gutderftfks (wde bfb èt

giwgys gcrkk wftd peifofks skt jy ikgbkrs jgom f` tdk lktrepeik), tdky ikb te tdk _kpdgrbfo oellu`ftfks ea Ourgge

g`b _urf`glk. Deiiy _`ybkr trkgts lkrodg`ts, lestiy _kpdgrbfo, epkrgtf`c wftdf` tdk K`cifsd oeie`fgi erjft, trgof`c

tdkfr kaaerts te `kcetfgtk stgtk rkcuigtfe`, wdfod sgw Nkws gs gt jkst rksfbk`t gifk`s, g`b te cgf` prfvfikcks er rfcdts ea

rksfbkòk g`b trgbk. Levf`c arel tdk rkigtfvkiy g`grodfo skvk`tkk`td ok`tury te tdk lerk erbkrkb kfcdtkk`td

ok`tury, Nkwfsd lkrodg`ts oe`tfùkb te agok ikcgi g`b gttftubf`gi bfsorflf`gtfe` g`b dkòk akit crkgtkr prkssurk tdg`

tdkfr è`-Nkwfsd oelpktfters te ouitfvgtk g stre`c g`b ieygi oustelkr jgsk. Rdesk wde tdrfvkb f` oe`sulkr rktgfi

trgbk, suod gs Ggre` Iepkz ea @kwpert, m`kw dew te oelpert tdklskivks wftd tdk `kokssgry seofgi crgoks g`b seib

te tdkfr oustelkrs tdk ck`tfifty g`b rkspkotgjfifty tdgt tdky seucdt aer tdklskivks g`b wdfod te selk bkcrkk oeuib

èw jk dgb aer purodgsk tdreucd ceebs ifmk styifsd tkxtfiks, Xertucuksk wf`k, tkg, sùaa, er spkrlgoktf og`biks.

F` tdk `kxt kssgy, Bgvfmk` _tub`fomf-Cfzjkrt eaakrs g oelpgrgtfvk survky ea _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse trgbf`c `ktwerms

ea tdk Xertucuksk `gtfe`, tdk @gg, gie`csfbk etdkr Gtig`tfo bfgsperfo trgbf`c `ktwerms - tdk Ducukèts, Jgsquks,

g`b Ckèksk, gle`c etdkrs. Rdfs sepdfstfogtkb sy`tdktfo pertrgft sdews tdgt lest ea tdk pgrtfouigrftfks gttrfjutkb te

Nkwfsd (er "Nkwfsd") oellkrofgi ouiturk gotugiiy oelprfsk akgturks ea gii suod trgbf`c `ktwerms. K`becgly, f`tk`sk


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aglfiy erfk`tgtfe`, oig``fsd`kss, igw-strktodf`c er -jrkgmf`c - eatk` igfb gt tdk akkt ea Nubgfsl er Nkwfsd`kss - rkgiiy

bkrfvk arel struoturgi bktkrlf`g`ts. _tub`fomf-Cfzjkrt sdews us eòk gcgf` dew tdk rklgrmgjik _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse

trgbf`c bfgsperg akgturkb g tfcdt evkrigp jktwkk` seofgi g`b koeèlfo rkigtfe`s f` twe sk`sks> pkepik trgbkb wftd

aglfiy g`b mf` aerklest, wdfik ouiturgi g`b rkifcfeus wgys gfbkb g`b pgrgiikikb oellkrofgi `kkbs g`b struoturks.

Gsmf`c gjeut sflfigr lgttkrs f` g sflfigriy oelpgrgtfvk oe`tkxt, Argòksog Rrfvkiigte odgiik`cks selk ea tdk

stkrketypf`c g`b kssk`tfgifzg- tfe`s ea _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse trgbf`c `ktwerms. _dk grcuks gcgf`st tdk ètfe` tdgt

trgbf`c wftd aglfiy g`b mf` `kokssgrfiy k`ck`bkrkb trust g`b oeepkrgtfe` (er k`tgfikb g "precrkssfvk" trgft), ogiif`cgttk`tfe` te tdk f`tkr`gi bfvfsfe`s wftdf` _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse trgbf`c bfgsperg, suod gs rkveivkb greu`b oigss,

ktd`fofty, ck`bkr, er rkifcfe`.

Gle`c etdkr prejikls, aglfiy jusf`kssks g`b `ktwerms eatk` akii gpgrt, argoturkb, bksok`bkb f`te squgjjif`c.

Rrfvkiigte jrf`cs te jkgr dkr kxpkrtfsk rkcgrbf`c tdk Lkbftkrrg`kg` oellkrok ea Ifver`ksk _kpdgrbfl f` prejf`c

aer bktgfikb jut lerk ùgòkb wgys ea bkpfotf`c g`b kxpigf`f`c tdk trfoms ea tdk _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse trgbk. F` tdk

g`tdeiecy's skoe`b lgf` skotfe`, "Fbk`tfty g`b Zkifcfe`," Jruè Akftikr tgmks us te èrtdkgst Jrgzfi, oe`qukrkb jy

tdk Butod aer `kgriy tdrkk bkogbks, g u`fquk ig`b arel tdk pkrspkotfvk ea tdk Nkwfsd qukstfe` f` tdk Fjkrfg` werib.

Dkrk, gs Akftikr, bfsoussks, Xertucuksk @kw Odrfstfg`s ifvkb u`bkr Ogivf`fsts wde teikrgtkb epk` Nubgfsl. Sftd rfod

kxglpiks dk eutif`ks tdk oelpifogtkb rkifcfeus ifak ea tdk oeie`fsts, gjik te kxpierk g`b kxpkrflk`t wftd g` "k`kly"

agftd, prkssurkb te odeesk jktwkk` agftds, g`b selktflks uòkrtgf` dew. Lg`y f`bfvfbugis uitflgtkiy lgbk tdkfr

odefok jgskb e` "tdk sk`tflk`tgi je`bs tdgt tfkb tdkl te ieogi oellu`fty creups g`b lgtkrfgi oeòkr`s f` ifku ea

rgofgi fbk`tfty g`b rkifcfeus oe`vfotfe`s". Gvfvg Jk`-[r rkoeu`ts tdk sftugtfe` ea sigvks g`b arkkb f`bfvfbugis eaGarfog` erfcf`, welk` f` pgrtfouigr, wftdf` tdk u`fquk _kpdgrbfo pig`tgtfe` oellu`fty ea _urf`glk jktwkk` tdk

skvk`tkk`td g`b `f`ktkk`td ok`turfks. Jgskb e` tg`tgifzf`c jfts f` grodfvgi seuroks, sdk trgoks tdk oelpifogtkb wgys

Kurgarfog`s jkoglk g sfc`fafog`t pgrt ea tdk oellu`fty, jetd bklecrgpdfogiiy g`b f` tkrls ea oellu`gi

ercg`fzgtfe` g`b tdk oe`struotfe` ea tdk ieogi lkg`f`cs ea Nkwfsd`kss. _elk sigvk er arkk welk` uskb tdkfr

rkigtfe`- sdfps wftd _kpdgrbfo pig`tkrs g`b tdk odfibrk` tdky jerk tdkl gs g lkg`s ea upwgrb lejfifty, wdfik

skclk`ts ea tdk oellu`fty sgw aft te gbgpt te ieogi `kokssftfks g`b wkioelk tdksk f`ftfgtks wde gle`c etdkr tdf`cs

skrvkb te jeistkr tdkfr tkùeus ùljkrs.

Xktkr Lgrm g`b Nes bg _fivg Dertg prksk`t g` gooeu`t ea g akw slgii oellu`ftfks oe`sfstf`c ea Xertucuksk @kw

Nkws arel Glstkrbgl wde levkb f` tdk kgriy skvk`tkk`td ok`tury te Lusifl Skst Garfog. K`neyf`c tdk sglk

pretkotfe` ieogi Lusifl ikgbkrs crg`tkb te gii aerkfc` lkrodg`ts, tdksk trgbkrs g`b eppertu`fst/k`trkprk`kurs

prgotfokb Nubgfsl epkìy, gttrgotkb Xertucuksk @kw Odrfstfg`s te tdkfr lfbst, g`b oe`vkrtkb selk ea tdk Garfog`s

tdky lgrrfkb g`b klpieykb g`b jfrtdkb. Rdksk sdert-ifvkb k`bkgvers, sdewf`c sfc`s ea tdk prgclgtfo "cef`c `gtfvk"

tdgt odgrgotkrfzkb lkrodg`t f`tkriepkrs g`b f`tkrlkbfgrfks tdreucdeut oeie`fzgtfe`, rkaikot g jeib gsskrtfvk`kss tdgt

swkpt Xertucuksk _kpdgrbfl g`b oe`vkrses gifmk wftd tdk rfsk ea tdk f`bkpk`bkòk levklk`t gcgf`st _pgf` gatkr

7;48 g`b tdk aeu`bf`c ea _kpdgrbfo Glstkrbgl nust jkaerk 7188.

Gtig`tfo Bfgspergs> Nkws, Oe`vkrses, g`b Orypte-Nkws

f` tdk Gck ea Lkrog`tfifsl, 7;88-7488, jy Zfodgrb I. Mgcg`= Xdfifp B. Lercg`

Ne`gtdg` _odersod

-

Kurepk, er dew te ksogpk Jgjki

Lgurfok Eik`bkr

Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss," tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g ikcgoy ogpgjik ea"bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk. Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea

tdk Eib Rkstglk`t, tdk ktyleiecfogi afotfe` ea g "Kuruepg," lkg`f`c "wfbk vfsfe`," oeuib skrvk te oeàfrl tdk

prevfbk`tfgi gljftfe` ea tdfs oe`tf`k`t wdfod "skks agr" (kurus, eps). _fòk Dkogtgkus ea Lfiktus f` tdk sfxtd ok`tury

J.O. tdk Crkkms dgb bfvfbkb tdk werib f`te tdrkk pgrts> Garfog, Gsfg, g`b Kurepk. Arel tdfs pef`t e`, tdfs gòfk`t

ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi gòksters ea dulg`fty. Oeljf`f`c tdksk strgtkcfks ea

gppreprfgtfe` ea eib jfjifogi prelfsks wftd tdk bksfrk te f`tkcrgtk pgcg` mèwikbck g`b lytds f` erbkr te jkttkr

gssflfigtk tdkl, tdk kgriy Odurod rkoec`fzkb tdk tdrkk se`s ea @egd - _dkl, Dgl, g`b Ngpdktd -u`bkr tdk `glks

Oreès, Rftg`, g`b Ngpdktd. Ngpdktd, tdk lest jkiifoesk ea tdk se`s ea [rgùs (smy) g`b Cgfg (kgrtd), preck`fter ea g

if`k ea rkjkis, tdkrkgatkr pursukb dfs ogrkkr gs g` k`krcktfo pfe`kkr.


5/39




_fòk Sfiifgl Ne`ks g`èuòkb tdk mf`sdfp ea _g`smrft g`b tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, g lgssfvk jeby ea sodeigrsdfp

dgs fiiulf`gtkb tdk bkvkieplk`t ea tdk se-ogiikb "F`be- Kurepkg`" ig`cugck creup. Rdfs `kw dfsterfogi pdfieiecy

dgs kèrleus tkod`fogi godfkvklk`ts te fts orkbft. Jut gilest arel tdk stgrt, ft jkoglk k`tg`cikb wftd prknubfoks

g`b lytds - wftd kaaerts te rkorkgtk èt eìy tdk iest ig`cugck, jut gise tdk iest - g`b supkrfer - ofvfifzgtfe` ea tdk

F`be-Kurepkg` gòksters. Rdfs brfvk te bktkrlf`k tdk fbk`tfty g`b `gturk ea tdk afrst ig`cugck ea dulg`fty wgsbkkpiy reetkb f` jetd `kgr kgstkr` g`b wkstkr` trgbftfe`s.

Rdk Jfjik bksorfjkb tdk pkrakot, trg`spgrk`t ig`cugck ea Gbgl g`b aeiiewkb fts bkck`krgtfe`, oguskb jy dulg` sf`,

f`te tdk luitfpik, epgquk ig`cugcks ea igtkr `gtfe`s. Rdk tdrkk se`s ea @egd jkoglk, aer Nkwfsd g`b kgriy Odrfstfg`

wrftkrs, tdk aeu`bkrs ea tdrkk bfstfòt dulg` creups. Jy tdk sfxtd g`b skvk`td ok`turfks, dfsterfg`s jkcg` te lgc`fay

tdk bkkbs ea okrtgf` igtkr pkepiks, suod gs tdk _oytdfg`s g`b Cetds, g`b te oe``kot tdkl wftd tdk jfjifogi ck`kgiecy

ea ig`cugcks g`b rgoks. G`b f` tdk Zk`gfssgòk, spkouigtfvk dfsterfogi ktyleiecy teem reet g`b aieurfsdkb, gs

`gtfe`gi prfbk ikb Kurepkg` f`tkiikotugis te gsskrt tdgt tdkfr ew` lebkr` ig`cugcks - aer kxglpik, Aiklfsd - kftdkr

oeuib jk fbk`tfafkb wftd tdk erfcf`gi e`k er eaakrkb tdk oieskst survfvf`c gpprexflgtfe` te ft. Ngpdktd, @egd's

agverftk se` g`b tdk aerkagtdkr ea tdk Kurepkg`s, klkrckb gs tdk dkre wde dgb prkskrvkb tdk erfcf`gi ig`cugck f` fts

purfty. G `kw dfstery ea tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks bkvkiepkb, e`k wdfod trgokb tdkl jgom te tdk ig`cugck ea tdk

jgrjgrfg` _oytdfg`s g`b klpdgsfzkb tdk oe``kotfe`s jktwkk` Xkrsfg` g`b Kurepkg` ig`cugcks. Ft oglk te skkl

flpigusfjik tdgt tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks bkrfvkb arel Dk-jrkw. Jy tdk kfcdtkk`td ok`tury, f` sdert, gii tdkprkoe`bftfe`s wkrk prksk`t aer g bfsoevkry tdgt tdk gòksters ea tdk Kurepkg`s, ifmk tdk oelle` gòkster ea tdkfr

ig`cugcks, dgb jkk` f`bkpk`bk`t ea _klftfo fàiukòk. G lebkr` sodeigriy tdksfs wdesk peiftfogi g`b f`tkiikotugi

oe`skqukòks grk stfii wermf`c tdklskivks eut rkvkgis tdk oe`tfùf`c flpgot ea g lfiik``fgi trgbftfe` ea spkouigtfe`

gjeut ig`cugck g`b dfstery.

NGXDKRDFO K[ZEXK

Ngpdktdfs e`k ea tdkse`s ea @egd f` tdkGjrgdglfotrgbftfe`.

F`Grgjfo oftgtfe`s, dfs `glk fs èrlgiiy cfvk` gs Vgaktd jf` @ud("Ngpdktd, se` ea @egd").

F` Jfjifogi gs wkii gs Wurg`fo trgbftfe`, Ngpdktd fs oe`sfbkrkb te jk tdk preck`fter ea Kurgsfg`

Xkepiks.]:\]?\]2\ Rdk trfjksCec g`b Lgcec grk gise rkcgrbkb gs bksok`bg`ts ea Ngpdktd.];\]1\

Arel tdk Aieeb te Jgjki, gètdkr dulg`fty fs put f` pigok= @egd fs fts `kw gòkster, wftd dfs tdrkk se`s jy wdel

"tdk wdeik kgrtd wgs pkepikb" (Ck`.6. 7). F` Ck`ksfs, tdk luitfpifogtfe` ea ig`cugcks oerrkspe`bs te tdk ckecrgpdfo

bfstrf-jutfe` ea `gtfe`s "gatkr tdkfr aglfifks, gatkr tdkfr te`cuks, f` tdkfr ig`bs, g`b gatkr tdkfr `gtfe`s" (Ck`. 78.?7).

Rdfs crkgt dulg` bfgsperg fs ercg`fzkb go-oerbf`c te g ckecrgpdy ea lgikbfotfe` g`b jk`kbfotfe` oieskiy gsseofgtkb

wftd @egd's sdglkikss bru`mk``kss. Dfs se` Dgl beks èt dksftgtk, gooerbf`c te tdk Odrfstfg` kxkcktks f`spfrkb jy

Xdfie ea Gikxg`brfg, te kxpesk pujifoiy dfs Agtdkr's ejsok`fty jy igucdf`c g`b lgmf`c au` ea dfs ùbfty. Dgl

tdkrkaerk skks dfs ourskb bksok`bg`ts jkoelk "skrvg`t ea skrvg`ts . . . u`te dfs jrktdrk`" (Ck`.6.:;)= tdk Odurod

Agtdkrs, wde dgb rkgb Neskpdus, gttrfjutk tdk pkepif`c ea Garfog te dfl. Re dfs twe jretdkrs wde "wk`t jgomwgrb,

g`b oevkrkb tdk `gmkb`kss ea tdkfr agtdkr= g`b tdkfr agoks wkrk jgomwgrb, g`b tdky sgw èt tdkfr agtdkr's `gmkb`kss"

(Ck`.6.:?), trgbftfe` crg`ts twe etdkr oe`tf`k`ts. _dkl, lgrmkb f` Ck`ksfs jy dfs prfvfikckb if`m te tdk ktkr`gi

Kiedfl, rkokfvks Gsfg. Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss,"6 tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g

ikcgoy ogpgjik ea "bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk.

Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea tdk Eib Rkstglk`t, tdk ktyleiecfogi afotfe` ea g "Kuru-

epg," lkg`f`c "wfbk vfsfe`," oeuib skrvk te oeàfrl tdk prevfbk`tfgi gljftfe` ea tdfs oe`tf`k`t wdfod "skks agr"

(kurus, eps). _fòk Dkogtgkus ea Lfiktus f` tdk sfxtd ok`tury J.O. tdk Crkkms dgb bfvfbkb tdk werib f`te tdrkk pgrts>

Garfog, Gsfg, g`b Kurepk. Arel tdfs pef`t e`, tdfs gòfk`t ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi

gòksters ea dulg`fty. Oeljf`f`c tdksk strgtkcfks ea gppreprfgtfe` ea eib jfjifogi prelfsks wftd tdk bksfrk te

f`tkcrgtk pgcg` mèwikbck g`b lytds f` erbkr te jkttkr gssflfigtk tdkl, tdk kgriy Odurod rkoec`fzkb tdk tdrkk se`s

ea @egd - _dkl, Dgl, g`b Ngpdktd -u`bkr tdk `glks Oreès, Rftg`, g`b Ngpdktd. Ngpdktd, tdk lest jkiifoesk ea tdk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah


6/39




se`s ea [rgùs (smy) g`b Cgfg (kgrtd), preck`fter ea g if`k ea rkjkis, tdkrkgatkr pursukb dfs ogrkkr gs g` k`krcktfo

pfe`kkr. Rdus wk kòeu`tkr dfl gcgf` f` tdk Odrfstfg` Kurepk ea tdk igst ok`tury gt tdk dkgb ea g ofvfifzgtfe`

oeljf`f`c twe strgf`s ea lklery, "_klftfo" g`b "Gryg`" er "Ngp(d)ktdfo," tdk f`kqugifty ea wdesk vgikòks fs

kxgokrjgtkb wdk` Zk`g` gsseofgtks tdk tftg`fo afcurk ea Ngpdktd wftd tdk vfotery ea Xrecrkss. F` Neskpdus, tdk

bksok`bg`ts ea _dkl ce aertd g`b pepuigtk "Gsfg te tdk F`bfg` Eokg`"= tdk se`s ea Ngpdktd gbvgòk "f` Gsfg te tdk

rfvkr Rg`gfs (tdk Be`) g`b f` Kurepk te Cgbkfrg (Ogbfz)."

G akw bkogbks igtkr Fsfberk bksorfjkb tdk Cetds gs g prflerbfgi "`gtfe`" jkogusk dk oe`sfbkrkb tdkfr trfjk te jk jer`

ea tdk afrst bfvfsfe` ea pkepiks gatkr tdk Aieeb. Dk tdk` gssurks us tdgt tdk _oytdfg`s g`b Cetds "bkrfvk tdkfr erfcf`"

arel Lgcec, tdk skoe`b se` ea Ngpdktd. Fsfberk strkssks gcgf` tdgt tdk bksok`-bg`ts ea Ngpdktd "pesskss tdk lfbbik

pgrt ea Gsfg g`b gii ea Kurepk te tdk Jrftg``fo Eokg`." Rdfs `gtfe`gi mèwikbck ea pkepiks g`b tdkfr ig`cugcks, tdfs

wgy ea lgc`fayf`c Cetdfo gòksters, trg`saerlf`c tdkl f`te pgrk`ts ea g `kw jfjifogi du-lg`fty, è beujt f`spfrkb

lerk tdg` e`k if`cufstfo oe`struotfe` f` lkbfkvgi g`b lebkr` Kurepk.

Rdus, wdk` tdk bksok`bg`ts ea Ngpdktd kòeu`tkrkb tdkfr oeusf`s rktur`f`c arel Jgjki g`b wkrk è ie`ckr gjik te

u`bkrstg`b tdkl, tdky bksfc`gtkb tdkfr pfbcf` te`cuk jy tdk vkrj "jgjkik`,"' wdfod f` Aiklfsd lkg`s "cfjjkrfsd."

Jy lkg`s ea ktyleiecfogi preeas g`b ckecrgpdfogi, dfsterfogi, g`b if`cufstfo grculk`ts, sodeigrs klpdgsfzkb tdk

è`-erfk`tgi bflk`sfe` ea tdk erfcf`s ea Kurepk."

Ngpdktd wgs jetd tdk lytdfogi pgtre` g`b tdk oeòkptugi teei, sfòk ft wgs dk wde, tdg`ms te tdk oeàusfe` ea Jgjki,pkrlfttkb tdk oeòkptugifzf`c ea tdk dfstery ea g letdkr te`cuk wdfod trg`saerlkb ftskia evkr tflk f`te f`ùlkrgjik

bfgikots. Aer tdesk wde gttklptkb dkòkaertd te oelpgrk g`b g`giyzk tdkl, te dfcdifcdt tdkfr oelle` struoturk,

tdksk fbfels jkgr g aglfiy rkskljigòk> tdky gii jkgr tdk "Ngpdktdfo" stglp wdfod, f` fts sogrokiy dfsterfofzkb

vkrsfe`, rkokfvkb tdk `glk "_oytdfg`" - g ig`cugck oiesk te eib Frg`fg`, jut gjeut wdfod gilest ètdf`c kisk wgs

tdk` mèw`. Gs aer tdk _oytdfg`s, g jgrjgreus pkepik kxfstf`c e` tdk lgrcf`s ea ofvfifzkb dulg`fty, Dkrebetus eìy

m`kw ea tdkl "jy dkgrsgy." Rdk _oytdfg`s, Gsfgtfo èlgbs wde fcèrk tdk are`tfkrs jktwkk` Kurepk g`b Gsfg- twe

oe`tf-`k`ts eòk k`trustkb te tdk "wkstkr`" se` ea @egd - wkrk gise gsseofgtkb wftd tdk Oguogsfg` prevfòks oiesk te

Leu`t Grgrgt, wdkrk tdk jfjifogi Grm fs suppeskb te dgvk ru` gcreu`b.

Kvk` gs Neskpd Nustus _ogifckr, f` dfs Bfgtrfjg bk Kurepgkrerul if`cufs, vfcereusiy eppeskb tdk _oytdfg`

dypetdksfs g`b tdkrkaerk gise eppeskb tdk fbkg ea g sf`cik erfcf` aer gii Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, kvkrywdkrk f` Argòk,

K`cig`b, _pgf`, tdk Iew Oeu`trfks, _og`bg`gvfg, tdk rkcfe`s wdfod weuib igtkr lgmk up Ftgiy g`b Ckrlg`y, g`b

kiskwdkrk gs wkii, tdk bkjgtks oe`tfùkb. _odeigrs trfkb jetd te kvgiugtk tdk rkskljigòks g`b bfaakrkòks gle`c

tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, g`b te bktkrlf`k tdk survfvf`c kiklk`ts ea tdk erfcf`gi Dkjrkw f` tdk pest-Jgjki bfgikots.Rdus, u`bkrif`f`c tdk oeòerbgòks jktwkk` tdk fbfels jer` ea _oytdfg`, Agtdkr Rdelgssf` nustfafkb tdkl jy

"rkbuof`c" gii ig`cugcks te Dkjrkw. F` dfs Lkftdebk, pujifsdkb f` 7168, dk wg`tkb te bkle`strgtk tdgt tdk

prexflfty jktwkk` Dkjrkw g`b Arkòd fs suod tdgt "e`k og` trutdauiiy sgy tdgt tdky grk au`bglk`tgiiy tdk sglk

ig`cugck."

Sdk` Ikfj`fz, dkfr te g trgbftfe` lerk tdg` e`k du`brkb ykgrs eib, gsskrtkb tdk kxfstkòk ea g Ngp(d)ktdfo k`tfty e`

tdk jgsfs ea g if`cufstfogiiy u`ftkb Kurepk, dk u`bkrif`kb tdk bkle`strgtfvk vgiuk ea g` kxpig`gtery lebki ea tdk

if`cufstfo gaaf`ftfks bfsokr`fjik f` se lg`y fbfels skpgrgtkb jy tflk g`b spgok. _pkgmf`c ea tdk gòfk`t "_oytdfg`s,"

dk bfb èt dksftgtk te rkogii tdgt ft fs g qukstfe` ea g "ck`krfo tkrl" bksfc`gtf`c "tdksk bfstg`t jgrjgrfg`s." Ifttik

lgttkr> pgssfe` aer tdk letdkr te`cuk, se eatk` f`tkrtwf`kb wftd tdgt aer tdk `gtfe`, fòftkb kvk` Ikfj`fz- wde wgs

etdkrwfsk quftk oeslepeiftg` f` eut-ieem - te kqugtk f` 7163 "tdk erfcf` ea tdk pkepiks g`b tdk ig`cugcks ea Kurepk"

wftd "tdk grodgfo Ckrlg` ig`cugck."

Jkcf``f`c wftd tdk sfxtkk`td ok`tury, lerk g`b lerk systklgtfo oelpgrfse`s jktwkk` Ckrlg`fo g`b Xkrsfg` tkrls,

g`b tdk rgppreodklk`ts ea tdk ig`cugcks ea F`bfg, Crkkm, g`b Igtf`, bkvkiepkb f` tdk wgmk ea tdk spfok trgbk g`b tdk

preskiytfzf`c kaaerts ea tdk Nksufts. E`k ea tdkl, prebuokb jy Agtdkr Cgste` Oekurbeux f` f`vkstfcgtf`c tdk

struoturgi oerrkspe`bkòks jktwkk` Crkkm, Igtf`, g`b _g`smrft, prepeskb g Ngpdktdfo seiutfe` wdfod dkòkaertd

jreucdt tecktdkr Kurepk g`b g `kw Kgst. F` g lklefr wrfttk` f` 7313, mèw` te tdk lkljkrs ea tdk Gogbflfk

Zeygik bks F`sorfptfe`s kt Jkiiks Ikttrks jut èt pujifsdkb u`tfi 7484, Oekurbeux wretk> Ngpdktd, kibkst se` ea

@egd, ikat tdk pigf` ea _df`gr, jrf`cf`c wftd dfl g tdfrb ea dulg`fty, g`b dkgbkb tewgrb tdk Skst, wdfod wgs dfs

sdgrk. Dfs skvk` odfibrk` è beujt jkoglk tdk dkgbs ea gs lg`y crkgt aglfifks, kgod e`k ea wdfod lust dgvk spemk`

e`k ea tdk `kw erfcf`gi ig`cugcks, suod gs Igtf`, Crkkm, _igve`fo, kto. Lgy F jk pkrlfttkb te gbb te tdksk _g`smrft


7/39




(sglsmreutgl)= ft fs gs bkskrvf`c gs g`y etdkr ig`cugck, cfvk` fts kxtk`sfvk rkgod, te jk ùljkrkb gle`c tdk

prflftfvk ig`cugcks. Rdk suppesftfe` tdgt F gl lgmf`c wfii pkrdgps igtkr jkoelk g rkgifty."

Veu wfii `kvkr jk gjik

te ifvk dkrk f` pkgok, jkogusk yeu ikat dkrk jigom, g`b oglk jgom wdftk

Kcyptfg` prksfbk`t, Cglgi Gjbki @gsskr, (76;:)

G`b Gjrgl neur`kykb,

cef`c e` stfii tewgrb tdk seutd.

Ck`ksfs 7:>6

wdftks & sklftks,

f`bfckèus Kurepkg`s=

gblfxturk & gssflfigtfe`

f` kgriy Kurepk

Nglks Dg`mf`s, Zk`gfssgòk Orusgbkrs

Sdktdkr e`k tdeucdt ea tdk Rurms gs _oytdfg`s er Rreng`s, wgys oeuib jk aeu`b ea if`mf`c

tdksk pkepiks wftd tdk jfjifogi pkepiks ea Cec g`b Lgcec er wftd tdk Fsdlgkiftks. Rdfs if`m wgs

jkf`c lgbk girkgby f` tdk aeurtkk`td ok`tury, ie`c jkaerk tdk dulg`fsts oglk e` tdk sok`k,

_flfigriy, tdgt Kurepk oe`tfùkb te gookpt tdk _oytdfg` er Oguogsfg` dypetdksfs wkii

f`te lebkr` tflks og` è beujt jk skt bew` pgrtiy te Kurepkg` ktdèok`trfsl,

jut ft wgs gise tdk jkst sodeigriy epf`fe` gvgfigjik u`tfi

tdk igtkr kfcdtkk`td ok`tury.

Nglks Dg`mf`s, Zk`gfssgòk Orusgbkrs>

Dulg`fst Orusgbk Iftkrgturk f` tdk Gck ea Lkdlkb FF

Ngpdktdfs e`k ea tdkse`s ea @egd f` tdkGjrgdglfotrgbftfe`.F`Grgjfo oftgtfe`s, dfs `glk fs èrlgiiy cfvk`

gs Vgaktd jf` @ud("Ngpdktd, se` ea @egd"). F` Jfjifogi gs wkii gs Wurg`fo trgbftfe`, Ngpdktd fs oe`sfbkrkb te jk tdk

preck`fter eaKurgsfg` Xkepiks.]:\]?\]2\Rdk trfjksCec g`b Lgcec grk gise rkcgrbkb gs bksok`bg`ts ea Ngpdktd.];\]1\

Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss," tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g ikcgoy ogpgjik ea

"bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk. Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah


8/39






ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi gòksters ea dulg`fty.

@e u`jfgsskb ktdèiecfst wfii qukstfe` tdk agot tdgt tdk Nkwfsd pkepik grk g `gtfe` ea dyjrfbs= tdgt ck`tfik jieeb ealg`y mf`bs dgs jkk` fàuskb f`te tdk pkepik f` igrck prepertfe`s f` tdk oeursk ea tflk. F`-bkkb, è`k ea tdk pkepiks

ea Odrfstk`bel dgs jkk` lerk u`rklfttf`ciy kxpeskb te dyjrfbfzgtfe`, f` spftk ea gii tdk stfaa oe`vk`tfe`gi

prkogutfe`s tdgt dgvk jkk` tgmk` te mkkp tdk jrkkb purk.

Rdk F`tkiikotugi Xrk-Klf`kòk ea Nkws f` Lebkr` Kurepk

Rderstkf` Qkjik`

-

Fvg` C. Lgrous, Dfstery, _tery g`b Oeiikotfvk Lklery>

@grrgtfvfty f` Kgriy Gsdmk`gzfo Ouiturk

Oress-jrkkbf`c oelleìy rksuits f` g cgf` te tdk Nkwfsd oellu`fty rgtdkr tdg` oe`vkrskiy= g`b tdk dyjrfbeaasprf`c fs g odfib ea Fsrgki rgtdkr tdg` ea tdk ck`tfiks. F` kaakot, tdkrkaerk, ft fs tdk oe`trfjutfe` ea tdfs Nkwfsd-dyjrfb

pkepik te tdk ouiturk ea lebkr` Kurepk tdgt fs f` quks-tfe`. Rdk lk` ea tdfs Nkwfsd kxtrgotfe` oeu`t aer lerk tdg`

tdkfr prepertfe`gtk sdgrk f` tdk f`tkiikotugi ifak ea wkstkr` ofvfifzgtfe`= g`b tdky oeu`t pgrtfouigriy gle`c tdk

vg`cugrb, tdk pfe`kkrs, tdk u`kgsy cfib ea pgtdaf`bkrs g`b foeèoigsts, f` sofkòk, sodeigrsdfp g`b f`stftutfe`gi

odg`ck g`b crewtd. E` fts agok ft gppkgrs gs fa g` fàusfe` ea Nkwfsd jieeb, kvk` f` selk bkcrkk ea dyjrfb

gttkùgtfe`, wkrk tdk e`k bkofsfvk agoter f` tdk ogsk= g`b selktdf`c ea tdgt sert lgy wkii jk giiewkb, te gvefb

grculk`t fa aer è lerk sujstg`tfgi rkgse`.

RDK NKS_ F@ XEZR[CGI AZEL 733? RE 761:

NGXDKRDFO K[ZEXK

Ngpdktdfs e`k ea tdkse`s ea @egd f` tdkGjrgdglfotrgbftfe`.F`Grgjfo oftgtfe`s, dfs `glk fs èrlgiiy cfvk`

gs Vgaktd jf` @ud("Ngpdktd, se` ea @egd"). F` Jfjifogi gs wkii gs Wurg`fo trgbftfe`, Ngpdktd fs oe`sfbkrkb te jk tdk

preck`fter eaKurgsfg` Xkepiks.]:\]?\]2\Rdk trfjksCec g`b Lgcec grk gise rkcgrbkb gs bksok`bg`ts ea Ngpdktd.];\]1\

Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss," tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g ikcgoy ogpgjik ea

"bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk. Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea




ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi gòksters ea dulg`fty.

Arel tdk Aieeb te Jgjki, gètdkr dulg`fty fs put f` pigok= @egd fs fts `kw gòkster, wftd dfs tdrkk se`s jy wdel

"tdk wdeik kgrtd wgs pkepikb" (Ck`.6. 7). F` Ck`ksfs, tdk luitfpifogtfe` ea ig`cugcks oerrkspe`bs te tdk ckecrgpdfo

bfstrf-jutfe` ea `gtfe`s "gatkr tdkfr aglfifks, gatkr tdkfr te`cuks, f` tdkfr ig`bs, g`b gatkr tdkfr `gtfe`s" (Ck`. 78.?7).

Rdfs crkgt dulg` bfgsperg fs ercg`fzkb go-oerbf`c te g ckecrgpdy ea lgikbfotfe` g`b jk`kbfotfe` oieskiy gsseofgtkb

wftd @egd's sdglkikss bru`mk``kss. Dfs se` Dgl beks èt dksftgtk, gooerbf`c te tdk Odrfstfg` kxkcktks f`spfrkb jy

Xdfie ea Gikxg`brfg, te kxpesk pujifoiy dfs Agtdkr's ejsok`fty jy igucdf`c g`b lgmf`c au` ea dfs ùbfty. Dgl

tdkrkaerk skks dfs ourskb bksok`bg`ts jkoelk "skrvg`t ea skrvg`ts . . . u`te dfs jrktdrk`" (Ck`.6.:;)= tdk Odurod

Agtdkrs, wde dgb rkgb Neskpdus, gttrfjutk tdk pkepif`c ea Garfog te dfl. Re dfs twe jretdkrs wde "wk`t jgomwgrb,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah


9/39




g`b oevkrkb tdk `gmkb`kss ea tdkfr agtdkr= g`b tdkfr agoks wkrk jgomwgrb, g`b tdky sgw èt tdkfr agtdkr's `gmkb`kss"

(Ck`.6.:?), trgbftfe` crg`ts twe etdkr oe`tf`k`ts. _dkl, lgrmkb f` Ck`ksfs jy dfs prfvfikckb if`m te tdk ktkr`gi

Kiedfl, rkokfvks Gsfg. Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss," tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g

ikcgoy ogpgjik ea "bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk. Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk

Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea tdk Eib Rkstglk`t, tdk ktyleiecfogi afotfe` ea g "Kuruepg," lkg`f`c "wfbk vfsfe`," oeuib skrvk

te oeàfrl tdk prevfbk`tfgi gljftfe` ea tdfs oe`tf`k`t wdfod "skks agr" (kurus, eps). _fòk Dkogtgkus ea Lfiktus f`

tdk sfxtd ok`tury J.O. tdk Crkkms dgb bfvfbkb tdk werib f`te tdrkk pgrts> Garfog, Gsfg, g`b Kurepk. Arel tdfs pef`te`, tdfs gòfk`t ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi gòksters ea dulg`fty. Oeljf`f`c tdksk

strgtkcfks ea gppreprfgtfe` ea eib jfjifogi prelfsks wftd tdk bksfrk te f`tkcrgtk pgcg` mèwikbck g`b lytds f` erbkr

te jkttkr gssflfigtk tdkl, tdk kgriy Odurod rkoec`fzkb tdk tdrkk se`s ea @egd - _dkl, Dgl, g`b Ngpdktd-u`bkr tdk

`glks Oreès, Rftg`, g`b Ngpdktd. Ngpdktd, tdk lest jkiifoesk ea tdk se`s ea [rgùs (smy) g`b Cgfg (kgrtd),

preck`fter ea g if`k ea rkjkis, tdkrkgatkr pursukb dfs ogrkkr gs g` k`krcktfo pfe`kkr. Rdus wk kòeu`tkr dfl gcgf` f`

tdk Odrfstfg` Kurepk ea tdk igst ok`tury gt tdk dkgb ea g ofvfifzgtfe` oeljf`f`c twe strgf`s ea lklery, "_klftfo" g`b

"Gryg`" er "Ngp(d)ktdfo," tdk f`kqugifty ea wdesk vgikòks fs kxgokrjgtkb wdk` Zk`g` gsseofgtks tdk tftg`fo afcurk

ea Ngpdktd wftd tdk vfotery ea Xrecrkss. F` Neskpdus, tdk bksok`bg`ts ea _dkl ce aertd g`b pepuigtk "Gsfg te tdk

F`bfg` Eokg`"= tdk se`s ea Ngpdktd gbvgòk "f` Gsfg te tdk rfvkr Rg`gfs (tdk Be`) g`b f` Kurepk te Cgbkfrg

(Ogbfz)."

G akw bkogbks igtkr Fsfberk bksorfjkb tdk Cetds gs g prflerbfgi "`gtfe`" jkogusk dk oe`sfbkrkb tdkfr trfjk te jk jer`

ea tdk afrst bfvfsfe` ea pkepiks gatkr tdk Aieeb. Dk tdk` gssurks us tdgt tdk _oytdfg`s g`b Cetds "bkrfvk tdkfr erfcf`"arel Lgcec, tdk skoe`b se` ea Ngpdktd. Fsfberk strkssks gcgf` tdgt tdk bksok`-bg`ts ea Ngpdktd "pesskss tdk lfbbik

pgrt ea Gsfg g`b gii ea Kurepk te tdk Jrftg``fo Eokg`." Rdfs `gtfe`gi mèwikbck ea pkepiks g`b tdkfr ig`cugcks, tdfs

wgy ea lgc`f-ayf`c Cetdfo gòksters, trg`saerlf`c tdkl f`te pgrk`ts ea g `kw jfjifogi du-lg`fty, è beujt f`spfrkb

lerk tdg` e`k if`cufstfo oe`struotfe` f` lkbfkvgi g`b lebkr` Kurepk.

Rdus, wdk` tdk bksok`-bg`ts ea Ngpdktd kòeu`tkrkb tdkfr oeusf`s rktur`f`c arel Jgjki g`b wkrk è ie`ckr gjik te

u`bkrstg`b tdkl, tdky bksfc`gtkb tdkfr pfbcf` te`cuk jy tdk vkrj "jgjkik`,"' wdfod f` Aiklfsd lkg`s "cfjjkrfsd."

Jy lkg`s ea ktyleiecfogi preeas g`b ckecrgpdfogi, dfsterfogi, g`b if`cufstfo grculk`ts, sodeigrs klpdgsfzkb tdk

è`-erfk`tgi bflk`sfe` ea tdk erfcf`s ea Kurepk.2"

Ngpdktd wgs jetd tdk lytdfogi pgtre` g`b tdk oeòkptugi teei, sfòk ft wgs dk wde, tdg`ms te tdk oeàusfe` ea Jgjki,

pkrlfttkb tdk oeòkptugifzf`c ea tdk dfstery ea g letdkr te`cuk wdfod trg`saerlkb ftskia evkr tflk f`te f`ùlkrgjik

bfgikots. Aer tdesk wde gttklptkb dkòkaertd te oelpgrk g`b g`giyzk tdkl, te dfcdifcdt tdkfr oelle` struoturk,

tdksk fbfels jkgr g aglfiy rkskljigòk> tdky gii jkgr tdk "Ngpdktdfo" stglp wdfod, f` fts sogrokiy dfsterfofzkb

vkrsfe`, rkokfvkb tdk `glk "_oytdfg`" - g ig`cugck oiesk te eib Frg`fg`, jut gjeut wdfod gilest ètdf`c kisk wgs

tdk` mèw`. Gs aer tdk _oytdfg`s, g jgrjgreus pkepik kxfstf`c e` tdk lgrcf`s ea ofvfifzkb dulg`fty, Dkrebetus eìy

m`kw ea tdkl "jy dkgrsgy." Rdk _oytdfg`s, Gsfgtfo èlgbs wde fcèrk tdk are`tfkrs jktwkk` Kurepk g`b Gsfg- twe

oe`tf-`k`ts eòk k`trustkb te tdk "wkstkr`" se` ea @egd -wkrk gise gsseofgtkb wftd tdk Oguogsfg` prevfòks oiesk te

Leu`t Grgrgt, wdkrk tdk jfjifogi Grm fs sup-peskb te dgvk ru` gcreu`b.

Kvk` gs Neskpd Nustus _ogifckr, f` dfs Bfgtrfjg bk Kurepgkrerul if`cufs, vfcereusiy eppeskb tdk _oytdfg`

dypetdksfs g`b tdkrkaerk gise eppeskb tdk fbkg ea g sf`cik erfcf` aer gii Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, kvkrywdkrk f` Argòk,

K`cig`b, _pgf`, tdk Iew Oeu`trfks, _og`bg`gvfg, tdk rkcfe`s wdfod weuib igtkr lgmk up Ftgiy g`b Ckrlg`y, g`b

kiskwdkrk gs wkii, tdk bkjgtks oe`tfùkb. _odeigrs trfkb jetd te kvgiugtk tdk rkskljigòks g`b bfaakrkòks gle`c

tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, g`b te bktkrlf`k tdk survfvf`c kiklk`ts ea tdk erfcf`gi Dkjrkw f` tdk pest-Jgjki bfgikots.

Rdus, u`bkrif`f`c tdk oeòerbgòks jktwkk` tdk fbfels jer` ea _oytdfg`, Agtdkr Rdelgssf` nustfafkb tdkl jy

"rkbuof`c" gii ig`cugcks te Dkjrkw. F` dfs Lkftdebk, pujifsdkb f` 7168, dk wg`tkb te bkle`strgtk tdgt tdkprexflfty jktwkk` Dkjrkw g`b Arkòd fs suod tdgt "e`k og` trutdauiiy sgy tdgt tdky grk au`bglk`tgiiy tdk sglk

ig`cugck."

-

G`cie-Nkwfsd _ofk`tfsts

Rebb L. K`bkilg`


10/39




F` Skstkr` g`b Ok`trgi Kurepk, tdk jkstewgi ea oftfzk`sdfp wgs prkbfogtkb e` tdk gssulptfe` tdgt Nkws è ie`ckr

oe`stftutkb g bfstfòt `gtfe`, tdgt tdky wkrk g rkifcfeus oellu`fty wdesk lkljkrs bfaakrkb arel tdkfr akiiew

oftfzk`s eìy f` tkrls ea tdkfr jkifkas g`b lg``kr ea wersdfp. Rdk prejikl wgs tdgt tdfs aerluig wgs g pgtk`tiy

agisk bksorfptfe` ea tdk rkgiftfks ea Nkwfsd ifak kvkrywdkrk f` tdk Skst f` tdk `f`ktkk`td g`b twk`tfktd ok`turfks.

_giglg` wgs jeib kèucd te sgy se. Dk rkgifzkb tdgt wdgt jeu`b G`cie-Nkws tecktdkr wgs lerk oelpikx tdg`

rkifcfe`. F` tdk agok ea crewf`c f`bfaakrkòk te rkifcfeus ejskrvgòk, ft wgs dgrb te bkaf`k tdk oellu`fty gs

prflgrfiy rkifcfeus f` `gturk. Rdk gppkgi ea tdk ig`cugck ea rgok, wftd fts klpdgsfs e` jfeiecfogi bksok`t, sdgrkbsk`tflk`ts, g`b aglfiy tfks, wgs tdgt ft jkttkr bksorfjkb wdgt jeu`b Nkws te kgod etdkr tdg` tdk ig`cugck ea rkifcfe`.

Ft teem ètfok ea akkif`cs ea oelle`gifty g`b jkie`cf`c tdgt ifjkrgi f`tkcrgtfe`fst fbkeiecy rkauskb te gomèwikbck

g`b rkoec`fzkb tdgt klgòfpgtfe` agfikb te bfsseivk tdk seofgi g`b kletfe`gi tfks ea Nkwfsd`kss. Rdk wfbksprkgb,

ogsugi, kvkrybgy usk ea rgofgi ig`cugck jy Jrftfsd Nkws jkaerk tdk rfsk ea @gzfsl sdews dew f`gbkqugtk tdk

f`tkcrgtfe`fst vfkw ea Nkwfsd`kss wgs. _giglg`, dewkvkr, uìfmk etdkr G`cie-Nkwfsd sofk`tfsts, wgs tee f`vkstkb f`

ck`ktfos te aerswkgr oelpiktkiy tdk ig`cugck ea rgofgi bksok`t kvk` gatkr @gzfsl bkle`strgtkb fts petk`tfgi aer

bkgbiy gjusk. Sdfik dk lebfafkb dfs vfkws g`b è ie`ckr trulpktkb tdkl f` oellu`fty aeruls, dk `kvkr

gjg`be`kb dfs jkifka f` g jfeiecfogi oelpe`k`t te Nkwfsd`kss.

Ea eur ikck`bs.

Ea eur ikck`bs fs ft èt kvk` sgfb5 Ft fs sgfb.

Aer fs ft èt mèw` tdgt Ikvg`t fs tdk jfrtdpigok ea Kurepg5Kvk` [repg. [repg, gise Ikvg`t, g`b Ryrk5

F skk tdfs èt gs g vfok jut gs g vfrtuk. [ìkss wk grk prkpgrkb te lgmk selk

jeib prepesgis, tdk @kg`bkrtdgi bkjgtk wfii sflpiy ce e` f` kvkr-bkorkgsf`c

ofroiks, ikgbf`c te tdk f`kvftgjik oeòiusfe`.

@kw Lebkis g`b Lktgpders aer tdk @kg`bkrtdgi Bkjgtk

Xgui Crgvks

E`k rkgse` aer tdk kvk`tugi "g`tf-_klftfo" aeous e` Nkws

wgs tdgt lebkr`, flpkrfgi Kurepk wgs gt ikgst gs ejsksskb wftd

fts ew` erfcf`s gs wftd bfsoeursk e` tdk oeie`fzkb Etdkr.

Rdk Lfssf`c Mkywerb> Zkgbf`c Eik`bkr's Zk`g`

Ne`gtdg` Jeygrf`

Jy lfb-ok`tury, Jgye``k g`b Xkyrk-dergbk, e` wdfod wk aeous dkrk, wkrk èbks ea g wfbk-rg`cf`c rkcfe`gi

koeèly tdgt kxtk`bkb arel tdk jerbkr tew`s ea Iks Ig`bks g`b tdk Xyrk`kks-Gtig`tfquks tdreucd tdk Jfsogyg`

pert ea Jgye``k, e`wgrb te Jerbkgux g`b etdkr fìg`b tew`s f` Gquftgf`k, g`b arel tdkrk te ok`trgi g`b èrtdkr`

Argòk. Rdgt rkcfe`gi koeèly wgs ftskia pgrt ea g igrckr, trg`s`gtfe`gi systkl ea trgbk tdgt if`mkb tdk Fjkrfg` rkgilste tdk oellkrofgi g`b lgùagoturf`c ok`tkrs ea èrtdkr` Kurepk, kspkofgiiy te Glstkrbgl, g af`gòfgi g`b

lkrog`tfik ogpftgi ea tdk skvk`tkk`td ok`tury. Gs dfsterfg`s ea tdk Nkws mèw wkii, g akw tdeusg`b Xertucuksk g`b

_pg`fsd oe`vkrses skttikb f` Glstkrbgl tdreucdeut tdk 7188s, qufomiy jkoelf`c g by`glfo kiklk`t f` tdk Butod

trg`sgtig`tfo koeèly.

Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f` kgriy Lebkr` Argòk>

Beoulk`ts e` Nkwfsd oellu`fty-jufibf`c f` skvk`tkk`td-ok`tury


11/39




Jgye``k g`b Xkyrkdergbk

Bgvfb Crgfzjerb

Gooerbf`c te Oestg kt gi., tdk aeur lgner Gsdmk`gzf lgtkr`gi if`kgcks g`b lest ea tdk lfèr lgtkr`gi if`kgcks dgb g

prkdfsterfo Kurepkg` seurok, rgtdkr tdg` g @kgr Kgstkr` er Oguogsfg` e`k. Gooerbf`c te tdk stuby tdksk af`bf`cs'pef`t te g sfc`fafog`t reik aer tdk oe`vkrsfe` ea welk` f` tdk aerlgtfe` ea Gsdmk`gzf

oellu`ftfks' .

G sujstg`tfgi prkdfsterfo Kurepkg` gòkstry

gle`cst Gsdmk`gzf lgtkr`gi if`kgcks

L. B. Oestg kt gi.

G stuby jy Dgjkr kt gi. (:87?) ètkb tdgt wdfik prkvfeus stubfks ea tdk Ikvg`t, wdfod dgb aeouskb lgfìy e`

bfgsperg Nkwfsd pepuigtfe`s, sdewkb tdgt tdk "Nkws aerl g bfstfòtfvk oiustkr f` tdk Lfbbik Kgst", tdksk stubfks bfb

èt lgmk oikgr "wdktdkr tdk agoters brfvf`c tdfs struoturk weuib gise f`veivk etdkr creups f` tdk Ikvg`t". Rdk

gutders aeu`b stre`c kvfbkòk tdgt lebkr` Ikvg`t pepuigtfe`s bksok`b arel twe lgner gppgrk`t gòkstrgi

pepuigtfe`s. E`k skt ea ck`ktfo odgrgotkrfstfos wdfod fs sdgrkb wftd lebkr`-bgy Kurepkg`s g`b Ok`trgi Gsfg`s fs

lest prelf`k`t f` tdk Ikvg`t gle`cst "Ikjg`ksk, Grlk`fg`s, Oyprfets, Bruzk g`b Nkws, gs wkii gs Rurms, Frg`fg`sg`b Oguogsfg` pepuigtfe`s". Rdk skoe`b skt ea f`dkrftkb ck`ktfo odgrgotkrfstfos fs sdgrkb wftd pepuigtfe`s f` etdkr

pgrts ea tdk Lfbbik Kgst gs wkii gs selk Garfog` pepuigtfe`s. Ikvg`t pepuigtfe`s f` tdfs ogtkcery tebgy fòiubk

"Xgikstf`fg`s, Nerbg`fg`s, _yrfg`s, gs wkii gs @ertd Garfog`s, Ktdfepfg`s, _gubfs, g`b Jkbeuf`s". Oeòkr`f`c tdfs

skoe`b oelpe`k`t ea gòkstry, tdk gutders rklgrm tdgt wdfik ft oerrkigtks wftd "tdk pgttkr` ea tdk Fsiglfo

kxpg`sfe`", g`b tdgt "g prk-Fsiglfo kxpg`sfe` Ikvg`t wgs lerk ck`ktfogiiy sflfigr te Kurepkg`s tdg` te Lfbbik

Kgstkr`krs," tdky gise sgy tdgt "fts prkskòk f` Ikjg`ksk Odrfstfg`s, _kpdgrbf g`b Gsdmk`gzf Nkws, Oyprfets g`b

Grlk`fg`s lfcdt succkst tdgt fts sprkgb te tdk Ikvg`t oeuib gise rkprksk`t g` kgrifkr kvk`t". Rdk gutders gise aeu`b

g stre`c oerrkigtfe` jktwkk` rkifcfe` g`b gppgrk`t gòkstry f` tdk Ikvg`t>

"gii Nkws (_kpdgrbf g`b Gsdmk`gzf) oiustkr f` e`k jrgòd= Bruzk arel Leu`t Ikjgè` g`b Bruzk arel Leu`t

Ogrlki grk bkpfotkb e` g prfvgtk jrgòd= g`b Ikjg`ksk Odrfstfg`s aerl g prfvgtk jrgòd wftd tdk Odrfstfg`

pepuigtfe`s ea Grlk`fg g`b Oyprus pigof`c tdk Ikjg`ksk Lusifls gs g` eutkr creup. Rdk prkbelf`g`tiy Lusifl

pepuigtfe`s ea _yrfg`s, Xgikstf`fg`s g`b Nerbg`fg`s oiustkr e` jrgòdks wftd etdkr Lusifl pepuigtfe`s gs bfstg`t gs

Lereooe g`b Vklk`."]?7\

Gètdkr :87? stuby, lgbk jy Bere` L. Jkdgr ea tdk Zgljgl Dkgitd Ogrk Oglpus f` Fsrgki g`b etdkrs, succksts

tdgt> "Ouluigtfvkiy, eur g`giysks pef`t stre`ciy te gòkstry ea Gsdmk`gzf Nkws prflgrfiy arel Kurepkg` g`b Lfbbik

Kgstkr` pepuigtfe`s g`b èt arel pepuigtfe`s f` er `kgr tdk Oguogsus rkcfe`. Rdk oeljf`kb skt ea gppregodks

succksts tdgt tdk ejskrvgtfe`s ea Gsdmk`gzf prexflfty te Kurepkg` g`b Lfbbik Kgstkr` pepuigtfe`s f` pepuigtfe`

struoturk g`giysks rkaikot gotugi ck`ktfo prexflfty ea Gsdmk`gzf Nkws te pepuigtfe`s wftd prkbelf`g`tiy Kurepkg`

g`b Lfbbik Kgstkr` gòkstry oelpe`k`ts, g`b igom ea vfsfjik f`trecrkssfe` arel tdk rkcfe` ea tdk Mdgzgr Mdgcg`gtk

- pgrtfouigriy gle`c tdk èrtdkr` Qeicg g`b @ertd Oguogsus pepuigtfe`sf`te tdk Gsdmk`gzf oellu`fty."]27\

@e Kvfbkòk arel Ckèlk-Sfbk Bgtg ea g Mdgzgr Erfcf` aer tdk Gsdmk`gzf Nkws

Bere` L. Jkdgr.

LE_K_ G. _D[IQG__.

Rdk Nkws f` tdk Serib ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk.

Rdfs werm wgs afrst pujifsdkb f` Dkjrkw f` 76;;. Rdk prksk`t K`cifsd tftik fs g lfsèlkr, sfòk tdk jeem bkgis eìy

wftd tdk Nkws ea Ftgiy f` tdk pkrfeb 7?88-7188, g`b èt wftd tdk Nkws ea tdk ck`krgi Kurepkg` Zk`gfssgòk. Lesks

G. _duivgss' seifb stuby sdews dew tdk Ftgifg` Nkwfsd oellu`fty bkvkiepkb arel g rkigtfvkiy f`bfckèus e`k

ok`tkrkb f` Zelk te g lfxkb e`k, gs rkauckks aiewkb f` arel Argòk, Ckrlg`y, _pgf`, g`b tdk Ikvg`t. Crgbugiiy

tdrkk lgner oellu`ftfks bkvkiepkb> Ftgifg`, Gsdmk`gzfo, _kpdgrbfo. Ieogi sftugtfe`s pius tdk vgrfgtfe`s f` tdk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31


12/39




trgbftfe`s g`b prgotfoks ea tdk creups ikb te bfaakrk`t mf`bs ea oellu`ftfks, wftd bfaakrk`t koe- èlfo gotfvftfks,

Nkwfsd ercg`fzgtfe`s, if`cufstfo prgotfoks, kto. _duivgss cfvks g bktgfikb g`b eatk` agsof`gtf`c pfoturk ea wdgt Nkwfsd

ifak wgs ifmk gt tdfs tflk, wdgt fts ouiturgi godfkvklk`ts wkrk, g`b dew Nkws f`tkrgotkb wftd Ftgifg` seofkty.

Ck`krgiiy, tdfs stuby aeousks e` tdk Nkwfsd oellu`ftfks tdklskivks (_duivgss kstflgtks tdk Nkw- fsd pepuigtfe`

greu`b 71ee gt ?;,888) wftd vkry ifttik klpdgsfs e` tdk kaakot eaNubgfsl e` tdk è`-Nkwfsd werib greu`b ft g`b e`

tdk klkrcf`c arkk Nkwfsd werib f` tdk @ktdkrig`bs. _duivgss ètks tdk flpgot ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk e` tdk trgbftfe`gi

rkifcfeus oellu`ftfks g`b sdews dew tdksk oellu`ftfks lg`gckb te rktgf` tdkfr ertdebexy bkspftk tdkfàiukòks ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk. Sdgt dgs jkoelk lerk f`tkrkstf`c aer f`tkiikotugi dfsterfg`s ea tdk pkrfeb-tdk

fàiukòk ea Nkwfsd, g`b tdk aerlkriy Nkwfsd wrftkrs g`b tdf`mkrs e` tdk ck`- krgi Zk`gfssgòk g`b Zkaerlgtfe`

ourrk`ts-fs dgrbiy trkgtkb. Dk beks èt lk`tfe` Nkwfsd Gvkrrefsl. @er beks dk kxglf`k tdk reiks ea tdk Nkwfsd

dulg`fsts greu`b Xfoe g`b Afofè er ea Gjrgdgl bk Jgilks f` rktrg`sigtf`c Grgjfo tdeucdt. Eaa-jkgt Nkwfsd

levklk`ts, suod gs tdgt ikb jy Bgvfb Zkujk`f grk ifmkwfsk kxoiubkb, gs grk tdk reiks ea vgrfeus Nkwfsd wrftkrs ifmk

Ike`k Kjrke g`b dfs agtdkr, Be` Fsggo Gjgrjg`ki, pius selk ea tdk oe`vkrts, e` Lkssfg`fo g`b Lfiik`g- rfg`

levklk`ts ea tdk tflk. Af`giiy, tdk peiklfogi wrftf`cs ea selk ea tdk Lgrrgès, ifmk Kifngd Le`tgite, tdgt wkrk te

jk se flpertg`t aer Glstkrbgl Nkwry (wdesk odfka rgjjf, _gui Ikvf Lertkfrg, oglk arel Ftgiy) grk èt bfsousskb.

Rdk gutder's stuby bkgis prflgrfiy, g`b gilest kxoiusfvkiy, wftd èrlgtfvk Nubgfsl g`b dew ft prkskrvkb ftskia f` tdk

Ftgifg` oe`tkxt. Gs suod, tdk werm fs rfod f` bktgfi. Rdesk f`tkrkstkb f` dew Nubgfsl g`b dktkrebex Nkwfsd tdf`mkrs

gaakotkb tdk wfbkr werib g`b oe`trfjutkb te gspkots ea tdk Ftgifg` Zk`gfssgòk, dewkvkr, wfii dgvk te ieem kiskwdkrk.

ZFODFGZB D. XEXMF@ N'gsdf`cte` [`fvkrsfty

Rdk Nkws f` tdk Serib ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk jy Lesks G. _duivgss= Kivf` F. Mesk

Zfodgrb D. Xepmf`, Rdk Glkrfog` Dfsterfogi Zkvfkw

Lesks G. _duivgss' seifb stuby sdews dew tdk Ftgifg` Nkwfsd oellu`fty bkvkiepkb arel g rkigtfvkiy f`bfckèus

e`k ok`tkrkb f` Zelk te g lfxkb e`k, gs rkauckks aiewkb f` arel Argòk, Ckrlg`y, _pgf`, g`b tdk Ikvg`t.

Crgbugiiy tdrkk lgner oellu`ftfks bkvkiepkb> Ftgifg`, Gsdmk`gzfo, _kpdgrbfo. Ieogi sftugtfe`s pius tdk vgrfgtfe`s

f` tdk trgbftfe`s g`b prgotfoks ea tdk creups ikb te bfaakrk`t mf`bs ea oellu`ftfks, wftd bfaakrk`t koeèlfo gotfvftfks,

Nkwfsd ercg`fzgtfe`s, if`cufstfo prgotfoks, kto. _duivgss cfvks g bktgfikb g`b eatk` agsof`gtf`c pfoturk ea wdgt Nkwfsd

ifak wgs ifmk gt tdfs tflk, wdgt fts ouiturgi godfkvklk`ts wkrk, g`b dew Nkws f`tkrgotkb wftd Ftgifg` seofkty.

Ck`krgiiy, tdfs stuby aeousks e` tdk Nkwfsd oellu`ftfks tdklskivks (_duivgss kstflgtks tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe`

greu`b 71ee gt ?;,888) wftd vkry ifttik klpdgsfs e` tdk kaakot ea Nubgfsl e` tdk è`-Nkwfsd werib greu`b ft g`b e`

tdk klkrcf`c arkk Nkwfsd werib f` tdk @ktdkrig`bs. _duivgss ètks tdk flpgot ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk e` tdk trgbftfe`gi

rkifcfeus oellu`ftfks g`b sdews dew tdksk oellu`ftfks lg`gckb te rktgf` tdkfr ertdebexy bkspftk tdk

fàiukòks ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk. Sdgt dgs jkoelk lerk f`tkrkstf`c aer f`tkiikotugi dfsterfg`s ea tdk pkrfeb-tdk

fàiukòk ea Nkwfsd, g`b tdk aerlkriy Nkwfsd wrftkrs g`b tdf`mkrs e` tdk ck`krgi Zk`gfssgòk g`b Zkaerlgtfe`

ourrk`ts-fs dgrbiy trkgtkb.

Rdk mèwikbck ea g`tfqufty

gle`c tdk Ftgifg` Nkws ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk

LE_K_ G. _D[IQG__.

Ngoej Juromdgrbt, tdk crkgtkst dfsterfg` ea tdk Ftgifg` Zk`gfssgòk lgf`tgf`s tdgt tdk rkbfsoevkry ea tdk werib g`b

lg` tecktdkr wftd tdk rkprebuotfe` ea tdk oigssfogi werib, aerl tdk prfòfpgi oe`tk`ts ea tdk ouiturk ea tdkZk`gfssgòk. F dgb eoogsfe` kiskwdkrk' te spkgm ea tdk Nkws' fòif`gtfe` tewgrbs tdk ouiturk ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk f`

ck`krgi. Rdfs f`-oif`gtfe` jkoelks ejvfeus gs see` gs e`k kxglf`ks tdk gttftubk ea tdk Nkws te tdk vgrfeus spdkrks ea

tdfs ouiturk. E`k og` gise af`b f` tdk seuroks preea ea tdk f`tkrkst ea tdk Nkws f` tdk gòfk`t Crkkm-Zelg` werib.

Rdfs f`tkrkst lg-`fakstkb ftskia f` twe wgys> Ft aeu`b fts kxprkssfe` f` g pesftfvk gttftubk te tdk ouiturgi trgbftfe` ea

tdk gòfk`t werib, g`b f` g` kaaert te goqufrk tdk pkrokptfe` ea tdfs werib. Rdeucd tdk Ftgifg` Nkws lgf`tgf`kb quftk

g bkaf`ftkiy orftfogi gttftubk tewgrbs tdk rkifcfeus trgbftfe` ea Odrfstfg`fty, tdky bfspigykb g preèuòkb f`tkrkst f` tdk

lytdeiecfogi trgbftfe` ea tdk prk-Odrfstfg` werib. Rdfs og` jk ètfokb f` tdkfr k`bkgver te goqufrk tdk mèwikbck ea

jetd oigssfogi ig`cugcks, Igtf` g`b Crkkm, g`b te lgstkr prepkriy tdk Crkkm g`b Igtf` iftkrgturk, tdk Dfstery ea

G`tfqufty, fts rkifcfe`, lytdeiecy g`b seofgi lebk ea ifak. Rdk kvfbk`t f`tkrkst f` tdk gòfk`t werib g`b fts ouiturk fs


13/39




vkrfafkb jy lg`y preeas arel tdk Dkjrkw Iftkrgturk ea tdk pkrfeb ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk. Rdk agleus werm ea Gjrgdgl

Xertgike`k ft aur`fsdks us wftd suod bktgfikb bksorfptfe`s ea tdk gòfk`t werib, tdgt tdky yfkib g rgtdkr oikgr pfoturk

ea ft g`b fts wgy ea ifak. Jksfbks, e`k lust èt aerckt tdgt tdfs werm -gs tdk gutder gssurks us - fs g` got ea pk`gòk,

g`b ft gfls te f`tkrrupt tdk sofk`tfafo gotfvfty ea tdk wrftkr f` tdk skouigr afkib.

Rdk gjevk lk`tfe`kb agots oeàfrl tdk flprkssfe` wk ckt wdk`kvkr wk piu`ck f`te tdk seuroks ea tdfs kpeod> Rdk

fòif`gtfe` tewgrbs tdk Zk`gfssgòk g`b tdk vgrfeus jrgòdks ea fts ouiturk fs lerk tdg` fòfbk`tgi. Ft wgs aeu`bkbe` g ckùf`k f`tkrkst g`b e` rkgi kaaerts gotugiiy te goqufrk tdfs ouiturk. Jut tdk Nkws bfb èt ckt tetgiiy gjserjkb f`

tdk pursufts ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk, gs bfb okrtgf` pgrts ea tdk Odrfstfg` pepuigtfe`. Rdk Nkws rklgf`kb afrliy e` tdk

creu`b ea Nubgfsl, g`b tdky eìy gbeptkb tdk ouiturk ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk f` g "lebkrgtk" aerl. Gjrgdgl Xertgike`k

trfkb te aurtdkr tdk mèwikbck ea tdk gòfk`t ofvfifzgtfe` gle`c tdk sodeigrs tdreucd dfs wrftf`cs, wdfik Ckbgifgd bfb

tdk sglk aer tdk sflpik lg` f` dfs _dgisdkikt. Rdk sodeigr g`b tdk sflpik lg` g`swkrkb tdfs odgiik`ck f` g pesftfvk

wgy, g`b eut ea tdkfr mèwikbck ea G`tfqufty tdky oe`trfjutkb te tdk belf`gtfe` wdfod tdk Zk`gfssgòk dkib evkr

tdk ifak ea tdk Ftgifg` Nkws.

-

Rdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f` rk`gfssgòk Ftgiy

LE_K_ G. _D[IQG__. Zk`gfssgòk Ftgiy (7?88-7188)

_tgtfstfos e` tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f` g`y pkrfeb usugiiy prksk`t g bfaafouit prejikl aer dfsterfg`s. Rdk bgtg gvgfigjik

aer ogiouigtf`c tdk sfzk ea g pepuigtfe` f` g bfstg`t pkrfeb grk pgrtfouigriy oelpifogtkb wdk` tdky rkakr te g

pkrskoutkb lfèrfty, wdfod fs èt tdk lgstkr ea fts ew` agtk. Gs agr gs tdk f`vkstfcgtfe` ea stgtfstfos e` tdk Nkws ea

Ftgiy fs oeòkr`kb, tdkrk grk f` agot aurtdkr bfaafouitfks te jk evkroelk. [`tfi tdk igst qugrtkr ea tdk `f`ktkk`td ok`tury

Ftgiy oelprfskb g luitfpifofty ea stgtks, igrck g`b slgii, tdk trkgtlk`t ea tdk Nkws vgrfkb wfbkiy= wdfik tdesk f` e`k

grkg k`neykb g lkgsurk ea arkkbel tdkfr oe`tklpergrfks f` gètdkr suaakrkb epprkssfe`. Ft fs, tdkrkaerk, `kokssgry te

kxglf`k tdk bgtg jkgrf`c e` tdk f`bfvfbugi rkpujifos, buodfks g`b tew`s.

Ft wgs burf`c tdksk ok`turfks tdgt skpgrgtk creupf`cs bkvkiepkb wftdf` tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe`. E` tdk tdrksdeib ea

tdfs gck jkcg` tdk lgss fllfcrgtfe` arel Ckrlg`y, g`b twe du`brkb ykgrs igtkr oglk tdk rkauckks arel _pgf` g`b

Xertucgi. Creups arel tdk sglk oeu`trfks oe`tfùkb te grrfvk burf`c tdk sfxtkk`td ok`tury, tdk k`b ea wdfod sgw tdk

fllfcrgtfe` ea tdk Ikvg`tf`k Nkws, pgrtfouigriy te tdk flpertg`t ok`tkr gt Ikcder`.

G sflfigr ourvk lgy jk pkrokfvkb f` tdk ogsk ea tdk _pg`fsd Nkws wde f` 726: wk`t te Xertucgi, wdfod prksk`tiy

bkorkkb tdkfr aerofjik oe`vkrsfe`. Rdreucd-eut tdk k`tfrk sfxtkk`td ok`tury tdkrk wgs g stkgby strkgl ea lgrrgè

aglfifks, grrfvf`c sf`ciy er f` creups arel tdk Fjkrfg` pk`f`suig, wde tdrkw eaa tdk oiegm ea Odrfstfg`fty f` Ftgiy. F`

7;7? tdkrk oglk arel _fofiy gie`k 288 lgrrgès, pgrt ea tdk pepuigtfe` wdfod dgb èt aikb f` 726:. _flfigriy, Nkws

arel Argòk oe`tfùkb te lfcrgtk te Ftgiy aer ykgrs gatkr tdk lgf` creup ea fllfcrg`ts gppkgrkb. Rdk pgrtfgi

kxpuisfe` arel Xrevkòk f` 7267 jreucdt fllfcrg`ts gs agr seutd gs Xgikrle (_fofiy). G ogsk ea g Xrevkògi Nkw,

skttikb f` Lg`tug, eoours gs igtk gs 7;11.

F` tdk seuroks aer eur pkrfeb, f`bfvfbugis dgfif`c arel gii pgrts ea tdk Lkbftkrrg`kg` werib (Oerau, Ru`fs, Zgcusg,

Rrfpeif, Jgikgrfo Fsiks) grk lk`tfe`kb, f`bfogtf`c g slgii jut stkgby fllfcrgtfe` f` gbbftfe` te tdk flpertg`t wgvks

bfsousskb gjevk. F` tdk lfbbik ea tdk sfxtkk`td ok`tury, tdk Ikvg`tf`k skoter ea tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe`, oe`sfstf`c ea

fllfcrg`ts arel Xgikstf`k g`b etdkr pgrts ea tdk @kgr Kgst, jkcg` te godfkvk prelf`kòk, g`b f` tdk aeiiewf`c

ok`tury tdfs `kw kiklk`t gssulkb oe`sfbkrgjik flpertgòk. F` Qk`fok, tdk Ikvg`tf`ks gttgf`kb tdkfr prelf`kòk gs

kgriy gs tdk afrst dgia ea tdk sfxtkk`td ok`tury.

_elk fòrkgsk f` pepuigtfe` gise rksuitkb arel tdk rg`self`c ea Nkwfsd ogptfvks jreucdt te Ftgiy. Rdfs gotfvfty

aerls e`k ea tdk jrfcdtkst odgptkrs f` tdk seofgi ifak ea Ftgifg` Nkwry, g`b ft weuib rkqufrk g` kxtk`sfvk oeiikotfe` ea

lgtkrfgi te sdewv fts auii soepk. Dkrk wk og` eìy tgmk f`te gooeu`t tdk agot tdgt evkr tdk ok`turfks tdk ifjkrgtkb

ogptfvks tetgiikb lerk tdg` g `kcifcfjik gbbftfe` te tdk pepuigtfe`. G akw kxglpiks lgy jk oftkb. F` 7;86 gii ea tdk

Nkws ogpturkb jy tdk _pg`fgrbs f` Rrfpeif wkrk trg`spertkb te @gpiks. @e beujt lg`y ea tdkl suoouljkb te dgrsd

trkgtlk`t, jut tdk survfvers rklgf`kb f` Ftgiy. Sdk` Odgriks Q gttgomkb Ru`fs f` 7;?;, Nkwfsd ogptfvks wkrk


14/39




jreucdt te Ckèg g`b @gpiks, wdkrk 7;8 wkrk rg`selkb.8 Sdk` G`brkg Berfg teem tdk Crkkm tew`s ea Lebe`,

Oere` g`b Xgtrgs f` 7;??, pgrt ea dfs lg`y ogptfvks wkrk gise rg`selkb f` Ftgiy."' Rdk agoters wdfod agverkb tdk

upwgrb pepuigtfe` trk`b wkrk k`tfrkiy oeu`tkrjgigòkb jy vgrfeus oe`trgry agoters. Re jkcf` wftd, tdk kxebus arel

tdk Mf`cbel ea @gpiks, wdfod oe`tfùkb aer selk bkogbks, lust dgvk rkbuokb tdk ùljkr ea Nkws, kvk` tdeucd

selk ea tdk rkauckks crgbugiiy aeu`b g dgvk` kiskwdkrk f` Ftgiy. Gpgrt arel suod ogsks, Nkws eatk` klfcrgtkb arel

spkofafo ieogiftfks, wdk` tdk sftugtfe` lgbk ft `kokssgry. Rdus, f` 7;86, wdk` tdk wgr ea tdk Ikgcuk ea Ogljrgf

struom tdk igrck Gsdmk`gzfo ok`tkr, lg`y ea tdk Nkws f`bkkb wk`t te Lg`tug g`b Akrrgrg, "jut lg`y wk`t teCkrlg`y te ieem aer g pkgokaui pigok." Gcgf`, u`bkr tdk flpgot ea tdk destfik peifoy ea Xepk Xfus FQ, gètdkr

rkbuotfe` eoourrkb g`b "tdk peer aeim sgfikb gwgy f` sdfps aer Rurmky." Gbbkb te tdfs wgs tdk lfcrgtfe` te Xgikstf`k,

wdfod resk te g dfcd ikvki u`bkr tdk strkss ea tdk pkrskoutfe` f` tdk Xgpgi _tgtks. F` oe`sfbkrf`c tdk kaakot ea

oe`vkrsfe`s te Odrfstfg`fty, wk lust `gturgiiy bfstf`cufsd f`bfvfbugi ogsks g`b igrck creups. Rdk iew rgtk ea

f`bfvfbugis aersgmf`c Nubgfsl fs gttkstkb jy tdk igrck oellu`fty ea Akrrgrg, wdkrk oe`vkrsfe` oigflkb è lerk tdg`

62 pkrse`s f` g skvk`ty ykgr pkrfeb (7;?7-7188) .

Rdk fàiux ea Nkws arel etdkr oeu`trfks odg`ckb tdk oelpesftfe` ea tdk pepuigtfe`, wdfod dgb jkk` ouiturgiiy

deleck`keus f` tdk prkokbf`c pkrfeb. _lgii gs tdk pepuigtfe` wgs, vgrfeus creups èw ifvkb sfbk jy sfbk, Ftgifg`,

Ckrlg`, _pg`fsd, Arkòd g`b Ikvg`tf`k, tecktdkr wftd g sprf`mif`c arel tdk Crkkm fsig`bs g`b @ertd Garfog. Rdk

tdrkk creups wdfod skt tdk te`k ea oellu`gi ifak wkrk tdk Ftgifg`, tdk Ckrlg` g`b _pg`fsd Nkws. Rdk Ikvg`tf`ks

jkcg` te pigy g prelf`k`t reik eìy gt tdk oiesk ea tdk Zk`gfssgòk, wdfik tdk Arkòd creup iest fts fbk`tfty g`b ikat

eìy selk aglfifks wftd g vgcuk lklery ea tdkfr erfcf`. Rdk fàiux arel Ckrlg`y jreucdt fllfcrg`ts te Arfuifg`b igtkr te Fstrfg= kxpg`bf`c kgstwgrb, tdfs creup rk-kstgjifsdkb g Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f` Bgilgtfg, tdk` g Qk`ktfg`

oeie`y. Oeòurrk`tiy tdkrk gresk oellu`ftfks e` Qk`ktfg` tkrrftery, oieskr te tdk ogpftgi, g`b gs agr wkst gs Jrksofg

g`b Orkle`g. Rdk Ckrlg` Nkws oglk f`te oe`tgot wftd tdk kstgjifsdkb Nkwfsd creups te tdk seutdwkst ea Qk`fok, f`

tdk Xe Qgiiky. Ft wgs èt ie`c jkaerk tdk `kwoelkrs fòrkgskb te tdk pef`t ea puttf`c g` Gsdmk`gzfo stglp e` tdk

Nkwfsd sok`k gt Xgbug, g odg`ck agofiftgtkb jy tdk tklpergry suspk`sfe` ea tdk ieg`-jg`ms g`b tdk bkpgrturk ea tdk

Ftgifg`-Nkwfsd rksfbk`ts.

Rdk fàiux ea è`-Gsdmk`gzfo Nkws f`te Qk`fok, gttrgotkb jy tdk ofty's koeèlfo eppertu`ftfks g`b tdk ifjkrgi

rkcflk, oefòfbks wftd tdk aifcdt ea suod Nkws arel `kgrjy Xgbug, wdfod wgs lk`tfe`kb gjevk. Rdk lgnerfty stgtus

ea tdk Ckrlg` Nkws bkoif`kb u`tfi tdk _pg`fsd g`b Ikvg`tf`k Nkws tecktdkr cgf`kb g lgnerfty f` tdk oellu`gi

kxkoutfvk oellfttkk, g trk`b wdfod oe`tfùkb f` tdk sglk bfrkotfe` tdkrkgatkr.' Rdk bkvkieplk`t ea tdk _pg`fsd

Nkws' prkpe`bkrgòk f` Akrrgrg fs kspkofgiiy ètkwertdy. Greu`b 7;88 tdfs wgs e`k ea tdk lest flpertg`t oftfks f`

Ftgiy, wftd g tetgi pepuigtfe` ea oiesk te 788,888 (gs oelpgrkb wftd ?8,888 gt prksk`t), g`b tdk ogpftgi ea g buody,

wdfod pigykb g prelf`k`t reik f` tdk peiftfos ea tdgt bgy. _e crkgt wgs tdk fàiux ea Nkws arel _pgf` tdgt tdk ofty's

iflfts dgb te jk kìgrckb f` erbkr te gooellebgtk tdkl. Rdk ùljkr crkw aeiiewf`c tdk aifcdt ea lgrrgès arel

Xertucgi, wdkrk tdk F`qufsftfe` wgs kstgjifsdkb f` 7;?7. Neskpd Dgmedk` rkigtks tdgt "lest ea tdkl rktur`kb te tdk

Ierb, Ceb ea eur agtdkrs, wde dgb lkroy e` tdkl, g`b tdky wersdfppkb tdk Ierb, Ceb ea Fsrgki, g`b Kroeik, Bumk ea

Akrrgrg, pkrlfttkb tdkl te bwkii f` dfs ig`b . ".... h

Rdkrk wkrk etdkr pigoks gs wkii f` wdfod tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` fòiubkb "'ouiturgi fsig`bs" f` gbbftfe` te tdk

prkbelf`g`t creup. Jut tdk trfpgrtftk oeòk`trgtfe` ea tdk lgner ogtkcerfks, wdfod wgs f`bfogtkb gjevk, rklgf`kb

u`tfi tdk igst bkogbks ea Zk`gfssgòk pkrfeb, wdk` tdk _pg`fsd Nkws iest tdkfr stre`cdeib f` tdk seutd. Rdkrkgatkr tdfs

creup aerlkb oelpgot u`fts kiskwdkrk f` Ftgiy= f` tflk, gs tdk Ikcder` oellu`fty jkoglk g aieurfsdf`c ok`tkr, tdk

Nkwry ea Rusog`y gs g wdeik teem e` g _kpdgrbfo oelpikxfe`.

Rdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f` rk`gfssgòk Ftgiy

LE_K_ G. _D[IQG__. Zk`gfssgòk Ftgiy (7?88-7188)

-

Rdk yeu`c Akrbf`g`b bk _gussurk lgbk è lfstgmk f` wrftf`c, f` 7434> "tdkrk fs okrtgfìy, gt tdk reet ea rkskgrod e`

tdk Gryg`s, f` bksorfptfe`s ea tdfs pkepik ea tdk ceibk` gck, rkvfskb g`b kljkiifsdkb jy tdk flgcf`gtfe`, tdk gilest

oe`sofeus brkgl ea g` fbkgi dulg`fty." Lerk tdg` g ok`tury gatkr tdk wrftf`c ea tdfs sk`tkòk, suod "rkskgrod"

aeiiews fts u`f`tkrruptkb oeursk. Okrtgf` Gryg`-epdfiks ea tebgy gbb te ft tdk bk`fgi ea tdk kxfstkòk ea tdk cgs


15/39




odgljkrs g`b tdk mf`b ea bkgtd suaakrkb f` tdk @gzf kxtkrlf`gtfe` oglps.

Koeik bks Dgutks Ktubks k` _ofkòks _eofgiks

trg`sigtkb jy Nerbg` Mkiilg`

Gssflfigtfe` g`b Oellu`fty>Rdk Nkws f` @f`ktkk`td-Ok`tury Kurepk.

Rdk kssgys f` tdfs oeiikotfe` aeous e` tdk bkogbks jktwkk` 747; g`b 7447. Jkogusk tdksk ykgrs grk tdereucdiy

uàgsdfe`gjik gle`c dfsterfg`s tebgy, tdfs fs g` krg rfpk aer kxpiergtfe`.

_ermf` grcuks tdgt Nkwfsd Ckrlg`s wkrk u`ftkb jy pgssfe` aer Jfibu`c, er ouiturgi ouitfvgtfe`. Letfvgtkb jy tdfs

sdgrkb skt ea vgiuks, è`rkifcfeus Nkws gaafifgtkb f` oiujs, ercg`fzgtfe`s, g`b arfk`bsdfp ofroiks. Zkifcfeus prgotfoks

bkoif`kb, jut seofgi gaafifgtfe` wftd etdkr Nkws oe`tfùkb. _ermf` aeousks e` tdk f`tkiikotugi trk`bs wdfod dk skkls te

igjki gs tdk ogusk ea tdksk gaafifgtfe`s. _ermf` beks èt skkm te rkoe`struot tdk Jfibu`c sujouiturk wftd seofgi dfstery

lktdebs. Rdus wk `kvkr ikgr` arel _ermf` wde jkie`ckb g`b wde bfb èt jkie`c te tdk Jfibu`c sujouiturk.

Agr te tdk wkst, f` tdk ikss terlk`tkb skttf`c ea kgriy `f`ktkk`td-ok`tury K`cig`b, Rebb K`bkilg` kikcg`tiy

bksorfjks tdk werib ea Nkwfsd Ckrlg`s wde dgb skttikb f` K`cig`b kgriy f` tdk ok`tury. K`bkilg` rkoe`struots dew

kgsy ft wgs aer lg`y ea tdksk fllfcrg`ts g`b tdkfr bksok`bg`ts te ikgvk Nubgfsl g`b kvk` Nkwfsd`kss jkdf`b tdkl.

[ìfmk tdkfr oeusf`s ikat jkdf`b f` Ckrlg`y, tdkfr bkakotfe`s bfb èt tk`b te jk sterly, g`b tdky bfb èt oe`struot

gitkr`gtfvk f`stftutfe`s te aestkr goouiturgtfe` jkaerk tdky ikat Nkwfsd ifak. K`bkilg` tdus puts g `gfi f` tdk jfpeigr

lebki arel tdk etdkr bfrkotfe`, jy sdewf`c dew seofgi f`tkcrgtfe` oeuib tgmk pigok wftdeut g` fbkeiecfogiiy skia-

oe`sofeus goouiturgtfe` preokss. F` g` kxtrklkiy sepdfstfogtkb kssgy, Zfodgrb Oedk` trg`sok`bs tdk jfpeigr lebki f`

ykt gètdkr w gy. Oedk` sdews tdgt levf`c gwgy arel g` f`tgot trgbftfe`gi oellu`fty f`te ck`tfik seofkty wgs è

sflpik lgttkr psyodeiecfogiiy er gkstdktfogiiy. Iessks wkrk selktflks kxprksskb f` èstgicfo werms ea grt, wdfod

rksterkb tdk lklery ea tdk iest ercg`fo wdeik`kss ea trgbftfe`gi oellu`fty ifak. Oedk`'s kxklpigry kssgy succksts

tdgt g sujtik bfgikotfo jktwkk` tdk eib g`b tdk `kw, tdk trfjgi g`b tdk f`bfvfbugifstfo, kveivkb gs f`bfvfbugis ikat tdk

ouiturgiiy f`tgot werib ea trgbftfe`gi Nubgfsl.

G mky tdklk tdreucdeut fs tdgt goress tdk peiftfogi spkotrul, Nkws tk`bkb te skk tdkfr Nkwfsd`kss gs g prfvgtk lgttkr.

Kvk` wdk` g`tf-_klftfsl jkoglk lk`gof`c, ft wgs gwmwgrb te bkak`b e`kskia er e`k's pkepik f` epkìy ktd`fo

tkrls. Xuizkr fs èt u`fquk f` tdfs bfsoevkry, jut jkogusk dfs bksorfptfe`s grk se lg`faeib, tdk pef`t rkgiiy dfts delk.Xuizkr sdews wftd pg`godk tdk duck peiftfogi spifts wftdf` Nkwry, oigrfayf`c tdk dfcd vfsfjfifty ea tdk Ikat rgbfogi

Nkws gs wkii gs tdk oe`skrvgtfsl ea tdk wkgitdy jg`mkrs. Dk sdews us wdy Nkws f` Ckrlg`y tk`bkb te jk ieygi te

ifjkrgi, precrkssfvk, g`b seofgifst pgrtfks kvk` wdk` bef`c se bfb èt kxprkss tdkfr pgrtfouigr koeèlfo f`tkrksts.

Xuizkr's f`tkr`gifst peiftfogi stery survfvks tdk igom ea sdgrp odreèiecfogi erbkrf`c jkttkr tdg` dfs kxtkr`gi stery

beks. Rdk rkvfvgis g`b bkoif`ks ea bfaakrk`t mf`bs ea g`tf-_klftfsl, mky te tdk kxtkr`gi stery g`b se oruofgi te g

ùgòkb oe`tfùfty ea f`tkrprktgtfe`, rklgf` lurmy f` tdksk pgcks. _tfii g`b gii, Xuizkr dgs wrfttk` g seifb,

fllgouigtkiy rkskgrodkb veiulk, wdfod spkofgifsts wfii rkgb wftd pikgsurk. F wfsd tdk aeu`bkrs ea tdk levklk`t aer

Sfssk`sodgat bks Nubk`tuls ("Mèwikbck ea Nubgfsl") f` tdk Jkrif` ea tdk 74:8s, wde wkrk gvfb aer g jregb

dfstery ea Nkwry, oeuib rkgb tdksk twe veiulks arel tdk crgvk.

Bkjergd DKZR^

_tgtk [`fvkrsfty ea @kw Verm

Fvg` C. Lgrous, Dfstery, _tery g`b Oeiikotfvk Lklery>

@grrgtfvfty f` Kgriy Gsdmk`gzfo Ouiturk

Oress-jrkkbf`c oelleìy rksuits f` g cgf` te tdk Nkwfsd oellu`fty rgtdkr tdg` oe`vkrskiy= g`b tdk dyjrfb

eaasprf`c fs g odfib ea Fsrgki rgtdkr tdg` ea tdk ck`tfiks. F` kaakot, tdkrkaerk, ft fs tdk oe`trfjutfe` ea tdfs Nkwfsd-dyjrfb

pkepik te tdk ouiturk ea lebkr` Kurepk tdgt fs f` qukstfe`. Rdk lk` ea tdfs Nkwfsd kxtrgotfe` oeu`t aer lerk tdg`

tdkfr prepertfe`gtk sdgrk f` tdk f`tkiikotugi ifak ea wkstkr` ofvfifzgtfe`= g`b tdky oeu`t pgrtfouigriy gle`c tdk

vg`cugrb, tdk pfe`kkrs, tdk u`kgsy cfib ea pgtdaf`bkrs g`b foeèoigsts, f` sofkòk, sodeigrsdfp g`b f`stftutfe`gi


16/39




odg`ck g`b crewtd. E` fts agok ft gppkgrs gs fa g` fàusfe` ea Nkwfsd jieeb, kvk` f` selk bkcrkk ea dyjrfb

gttkùgtfe`, wkrk tdk e`k bkofsfvk agoter f` tdk ogsk= g`b selktdf`c ea tdgt sert lgy wkii jk giiewkb, te gvefb

grculk`t fa aer è lerk sujstg`tfgi rkgse`.

Rdk F`tkiikotugi Xrk-Klf`kòk ea Nkws f` Lebkr` KurepkRderstkf` Qkjik`

@e u`jfgsskb ktdèiecfst wfii qukstfe` tdk agot tdgt tdk Nkwfsd pkepik grk g `gtfe` ea dyjrfbs= tdgt ck`tfik jieeb ea

lg`y mf`bs dgs jkk` fàuskb f`te tdk pkepik f` igrck prepertfe`s f` tdk oeursk ea tflk. F`-bkkb, è`k ea tdk pkepiks

ea Odrfstk`bel dgs jkk` lerk u`rklfttf`ciy kxpeskb te dyjrfbfzgtfe`, f` spftk ea gii tdk stfaa oe`vk`tfe`gi

prkogutfe`s tdgt dgvk jkk` tgmk` te mkkp tdk jrkkb purk. Ft fs èt g qukstfe` ea g surrkptftfeus dyjrfb strgf`, suod gs

weuib sdew ftskia f` spergbfo rkvkrsfe`s te g` gifk` typk= jut rgtdkr ft fs g qukstfe` wdktdkr tdk Nkwfsd strgf` ftskia,

rgofgiiy spkgmf`c, og` gt gii rkgse`gjiy jk dkib te gooeu`t aer e`k-dgia ea tdk pkbfcrkk ea tdk Nkwfsd `gtfe` gs ft

stg`bs. Rdk dyjrfb g`tkokbk`ts ea tdk Odfibrk` ea Fsrgki grk èt g lkrk lgttkr ea jeemfsd rkoerb. Kvfbkòk ea tdkfr

dyjrfb bk-sok`t fs wrfttk` gii evkr tdkl, wdkrkvkr tdky grk te jk lkt wftd, se tdgt f` tdfs rkspkot tdk Nkws ea Kurepk

grk f` tdk sglk ogsk gs tdk etdkr Kurepkg`s, wde grk gise u`fvkrsgiiy oress-jrkb. Ft weuib pkrpikx g`y

g`tdrepeiecfst te fbk`tfay g sf`cik f`bfvfbugi gle`c tdkl gii wde oeuib sgakiy jk skt bew` gs kljeby-f`c tdk

Nkwfsd rgofgi typk wftdeut gjgtklk`t.

Rdk vgrfgtfe`s f` gii tdk lkgsurgjik trgfts tdgt ce te fbk`tfay g`y f`bfvfbugi f` tdk sodkbuiks ea tdk g`tdrepeiecfsts

grk wfbk g`b ujfqufteus gs rkcgrbs jetd tdkfr pdysfogi g`b tdkfr spfrftugi trgfts, f` rkspkot ea g`tdrepelktrfo

lkgsurklk`ts gs wkii gs f` tklpkrglk`t g`b ogpgoftfks. G`b ykt, wdk` gii fs sgfb f` gjgtklk`t ea ft, tdk Nkwfsd

typk, ft lust jk gblfttkb, gsskrts ftskia wftd glgzf`c pkrsfstkòk tdreucd gii tdk bfscufsks wftd wdfod ft dgs jkk`

evkrigfb f` tdk oeursk ea gck-ie`c dyjrfbfzgtfe`. Sdgtkvkr lgy jk aeu`b truk kiskwdkrk, f` tdkfr oe`tgot wftd etdkr

rgofgi typks tdg` tdesk ea Kurepk, ft stfii gppkgrs tdgt wftdf` tdfs Kurepkg` rgofgi k`vfre`lk`t tdk eutoelk cfvk` jy

g`y fàusfe` ea Nkwfsd jieeb f` tdksk oress-jrkb f`bfvfbugis fs selktdf`c wdfod og` jk fbk`tfafkb gs Nkwfsd. Oress-

jrkkbf`c oelleìy rksuits f` g cgf` te tdk Nkwfsd oellu`fty rgtdkr tdg` oe`vkrskiy= g`b tdk dyjrfb eaasprf`c fs g

odfib ea Fsrgki rgtdkr tdg` ea tdk ck`tfiks. F` kaakot, tdkrkaerk, ft fs tdk oe`trfjutfe` ea tdfs Nkwfsd-dyjrfb pkepik te tdk

ouiturk ea lebkr` Kurepk tdgt fs f` qukstfe`. Rdk lk` ea tdfs Nkwfsd kxtrgotfe` oeu`t aer lerk tdg` tdkfr

prepertfe`gtk sdgrk f` tdk f`tkiikotugi ifak ea wkstkr` ofvfifzgtfe`= g`b tdky oeu`t pgrtfouigriy gle`c tdk vg`cugrb,

tdk pfe`kkrs, tdk u`kgsy cfib ea pgtdaf`bkrs g`b foeèoigsts, f` sofkòk, sodeigrsdfp g`b f`stftutfe`gi odg`ck g`b

crewtd. E` fts agok ft gppkgrs gs fa g` fàusfe` ea Nkwfsd jieeb, kvk` f` selk bkcrkk ea dyjrfb gttkùgtfe`, wkrk tdke`k bkofsfvk agoter f` tdk ogsk= g`b selktdf`c ea tdgt sert lgy wkii jk giiewkb, te gvefb grculk`t fa aer è lerk

sujstg`tfgi rkgse`. Jut kvk` g ogsugi survky ea tdk gvgfigjik kvfbkòk wfii ikgvk se jregb g oigfl f` beujt.

-

Nkwfsd Dfstery g`b Ck`tfik Lklery>

Rdk Kxpuisfe` ea 726: Kbwgrb Xktkrs

Burf`c tdk kikvk`td, twkiatd, g`b tdfrtkk`td ok`turfks, tdk Odrfstfg` mf`cbels g`b prfòfpgiftfks f` èrtdkr` Fjkrfg

kxtk`bkb tdkfr pewkr seutdwgrb. Rdky goqufrkb tkrrftery g`b pkepik tdgt, sfòk tdk afrst qugrtkr ea tdk kfcdtd ok`tury,

dgb jkk` u`bkr Fsiglfo ruik. Rdk mf`cbels ea Ike`-Ogstfig, Grgce`, g`b Xertucgi (kspkofgiiy tdk aerlkr twe)

oe`tgf`kb crkgtkr ùljkrs ea è`-Odrfstfg`s - Nkws g`b Lusifls - tdg` g`y etdkr Odrfstfg` tkrrftery f` wkstkr`

Kurepk. [`tfi tdk igtk aeurtkk`td ok`tury tdk mf`b ea pujifo ifak ikb f` tdksk stgtks wgs tkrlkb oe`vfvkòfg,

"pkgokauiiy ifvf`c tecktdkr," g`b f` Nkwfsd usgck Fjkrfg wgs tkrlkb _kagrgb (Ejgbfgd :8> iftkrgiiy tdk agrtdkstèrtdkr` pef`t ea Nkwfsd lfcrgtfe` f` _yrfg= afcurgtfvkiy, g rkauck rkletk arel Xgikstf`k). Nkws pigykb g sujerbf`gtk

jut oruofgi reik f` tdksk mf`cbels, wdfod dgvk jkk` tkrlkb seofeiecfogiiy fòelpiktk seofktfks, f.k., rkqufrf`c tdk

prkskòk g`b skrvfok ea è`-Odrfstfg`s aer selk cevkr`lk`tgi auòtfe`s - odfkaiy af`gòfgi g`b preakssfe`gi - tdgt

Odrfstfg` sujnkots oeuib èt er weuib èt pkraerl. Gitdeucd Nkws wkrk `kkbkb, tdky wkrk gise kxoiubkb arel dfcd

pujifo eaafok, gs wkrk Nkws kiskwdkrk f` Odrfstfg` Kurepk. F` 7?67 g ùljkr ea rfets jremk eut f` bfaakrk`t pgrts ea

Fjkrfg, bfrkotkb gcgf`st Nkws. Gs g rksuit, gjeut dgia tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` ea Fjkrfg oe`vkrtkb te Odrfstfg`fty. Rdfs

wgs g` kvk`t u`prkokbk`tkb f` dfstery - g`b e`k aer wdfod tdk Fjkrfg` odurod g`b seofkty, f`bkkb g`y oe`tklpergry

Odrfstfg` odurod g`b seofkty, wkrk uttkriy u`prkpgrkb.


17/39




G ck`krgtfe` er se igtkr, f` tdk 7228s, `kw g`tf-Nkwfsd levklk`ts jkcg` gcgf`, bfrkotkb tdfs tflk gise gcgf`st tdk

"@kw Odrfstfg`s," er oe`vkrses, gs tdky wkrk ogiikb. Rdk rkgse`s aer selk ea tdfs rksk`tlk`t gcgf`st oe`vkrses gs

wkii gs gcgf`st u`jgptfzkb Nkws lgy dgvk jkk` tdk suookss ea oe`vkrse f`bfvfbugis g`b aglfifks f` godfkvf`c dfcd

pujifo eaafok g`b f`tkrlgrryf`c wftd "Eib Odrfstfg`" aglfifks, k`tkrf`c jetd tdk èjfifty g`b tdk odurod. Rk`sfe`

gle`c Eib Odrfstfg`s, @kw Odrfstfg`s, g`b Nkws fòrkgskb burf`c tdk aeiiewf`c bkogbks, wdfod wkrk gise

odgrgotkrfzkb jy crkgt peiftfogi f`stgjfifty. Akgr ea tdk rkoe`vkrsfe` te Nubgfsl ea tdk @kw Odrfstfg`s (g`b tdk

sog`bgi g`b uòkrtgf`ty tdgt tdfs lfcdt ogusk gle`c Eib Odrfstfg`s) ikb te tdk kstgjifsdlk`t ea g` f`vkstfcgterytrfju`gi, tdk _pg`fsd F`qufsftfe`, jktwkk` 7234 g`b 724?. Zksuits ea tdk F`qufsftfe`'s gotfvftfks f` tdk 7248s g`b

7268s gppkgrkb te oeàfrl tdksk akgrs, g`b stkps wkrk tgmk` te skcrkcgtk Nkws arel jetd Eib g`b @kw Odrfstfg`s gs

kgriy gs 7248. Jy Lgrod, 726:, tdk ruikrs ea Ogstfik g`b Grgce`, Fsgjkiig g`b Akrbf`g`b, oglk te tdk oeòiusfe` tdgt

skcrkcgtfe` dgb èt wermkb. Rdky bkofbkb te tgmk g aurtdkr stkp, tdgt ea kxpkiif`c gii u`jgptfzkb Nkws arel tdk

mf`cbels ea Ogstfik g`b Grgce`.

Jksfbks tdk trg`saerlgtfe` ea Odrfstfg` rkifcfeus sk`sfjfifty f` tdk tdfrtkk`td g`b aeurtkk`td ok`tury g`b fts flpgot

upe` Kurepkg` Nkws ck`krgiiy, tdk kxpuisfe` ea 726: lust gise jk oe`sfbkrkb f` tdk ifcdt ea ikcgi dfstery,

pgrtfouigriy f` tdk oe`tkxt ea orflf`gi ikcgi tdkery g`b bfsoussfe`s ea tdk `gturk ea kgrifkr kxpuisfe`s g`b tdk ck`krgi

igw ea kxpuisfe` g`b kxfik ftskia. Rdk prejikl ea oe`vkrsfe` lust gise jk rkoe`sfbkrkb, pgrtfouigriy f` tkrls ea tdk

kxtk`sfvk sodeigriy bkjgtks gjeut tdk `gturk ea tdk _pg`fsd oe`vkrse pepuigtfe`, oe`vkrsfe` gs g rksuit ea jetd

lfssfe`fzf`c g`b seofe-peiftfogi prkssurk, g`b tdk qukstfe` ea tdk sfzk ea tdk _pg`fsd oe`vkrse pepuigtfe`. Rdk

oe`vkrse prejikl tdk` rgfsks qukstfe`s gjeut tdk seofgi g`b koeèlfo oe`bftfe` ea Ogstfik g`b Grgce` g`b tdkrkigtfe` ea tdfs te g`tf-Nkwfsd g`b kvk`tugiiy g`tf-oe`vkrse rfets g`b etdkr aerls ea destfifty. Rdksk kiklk`ts

oe`stftutk tdk `kw arglkwerm aer bfsoussf`c tdk kxpuisfe` ftskia. Burf`c tdk pgst skvkrgi bkogbks dfsterfg`s dgvk

grcukb tdgt tdkrk wkrk twe ok`trgi trg`saerlgtfe`s ea Odrfstfg` gttftubks tewgrb Nkws f` lkbfkvgi Kurepk. Rdk afrst

wgs tdk gppkgrgòk ea g vfeik`t destfifty, gppgrk`tiy bkrfvf`c arel pepuigr rksk`tlk`t gcgf`st Nkws gs k`klfks ea

Ceb g`b Odrfstk`bel, sfc`giikb jy tdk lgssgorks prkiflf`gry te tdk Afrst Orusgbk f` tdk Zdf`kig`b f` 7861. Rdk

skoe`b wgs tdk klkrckòk ea g `kw oeòkptfe` ea lkbfkvgi Nkws gs frrgtfe`gi g`b dkrktfogi jkogusk tdky dgb

aersgmk` tdkfr gòfk`t dkrftgck rkprksk`tkb jy tdk Jfjik g`b cfvk` tdklskivks evkr te tdk Rgilub - tdgt fs, tdky wkrk

goouskb ea dgvf`c rksdgpkb Nubgfsl f` g wgy tdgt rklevkb tdk prfvfikcks tdgt Nkws dgb jkk` cfvk` jy kgrifkr

Odrfstfg` gutderftfks g`b f` g wgy tdgt kxprksskb bfrkot destfifty te Odrfstfg`fty. Rdk skoe`b ea tdksk trg`saerlgtfe`s

fs kxklpifafkb f` tdk Rgilub trfgis ea tdk tdfrtkk`td ok`tury, tdk odgrgotkrfzgtfe` ea Nkws g`b tdk afcurk ea "tdk Nkw"

f` skrle`s, gogbklfo trkgtfsks, tkxts ea bkjgtks jktwkk` Odrfstfg`s g`b Nkws, g`b tdk `kw lfssfe`gry iftkrgturk

gsseofgtkb wftd tdk Lk`bfog`t Erbkrs.

Nkwfsd Dfstery g`b Ck`tfik Lklery> Rdk Kxpuisfe` ea 726:Kbwgrb Xktkrs

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Iyetgrb jgsfogiiy rkpkgts _grtrk's tdksfs gjeut tdk prebuotfe` ea tdk Nkw jy tdk g`tf-_klftk> "Sdgt fs lest rkgi gjeut

rkgi Nkws fs tdgt Kurepk, f` g`y ogsk, beks èt mèw wdgt te be wftd tdkl> Odrfstfg`s bklg`b tdkfr oe`vkrsfe`=

le`grods kxpki tdkl= rkpujifos gssflfigtk tdkl= @gzfs kxtkrlf`gtk tdkl. 'Rdk nkws' grk tdk ejnkot ea g bfslfssgi

wftd wdfod Nkws, f` pgrtfouigr, grk gaaifotkb f` rkgifty".

Bfgsperg> Ck`krgtfe` g`b tdk Creu`b ea Nkwfsd Fbk`tfty

Bg`fki Jeygrf` g`b Ne`gtdg` Jeygrf

Bfe Ogssfus> "F be èt mèw tdk erfcf` ea tdfs `glk ]Nkws\, jut ft fs gppifkb te gii lk`,kvk` aerkfc`krs, wde aeiiew tdkfr oustels. Rdfs rgok fs aeu`b gle`c Zelg`s"

Ned` Cgckr, Rdk Erfcf`s ea G`tf-_klftfsl>

Gttftubks tewgrb Nubgfsl f` Xgcg` g`b Odrfstfg` G`tfqufty


18/39




Rdk Flpgot ea tdk Orusgbks e` tdk Nkwfsd-Odrfstfg` Bkjgtk

Bg`fki N. Igsmkr Ft fs wkii mèw` tdgt Nkwfsd ifak f` wkstkr` Kurepk bkoif`kb crkgtiy f` tdk Lfbbik Gcks, gs rkigtfvk

teikrgòk aer Nkws g`b Nubgfsl bktkrfergtkb f`te pkrskoutfe`, lgssgorks, aerokb oe`vkrsfe`s, g`b kvk`tugi

kxpuisfe`s. Dfsterfogi kvk`ts, ea oeursk, be èt eoour f` g vgouul, g`b, tdkrkaerk, gttklpts dgvk jkk` lgbk te

kxpigf` tdfs odg`ck aer tdk wersk f` tdk Nkwfsd stgtus f` Kurepk.

Gs Jiulk`mrg`z klpdgsfzkb (Nufas kt Odrktfk`s, p. ?3;), tdk eìy tdf`c tdgt skt Nkws gpgrt

f` tdk 77td ok`tury wgs tdkfr rkifcfe`. G`b kvk` f` rkcfe`s wdkrk tdkrk lgy dgvk jkk` akw fa g`y Nkws prfer

te tdk 77td ok`tury, `kcgtfvk fbkgs gjeut Nkws dgb ie`c jkk` f`trebuokb jy pkepik's Odrfstfg` jkifkas. Gs g`

kxglf`gtfe` ea tdk G`cie-_gxe` delfifks weuib rkvkgi, kvfi syljeifo Nkws wkrk girkgby prelf`k`t

f` tdk lf`bs ea lg`y è`-Nkws jkaerk Nkws grrfvkb f` pkrse`.

Lkbfkvgi _tkrketypks g`b Lebkr` G`tfsklftfsl jy Zejkrt Odgzg`.

Zkvfkw jy Cgvf` F. Ig`clufr

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F` agot, Nkws wkrk kxoiubkb arel tdk jk`kafts ea tdk Arkòd Zkveiutfe` u`tfi @gpeike`'s rkfc` wdk`, bkspftk g igom

ea jfeiecfogi argtkr`fty, tdky wkrk af`giiy crg`tkb selk rfcdts ea ifjkrty g`b selk lkgsurk ea kqugifty. Ft fs

flpessfjik te skpgrgtk tdk purk jieeb igws arel tdk agot ea igrck sogik Nkwfsd oe`vkrsfe` te Odrfstfg`fty, aer tdksk

igws wkrk gppifkb eìy te oe`vkrts g

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admixture & assimilation in Early Europe